User:Tegyrios/sandbox

Sabazios
Sabazios
The Great Father God; God of Liberation, Savior of Humankind, God of Health, Healing and Nature,; Giver of Grace, Twice-Born; Giver of Immortality after Death,; God of Sun, Sky, Earth and Underworld
	Bronze bust of Sabazios stored in the Vatican Museum dated to the 2nd-century AD
Other names	Zagreus, Bromius, Dionysus, Mezian, Nysian, Yahos, Belin, Perkun, Darzalas, Hypsistos
Symbols	Pinecone, Thyrsus, Serpent, Thunderbolt, Asklepian, Ram, Eagle, Turtle, Lizard, Labrys, Hand of Benediction
Mount	Horse
Genealogy
Parents	Zemela (mother);
Equivalents
Canaanite equivalent	Yahweh-Sabaoth; "Lord of Cherubim Hosts"
Christian equivalent	Bog / Kyrios; "King of Cherubim"; (Slavonic Hymns)
Greek equivalent	Helios-Dionysus + Zeus + Hades (Orphic Hymns)
Hindu equivalent	Yahva-Shiva: Agni-Soma + Indra + Yam (Trimurti); (Rigvedic Hymns)
Slavic equivalent	Triglav: Svarozhits-Dazhbog + Perun + Veles
Egyptian equivalent	Serapis: Osiris-Apis + Zeus + Hades
Mesopotamian equivalent	Enki: Shar-Apsi
Roman equivalent	Liber, Bacchus, Jove
Etruscan equivalent	Fufluns
Lord Title equivalent	Bagaios (Thraco-Phrygian), Bhaga (Vedic), Bog (Slavic), Baga (Avestan), Baal and El (Semitic), Bel / En (Sumerian)

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Map of Tribes by Approximate Location

Thracian

Dacian

Thraco-Dacian / Getic

Thraco-Paeonian

Paeonian

Illyrian

Thraco-Illyrian

Thraco-Celtic

Anatolian Thracian / Thracesian

Pelasgian

Other

Uncertain

Map of Thracian Archeological Sites

Test Thing

Tribe	Eponym	Ethnotoponym	Location
Edoni	Edonis	Edonia	Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks Edrasks
Test	Test		s
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test

List of Ancient Tribes in Thrace, Dacia, and Peripheral Regions

Thracian [edit]
Name	Eponym	Toponym	Location	Notes
Tribersers Τήρης	Testikolkolsdsd	Okolosdksodsods	Prostaasdasdsdsdds	Text Very long text Very long text Very long text Very long text Very long text Very long text Very long text Very long text Very long text Very long text Very long text Very long text Very long text Very long text Very long text Very long text Very long text Very long text
Agriani Aγρίανες	Agrios Aγριος
Apsinthii Aψίνθιοι
Asti Αστοί
Beni
Bebriki βεβρυκης
Bessi Βῆσσοι	Bassareus Βασσαρεύς
Byzalti Βισάλται
Bistoni Βίστονες	Biston Βιστών
Bithyni IN THRACE Βιθυνοι	Strymon Στρυμών
Brenki	Brangas Βράγγας
Breni Βρέναι
Brisei	Briseus Βρισεύς
Krusi Κρουσαῖοι	Croesus Κροῖσος
Kebrenii Κεβρήνιοι	Cebriones Κεβριόνης
Koilaleti Κοιλαλέτοι
Dersei Δερσαῖοι	Derzelas Δερζελας
Edoni Hδωνιοί	Edonus Hδωνός
Dentheleti Δενθελῆται
Derroni Δερρόνικον	Derainos Δεραινος
Digeri Δίγηροι
Dii Δίοι
DiioBessi ΔίοΒῆσσοι
Dolonki Δόλονκοι
Kaini Καινοί	Kaineus Καινεύς
Kikoni Κίκονες	Cycnus Κύκνος
Koreli Koρελοι
Korpili Κορπίλοι
Linkesti	Liknites Λικνίτης
Maduateni Μαδουατενοί
Medi Μαῖδοι
Melanditi Μελανδίται
Melinophagi Μελινοφάγοι
Nipsai Νιψαίοι
Odrysi Οδρυσοί
Paiti Παίτοι
Pieres Πίερες	Pierus Πίερος	Pieria, Pierian Mountains
Sapei Σαπαίοι
Satri Σάτραι
Sykaboi Συκαιβόαι
Skyrmiadi Σκυρμιάδαι				Skyr named
Sinti Σίντιες
Sithoni Σίθωνες
Thyni Θυνοί	Tinia 𐌕𐌉𐌍𐌉𐌀
Tilatei Τιλαταίοι
Trali Τράλλεις
Tranipsi Τρανίψαι
Trausi AGATHYRSI? Τραυσοι
Treri Τρηρες
Triballi Τριβαλλοί
Olynthi (Chalcidi) Oλυνθος (Χαλκιδεῖς)	Olynthus Oλυνθος
Sitoni Σίθωνες	Sithon Σίθων
Odomanti Oδόμαντοι	Odomas Oδόμαντος	Odomantice Oδομαντική

Dacian [edit]
Test
Thraco-Dacian / Getae [edit]
Test
Thraco-Paeonian [edit]
Test
Botiei Βοττιαία	Botton Βόττων	Bottiaea, Bottike	Crete, Macedonia: Bottiaea, Pella, Chalkidiki: Bottike	According to Strabo, the Botiei were natives of the island of Crete, who sailed with king Minos to Sicily, but on the voyage back they were driven out of their course and reached Macedonia, specifically the regions of Pella and Bottiaea which is named after them. The Botiei had later moved to Bottike another region named after their tribe, on the coast of the Chalcidian peninsula. The Botiei who never left Crete were eventually enslaved by the Athenean Greeks. The Botiei take their name from their founder Botton. Gorthynia a Botieian city in Bottiaea has an equivalent on Crete also called Gorthynia, both of them suggest a relation to the Thracian tribe Thyni. The Botiei are most likely the same as the Bithyni.
Paeonian [edit]
Test
Illyrian [edit]
Test
Thraco-Illyrian [edit]
Test
Thraco-Celtic [edit]
Parisi Παρίσιοι	Paris Πάρις
Anatolian Thracian / Thracesian [edit]
Thyrsi Τυῤῥηνοί Rasenai 𐌛𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀 = Pασέννα	Tiras = Thrax תִירָס‎ = Θρᾷξ Rhesus / Res Pῆσος			Related to the thracian tribe Agathyrsi
Pelasgian [edit]
Test
Other [edit]
Test
Uncertain [edit]
Test

Identity and distribution

Identification

Summary^[1]

Ancinet Peoples Equated to Thracians By Classical Authors
\	Thracians	Dacians	Phrygians	Mysians	Moesi	Getae	MassaGetae	Goths	Scythians	Sarmatians	Cimmerians	Pelasgians	Trojans	Alans	Bulgars	Huns	Armenians
Thracians	=	Cassius^[2] Pompeius Appian Pilny	Herodotus^[3] Strabo^[4]	Strabo^[4]^[5]^[6]	Strabo^[4]^[5]^[6]	Herodotus^[7]^[1] Strabo^[4] Jordanes^[8]^[9]^[10]	Indirectly		Strabo^[6] Jordanes^[8]^[9]	Strabo^[6]	Strabo?	Herodotus^[11] Strabo^[12]	Strabo^[13]				Herodotus^[3]
Dacians	Cassius^[2] Pompeius Appian Pilny	=			Jordanes^[8]^[9]	Appian^[14] Cassius^[2]			Jordanes^[8]^[9]
Phrygians	Herodotus^[3] Strabo^[4]		=	Strabo^[4]	Strabo^[4] Pilny	Strabo^[4]			Strabo^[6]^[4]	Strabo^[6]^[4]			Strabo^[4]^[13] Jordanes^[15]				Herodotus^[3]
Mysians	Strabo^[4]^[5]^[4]		Strabo^[4]	=	Strabo^[4] Homer Poseidonius Pilny	Strabo^[4]			Strabo^[6]	Strabo^[6]
Moesi	Strabo^[4]^[5]^[4]	Jordanes^[8]^[9]	Strabo^[4] Pilny	Strabo^[4] Homer Poseidonius Pilny	=	Jordanes^[8]^[9]			Strabo^[6]^[4] Jordanes^[8]^[9]	Strabo^[6]^[4]
Getae	Herodotus^[7]^[1] Strabo^[4] Jordanes^[8]^[9]^[10]	Appian^[14] Cassius^[2]	Strabo^[4]	Strabo^[4]	Jordanes^[8]^[9]	=			Strabo^[6]^[4]	Strabo^[6]^[4]
MassaGetae							=
Goths								=
Scythians	Strabo^[6] Jordanes^[8]^[9]	Jordanes^[8]^[9]	Strabo^[6]^[4]	Strabo^[6]	Strabo^[6]^[4] Jordanes^[8]^[9]	Strabo^[6]^[4]			=	Strabo^[6]
Sarmatians	Strabo^[6]		Strabo^[6]^[4]	Strabo^[6]	Strabo^[6]^[4]	Strabo^[6]^[4]			Strabo^[6]	=
Cimmerians	Herodotus?										=
Pelasgians	Herodotus^[11] Strabo^[12]											=
Trojans	Strabo^[13]		Strabo^[4]^[13] Jordanes^[15]										=
Alans														=
Bulgars															=
Huns																=
Armenians																	=

Warfare

Thracian Armor pieces, 4th c. BC

Thracian Swords, 16th-12th c. BC

The Thracians were a warrior people, known as both skilled horsemen and lightly armed skirmishers fighting with javelins.^[16] The Thracian peltasts had a notable influence in Ancient Greece.^[17]

The history of recorded Thracian warfare spans from the 12th century BC up to the 1st century AD. It concerns the armed conflicts of the Thracian tribes and their kingdoms in the Balkans and Anatolia.

In 188 BC near Cypsela, the Thracians defeated the troops of the Roman consul Manlius Vulzon, who was returning from the Battle of Magnesia in Galatia. 10 000 Thracian soldiers faced off against the remainder of 30 000 Romans who were stationed in Anatolia.

In the 2nd century AD Emperor Trajan conquered Dacia in the span of two wars. The conflict ended with the Roman occupation of the Sarmisegetusa fortress and the death of the Dacian king Decebalus.

It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has.

It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal.^[18]

Conflicts

Map of Conflicts Involving Thracians

Victory

Draw / Unclear

Defeat

It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using 'Content here, content here', making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text.

In the archaic period Thracian soldiers of high status wore helmets made of boar tusks like those of the Mycenaeans. This type of headgear was a symbol of prestige that held great significance in Thracian society. From the Late Bronze Age onwards, the most important helmet styles became the Chalcidian, Thracian, Corinthian, Attic, Scythian, Illyrian and Boetian. These remained in use in Thrace even after they had gone out of fashion elsewhere. The designs of the helmets were gradually modified to better serve the needs of the cavalry, providing better all-round vision and ease of movement.

Chalcidian type Thracian helmet, 5th century BC

Corinthian type Thracian helmet, 6th century BC

Boeotian type Thracian helmet, 4th century BC

Troops

Artwork of a Thracian *Peltast* armed with a *Pelte* shield, 5th century BC

The Peltast was a special form of light infantry that combined the mobility and skirmishing power of javelin-men with the immediate threat of warriors armed for close-combat. This made them excellent at catching other skirmishers, harassing the phalanx and holding difficult terrain very easily. The Peltasts were predominately armed with a Pelte shield made of thick leather that was impenetrable by arrows and a couple of versatile javelins designed for both melee and ranged combat, which they retrieved after throwing. For their side arm they usually used the curved short sword known as sica. The Peltasts were very resourceful, they relied on looting their dead enemies and resorted to throwing stones to injure and distract their targets. Their elusive way of fighting involved the ambush of groups or individuals, hit-and-run raids and protective defensive massing. The peltasts would run in, throw their javelins, and then run away, retreating just as quickly, stopping only to strip fallen enemies and get back their javelins when possible.

Reenactment of a Thracian cavalryman hurling javelins

Thracian cavalry was numerous.^[19] It was also legendary for its combat power that Philip of Macedon adopted its wedge-shaped formation for the Macedonian cavalry maneuvers.^[20] It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using 'Content here, content here', making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text.

In Thracian warfare, the lightly armed infantry clustered around chariots, which were equipped with a charioteer and several heavily armored javelin-throwers or bowmen. In the Iliad, Homer tells about the Thracian king Rhesus, who rushed to fight the Achaeans with his fabulous chariot, steering snow-white horses that were linked with reins entirely made of gold. It was a long held tradition for Thracian noblemen to be buried with their horses and chariots so that they can serve them again in the afterlife.

Weapons

Thracian fencing rapier, 16th c. BC

Well preserved bronze fencing swords from as early as the 16th century BC have been found all over Bulgaria. They bear a resemblance to the long, thin rapiers used by musketeers in 17th century Spain. These weapons suggest that dueling was common among Thracians, and that individual challenges were probably issued as part of the prelude to a battle.

SICA - It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using 'Content here, content here', making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text.

FALX - It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using 'Content here, content here', making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text. It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using 'Content here, content here', making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text.

The most deadly Thracian weapon was the rhomphaia. It was a two-handed polearm with a long handle and a slightly curved blade that resembled a straightened scythe. Like the falx, in the hands of a trained warrior a rhomphaia could chop off a Roman’s limbs in a single blow. The Thracians found that its long range was especially effective against cavalry and war elephants. Although the rhomphaia was similar to the falx, it was forged with a less dramatic curve and without a hook, which gave its wielder the flexibility to use it for both thrusting and slashing attacks.[a]

LABRYS - It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using 'Content here, content here', making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text.

Religion

Pantheon

---

Zbelthiurdo (Perkon)

Strymon

Pleistor

Ermi

Zalmoxis

Triglav, Mitra

God Template

Template

Templato

Template

Templaten

Template

Templateren

Template

Templata

Template

Thracian Gods Series

Template


	Bel Enki	Bagaios Sabazios	Dionysus Serapis	Yahva Shiva	Dionysus Pan
Thracian Cap
Calanthus
Serpent
Pinecone
Horns
Multiple Heads
Dog Companion
Labrys
Pan Flute
Stretched Pouch
Eagle
Face

Appearance

Bel Enki wearing a Thracian cap and holding a stretched bag

Bagaios Sabazios wearing a Thracian cap and holding a Pinecone

Bagaios Sabazios holding a stretched bag, Early Bronze Age (3300 BC-1200 BC), Belintash

Ermi

Zalmoxis

Triglav, Mitra

Tribes Series

Template

Sources

Warfare

Christopher Webber; Angus McBride (2001). The Thracians 700 BC-AD 46 (Men-at-Arms). ISBN 1-84176-329-2.
Strabo. Geographica [Geography] (in Ancient Greek).
Pliny (the Elder). Naturalis Historia [Natural History] (in Latin).
Appian. Historia Romana [Roman History] (in Ancient Greek).
Cassius Dio. Rhōmaïkḕ Historía [Roman History] (in Ancient Greek).

Classical

Herodotus. Historíai [Histories] (in Ancient Greek).
Strabo. Geographica [Geography] (in Ancient Greek).
Pliny (the Elder). Naturalis Historia [Natural History] (in Latin).
Appian. Historia Romana [Roman History] (in Ancient Greek).
Cassius Dio. Rhōmaïkḕ Historía [Roman History] (in Ancient Greek).
Joradanes. Getica [The Origin and Deeds of the Getae] (in Latin).
Stephanus of Byzantium. Eθνικά [Ethnica] (in Ancient Greek).

^ ^a ^b ^c Herodotus & 440 BC, 5.3-5.4, "Now the Thracian race is the most numerous, except the Indians, in all the world: and if it should come to be ruled over by one man, or to agree together in one, it would be irresistible in fight and the strongest by far of all nations, in my opinion. Since however this is impossible for them and cannot ever come to pass among them, they are in fact weak for that reason. They have many names, belonging to their various tribes in different places; but they all follow customs which are nearly the same in all respects, except (the customs of) the Getai and Trausians and those who dwell above the Crestonians. Of these the practices of the Getai, who believe themselves to be immortal, have been spoken of by me already: and the Trausians perform everything else in the same manner as the other Thracians."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cassius & 211 AD, p. 329, LXVII, "I call the people Dacians, the names used by the natives themselves as well as by the Romans, though I am not ignorant that some Greek writers refer to them as Getae, whether that is the right term or not; for the Getae of whom I myself know are those that live beyond the Haemus range, along the Ister." sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCassius211_AD (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Herodotus & 440 BC, 6.45 and 7.73, "Thus fared the fleet; and meanwhile Mardonios and the land-army while encamping in Macedonia were attacked in the night by the Brygian Thracians, and many of them were slain by the Brygians and Mardonios himself was wounded."; "Now the Phrygians, as the Macedonians say, used to be called Brigians during the time that they were natives of Europe and dwelt with the Macedonians; but after they had changed into Asia, with their country they changed also their name and were called Phrygians. The Armenians were armed just like the Phrygians, being settlers from the Phrygians."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Strabo & 20 AD, 7.3.2, "Now the Greeks used to suppose that the Getae were Thracians; and the Getae lived on either side the Ister, as did also the Mysi, these also being Thracians and identical with the people who are now called Moesi; from these Mysi sprang also the Mysi who now live between the Lydians and the Phrygians and Trojans. And the Phrygians themselves are Brigians, a Thracian tribe, as are also the Mygdonians, the Bebricians, the Medobithynians, the Bithynians, and the Thynians, and, I think, also the Mariandynians. These peoples, to be sure, have all utterly quitted Europe, but the Mysi have remained there. And Poseidonius seems to me to be correct in his conjecture that Homer designates the Mysi in Europe (I mean those in Thrace) when he says, "But back he turned his shining eyes, and looked far away towards the land of the horse-tending Thracians, and of the Mysi, hand-to‑hand fighters" for surely, if one should take Homer to mean the Mysi in Asia, the statement would not hang together." sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFStrabo20_AD (help) Cite error: The named reference "FOOTNOTEStrabo20 AD7.3.2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Strabo & 20 AD, 1.1.10, "Homer also knows of the River Ister, since he mentions Mysians, a Thracian tribe that lives on the Ister (Danube)." sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFStrabo20_AD (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Strabon & 20 AD, 7.3.2, "Again, the appended phrase is testimony to this very view, because the poet (Homer) connected with the Mysi the "Hippemolgi" and "Galactophagi" and "Abii," who are indeed the wagon-dwelling Scythians and Sarmatians. For at the present time these tribes, as well as the Bastarnian tribes, are mingled with the Thracians (more indeed with those outside the Ister, but also with those inside). And mingled with them are also the Celtic tribes — the Boii, the Scordisci, and the Taurisci. However, the Scordisci are by some called "Scordistae"; and the Taurisci are called also "Ligurisci" and "Tauristae."
^ ^a ^b Herodotus & 440 BC, 4.93, "But before he came to the Ister he conquered first the Getai, who believe in immortality: for the Thracians who occupy Salmydessos and are settled above the cities of Apollonian and Mesambria, called the Kyrmianai and the Nipsaioi, delivered themselves over to Dareios without fighting; but the Getai, who are the bravest and the most upright in their dealings of all the Thracians, having betaken themselves to obstinacy were forthwith subdued."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Jordanes & 551 AD, p. 60, line 38, "We read that in their first abode the Getae dwelt in the land of Scythia near Lake Maeotis; in their second in Moesia, Thrace and Dacia, and in their third they dwelt again in Scythia, above the sea of Pontus."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Jordanes & 551 AD, p. 61, line 39, "The aforesaid race of which I speak is known to have had Filimer as king while they remained in their first home in Scythia near Maeotis. In their second home, that is, in the countries of Dacia, Thrace and Moesia, Zalmoxes reigned, whom many writers of annals mention as a man of remarkable learning in philosophy."
^ ^a ^b Jordanes & 551 AD, p. 61, line 40, "Moreover so highly were the Getae praised that Mars (Ares; Thrax), whom the fables of poets call the god of war, was reputed to have been born among them."
^ ^a ^b Herodotus & 440 BC, 1.57 and 8.116, "What language however the Pelasgians used to speak I am not able with certainty to say. But if one must pronounce judging by those that still remain of the Pelasgians who dwelt in the city of Creston above the Tyrsenians ... and of the natives of the various other towns which are really Pelasgian, though they have lost the name ... judging by these, the Pelasgians used to speak a Barbarian language."; "Here too a Thracian chieftain, king of the Bisaltians and of Crestonia, did a deed which went beyond nature.""
^ ^a ^b Strabo & 20 AD, 8.3.17 and 12.3.3, "There are a number of accounts about the Kaukonians, for they say that they were an Arkadian people, like the Pelasgians, and like them wanderers. At any rate, the Poet records (Iliad 10.429, 20.329) that they came to Troy as allies, but he does not say from where, although it seems to have been from Paphlagonia, for there are certain Kaukonitians there on the borders of the Mariandynians, who are Paphlagonians themselves."; "But not everyone agrees about the Mariandynians and Kaukonians. They say that Herakleia is situated among the Mariandynians and is a Milesian foundation, but nothing is said about who they are or where they came from. They do not appear different from these people in dialect or ethnicity, although they are similar to the Bithynians. It seems, then, that this tribe was originally Thracian. Theopompos says that Mariandynos ruled part of Paphlagonia." sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFStrabo20_AD (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Strabo & 20 AD, 13.1.21, "There are many identical names among the Thracians and Trojans, such as the Thracians who are called the Skaians, the Skaios River, Skaian Wall, and the Skaian Gates at Troy. There are Thracian Xanthians and the Xanthos River at Troy. There is an Arisbos that empties into the Hebros, and an Arisbe at Troy. There is a Rhesos River at Troy and a Rhesos who was king of the Thracians. There is also another Asios, with the same name, according to the Poet (Homer): Asios, who was the maternal uncle of Hektor the tamer of horses and Hekabe’s own brother, the son of Dymas who lived in Phrygia on the stream of the Sangarios. (Iliad 16.717–19)" sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFStrabo20_AD (help)
^ ^a ^b Appian & 165 AD, p. 9, "and beyond the Danube some of the Getae, who are called Dacians." sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAppian165_AD (help)
^ ^a ^b Jordanes & 551 AD, p. 67, line 60, "Now when Telefus died, his son Eurypylus succeeded to the throne, being a son of the sister of Priam, king of the Phrygians."
^ Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 27 June 2016. p. 552. ISBN 978-1-61069-020-1.
^ Best 1969, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ Webber & McBride, p. 1, "quote"
^ The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z. H. Archibald, 1998, ISBN 0-19-815047-4, page 205
^ Gabriel, Richard (2010). Philip II of Macedonia: Greater Than Alexander. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. p. 42. ISBN 9781597975193.
^ Cherubikon Hymn, "We who mystically represent the Cherubim and who sing to the Life-Giving Trinity the thrice-holy hymn, let us now lay aside all earthly cares that we may receive the King of all, escorted invisibly by the angelic orders.
^ Brightman (1896, p. 532, n. 9). Note: The Cherubikon was added as a troparion to the Divine Liturgy under Emperor Justin II who was the successor of the Thracian Roman Emperor Justinian I who was born with the name "Petrus Sabbatius" literally meaning "Father Sabazios".
^ ^a ^b "The Works of the Emperor Julian/Hymn to King Helios - Wikisource, the free online library". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2024-09-14: ""Helios-Serapis, Zeus, Hades, three gods in one godhead!" This oracular verse is quoted as Orphic by Macrobius, Saturnalia 1. 18. 18; but Julian, no doubt following Iamblichus, substitutes Serapis for Dionysus at the end of the verse. The worship of Serapis in the Graeco-Roman world began with the foundation of a Serapeum by Ptolemy Soter at Alexandria. Serapis was identified with Osiris, the Egyptian counterpart of Dionysus.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ www.wisdomlib.org (2019-01-25). "Yahva: 7 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2024-09-14: "Yahva (यह्व): - 1) Great, powerful, 2) Active, restless, continually moving, 3) An employer of priests for sacrifices; An epithet of 1) Heaven and earth. 2) Of night and day. 3) Of morning and evening -- applied to Agni, Soma and Indra in Rigveda"{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ www.wisdomlib.org (2015-11-26). "Sayujya, Sāyujya, Sāyūjya: 21 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2024-09-14: "Worship of Siva (Siba) - Saivism (Saibizm): Sāyujya (सायुज्य) refers to “union” with a particular deity, according to the Mṛgendrāgama Kriyāpāda verse 8.151-152b.—Accordingly, “In exactly the same way, the Guru may guide a devotee to union (sāyujya) with a deity such as Brahmā (Bromius) or Sūrya (Helios-Dionysus).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ Hume, Robert Ernest (1921), The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 422–424 "Thou art Brahma (Bromius) ... Thou art Agni (Helios) ... Thou art Indra (Zeus) ... Thou art Soma (Dionysus) ... Thou art Yama (Hades) ... Thou art All. Yea, thou art the unshaken one! For Nature's sake and for its own Is existence manifold in thee. O Lord of all, hail unto thee! The Soul of all, causing all acts, Enjoying all, all life art thou! Lord (prabhu) of all pleasure and delight (Dionysus - god of ecstasy and festivity)! Hail unto thee, O Tianquil Soul (santatman "tranquil mind")! Yea, hail to thee, most hidden one, Unthinkable, unlimited, Beginningless and endless, too!"
^ Laude, Patrick (2005), Laude, Patrick (ed.), "Dionysus, Shiva, Osiris", Divine Play, Sacred Laughter, and Spiritual Understanding, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 41–60, doi:10.1057/9781403980588_4, ISBN 978-1-4039-8058-8, retrieved 2024-09-14
^ Szyjewski, Andrzej (2003). Religia Słowian. p. 309. ISBN 83-7318-205-5.
^ Kritzolina (2018-06-04), English: Votive tablet of a three headed Thracian horseman with a double axe in his right hand, 2nd - 3rd century, Plovdiv, retrieved 2024-09-14
^ "The Works of the Emperor Julian/Hymn to King Helios - Wikisource, the free online library". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2024-09-14.
^ Merkelbach, Reinhold. Isis regina—Zeus Sarapis. Die griechisch-aegyptische Religion nach den Quellen dargestellt (in German). 1995. ISBN 978-3-519-07427-4.
^ Laude, Patrick (2005), Laude, Patrick (ed.), "Dionysus, Shiva, Osiris", Divine Play, Sacred Laughter, and Spiritual Understanding, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 41–60, doi:10.1057/9781403980588_4, ISBN 978-1-4039-8058-8, retrieved 2024-09-14

[FOOTNOTEHerodotus440_BC5.3-5.4-1] Herodotus & 440 BC, 5.3-5.4, "Now the Thracian race is the most numerous, except the Indians, in all the world: and if it should come to be ruled over by one man, or to agree together in one, it would be irresistible in fight and the strongest by far of all nations, in my opinion. Since however this is impossible for them and cannot ever come to pass among them, they are in fact weak for that reason. They have many names, belonging to their various tribes in different places; but they all follow customs which are nearly the same in all respects, except (the customs of) the Getai and Trausians and those who dwell above the Crestonians. Of these the practices of the Getai, who believe themselves to be immortal, have been spoken of by me already: and the Trausians perform everything else in the same manner as the other Thracians."

[FOOTNOTECassius211_AD329LXVII-2] Cassius & 211 AD, p. 329, LXVII, "I call the people Dacians, the names used by the natives themselves as well as by the Romans, though I am not ignorant that some Greek writers refer to them as Getae, whether that is the right term or not; for the Getae of whom I myself know are those that live beyond the Haemus range, along the Ister." sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCassius211_AD (help)

[FOOTNOTEHerodotus440_BC6.45_and_7.73-3] Herodotus & 440 BC, 6.45 and 7.73, "Thus fared the fleet; and meanwhile Mardonios and the land-army while encamping in Macedonia were attacked in the night by the Brygian Thracians, and many of them were slain by the Brygians and Mardonios himself was wounded."; "Now the Phrygians, as the Macedonians say, used to be called Brigians during the time that they were natives of Europe and dwelt with the Macedonians; but after they had changed into Asia, with their country they changed also their name and were called Phrygians. The Armenians were armed just like the Phrygians, being settlers from the Phrygians."

[FOOTNOTEStrabo20_AD7.3.2-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Strabo & 20 AD, 7.3.2, "Now the Greeks used to suppose that the Getae were Thracians; and the Getae lived on either side the Ister, as did also the Mysi, these also being Thracians and identical with the people who are now called Moesi; from these Mysi sprang also the Mysi who now live between the Lydians and the Phrygians and Trojans. And the Phrygians themselves are Brigians, a Thracian tribe, as are also the Mygdonians, the Bebricians, the Medobithynians, the Bithynians, and the Thynians, and, I think, also the Mariandynians. These peoples, to be sure, have all utterly quitted Europe, but the Mysi have remained there. And Poseidonius seems to me to be correct in his conjecture that Homer designates the Mysi in Europe (I mean those in Thrace) when he says, "But back he turned his shining eyes, and looked far away towards the land of the horse-tending Thracians, and of the Mysi, hand-to‑hand fighters" for surely, if one should take Homer to mean the Mysi in Asia, the statement would not hang together." sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFStrabo20_AD (help) Cite error: The named reference "FOOTNOTEStrabo20 AD7.3.2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[FOOTNOTEStrabo20_AD1.1.10-5] Strabo & 20 AD, 1.1.10, "Homer also knows of the River Ister, since he mentions Mysians, a Thracian tribe that lives on the Ister (Danube)." sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFStrabo20_AD (help)

[FOOTNOTEStrabon20_AD7.3.2-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Strabon & 20 AD, 7.3.2, "Again, the appended phrase is testimony to this very view, because the poet (Homer) connected with the Mysi the "Hippemolgi" and "Galactophagi" and "Abii," who are indeed the wagon-dwelling Scythians and Sarmatians. For at the present time these tribes, as well as the Bastarnian tribes, are mingled with the Thracians (more indeed with those outside the Ister, but also with those inside). And mingled with them are also the Celtic tribes — the Boii, the Scordisci, and the Taurisci. However, the Scordisci are by some called "Scordistae"; and the Taurisci are called also "Ligurisci" and "Tauristae."

[FOOTNOTEHerodotus440_BC4.93-7] Herodotus & 440 BC, 4.93, "But before he came to the Ister he conquered first the Getai, who believe in immortality: for the Thracians who occupy Salmydessos and are settled above the cities of Apollonian and Mesambria, called the Kyrmianai and the Nipsaioi, delivered themselves over to Dareios without fighting; but the Getai, who are the bravest and the most upright in their dealings of all the Thracians, having betaken themselves to obstinacy were forthwith subdued."

[FOOTNOTEJordanes551_AD60line_38-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Jordanes & 551 AD, p. 60, line 38, "We read that in their first abode the Getae dwelt in the land of Scythia near Lake Maeotis; in their second in Moesia, Thrace and Dacia, and in their third they dwelt again in Scythia, above the sea of Pontus."

[FOOTNOTEJordanes551_AD61line_39-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Jordanes & 551 AD, p. 61, line 39, "The aforesaid race of which I speak is known to have had Filimer as king while they remained in their first home in Scythia near Maeotis. In their second home, that is, in the countries of Dacia, Thrace and Moesia, Zalmoxes reigned, whom many writers of annals mention as a man of remarkable learning in philosophy."

[FOOTNOTEJordanes551_AD61line_40-10] Jordanes & 551 AD, p. 61, line 40, "Moreover so highly were the Getae praised that Mars (Ares; Thrax), whom the fables of poets call the god of war, was reputed to have been born among them."

[FOOTNOTEHerodotus440_BC1.57_and_8.116-11] Herodotus & 440 BC, 1.57 and 8.116, "What language however the Pelasgians used to speak I am not able with certainty to say. But if one must pronounce judging by those that still remain of the Pelasgians who dwelt in the city of Creston above the Tyrsenians ... and of the natives of the various other towns which are really Pelasgian, though they have lost the name ... judging by these, the Pelasgians used to speak a Barbarian language."; "Here too a Thracian chieftain, king of the Bisaltians and of Crestonia, did a deed which went beyond nature.""

[FOOTNOTEStrabo20_AD8.3.17_and_12.3.3-12] Strabo & 20 AD, 8.3.17 and 12.3.3, "There are a number of accounts about the Kaukonians, for they say that they were an Arkadian people, like the Pelasgians, and like them wanderers. At any rate, the Poet records (Iliad 10.429, 20.329) that they came to Troy as allies, but he does not say from where, although it seems to have been from Paphlagonia, for there are certain Kaukonitians there on the borders of the Mariandynians, who are Paphlagonians themselves."; "But not everyone agrees about the Mariandynians and Kaukonians. They say that Herakleia is situated among the Mariandynians and is a Milesian foundation, but nothing is said about who they are or where they came from. They do not appear different from these people in dialect or ethnicity, although they are similar to the Bithynians. It seems, then, that this tribe was originally Thracian. Theopompos says that Mariandynos ruled part of Paphlagonia." sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFStrabo20_AD (help)

[FOOTNOTEStrabo20_AD13.1.21-13] Strabo & 20 AD, 13.1.21, "There are many identical names among the Thracians and Trojans, such as the Thracians who are called the Skaians, the Skaios River, Skaian Wall, and the Skaian Gates at Troy. There are Thracian Xanthians and the Xanthos River at Troy. There is an Arisbos that empties into the Hebros, and an Arisbe at Troy. There is a Rhesos River at Troy and a Rhesos who was king of the Thracians. There is also another Asios, with the same name, according to the Poet (Homer): Asios, who was the maternal uncle of Hektor the tamer of horses and Hekabe’s own brother, the son of Dymas who lived in Phrygia on the stream of the Sangarios. (Iliad 16.717–19)" sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFStrabo20_AD (help)

[FOOTNOTEAppian165_AD9-14] Appian & 165 AD, p. 9, "and beyond the Danube some of the Getae, who are called Dacians." sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAppian165_AD (help)

[FOOTNOTEJordanes551_AD67line_60-15] Jordanes & 551 AD, p. 67, line 60, "Now when Telefus died, his son Eurypylus succeeded to the throne, being a son of the sister of Priam, king of the Phrygians."

[16] Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 27 June 2016. p. 552. ISBN 978-1-61069-020-1.

[FOOTNOTEBest1969<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-17] Best 1969, p. ^{[page needed]}.

[FOOTNOTEWebberMcBride1-18] Webber & McBride, p. 1, "quote"

[19] The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z. H. Archibald, 1998, ISBN 0-19-815047-4, page 205

[:2-20] Gabriel, Richard (2010). Philip II of Macedonia: Greater Than Alexander. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. p. 42. ISBN 9781597975193.

[21] Cherubikon Hymn, "We who mystically represent the Cherubim and who sing to the Life-Giving Trinity the thrice-holy hymn, let us now lay aside all earthly cares that we may receive the King of all, escorted invisibly by the angelic orders.

[22] Brightman (1896, p. 532, n. 9). Note: The Cherubikon was added as a troparion to the Divine Liturgy under Emperor Justin II who was the successor of the Thracian Roman Emperor Justinian I who was born with the name "Petrus Sabbatius" literally meaning "Father Sabazios".

[:0-23] "The Works of the Emperor Julian/Hymn to King Helios - Wikisource, the free online library". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2024-09-14: ""Helios-Serapis, Zeus, Hades, three gods in one godhead!" This oracular verse is quoted as Orphic by Macrobius, Saturnalia 1. 18. 18; but Julian, no doubt following Iamblichus, substitutes Serapis for Dionysus at the end of the verse. The worship of Serapis in the Graeco-Roman world began with the foundation of a Serapeum by Ptolemy Soter at Alexandria. Serapis was identified with Osiris, the Egyptian counterpart of Dionysus.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

[24] www.wisdomlib.org (2019-01-25). "Yahva: 7 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2024-09-14: "Yahva (यह्व): - 1) Great, powerful, 2) Active, restless, continually moving, 3) An employer of priests for sacrifices; An epithet of 1) Heaven and earth. 2) Of night and day. 3) Of morning and evening -- applied to Agni, Soma and Indra in Rigveda"{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

[25] www.wisdomlib.org (2015-11-26). "Sayujya, Sāyujya, Sāyūjya: 21 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2024-09-14: "Worship of Siva (Siba) - Saivism (Saibizm): Sāyujya (सायुज्य) refers to “union” with a particular deity, according to the Mṛgendrāgama Kriyāpāda verse 8.151-152b.—Accordingly, “In exactly the same way, the Guru may guide a devotee to union (sāyujya) with a deity such as Brahmā (Bromius) or Sūrya (Helios-Dionysus).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

[hume51-26] Hume, Robert Ernest (1921), The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 422–424 "Thou art Brahma (Bromius) ... Thou art Agni (Helios) ... Thou art Indra (Zeus) ... Thou art Soma (Dionysus) ... Thou art Yama (Hades) ... Thou art All. Yea, thou art the unshaken one! For Nature's sake and for its own Is existence manifold in thee. O Lord of all, hail unto thee! The Soul of all, causing all acts, Enjoying all, all life art thou! Lord (prabhu) of all pleasure and delight (Dionysus - god of ecstasy and festivity)! Hail unto thee, O Tianquil Soul (santatman "tranquil mind")! Yea, hail to thee, most hidden one, Unthinkable, unlimited, Beginningless and endless, too!"

[27] Laude, Patrick (2005), Laude, Patrick (ed.), "Dionysus, Shiva, Osiris", Divine Play, Sacred Laughter, and Spiritual Understanding, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 41–60, doi:10.1057/9781403980588_4, ISBN 978-1-4039-8058-8, retrieved 2024-09-14

[28] Szyjewski, Andrzej (2003). Religia Słowian. p. 309. ISBN 83-7318-205-5.

[29] Kritzolina (2018-06-04), English: Votive tablet of a three headed Thracian horseman with a double axe in his right hand, 2nd - 3rd century, Plovdiv, retrieved 2024-09-14

[30] "The Works of the Emperor Julian/Hymn to King Helios - Wikisource, the free online library". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2024-09-14.

[31] Merkelbach, Reinhold. Isis regina—Zeus Sarapis. Die griechisch-aegyptische Religion nach den Quellen dargestellt (in German). 1995. ISBN 978-3-519-07427-4.

[32] Laude, Patrick (2005), Laude, Patrick (ed.), "Dionysus, Shiva, Osiris", Divine Play, Sacred Laughter, and Spiritual Understanding, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 41–60, doi:10.1057/9781403980588_4, ISBN 978-1-4039-8058-8, retrieved 2024-09-14

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