Visa requirements for Singapore citizens
Visa requirements for Singapore citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states which are imposed on citizens of Singapore.
As of 2024, holders of Singapore passports have visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to a total of 195 countries and territories, ranking the Singapore passport first in the world as per the Henley Passport Index.[1]
Changes
[edit]Visa requirements for Singapore citizens were recently lifted by Tajikistan (1 January 2022),[2] Guyana (1 October 2023), Iran (4 February 2024)[3] and Timor-Leste (3 July 2024).[4]
Timeline (expansion of visa privileges) |
---|
|
Visa requirements map
[edit]Visa requirements
[edit]Visa requirements for holders of normal passports travelling for tourist purposes:
Country / Region | Visa requirement | Allowed stay | Notes (excluding departure fees) | Reciprocity |
---|---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | Visa required[29] | √ | ||
Albania | Visa not required[30] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Algeria | Visa required[32] | √ | ||
Andorra | Visa not required[33] | √ | ||
Angola | Visa not required[34] | 30 days |
|
√ |
Antigua and Barbuda | Visa not required[35] | 1 month | √ | |
Argentina | Visa not required[36] | 90 days | √ | |
Armenia | Visa not required[37] | 180 days | X | |
Australia | Electronic Travel Authority[38] | 90 days | X | |
Austria | Visa not required[42] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Azerbaijan | eVisa / Visa on arrival[43][44] | 30 days |
|
X |
Bahamas | Visa not required[45] | 3 months | √ | |
Bahrain | eVisa / Visa on arrival[46] | 14 days | X | |
Bangladesh | Visa on arrival[47] | 30 days |
|
X |
Barbados | Visa not required[49] | 6 months | √ | |
Belarus | Visa not required[50] | 30 days |
|
X |
Belgium | Visa not required[51] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Belize | Visa not required[52] | √ | ||
Benin | Visa not required[53][54] | 14 days |
|
√ |
Bhutan | eVisa[55][56] | X | ||
Bolivia | Online Visa / Visa on arrival[57] | 30 days[58] | X | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Visa not required[59] | 90 days | √ | |
Botswana | Visa not required[60] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Brazil | Visa not required[61] | 30 days | √ | |
Brunei | Visa not required[62] | 30 days | √ | |
Bulgaria | Visa not required[63] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Burkina Faso | Visa not required[64] | 30 days | √ | |
Burundi | Online Visa / Visa on arrival[65][66] | 1 month |
|
X |
Cambodia | Visa not required[68] | 30 days | √ | |
Cameroon | eVisa[69][70] |
|
X | |
Canada | Electronic Travel Authority[71] | 6 months | √ | |
Cape Verde | Visa not required[73] | 90 days | √ | |
Central African Republic | Visa required[74] | X | ||
Chad | Visa required[75] | X | ||
Chile | Visa not required[76] | 30 days | √ | |
China | Visa not required[77] | 30 days |
|
√ |
Colombia | Visa not required[79] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Comoros | Visa on arrival[80] | 45 days | X | |
Republic of the Congo | Visa required[81] |
|
X | |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | eVisa[82][83] | 7 days | X | |
Costa Rica | Visa not required[84] | 90 days | √ | |
Côte d'Ivoire | Visa not required[85] | 90 days | √ | |
Croatia | Visa not required[86] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Cuba | Visa not required[87] | 30 days | √ | |
Cyprus | Visa not required[88] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Czech Republic | Visa not required[89] | 3 months |
|
√ |
Denmark | Visa not required[91] | 3 months |
|
√ |
Djibouti | Visa not required[93] | √ | ||
Dominica | Visa not required[94] | 6 months | √ | |
Dominican Republic | Visa not required[95] | 30 days | √ | |
Ecuador | Visa not required[96] | 90 days[97] | √ | |
Egypt | eVisa / Visa on arrival[98][99] | 30 days |
|
X |
El Salvador | Visa not required[101] | 3 months | √ | |
Equatorial Guinea | eVisa[102][103] | X | ||
Eritrea | Visa required[104] | X | ||
Estonia | Visa not required[105] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Eswatini | Visa not required[106] | 30 days | √ | |
Ethiopia | eVisa / Visa on arrival[107][108] | up to 90 days |
|
X |
Fiji | Visa not required[109] | 4 months | √ | |
Finland | Visa not required[110] | 90 days |
|
√ |
France | Visa not required[111] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Gabon | Visa not required[112] | 30 days | √ | |
Gambia | Visa not required[113] | 90 days | √ | |
Georgia | Visa not required[114] | 1 year | X | |
Germany | Visa not required[115] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Ghana | Visa not required[116] | 60 days | √ | |
Greece | Visa not required[117] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Grenada | Visa not required[118] | 3 months | √ | |
Guatemala | Visa not required[119] | 90 days | √ | |
Guinea | Visa not required[120] | 30 days | √ | |
Guinea-Bissau | Visa on arrival[121] | 90 days | X | |
Guyana | Visa not required[122] | 30 days | √ | |
Haiti | Visa not required[123] | 3 months | √ | |
Honduras | Visa not required[124] | 3 months | √ | |
Hungary | Visa not required[125] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Iceland | Visa not required[126] | 90 days |
|
√ |
India | eVisa[127] | 30 days |
|
√ |
Indonesia | Visa not required[130] | 30 days | √ | |
Iran | Visa not required[131][3] | 15 days |
|
X |
Iraq | eVisa[132][133] | 30 days | X | |
Ireland | Visa not required[134] | 3 months | √ | |
Israel | Visa not required[135] | 3 months | √ | |
Italy | Visa not required[136] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Jamaica | Visa not required[137] | 6 months | √ | |
Japan | Visa not required[138] | 90 days | √ | |
Jordan | eVisa / Visa on arrival[139][140] |
|
X | |
Kazakhstan | Visa not required[141] | 30 days | X | |
Kenya | Electronic Travel Authorisation[142][143] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Kiribati | Visa not required[144] | 30 days | √ | |
North Korea | Visa required[145] | √ | ||
South Korea | Visa not required[146][147] | 90 days | √ | |
Kosovo | Visa not required[150][151] | 90 days | X | |
Kuwait | eVisa / Visa on arrival[152][153] | 3 months |
|
X |
Kyrgyzstan | Visa not required[154] | 60 days | X | |
Laos | Visa not required[155] | 30 days | √ | |
Latvia | Visa not required[156] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Lebanon | Free Visa on arrival[157] | 1 month |
|
X |
Lesotho | Visa not required[158] | 30 days | √ | |
Liberia | Visa required[159] | X | ||
Libya | eVisa[160] | X | ||
Liechtenstein | Visa not required[161] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Lithuania | Visa not required[162] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Luxembourg | Visa not required[163] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Madagascar | Visa on arrival[164] | 60 days | X | |
Malawi | Visa not required[165] | 30 days | X | |
Malaysia | Visa not required[166] | 1 month | √ | |
Maldives | Free visa on arrival[167] | 30 days | X | |
Mali | Visa required[168] | √ | ||
Malta | Visa not required[169] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Marshall Islands | Visa on arrival[170] | 90 days | X | |
Mauritania | Visa on arrival[171] |
|
X | |
Mauritius | Visa not required[172] | 90 days | √ | |
Mexico | Visa not required[173] | 180 days | √ | |
Micronesia | Visa not required[174] | 30 days | √ | |
Moldova | Visa not required[175] | 90 days |
|
X |
Monaco | Visa not required[176] | √ | ||
Mongolia | Visa not required[177] | 30 days | √ | |
Montenegro | Visa not required[178] | 90 days | √ | |
Morocco | Visa not required[179] | 90 days | X | |
Mozambique | Visa not required[180][181] | 30 days |
|
√ |
Myanmar | Visa not required[182] | 30 days | √ | |
Namibia | Visa not required[183] | 90 days | √ | |
Nauru | Visa required[184] | X | ||
Nepal | Online Visa / Visa on arrival[185] | 90 days[186] | X | |
Netherlands | Visa not required[187] | 90 days |
|
√ |
New Zealand | Electronic Travel Authority[188] | 3 months |
|
X |
Nicaragua | Visa not required[191] | 90 days | √ | |
Niger | Visa required[192] | X | ||
Nigeria | eVisa[193][194] | 90 days |
|
√ |
North Macedonia | Visa not required[195] | 90 days | √ | |
Norway | Visa not required[196] | 3 months |
|
√ |
Oman | Visa not required / eVisa[199][200] | 14 days / 30 days | √ | |
Pakistan | Free eVisa[201][202] | 90 days | X | |
Palau | Free visa on arrival[206] | 30 days |
|
X |
Panama | Visa not required[207] | 90 days | √ | |
Papua New Guinea | eVisa[208][209] | 60 days | X | |
Paraguay | Visa not required[210] | 30 days | √ | |
Peru | Visa not required[211] | 90 days | √ | |
Philippines | Visa not required[212] | 30 days | √ | |
Poland | Visa not required[213] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Portugal | Visa not required[214] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Qatar | Visa not required[215] | 30 days | √ | |
Romania | Visa not required[216] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Russia | eVisa[217][218] | 16 days |
|
√ |
Rwanda | Visa not required[219] | 90 days | √ | |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Visa not required[220] | 3 months | √ | |
Saint Lucia | Visa not required[221] | 15 days | √ | |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Visa not required[222] | 3 month | √ | |
Samoa | Visa not required[223] | 60 days | √ | |
San Marino | Visa not required[224] | √ | ||
São Tomé and Príncipe | eVisa[225][226] |
|
X | |
Saudi Arabia | eVisa / Visa on arrival[228][229] | 90 days | X | |
Senegal | Visa not required[230] | 90 days | √ | |
Serbia | Visa not required[231] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Seychelles | Electronic Border System[232][233] | 3 months |
|
X |
Sierra Leone | Free visa on arrival[234] | 30 days | X | |
Slovakia | Visa not required[235] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Slovenia | Visa not required[236] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Solomon Islands | Free Visitor's permit on arrival[237] | 3 months |
|
X |
Somalia | eVisa / Visa on arrival[238][239] | 30 days | X | |
South Africa | Visa not required[240] | 90 days | √ | |
South Sudan | eVisa[241][242] |
|
X | |
Spain | Visa not required[243] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Sri Lanka | Visa not required[244] | 30 days |
|
√ |
Sudan | Visa required[246] |
|
√ | |
Suriname | Visa not required[247][248] | 90 days | √ | |
Sweden | Visa not required[251] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Switzerland | Visa not required[252] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Syria | eVisa[253][254] | |||
Tajikistan | Visa not required[255] | 30 days | X | |
Tanzania | Visa not required[256][257] | 90 days | √ | |
Thailand | Visa not required[258] | 60 days | √ | |
Timor-Leste | Visa not required[259][4] | 30 days | √ | |
Togo | eVisa[260][261] | 15 days | X | |
Tonga | Free visa on arrival[262] | 31 days | X | |
Trinidad and Tobago | Visa not required[263] | √ | ||
Tunisia | Visa not required[264] | 3 months | X | |
Turkey | Visa not required[265] | 3 months | √ | |
Turkmenistan | Visa required[266] | √ | ||
Tuvalu | Visa on arrival[267] | 1 month | X | |
Uganda | Visa not required[268] | 3 months | √ | |
Ukraine | Visa required[269][270] |
|
√ | |
United Arab Emirates | Visa not required[271] | 30 days |
|
√ |
United Kingdom | Electronic Travel Authorisation[272][273] | 6 months | √ | |
United States | Visa Waiver Program[274][275] | 90 days |
|
√ |
Uruguay | Visa not required[278] | 3 months | √ | |
Uzbekistan | Visa not required[279] | 30 days | X | |
Vanuatu | Visa not required[280] | 30 days | √ | |
Vatican City | Visa not required[281] | √ | ||
Venezuela | Visa required[282] | X | ||
Vietnam | Visa not required[283] | 30 days | √ | |
Yemen | Visa required[284] | √ | ||
Zambia | Visa not required[285] | 90 days | √ | |
Zimbabwe | Visa not required[286] | 3 months | √ |
Pre-approved visas pick-up
[edit]Pre-approved visas can be picked up on arrival in the following countries instead in embassy or consulate.
Pre-approved visas pick-up on arrival |
Conditions |
---|---|
Bhutan[287] | For a maximum stay of 15 days if the application was submitted at least 2+1⁄2 months before arrival and if the clearance was obtained. |
Cameroon[288] | Must hold approval from the General Delegate of Security. |
Eritrea[289] | Must have a sponsor who must submit an application at least 48 hours before arrival. |
Liberia[290] | Available only if arriving from a country without a diplomatic mission of Liberia and if a sponsor obtained an approval. |
Nigeria[291] | Holders of a visa application who have a Nigerian company taking responsibility for them. |
Sudan[292] | Holders of an entry permit issued by the Ministry of Interior. |
Turkmenistan[293] | Holders of an invitation letter of the local company that was approved by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. |
Territories and disputed areas
[edit]Visa requirements for Singapore citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognised countries and restricted zones:
Visitor to | Visa requirement | Notes (excluding departure fees) |
---|---|---|
Europe | ||
Abkhazia | Visa required[294] | |
Mount Athos | Special permit required | Special permit required (4 days: EUR 25 for Orthodox visitors, EUR 35 for non-Orthodox visitors, EUR 18 for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[295][296] |
Brest and Grodno | Visa not required | Visa-free for 10 days[297] |
Northern Cyprus | Visa not required | 3 months[298] |
UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus | Access Permit required[299] | Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas. |
Faroe Islands | Visa not required[300] | |
Gibraltar | Visa not required[301] | |
Guernsey | Visa not required[302] | |
Isle of Man | Visa not required[303] | |
Jan Mayen | Permit required[304] | Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[305] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[306] |
Jersey | Visa not required[307] | |
Russia | Special authorization required | Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization.[308] |
South Ossetia | Visa not required | Multiple entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[309][310] |
Transnistria | Visa not required | Registration required after 24 hours.[311][312] |
Africa | ||
British Indian Ocean Territory | Special permit required | Special permit required.[313] |
Eritrea outside Asmara | Travel permit required | To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[314] |
Mayotte | Visa not required[315] | |
Réunion | Visa not required[315] | |
Ascension Island | eVisa[316][317] |
|
Saint Helena | Visitor's Pass required | Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 pound sterling.[318] |
Tristan da Cunha | Permission required | Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.[319] |
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | Undefined visa regime | Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory. |
Somaliland | Visa on arrival | 30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.[320][321] |
Sudan | Travel permit required | All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit. |
Darfur | Travel permit required | Separate travel permit is required.[322] |
Asia | ||
Hong Kong | Visa not required[323] | 90 days |
India PAP/RAP | PAP/RAP required | Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh. Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[324][325][326][327][328][329] |
Kazakhstan | Special permission required | Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty.[330] |
Kish Island | Visa not required | Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa.[331] |
Macao | Visa not required[332] | 30 days |
Sabah and Sarawak | Visa not required | These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.[333] |
Maldives | Permission required | With the exception of the capital Malé, tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.[334] |
North Korea outside Pyongyang | Special permit required | People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving) |
Palestine | Visa not required[335] | Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[336] |
Taiwan | Visa not required[337] | 30 days |
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province | OIVR permit required | OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[338][339][340] |
Tibet Autonomous Region | TTP required | Tibet Travel Permit required (10 US Dollars).[341][342][343] |
Turkmenistan | Special permit required | A special permit, issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is required if visiting the following places: Atamurat, Cheleken, Dashoguz, Serakhs and Serhetabat.[344] |
Korean Demilitarized Zone | Restricted zone | An official company is able to provide access into the Buffer Zone. |
UNDOF Zone and Ghajar | Restricted zone | |
Yemen | Special permission required | Special permission needed for travel outside Sana’a or Aden.[345] |
Caribbean and North Atlantic | ||
Anguilla | Visa not required[346] | 3 months |
Aruba | Visa not required[347] | 30 days, extendible to 180 days[348] |
Bermuda | Visa not required[349] | Up to 6 months, decided on arrival |
Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba | Visa not required[350] | 3 months[351] |
British Virgin Islands | Visa not required[352] | 30 days, extensions possible |
San Andrés and Leticia | Tourist Card on arrival | Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival.[353] |
Cayman Islands | Visa not required[354] | 6 months |
Curacao | Visa not required[355] | 3 months |
French Guiana | Visa not required[356] | |
French West Indies | Visa not required[357] | French West Indies refers to Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy. |
Greenland | Visa not required[300] | |
Margarita Island | Visa required | All visitors are fingerprinted.[358] |
Montserrat | Visa not required[359] | 6 months[360] |
Puerto Rico | Electronic Authorization[361] | |
Saint Pierre and Miquelon | Visa not required[315] | |
Sint Maarten | Visa not required[362] | 3 months[363] |
Turks and Caicos Islands | Visa not required[364] | 90 days |
U.S. Virgin Islands | Electronic Authorization[365] | |
Oceania | ||
American Samoa | Electronic authorization[366] | 30 days |
Ashmore and Cartier Islands | Special authorisation required | Special authorisation required.[367] |
Clipperton Island | Special permit required | Special permit required.[368] |
Cook Islands | Visa not required[369] | 31 days |
Lau Province | Special permission required | Special permission required.[370] |
French Polynesia | Visa not required[371] | |
Guam | Visa not required[372] | 45 days |
New Caledonia | Visa not required[315] | |
Niue | Visa not required[373] | 30 days |
Northern Mariana Islands | Visa not required[374] | 45 days |
Pitcairn Islands | Visa not required | 14 days visa free and landing fee USD 35 or tax of USD 5 if not going ashore.[375][376][377] |
United States Minor Outlying Islands | Special permits required | Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[378][379][380][381][382][383][384] |
Wallis and Futuna | Visa not required[315] | |
South Atlantic and Antarctica | ||
Falkland Islands | Visa required[385] | British Overseas Territory visa is required. |
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | Permit required | Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[386][387] |
Antarctica | Special permits required | Special permits required for British Antarctic Territory, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Argentine Antarctica, Australian Antarctic Territory, Chilean Antarctic Territory, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Peter I Island, Queen Maud Land, Ross Dependency.[388][389][390][391][392][393][394][395][396][397][398][399] |
- Visas for Cambodia, Myanmar, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sri Lanka and Turkey are obtainable online.[400][401][402][403][404][405][406][407]
APEC Business Travel Card
[edit]Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries:[408]
1 - Up to 180 days
2 - Up to 90 days
3 - Up to 90 days in a period of 180 days
4 - Up to 60 days
The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages:[409]
- No need to apply for a visa or entry permit to APEC countries, as the card is treated as such (except by Canada and United States)
- Undertake legitimate business in participating economies
- Expedited border crossing in all member economies, including transitional members
Automated border control systems
[edit]Singapore citizens aged 6 and older are eligible to use the automated clearance lanes at the ICA Checkpoints run by the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority, provided that their biometric identifiers (iris / facial / fingerprints) have been enrolled with ICA.[410] In addition, for young Singapore citizens who wish to use the automated lanes but had collected their passports before turning six, they may enrol their biometrics at the staffed immigration counters (with the supervision of their parent / guardian).[410]
In addition, Singapore citizens who intend to travel as tourists, are eligible to use the automated border control systems (eGates) when arriving in (or departing from) the following countries:
Country / Region | Type of entry | Duration of Allowed initial stay | Name of Immigration Authority | Name of ABC System | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | Electronic Travel Authority | 90 days | Australian Border Force (ABF) | SmartGate | [411] |
Czech Republic | Visa not required | 90 days | Ministry of the Interior (Czech Republic) | EasyGo Gate | [412][413] |
France | Visa not required | 90 days (within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area) | Direction centrale de la police aux frontières (DCPAF) | PARAFE | [414] |
Hong Kong* | Visa not required | 90 days | Immigration Department (Hong Kong) | e-Channel | [415] |
Indonesia | Visa not required | 30 days | Directorate General of Immigration | Autogate | [416][417] |
Italy | Visa not required | 90 days (within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area) | Polizia di Frontiera | EGate (Italy) | [418] |
Japan* | Visa not required | 90 days | Immigration Services Agency | Automated Gates | [419] |
Malaysia | Visa not required | 30 days | Jabatan Imigresen Malaysia | Autogate and MACS 2.0 | [420] |
Netherlands2 | Visa not required | 90 days | Immigratie en Naturalisatiedienst (IND) | Self-service passport control (eGates) | [421] |
New Zealand | Electronic Travel Authority | 3 months | New Zealand Customs Service | eGate | [422] |
Portugal | Visa not required | 90 days (within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area) | Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras (SEF) | RAPID4ALL | [423] |
South Korea1 2 | Visa not required | 3 months | Korea Immigration Service | SmartPass | [424] |
Taiwan1 | Visa not required | 30 days | National Immigration Agency | e-Gate | [425] |
Thailand | Visa not required | 30 days | Royal Thai Police Immigration Bureau | Automated Passport Control (APC) | [426][427][428] |
United Arab Emirates1 | Visa not required | 30 days | Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs and Port Security (FAICCPS) | Smart Gate | [429] |
United Kingdom | Visa not required | 6 months | UK Border Force | EPassport gates | [430] |
United States1 | Visa Waiver Program | 90 days | U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) | Mobile Passport Control (MPC) and Global Entry | [431][432] |
* - Automated system enrollment eligibility is limited only to certain categories of travellers.
1 - First-time visitors are required to enrol on their first visit and can only use the automated gates on their subsequent visits.
2 - Use of the E-Gates are only valid when departing from the country and that the traveler is aged 16 & above.
Non-visa restrictions
[edit]
Many countries have entry restrictions on foreigners that go beyond the common requirement of having either a valid visa or a visa exemption. Such restrictions may be health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes.
Blank passport pages
[edit]Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[433] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being valid or available.
Vaccination
[edit]Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers older than nine months to one year[434] to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[435]
Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently or has transited for 12 hours in those countries: Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[436][437]
Passport validity length
[edit]Very few countries, such as Paraguay, just require a valid passport on arrival.
However many countries and groupings now require only an identity card – especially from their neighbours. Other countries may have special bilateral arrangements that depart from the generality of their passport validity length policies to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[438][439] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[440]
Some countries, such as Japan,[441] Ireland and the United Kingdom,[442] require a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.
In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[443] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[444] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Peru,[445] Philippines,[446] Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[447]
Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.
Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Honduras, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except Ireland) together with Switzerland also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.
Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.
Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.
Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives[448] and South Africa.
Criminal record
[edit]Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[449] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record, while others impose restrictions depending on the type of conviction and the length of the sentence.
Persona non grata
[edit]The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning them from entering the country or expelling them if they have already entered. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.[450]
Israeli stamps
[edit]Kuwait,[451] Lebanon,[452] Libya,[453] and Yemen[454] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.
To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.[citation needed]
Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.
Biometrics
[edit]Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to change planes rather than go landside.[455]
Fingerprinting countries/regions include Afghanistan,[456][457] Argentina,[458] Brunei, Cambodia,[459] China,[460] Ethiopia,[461] Ghana, Guinea,[462] India, Japan,[463][464] Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken),[465] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[466] Mongolia, Saudi Arabia,[467] Singapore, South Korea,[468] Taiwan, Thailand,[469] Uganda,[470] the United Arab Emirates and the United States.
Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its own legislation),[471][472][473] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[474]
Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[475] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[476][477]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "The Official Passport Index Ranking".
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- ^ 給予新加坡國民免簽證入境及放寬南韓國民簽證效期 (in Chinese). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 24 April 2001. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 自2008年9月19日起恢复对持普通护照新加坡公民短期来华免签安排. 中国领事服务网. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ "Uznesenie 346/2003 Z.z. - k návrhu na jednostranné zrušenie vízovej povinnosti pre štátnych občanov Singapurskej republiky, ktorí vstupujú na územie Slovenskej republiky úplné a aktuálne znenie | ASPI | Wolters Kluwer SR, s.r.o". Noveaspi.sk. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
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- ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens, Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania.
- ^ "VISA REGIME FOR FOREIGN CITIZENS" (PDF).
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Travel to Andorra, Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Countries exempt from visa, Department of Immigration of Antigua and Barbuda.
- ^ Visa regime, National Directorate of Migrations of Argentina (in Spanish).
- ^ Visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia.
- ^ Visitor visa options, Department of Home Affairs of Australia.
- ^ "Australia Subclass 601 ETA".
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- ^ "Azerbaijan eVisa".
- ^ eVISA Online Services – Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Bahamas, Government of the Bahamas
- ^ Bahrain eVisas, Ministry of Interior of Bahrain.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Available at Shahjalal International Airport, Shah Amanat International Airport and Osmani International Airport only.
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- ^ Visa-free travel, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus.
- ^ Visa for Belgium, Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs of Belgium.
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- ^ Visa, Tourism Council of Bhutan.
- ^ "Bhutan eVisa".
- ^ Requirements to enter Bolivia, General Directorate of Migration of Bolivia (in Spanish).
- ^ "Bolivia Online Visa".
- ^ Visas, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- ^ Requirements for visa application, Government of Botswana.
- ^ Visas to travel to Brazil, Ministry of External Relations of Brazil (in Portuguese and English).
- ^ Country category for visa application, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei.
- ^ Visa for Bulgaria, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Burundi migration department".
- ^ @chrisnibas (6 December 2021). "Nationals of all countries requiring visa for #Burundi 🇧🇮, can now just request it upon arrival at Bujumbura Inter…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Cameroon eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (15 April 2015). "Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA)". aem.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Singapore, China plan reciprocal 30-day visa-free entry - media". Reuters. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "DR Congo eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Visa requirements overview, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Visa policy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus.
- ^ List of states whose citizens are exempt from visa requirement, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic, 13 July 2017.
- ^ https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52019XC0408(02)
- ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa-free countries, Danish Immigration Service, 8 December 2017.
- ^ "Visa-free travel". Danish Immigration Service. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Extendible length of stay.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Egypt eVisa".
- ^ "PASSPORT AND VISA INFORMATION".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Equatorial Guinea eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia?, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia, 2 November 2017.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Ethiopia eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland.
- ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements, Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France, January 2016.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Overview of visa requirements/exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany, Federal Foreign Office of Germany.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece, 13 June 2017.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Countries that do not need a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary.
- ^ Who does not need a visa, Directorate of Immigration of Iceland.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ e-Visa
- ^ The note is under Q1(v) in the FAQs
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Iraq eVisa".
- ^ Countries that need a visa for Ireland, Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service.
- ^ Tourist visa table, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 23 May 2017.
- ^ Visa for Italy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Jordan E-Services".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Kenya eTA".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "K-ETA".
- ^ a b "Entry requirements - South Korea travel advice". GOV.UK. Retrieved 3 December 2021. Text was copied from this source, which is available under an Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
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- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Kuwait eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Countries whose citizens may enter Latvia without a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia, 9 October 2017.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Libya eVisa".
- ^ Visa, Government of Liechtenstein (in German).
- ^ Do I need a visa?, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania, 30 August 2017.
- ^ Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days, Government of Luxembourg.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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- ^ Who requires a visa?, Identity Malta.
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- ^ Before you leave, Monaco Government Tourist Office.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Mozambique eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Nepal Online Visa".
- ^ Short-stay Schengen visa (90 days or less), Government of the Netherlands.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ a b "Paying the International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy". immigration.govt.nz. Immigration New Zealand. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
Many tourists, people on working holidays, and some students and workers coming to New Zealand must pay an International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy (IVL) of NZD $35.
- ^ "Information about: Australian Resident Visa". immigration.govt.nz. Immigration New Zealand. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
Australian citizens and permanent residents can visit, work and live in New Zealand. You do not need a visa before you travel to New Zealand.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Nigeria Immigration Services".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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- ^ "UDI 2010-080V1 Liste over visumfrie borgere som er omfattet" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate of Immigration. 28 November 2019.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Oman eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "List of Countries for Visa Prior to Arrival".
- ^ VisasNews (13 August 2024). "Pakistan: free visa for citizens of 126 countries". Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- ^ "Visa Prior to Arrival (Tourist)".
- ^ "Visa Prior to Arrival (Business)".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "PNG Easy Visitor Permit".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Visa-free countries, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland.
- ^ Third countries whose citizens are required to have a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Do I need a visa?, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Russia eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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- ^ Border formalities, San Marino Tourism Board.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "ST eVisa".
- ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_client_post.cgi [permanent dead link ]
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Saudi Arabia eVisa".
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- ^ "Seychelles Electronic Border System".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Consular information and travel visa, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Slovakia.
- ^ Visa regimes and visas, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovenia.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Somalia eTAS".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "South Sudan eVisa".
- ^ Entry requirements, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Information".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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- ^ "Suriname eVisa".
- ^ "Entry-fee".
- ^ "Suriname eVisa | VFS Global | Official partner of the Government of Suriname".
- ^ List of foreign citizens who require visa for entry into Sweden, Government of Sweden.
- ^ Overview of ID and visa provisions according to nationality, State Secretariat for Migration of Switzerland.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Syria eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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- ^ "Tanzania eVisa".
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- ^ "Togo eVisa".
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- ^ "Ukraine eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ UK visa requirements: list for carriers, Government of the United Kingdom, 2 October 2017.
- ^ "United Kingdom ETA".
- ^ Travel without a visa, United States Department of State.
- ^ "Official ESTA Application".
- ^ "CBP Customer Service". Help.cbp.gov. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ "Entry into the United States by land, sea, or air".
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- ^ "Visa Information - Full Text Database". Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
- ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=TM&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=IS&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C [permanent dead link ]
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Travellers heading west from the UK to New Zealand may soon be able to avoid the onerous requirement to clear US border control during the refuelling stop at Los Angeles airport (LAX). Unlike almost every other country in the world, the US insists on a full immigration check even for passengers who simply intend to re-board their plane to continue onwards to a foreign destination. Air New Zealand, which flies daily from Heathrow via Los Angeles to Auckland, says there are currently "strict requirements for travellers" in transit at LAX. Through passengers to Auckland on flight NZ1 or Heathrow on NZ2 must apply in advance for an ESTA (online visa) even though they have no intention of staying in the US. They also have to undergo screening by the Transportation Security Administration.
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{{cite web}}
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Effective April 27, 2018, border control authorities at all of China's ports of entry, including its airports, will start collecting the fingerprints of all foreign visitors aged between 14 and 70. Diplomatic passport holders and beneficiaries of reciprocal agreements are exempted..
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Will visitors still have their digital photo and fingerprints taken at the immigration desk on arrival? Yes, the need to have photos and fingerprints taken upon arrival is to authenticate that the person who applied for the Visa is the same person at the port of entry
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While a requirement for a biometric entry-exit system has been in law for over a decade, it is not yet a reality. Many reasons for the long gestating development have been documented in BPC's 2014 report Entry-Exit System: Progress, Challenges, and Outlook, including the technological, operational, and cost challenges of creating exit systems and infrastructure where none exist today. However, many critics, especially in Congress, simply accused the Department of Homeland security of dragging its feet... the major operational, logistical, and technical challenge in implementing exit capability at our ports has been the land borders. Unlike airports and seaports, the land border environment is not physically controlled, there is no means to get advance information on who is arriving, and the sheer volume of travel—both vehicular and pedestrian—creates challenges in any system to not further exacerbate delays. While biometric exit for land vehicular traffic is still in the "what if" stage, CBP is moving ahead and piloting systems and technology to use with the large population of pedestrian crossers at the U.S.-Mexico border.
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Long demanded by lawmakers in Congress, it is considered a critical step to developing a coherent program to curb illegal immigration, as historically about 30 percent to 40 percent of illegal immigrants in the United States arrived on tourist visas or other legal means and then never left, according to estimates by Homeland Security officials.
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The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn't the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.