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Identification

Summary Here^[1]

Ancinet Peoples Equated to Thracians By Classical Authors
\	Thracians	Dacians	Phrygians	Mysians	Moesi	Getae	MassaGetae	Goths	Scythians	Sarmatians	Cimmerians	Pelasgians	Trojans	Etruscans	Alans	Bulgars	Huns	Armenians
Thracians	=	Cassius^[2] Pompeius Appian Pilny	Herodotus^[3] Strabo^[4]	Strabo^[4]^[5]^[6]	Strabo^[4]^[5]^[6]	Herodotus^[7]^[1] Strabo^[4] Jordanes^[8]^[9]^[10]	Indirectly		Strabo^[6] Jordanes^[8]^[9]	Strabo^[6]	Strabo?	Herodotus^[11] Strabo^[12]	Strabo^[13]	Thrysi Sinti add				Herodotus^[3]
Dacians	Cassius^[2] Pompeius Appian Pilny	=			Jordanes^[8]^[9]	Appian^[14] Cassius^[2]			Jordanes^[8]^[9]
Phrygians	Herodotus^[3] Strabo^[4]		=	Strabo^[4]	Strabo^[4] Pilny	Strabo^[4]			Strabo^[6]^[4]	Strabo^[6]^[4]			Strabo^[4]^[13] Jordanes^[15]					Herodotus^[3]
Mysians	Strabo^[4]^[5]^[4]		Strabo^[4]	=	Strabo^[4] Homer Poseidonius Pilny	Strabo^[4]			Strabo^[6]	Strabo^[6]
Moesi	Strabo^[4]^[5]^[4]	Jordanes^[8]^[9]	Strabo^[4] Pilny	Strabo^[4] Homer Poseidonius Pilny	=	Jordanes^[8]^[9]			Strabo^[6]^[4] Jordanes^[8]^[9]	Strabo^[6]^[4]
Getae	Herodotus^[7]^[1] Strabo^[4] Jordanes^[8]^[9]^[10]	Appian^[14] Cassius^[2]	Strabo^[4]	Strabo^[4]	Jordanes^[8]^[9]	=			Strabo^[6]^[4]	Strabo^[6]^[4]
MassaGetae							=
Goths								=
Scythians	Strabo^[6] Jordanes^[8]^[9]	Jordanes^[8]^[9]	Strabo^[6]^[4]	Strabo^[6]	Strabo^[6]^[4] Jordanes^[8]^[9]	Strabo^[6]^[4]			=	Strabo^[6]
Sarmatians	Strabo^[6]		Strabo^[6]^[4]	Strabo^[6]	Strabo^[6]^[4]	Strabo^[6]^[4]			Strabo^[6]	=
Cimmerians	Herodotus?										=
Pelasgians	Herodotus^[11] Strabo^[12]											=
Trojans	Strabo^[13]		Strabo^[4]^[13] Jordanes^[15]										=
Etruscans	Thrysi Sinti add
Alans															=
Bulgars																=
Huns																	=
Armenians																		=

Classical Sources

Homer. Illiad [750 BC] (in Ancient Greek).
Herodotus. Histories [440 BC] (in Ancient Greek).
Thucydides. Peloponnesian War [431 BC] (in Ancient Greek).
Xenophon. Anabasis [370 BC] (in Ancient Greek).
Polybius. Histories [146 BC] (in Ancient Greek).
Dionysius. Roman Antiquities [7 BC] (in Ancient Greek).
Diodorus. The Library of History [30 BC] (in Ancient Greek).
Ovid. Tristia [12 AD] (in Latin).
Strabo. Geography [20 AD] (in Ancient Greek).
Pliny (the Elder). Natural History [77 AD] (in Latin).
Plutarch. Parallel Lives [108 AD] (in Ancient Greek).
Tacitus. The Annals [109 AD] (in Latin).
Ptolemy. Geography [150 AD] (in Ancient Greek).
Appian. Roman History [165 AD] (in Ancient Greek).
Cassius Dio. Roman History [221 AD] (in Ancient Greek).
Jerome. Chronicon [380 AD] (in Latin).
Gregory. Ad Eunomium [394 AD] (in Ancient Greek).
Jerome. Letters of Jerome [396 AD] (in Latin).
Nicetas. Writings of Nicetas [459 AD] (in Latin).
Stephanus of Byzantium. Ethnica [540 AD] (in Ancient Greek).
Joradanes. Getica [551 AD] (in Latin).
Procopius. History of the Wars [553 AD] (in Ancient Greek).
Demetrios Chomatenos. Legend of Ohrid [1236 AD] (in Ancient Greek).

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Herodotus & 440 BC, 5.3-5.4, "Now the Thracian race is the most numerous, except the Indians, in all the world: and if it should come to be ruled over by one man, or to agree together in one, it would be irresistible in fight and the strongest by far of all nations, in my opinion. Since however this is impossible for them and cannot ever come to pass among them, they are in fact weak for that reason. They have many names, belonging to their various tribes in different places; but they all follow customs which are nearly the same in all respects, except (the customs of) the Getai and Trausians and those who dwell above the Crestonians. Of these the practices of the Getai, who believe themselves to be immortal, have been spoken of by me already: and the Trausians perform everything else in the same manner as the other Thracians."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cassius & 211 AD, p. 329, LXVII, "I call the people Dacians, the names used by the natives themselves as well as by the Romans, though I am not ignorant that some Greek writers refer to them as Getae, whether that is the right term or not; for the Getae of whom I myself know are those that live beyond the Haemus range, along the Ister."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Herodotus & 440 BC, 6.45 and 7.73, "Thus fared the fleet; and meanwhile Mardonios and the land-army while encamping in Macedonia were attacked in the night by the Brygian Thracians, and many of them were slain by the Brygians and Mardonios himself was wounded."; "Now the Phrygians, as the Macedonians say, used to be called Brigians during the time that they were natives of Europe and dwelt with the Macedonians; but after they had changed into Asia, with their country they changed also their name and were called Phrygians. The Armenians were armed just like the Phrygians, being settlers from the Phrygians."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Strabo & 20 AD, 7.3.2, "Now the Greeks used to suppose that the Getae were Thracians; and the Getae lived on either side the Ister, as did also the Mysi, these also being Thracians and identical with the people who are now called Moesi; from these Mysi sprang also the Mysi who now live between the Lydians and the Phrygians and Trojans. And the Phrygians themselves are Brigians, a Thracian tribe, as are also the Mygdonians, the Bebricians, the Medobithynians, the Bithynians, and the Thynians, and, I think, also the Mariandynians. These peoples, to be sure, have all utterly quitted Europe, but the Mysi have remained there. And Poseidonius seems to me to be correct in his conjecture that Homer designates the Mysi in Europe (I mean those in Thrace) when he says, "But back he turned his shining eyes, and looked far away towards the land of the horse-tending Thracians, and of the Mysi, hand-to‑hand fighters" for surely, if one should take Homer to mean the Mysi in Asia, the statement would not hang together." Cite error: The named reference "FOOTNOTEStrabo20 AD7.3.2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Strabo & 20 AD, 1.1.10, "Homer also knows of the River Ister, since he mentions Mysians, a Thracian tribe that lives on the Ister (Danube)."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Strabon & 20 AD, 7.3.2, "Again, the appended phrase is testimony to this very view, because the poet (Homer) connected with the Mysi the "Hippemolgi" and "Galactophagi" and "Abii," who are indeed the wagon-dwelling Scythians and Sarmatians. For at the present time these tribes, as well as the Bastarnian tribes, are mingled with the Thracians (more indeed with those outside the Ister, but also with those inside). And mingled with them are also the Celtic tribes — the Boii, the Scordisci, and the Taurisci. However, the Scordisci are by some called "Scordistae"; and the Taurisci are called also "Ligurisci" and "Tauristae."
^ ^a ^b Herodotus & 440 BC, 4.93, "But before he came to the Ister he conquered first the Getai, who believe in immortality: for the Thracians who occupy Salmydessos and are settled above the cities of Apollonian and Mesambria, called the Kyrmianai and the Nipsaioi, delivered themselves over to Dareios without fighting; but the Getai, who are the bravest and the most upright in their dealings of all the Thracians, having betaken themselves to obstinacy were forthwith subdued."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Jordanes & 551 AD, p. 60, line 38, "We read that in their first abode the Getae dwelt in the land of Scythia near Lake Maeotis; in their second in Moesia, Thrace and Dacia, and in their third they dwelt again in Scythia, above the sea of Pontus."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Jordanes & 551 AD, p. 61, line 39, "The aforesaid race of which I speak is known to have had Filimer as king while they remained in their first home in Scythia near Maeotis. In their second home, that is, in the countries of Dacia, Thrace and Moesia, Zalmoxes reigned, whom many writers of annals mention as a man of remarkable learning in philosophy."
^ ^a ^b Jordanes & 551 AD, p. 61, line 40, "Moreover so highly were the Getae praised that Mars (Ares; Thrax), whom the fables of poets call the god of war, was reputed to have been born among them."
^ ^a ^b Herodotus & 440 BC, 1.57 and 8.116, "What language however the Pelasgians used to speak I am not able with certainty to say. But if one must pronounce judging by those that still remain of the Pelasgians who dwelt in the city of Creston above the Tyrsenians ... and of the natives of the various other towns which are really Pelasgian, though they have lost the name ... judging by these, the Pelasgians used to speak a Barbarian language."; "Here too a Thracian chieftain, king of the Bisaltians and of Crestonia, did a deed which went beyond nature.""
^ ^a ^b Strabo & 20 AD, 8.3.17 and 12.3.3, "There are a number of accounts about the Kaukonians, for they say that they were an Arkadian people, like the Pelasgians, and like them wanderers. At any rate, the Poet records (Iliad 10.429, 20.329) that they came to Troy as allies, but he does not say from where, although it seems to have been from Paphlagonia, for there are certain Kaukonitians there on the borders of the Mariandynians, who are Paphlagonians themselves."; "But not everyone agrees about the Mariandynians and Kaukonians. They say that Herakleia is situated among the Mariandynians and is a Milesian foundation, but nothing is said about who they are or where they came from. They do not appear different from these people in dialect or ethnicity, although they are similar to the Bithynians. It seems, then, that this tribe was originally Thracian. Theopompos says that Mariandynos ruled part of Paphlagonia."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Strabo & 20 AD, 13.1.21, "There are many identical names among the Thracians and Trojans, such as the Thracians who are called the Skaians, the Skaios River, Skaian Wall, and the Skaian Gates at Troy. There are Thracian Xanthians and the Xanthos River at Troy. There is an Arisbos that empties into the Hebros, and an Arisbe at Troy. There is a Rhesos River at Troy and a Rhesos who was king of the Thracians. There is also another Asios, with the same name, according to the Poet (Homer): Asios, who was the maternal uncle of Hektor the tamer of horses and Hekabe’s own brother, the son of Dymas who lived in Phrygia on the stream of the Sangarios. (Iliad 16.717–19)"
^ ^a ^b Appian & 165 AD, p. 9, "and beyond the Danube some of the Getae, who are called Dacians."
^ ^a ^b Jordanes & 551 AD, p. 67, line 60, "Now when Telefus died, his son Eurypylus succeeded to the throne, being a son of the sister of Priam, king of the Phrygians."

[FOOTNOTEHerodotus440_BC5.3-5.4-1] Herodotus & 440 BC, 5.3-5.4, "Now the Thracian race is the most numerous, except the Indians, in all the world: and if it should come to be ruled over by one man, or to agree together in one, it would be irresistible in fight and the strongest by far of all nations, in my opinion. Since however this is impossible for them and cannot ever come to pass among them, they are in fact weak for that reason. They have many names, belonging to their various tribes in different places; but they all follow customs which are nearly the same in all respects, except (the customs of) the Getai and Trausians and those who dwell above the Crestonians. Of these the practices of the Getai, who believe themselves to be immortal, have been spoken of by me already: and the Trausians perform everything else in the same manner as the other Thracians."

[FOOTNOTECassius211_AD329LXVII-2] Cassius & 211 AD, p. 329, LXVII, "I call the people Dacians, the names used by the natives themselves as well as by the Romans, though I am not ignorant that some Greek writers refer to them as Getae, whether that is the right term or not; for the Getae of whom I myself know are those that live beyond the Haemus range, along the Ister."

[FOOTNOTEHerodotus440_BC6.45_and_7.73-3] Herodotus & 440 BC, 6.45 and 7.73, "Thus fared the fleet; and meanwhile Mardonios and the land-army while encamping in Macedonia were attacked in the night by the Brygian Thracians, and many of them were slain by the Brygians and Mardonios himself was wounded."; "Now the Phrygians, as the Macedonians say, used to be called Brigians during the time that they were natives of Europe and dwelt with the Macedonians; but after they had changed into Asia, with their country they changed also their name and were called Phrygians. The Armenians were armed just like the Phrygians, being settlers from the Phrygians."

[FOOTNOTEStrabo20_AD7.3.2-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Strabo & 20 AD, 7.3.2, "Now the Greeks used to suppose that the Getae were Thracians; and the Getae lived on either side the Ister, as did also the Mysi, these also being Thracians and identical with the people who are now called Moesi; from these Mysi sprang also the Mysi who now live between the Lydians and the Phrygians and Trojans. And the Phrygians themselves are Brigians, a Thracian tribe, as are also the Mygdonians, the Bebricians, the Medobithynians, the Bithynians, and the Thynians, and, I think, also the Mariandynians. These peoples, to be sure, have all utterly quitted Europe, but the Mysi have remained there. And Poseidonius seems to me to be correct in his conjecture that Homer designates the Mysi in Europe (I mean those in Thrace) when he says, "But back he turned his shining eyes, and looked far away towards the land of the horse-tending Thracians, and of the Mysi, hand-to‑hand fighters" for surely, if one should take Homer to mean the Mysi in Asia, the statement would not hang together." Cite error: The named reference "FOOTNOTEStrabo20 AD7.3.2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[FOOTNOTEStrabo20_AD1.1.10-5] Strabo & 20 AD, 1.1.10, "Homer also knows of the River Ister, since he mentions Mysians, a Thracian tribe that lives on the Ister (Danube)."

[FOOTNOTEStrabon20_AD7.3.2-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Strabon & 20 AD, 7.3.2, "Again, the appended phrase is testimony to this very view, because the poet (Homer) connected with the Mysi the "Hippemolgi" and "Galactophagi" and "Abii," who are indeed the wagon-dwelling Scythians and Sarmatians. For at the present time these tribes, as well as the Bastarnian tribes, are mingled with the Thracians (more indeed with those outside the Ister, but also with those inside). And mingled with them are also the Celtic tribes — the Boii, the Scordisci, and the Taurisci. However, the Scordisci are by some called "Scordistae"; and the Taurisci are called also "Ligurisci" and "Tauristae."

[FOOTNOTEHerodotus440_BC4.93-7] Herodotus & 440 BC, 4.93, "But before he came to the Ister he conquered first the Getai, who believe in immortality: for the Thracians who occupy Salmydessos and are settled above the cities of Apollonian and Mesambria, called the Kyrmianai and the Nipsaioi, delivered themselves over to Dareios without fighting; but the Getai, who are the bravest and the most upright in their dealings of all the Thracians, having betaken themselves to obstinacy were forthwith subdued."

[FOOTNOTEJordanes551_AD60line_38-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Jordanes & 551 AD, p. 60, line 38, "We read that in their first abode the Getae dwelt in the land of Scythia near Lake Maeotis; in their second in Moesia, Thrace and Dacia, and in their third they dwelt again in Scythia, above the sea of Pontus."

[FOOTNOTEJordanes551_AD61line_39-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Jordanes & 551 AD, p. 61, line 39, "The aforesaid race of which I speak is known to have had Filimer as king while they remained in their first home in Scythia near Maeotis. In their second home, that is, in the countries of Dacia, Thrace and Moesia, Zalmoxes reigned, whom many writers of annals mention as a man of remarkable learning in philosophy."

[FOOTNOTEJordanes551_AD61line_40-10] Jordanes & 551 AD, p. 61, line 40, "Moreover so highly were the Getae praised that Mars (Ares; Thrax), whom the fables of poets call the god of war, was reputed to have been born among them."

[FOOTNOTEHerodotus440_BC1.57_and_8.116-11] Herodotus & 440 BC, 1.57 and 8.116, "What language however the Pelasgians used to speak I am not able with certainty to say. But if one must pronounce judging by those that still remain of the Pelasgians who dwelt in the city of Creston above the Tyrsenians ... and of the natives of the various other towns which are really Pelasgian, though they have lost the name ... judging by these, the Pelasgians used to speak a Barbarian language."; "Here too a Thracian chieftain, king of the Bisaltians and of Crestonia, did a deed which went beyond nature.""

[FOOTNOTEStrabo20_AD8.3.17_and_12.3.3-12] Strabo & 20 AD, 8.3.17 and 12.3.3, "There are a number of accounts about the Kaukonians, for they say that they were an Arkadian people, like the Pelasgians, and like them wanderers. At any rate, the Poet records (Iliad 10.429, 20.329) that they came to Troy as allies, but he does not say from where, although it seems to have been from Paphlagonia, for there are certain Kaukonitians there on the borders of the Mariandynians, who are Paphlagonians themselves."; "But not everyone agrees about the Mariandynians and Kaukonians. They say that Herakleia is situated among the Mariandynians and is a Milesian foundation, but nothing is said about who they are or where they came from. They do not appear different from these people in dialect or ethnicity, although they are similar to the Bithynians. It seems, then, that this tribe was originally Thracian. Theopompos says that Mariandynos ruled part of Paphlagonia."

[FOOTNOTEStrabo20_AD13.1.21-13] Strabo & 20 AD, 13.1.21, "There are many identical names among the Thracians and Trojans, such as the Thracians who are called the Skaians, the Skaios River, Skaian Wall, and the Skaian Gates at Troy. There are Thracian Xanthians and the Xanthos River at Troy. There is an Arisbos that empties into the Hebros, and an Arisbe at Troy. There is a Rhesos River at Troy and a Rhesos who was king of the Thracians. There is also another Asios, with the same name, according to the Poet (Homer): Asios, who was the maternal uncle of Hektor the tamer of horses and Hekabe’s own brother, the son of Dymas who lived in Phrygia on the stream of the Sangarios. (Iliad 16.717–19)"

[FOOTNOTEAppian165_AD9-14] Appian & 165 AD, p. 9, "and beyond the Danube some of the Getae, who are called Dacians."

[FOOTNOTEJordanes551_AD67line_60-15] Jordanes & 551 AD, p. 67, line 60, "Now when Telefus died, his son Eurypylus succeeded to the throne, being a son of the sister of Priam, king of the Phrygians."

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