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2020 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania

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For related races, see 2020 United States presidential election.
2020 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
← 2016 November 3, 2020 2024 →
Turnout76.5%[1] Increase 5.2pp
 
Nominee Joe Biden Donald Trump
Party Democratic Republican
Home state Delaware Florida
Running mate Kamala Harris Mike Pence
Electoral vote 20 0
Popular vote 3,458,229 3,377,674
Percentage 50.01% 48.84%
President before election

Donald Trump
Republican

Elected President

Joe Biden
Democratic

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The 2020 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania was held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, as part of the 2020 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated.[3] Pennsylvania voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote, pitting the Republican Party's nominee, President Donald Trump, and running mate Vice President Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Vice President Joe Biden, and his running mate California Senator Kamala Harris. Pennsylvania had 20 electoral votes in the Electoral College.[4]

Although Trump had won the state in 2016 by a narrow margin of 0.72%, Biden was able to reclaim the state, winning it by a similarly narrow 1.17% margin. Because of the way the state counted in-person ballots first, Trump started with a wide lead on election night. However, over the next few days, Biden greatly closed the margin due to outstanding votes from Democratic-leaning areas, most notably Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, as well as mail-in ballots from all parts of the state which strongly favored him. On the morning of November 6, election-calling organization Decision Desk HQ forecast that Biden had won Pennsylvania's 20 electoral votes, and with them the election.[5] The following morning, November 7, at the same time that the Trump campaign was holding a press conference outside of a Philadelphia landscaping business,[6] nearly all major news organizations followed suit and called Pennsylvania for Biden, proclaiming him president-elect.[7]

One key to Biden's success in the state was his improvement on Hillary Clinton's margins in the large Philadelphia-area suburban counties: he won Bucks by 3.60% more than Clinton did, Delaware by 4.38% more, Montgomery by 4.80% more, and Chester—which Mitt Romney had narrowly won just eight years prior—by 6.60% more. At the same time, he reclaimed two of the three large industrial counties which had voted Democratic for at least six consecutive elections before Trump flipped them in 2016: Erie and Northampton. While Trump prevailed in the third, Luzerne County, he did so by a reduced margin with respect to 2016; and Biden increased the margin of victory in his birth county, Lackawanna County, which Trump had nearly flipped in 2016. Biden halted the four-election Democratic slide in formerly traditionally Democratic Westmoreland County, where, before 2020, Al Gore had been the last Democrat to improve on the previous nominee's vote share (and which had given Trump his margin in the state in 2016). He also improved on Clinton's margins in Lehigh County by 2.9% and won Allegheny County with the largest percentage of the vote since 1988; however, Biden's vote share in Philadelphia County actually declined slightly compared to Clinton's, although he still outperformed either Al Gore in 2000 or John Kerry in 2004 in the county. Biden became the first Democratic candidate running for president to garner at least 100,000 votes in the Republican stronghold county of Lancaster.[8][9] He also became the second presidential candidate since 1964, the last time the county voted for a Democrat, to get at least 40% of the vote.[9] This was due to the large number of votes Biden received from the city of Lancaster and a competitive margin in voting precincts in and around Lititz and Columbia.[10]

Despite Biden's victory, Pennsylvania weighed in for this election as 3.3% more Republican than the national average. This is the second consecutive presidential election in which Pennsylvania voted to the right of the nation. Previously, it had not done so since 1948. With Ohio, Florida, and Iowa backing the losing candidate for the first time since 1960, 1992, and 2000 respectively, this election established Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Michigan as the states with the longest bellwether streak still in effect today. The last time any of them voted against the winning candidate was 2004, when all three voted for the losing Democrat John Kerry. Biden became the first Democrat to win the White House without carrying Luzerne County since Harry Truman in 1948. This was the first election since 1932 that the county voted for the statewide loser.

Primary elections

[edit]

The primary elections were originally scheduled for April 28, 2020, also originally joining several northeastern states in holding primaries on the same date, including Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, New York, and Rhode Island.[11] On March 26, Pennsylvania joined several other states in moving its primary to June 2 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[12]

Republican primary

[edit]
Main article: 2020 Pennsylvania Republican presidential primary

Even though the Republican National Committee mailed Pennsylvania voters encouraging mail-in voting, describing it as a "convenient and secure" option, most Republicans expressed opposition to the prospect. Earlier, the Republican-controlled House blocked a proposal to mail every Pennsylvanian a mail-in ballot application. This was in response to President Trump's skepticism of the practice, expressing concern mail-in voting may result in voter fraud that would potentially benefit the Democratic Party.[13]

2020 Pennsylvania Republican presidential primary[14]
Candidate Votes % Delegates[15]
Donald Trump 1,053,616 92.1% 34
Bill Weld 69,427 6.1% 0
Rocky De La Fuente 20,456 1.8% 0
Total 1,143,499 100% 34

Trump was declared the winner in the Republican primary, and received all of the state's 34 pledged delegates to the 2020 Republican National Convention (the state also has 54 unpledged delegates).[15]

Democratic primary

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from 2020 Pennsylvania Democratic presidential primary § PAresults.[edit]
2020 Pennsylvania Democratic presidential primary[16]
Candidate Votes % Delegates[17]
Joe Biden 1,264,624 79.26 151
Bernie Sanders (withdrawn) 287,834 18.04 35
Tulsi Gabbard (withdrawn) 43,050 2.70
Total 1,595,508 100% 186

Green Caucus

[edit]

The Green Caucus was held during April 2020 and was won by Howie Hawkins.[18]

General election

[edit]

Final predictions

[edit]
Source Ranking
The Cook Political Report[19] Lean D (flip)
Inside Elections[20] Lean D (flip)
Sabato's Crystal Ball[21] Lean D (flip)
Politico[22] Lean D (flip)
RCP[23] Tossup
Niskanen[24] Likely D (flip)
CNN[25] Lean D (flip)
The Economist[26] Likely D (flip)
CBS News[27] Lean D (flip)
270towin[28] Lean D (flip)
ABC News[29] Lean D (flip)
NPR[30] Lean D (flip)
NBC News[31] Lean D (flip)
538[32] Likely D (flip)

Polling

[edit]

Graphical summary

[edit]


Aggregate polls

[edit]
Source of poll
aggregation 		Dates
administered 		Dates
updated 		Joe
Biden
Democratic 		Donald
Trump
Republican 		Other/
Undecided
[a] 		Margin
270 to Win[33] October 22 – November 2, 2020 November 3, 2020 49.4% 45.7% 4.9% Biden +3.7
Real Clear Politics[34] October 29 – November 2, 2020 November 3, 2020 48.7% 47.5% 3.8% Biden +1.2
FiveThirtyEight[35] until November 2, 2020 November 3, 2020 50.2% 45.6% 4.2% Biden +4.6
Average 49.4% 46.3% 4.3% Biden +3.1

2020 polls

[edit]
Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[b] 		Margin
of error 		Donald
Trump
Republican 		Joe
Biden
Democratic 		Jo
Jorgensen
Libertarian 		Howie
Hawkins
Green 		Other Undecided
Susquehanna Polling & Research Inc.[36] Nov 1–2 499 (LV) ± 4.3% 49%[c] 48% 1% - 0%[d] 0%
SurveyMonkey/Axios[37] Oct 20 – Nov 2 6,045 (LV) ± 2% 47%[e] 52% - - – –
Pulse Opinion Research/Rasmussen Reports[38] Oct 31 – Nov 1 800 (LV) ± 3.5% 47%[c] 50% - - 1%[f] –
Research Co.[39] Oct 31 – Nov 1 450 (LV) ± 4.6% 46% 52% - - 2%[g] 4%
AYTM/Aspiration[40] Oct 30 – Nov 1 340 (LV) – 49% 51% - - – –
Change Research/CNBC[41] Oct 29 – Nov 1 699 (LV) ± 3.71% 46% 50% 2% - – 2%
Marist College/NBC[42] Oct 29 – Nov 1 772 (LV) ± 4.4% 46% 51% - - 1% 2%
Monmouth University[43] Oct 28 – Nov 1 502(RV) ± 4.4% 45% 50% 1% - 0%[h] 4%
502 (LV) 44%[i] 51% - - – –
45%[j] 50% - - – –
Swayable[44] Oct 27 – Nov 1 1,107 (LV) ± 3.9% 48% 50% 2% - – –
Data for Progress[45] Oct 27 – Nov 1 1,417 (LV) ± 2.6% 45% 52% 2% 0% 0%[k] –
Ipsos/Reuters[46] Oct 27 – Nov 1 673 (LV) ± 4.3% 45%[l] 51% 1% 1% 2%[m] –
44%[n] 51% - - 3%[o] 2%
46%[p] 52% - - 2%[q] –
Trafalgar[47] Oct 30–31 1,062 (LV) ± 2.93% 48% 46% 2% - 1%[r] 4%
Frederick Polls/Compete Everywhere[48][A] Oct 30–31 879 (LV) ± 3% 48% 52% - - – –
Insider Advantage/Center for American Greatness[49][B] Oct 30–31 500 (LV) ± 4.4% 48.7% 47.4% 1.3% - – 2.6%
Siena College/NYT Upshot[50] Oct 26–31 1,862 (LV) ± 2.4% 43% 49% 2% - 0%[s] 5%[t]
Morning Consult[51] Oct 22–31 2,686 (LV) ± 2% 43% 52% - - – –
Emerson College[52] Oct 29–30 823 (LV) ± 3.3% 47%[c] 52% - - 2%[g] –
AtlasIntel[53] Oct 29–30 672 (LV) ± 4% 50% 49% - - 2% –
Targoz Market Research/PollSmart[54] Oct 25–30 998 (LV) – 42% 56% - - 2%[u] –
Public Policy Polling/American Bridge PAC[55][C] Oct 28–29 1,012 (V) – 45% 52% - - – 3%
Redfield & Wilton Strategies[56] Oct 26–29 2,125 (LV) – 45% 50% 1% - 1% 3%
Harvard-Harris/The Hill[57] Oct 26–29 901 (LV) – 46% 51% - - – 3%
ABC/Washington Post[58] Oct 24–29 824 (LV) ± 4% 44% 51% 3% - 0%[v] 1%
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[59] Oct 23–28 419 (LV) ± 5.5% 44% 49% - - 4%[w] 2%
SurveyMonkey/Axios[37] Oct 1–28 10,599 (LV) ± 1.5% 46% 52% - - – -
RMG Research/PoliticalIQ[60] Oct 25–27 800 (LV) ± 3.5% 45%[l] 51% - - 2% 2%
44%[x] 52% - - 2% 2%
47%[y] 49% - - 2% 2%
Quinnipiac University[61] Oct 23–27 1,324 (LV) ± 2.7% 44% 51% - - 1%[r] 4%
Swayable[62] Oct 23–26 491 (LV) ± 6% 46% 52% 2% - – –
Civiqs/Daily Kos[63] Oct 23–26 1,145 (LV) ± 3% 45% 52% - - 2%[g] 1%
Ipsos/Reuters[64] Oct 20–26 655 (LV) ± 4.4% 44%[l] 51% 3% 0% 1%[z] –
45%[n] 50% - - 3%[o] 2%
Insider Advantage/Center for American Greatness[65][B] Oct 25 400 (LV) ± 4.9% 48.5% 45.5% 3.3% - – 2.8%
Trafalgar Group[66] Oct 24–25 1,076 (LV) ± 2.91% 48% 48% 2% - 1%[r] 1%
Wick Surveys[67] Oct 24–25 1,000 (LV) ± 3.1% 49% 47% - - – –
Franklin & Marshall College[68] Oct 19–25 558 (LV) ± 5% 44% 50% 2% - 1%[aa] 3%
Univision/University of Houston/Latino
Decisions/North Star Opinion Research[69] 		Oct 17–25 723 (RV) ± 3.64% 45% 50% - - 3%[ab] 2%
Gravis Marketing[70] Oct 23 602 (LV) ± 4% 44% 51% - - – 5%
Public Policy Polling/American Bridge PAC[71][D] Oct 21–22 980 (V) – 46% 51% - - – 4%
Civiqs/Dan Hopkins[72] Oct 17–21 1,577 (A) 3% 46% 52% - - – 2%
YouGov/University of Wisconsin-Madison[73] Oct 13–21 669 (LV) ± 4.45% 44% 52% - - 3%[ac] –
Citizen Data[74] Oct 17–20 1,000 (LV) ± 3.1% 39% 44% 9% 0% 1% 7%
CNN/SSRS[75] Oct 15–20 843 (LV) ± 4% 43% 53% 2% - 1%[ad] 1%
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[76] Oct 13–20 416 (LV) ± 5.5% 44% 51% - - 2%[ae] 4%
Morning Consult[51] Oct 11–20 2,563 (LV) ± 1.9% 43% 52% - - – –
Fox News[77] Oct 18–19 1,045 (LV) ± 3% 45% 50% 1% - 1%[af] 2%
Pulse Opinion Research/Rasmussen Reports[78] Oct 18–19 800 (LV) ± 3.5% 47% 50% - - 2%[q] 3%
Quinnipiac University[79] Oct 16–19 1,241 (LV) ± 2.8% 43% 51% - - 1%[r] 5%
Change Research/CNBC[80] Oct 16–19 574 (LV)[ag] – 47% 49% - - – –
Suffolk University/USA Today[81][1] Oct 15–19 500 (LV) ± 4.4% 42% 49% 1% - 4%[ah] 4%
Ipsos/Reuters[82] Oct 13–19 653 (LV) ± 4.4% 45%[l] 49% 2% 0% 3%[ai] –
45%[n] 49% - - 3%[o] 4%
Trafalgar Group/Restoration PAC[83][E] Oct 13–15 1,041 (LV) ± 2.96% 46% 48% 3% - 2%[g] 2%
HarrisX/The Hill[84] Oct 12–15 1,289 (LV) – 46% 51% - - – –
Insider Advantage/Center for American Greatness[85][B] Oct 12–13 400 (LV) ± 4.9% 43% 46% 2% - – 9%
Redfield & Wilton Strategies[86] Oct 10–13 1,289 (LV) – 43%[ag] 51% 1% 0% – –
Trafalgar Group[87] Oct 10–12 1,034 (LV) ± 2.97% 45% 47% 3% - 3%[ab] 2%
RMG Research/PoliticalIQ[88] Oct 7–12 800 (LV) – 43%[l] 49% 1% – 1% 6%
42%[x] 50% 1% – 1% 6%
45%[y] 47% 1% – 1% 6%
Civiqs/Rust Belt Rising[89][F] Oct 8–11 600 (LV) ± 4.2% 45% 52% - - 2%[g] 1%
Ipsos/Reuters[90] Oct 6–11 622 (LV) ± 4.5% 45%[l] 51% 1% 0% 2%[aj] –
44%[n] 51% - - 1%[ak] 4%
Morning Consult[91] Oct 2–11 2,610 (LV) ± 1.9% 44% 52% - - – –
Redfield & Wilton Strategies[86] Oct 9–10 1,145 (LV) – 44%[ag] 49% 1% - – –
Whitman Insight Strategies[92] Oct 5–9 517 (LV) ± 4.3% 46% 51% - - 1%[r] 3%
Baldwin Wallace University[93] Sep 30 – Oct 8 1,140 (LV) ± 3.1% 45% 50% 1% 0% 0%[al] 4%
YouGov/CCES[94] Sep 29 – Oct 7 2,703 (LV) – 44% 52% - - – –
Redfield & Wilton Strategies[95] Oct 4–6 927 (LV) ± 3.22% 42% 49% 1% - 1%[am] 7%
Emerson College[96] Oct 4–5 688 (LV) ± 3.7% 47%[c] 51% - - 2%[g] –
Quinnipiac University[97] Oct 1–5 1,211 (LV) ± 2.8% 41% 54% - - 1%[r] 3%
Ipsos/Reuters[98] Sep 29 – Oct 5 605 (LV) ± 4.5% 45% 50% - - 2%[an] 3%
Change Research/CNBC[99] Oct 2–4 468 (LV) – 46% 50% - - – –
Monmouth University[100] Sep 30 – Oct 4 500 (RV) ± 4.4% 42% 54% 1% - 0%[h] 2%
500 (LV) 43%[i] 54% - - – –
45%[j] 53% - - – –
YouGov/CBS[101] Sep 30 – Oct 2 1,287 (LV) ± 3.2% 44% 51% - - 2%[ao] 5%
Siena College/NYT Upshot[102] Sep 30 – Oct 2 706 (LV) ± 4.1% 42% 49% 3% - 0%[s] 5%[t]
SurveyMonkey/Axios[37] Sep 1–30 4,613 (LV) – 46% 52% - - – 2%
ABC News/Washington Post[103] Sep 21–26 567 (LV) ± 5.0% 45% 54% - - 0%[ap] 1%
Siena College/NYT Upshot[104] Sep 25–27 711 (LV) ± 4.3% 40% 49% 2% - 0%[s] 8%[t]
TIPP/The Federalist[105] Sep 24–26 774 (LV) ± 3.6% 45% 50% - - 1%[aq] 4%
Redfield & Wilton Strategies[106] Sep 23–25 1,015 (LV) ± 3.08% 44% 50% 0% – 1%[am] 5%
Fox News[107] Sep 20–23 856 (LV) ± 3% 44% 51% 2% – 1%[af] 2%
910 (RV) ± 3% 43% 51% 2% – 2%[ar] 3%
Baldwin Wallace University[108] Sep 9–22 1,012 (LV) ± 3.6% 45% 47% 2% 0% 1%[as] 5%
Trafalgar Group/Restoration PAC[109][E] Sep 18–21 1,006 (LV) ± 2.99% 46% 48% 1% 1% 2%[g] 2%
YouGov/UW-Madison Elections Research
Center/Wisconsin State Journal[110] 		Sep 10–21 642 (LV) – 45% 49% - - – –
Change Research/CNBC[111] Sep 18–20 579 (LV) – 45% 49% - - – –
Franklin & Marshall College[112] Sep 14–20 480 (LV) ± 7.8% 42% 48% - - – –
Hart Research Associates/Human Rights Campaign[113][G] Sep 17–19 400 (LV) ± 4.9% 42% 53% - - – –
CPEC[114][H] Sep 15–17 830 (LV) ± 2.3% 45% 50% - - 1%[at] 4%
Trafalgar Group (R)[115] Sep 15–17 1,006 (LV) ± 2.99% 45% 47% 2% 1% 2%[g] 2%
Ipsos/Reuters[116] Sep 11–16 611 (LV) ± 4.5% 46% 49% - - 2%[an] 4%
Civiqs/Rust Belt Rising[117][F] Sep 11–15 704 (RV) ± 4.4% 45% 52% - - 1%[r] 2%
Redfield & Wilton Strategies[118] Sep 12–14 1,036 (LV) ± 3.04% 44% 49% 1% 1% 0%[au] 5%
Climate Nexus[119] Sep 8–11 659 (RV) ± 4% 43% 48% - - 3%[av] 6%
Benenson Strategy Group/GS Strategy Group/AARP[120] Aug 28 – Sep 8 1,600 (LV) ± 2.5% 46% 49% - - 1%[aw] 4%
Marist College/NBC News[121] Aug 31 – Sep 7 771 (LV) ± 4.4% 44% 53% - - 1% 2%
Morning Consult[122] Aug 29 – Sep 7 2,227 (LV) ± (2%–4%) 45%[ax] 50% - - – –
Change Research/CNBC[123] Sep 4–6 829 (LV) – 46% 50% - - 4%[ay] –
TargetSmart[124] Sep 3–6 835 (LV) ± 3.4% 44% 51% - - 3% 3%
Susquehanna Polling & Research Inc.[125] Aug 26 – Sep 4 498 (LV) ± 4.3% 42% 44% - - 6%[az] 7%
Redfield & Wilton Strategies[126] Aug 30 – Sep 3 1,053 (LV) ± 3.02% 43% 48% 1% 1% 1%[am] 7%
Quinnipiac[127] Aug 28 – Sep 1 1,235 (LV) ± 3% 44% 52% - - 1%[r] 3%
ALG Research/Progressive Policy Institute[128][I] Aug 26 – Sep 1 500 (LV) – 44% 50% - - – –
Monmouth University[129] Aug 28–31 400 (RV) ± 4.9% 45% 49% 2% 0% 1%[ba] 4%
400 (LV) 46%[bb] 49% - - 2% 3%
47%[bc] 48% - - 2% 3%
Hodas & Associates/Restoration PAC[130][E] Aug 26–31 600 (LV) – 45% 51% - - – 4%
SurveyMonkey/Axios[37] Aug 1–31 3,531 (LV) – 45% 53% - - – 2%
Morning Consult[131] Aug 21–30 2,158 (LV) ± (2%–4%) 45% 49% - - – –
Pulse Opinion Research/Rasmussen Reports[132] Aug 25–27 1,000 (LV) ± 3% 48%[bd] 48% - - 4%[be] –
GQR Research/Unite the Country PAC[133][J] Aug 20–24 971 (LV) ± 4.4% 43% 52% - - – 5%
Franklin & Marshall College[134] Aug 17–24 681 (RV) ± 5.2% 42%[c] 50% - - 3%[bf] 7%
Change Research/CNBC[135] Aug 21–23 984 (LV) – 46% 49% - - – –
Global Strategy Group/Climate Power 2020
/League of Conservation Voters/Sierra Club[136][K] 		Aug 13–19 801 (RV) ± 3.5% 42%[l] 50% 2% 1% – 5%
43%[bg] 53% - - – 4%
Redfield and Wilton Strategies[137] Aug 16–17 1,006 (LV) ± 3.1% 41% 48% 1% 1% 1%[am] 8%
Civiqs/Rust Belt Rising[138][F] Aug 13–17 617 (RV) – 44% 51% - - 3%[ab] 1%
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[139] Aug 11–17 416 (LV) ± 5.5% 45% 49% - - 3%[bh] 3%
Morning Consult[131] Aug 7–16 1,777 (LV) ± (2%–4%) 44% 50% - - – –
Emerson College[140] Aug 8–10 843 (LV) ± 3.8% 47%[bi] 53% - - – –
Change Research/CNBC[141] Aug 7–9 456 (RV) – 44% 48% - - – –
YouGov/CBS[142] Aug 4–7 1,211 (LV) ± 3.7% 43% 49% - - 3%[bj] 5%
OnMessage Inc./Heritage Action[143][L] Aug 2–4 400 (LV) ± 4.7% 46% 50% - - – 4%
YouGov/University of Wisconsin-Madison[144] Jul 27 – Aug 6 742 (RV) ± 4.9% 41% 50% - - 2%[bk] 5%
SurveyMonkey/Axios[37] Jul 1–31 4,208 (LV) – 48% 50% - - – 2%
Change Research/CNBC[145][2] Jul 24–26 382 (LV) – 46% 48% - - – –
Franklin & Marshall College[146] Jul 20–26 667 (RV) ± 5.5% 41% 50% - - 2%[q] 6%
Morning Consult[147] Jul 17–26 2,092 (LV) ± 2.1% 42% 50% - - – –
Gravis Marketing[148][3] Jul 22–24 1,006 (RV) ± 3.1% 45% 48% - - – 8%
Zogby Analytics[149] Jul 21–23 809 (RV) ± 3.4% 43% 44% 4% 2% - 8%
Hodas & Associates/Restoration PAC[150][E] Jul 17–22 600 (LV) – 45% 51% - - – 5%
Redfield & Wilton Strategies[151] Jul 19–21 1,016 (LV) – 41% 48% 1% 0% 2%[bl] 8%
Fox News[152] Jul 18–20 793 (RV) ± 3.5% 39% 50% - - 5%[bm] 6%
Pulse Opinion Research/Rasmussen Reports/American Greatness PAC[153][B] Jul 15–16 750 (LV) ± 4% 46% 51% - - 2%[q] 1%
Spry Strategies/American Principles Project[154][M] Jul 11–16 700 (LV) ± 3.7% 48% 47% - - – 5%
Monmouth University[155] Jul 9–13 401 (RV) ± 4.9% 40% 53% - - 3%[bn] 4%
401 (LV) 42%[bb] 52% - - 3% 3%
44%[bc] 51% - - 2% 3%
Change Research/CNBC[156] Jul 10–12 743 (LV) – 42% 50% - - – –
Trafalgar Group[157] Jun 29 – Jul 2 1,062 (LV) ± 2.92% 43% 48% - - 6%[bo] 3%
SurveyMonkey/Axios[37] Jun 8–30 2,184 (LV) – 48% 50% - - – 2%
Change Research/CNBC[158] Jun 26–28 760 (LV)[ag] – 44% 50% - - – –
Susquehanna Polling/Fox 43[159] Jun 15–23 715 (LV) – 41% 46% - - 5% 8%
Redfield & Wilton Strategies[160] Jun 14–16 1,125 (LV) ± 2.92% 39% 49% 1% 1% 1%[bp] 9%
Siena College/NYT Upshot[161] Jun 8–16 651 (RV) ± 4.2% 40% 50% - - 3%[bq] 6%
Change Research/CNBC[162] Jun 12–14 491 (LV)[ag] – 46% 49% - - 3%[br] –
Hodas & Associates/Restoration PAC[163][E] Jun 8–11 600 (LV) ± 4.0% 42% 54% - - – 4%
Civiqs/Dan Hopkins[72] Jun 6–11 1,221 (A) 3.6% 46% 49% - - – 5%
Civiqs/Dan Hopkins[72] May 30 – Jun 2 2,045 (A) 2.4% 46% 49% - - – 5%
Change Research/CNBC[164] May 29–31 579 (LV)[ag] – 50% 46% - - 2% 2%
Morning Consult[147] May 17–26 2,120 (LV) – 44%[ag] 48% - - – –
Redfield & Wilton Strategies[165] May 10–14 963 (LV) ± 3.2% 39% 48% - - 2%[bs] 11%
Hodas & Associates/Restoration PAC[166][E] May 9–13 600 (LV) ± 3.0% 51% 46% - - – 4%
Harper Polling (R)[167] Apr 21–26 644 (LV) ± 3.9% 43% 49% - - – 8%
Public Policy Polling[168][N] Apr 20–21 1,251 (RV) – 44% 51% - - – 5%
Fox News[169] Apr 18–21 803 (RV) ± 3.5% 42% 50% - - – –
Ipsos[170] Apr 15–20 578 (RV) ± 5.0% 40% 46% - - – –
Susquehanna Research/Fox 43[171] Apr 14–20 693 (LV) – 42% 48% - - – –
Hodas & Associates/Restoration PAC[172][E] Apr 16–18 600 (RV) ± 3.0% 47% 47% - - – 6%
Civiqs/Dan Hopkins[72] Apr 4–8 1,912 (A) 2.5% 47% 47% - - – 6%
Baldwin Wallace University Great Lakes[173] Mar 17–25 973 (RV) ± 3.9% 47% 45% - - – 9%
Change Research[174] Mar 21–23 510 (LV) – 50% 47% - - – 4%
Hodas & Associates/Restoration PAC[175][E] Mar 19–21 600 (RV) – 47% 45% - - – –
Civiqs/Dan Hopkins[72] Mar 14–18 1,589 (A) 2.7% 48% 46% - - – 6%
YouGov/Yahoo News[176] Mar 6–8 725 (RV) – 40% 46% - - 5%[bt] 8%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[177] Mar 5–7 533 (RV) ± 5.3% 45% 44% - - – –
Civiqs/Dan Hopkins[72] Feb 27 – Mar 3 2,462 (A) 2.2% 48% 46% - - – 7%
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[178] Feb 12–20 424 (RV) ± 5.5% 47% 47% - - 2% 4%
YouGov[179] Feb 11–20 1,171 (RV) ± 4.0% 45% 46% - - – –
Quinnipiac University[180] Feb 12–18 849 (RV) ± 3.4% 42% 50% - - 6%[bu] 3%
Expedition Strategies/Progressive Policies Institute[181] Feb 6–18 500 (RV) – 42% 47% - - – 11%


2017–2019 polls

[edit]
Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[b] 		Margin
of error 		Donald
Trump
Republican 		Joe
Biden
Democratic 		Other Undecided
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[177] Dec 3–5, 2019 598 (LV) ± 4.3% 45% 41% 8%[bv] 6%[t]
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[182] Nov 4–9, 2019 410 (RV) ± 6.0% 43% 52% 4% 2%
Siena College/NYT Upshot[183] Oct 13–25, 2019 661 (LV) ± 4.4% 45% 46% – –
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[184] Sep 7–9, 2019 527 (LV) ± 4.2% 41% 45% 14% –
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[185] Jun 11–13, 2019 565 (LV) ± 4.2% 42% 43% 15% –
Quinnipiac University[186] May 9–14, 2019 978 (RV) ± 4.2% 42% 53% 1% 3%
WPA Intelligence[187] Apr 27–30, 2019 200 (LV) ± 6.9% 45% 46% – 8%
Emerson College[188] Mar 26–28, 2019 808 (RV) ± 3.4% 45% 55% – –
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[189] Mar 19–21, 2019 632 (LV) ± 4.0% 43% 50% 4% –

Former candidates and hypothetical polling

[edit]
Former candidates

Donald Trump vs. Michael Bloomberg

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[b] 		Margin
of error 		Donald
Trump (R) 		Michael
Bloomberg (D) 		Other Undecided
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[178] Feb 12–20, 2020 424 (RV) ± 5.5 % 48% 45% 2% 5%
Quinnipiac University[180] Feb 12–18, 2020 849 (RV) ±3.4% 42% 48% 6%[bw] 3%
Expedition Strategies/Progressive Policies Institute[181] Feb 6–18, 2020 500 (RV) – 39% 48% – 13%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[177] Dec 3–5, 2019 598 (LV) ± 4.3% 45% 41% 9%[bx] 5%

Donald Trump vs. Pete Buttigieg

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[b] 		Margin
of error 		Donald
Trump (R) 		Pete
Buttigieg (D) 		Other Undecided
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[178] Feb 12–20, 2020 424 (RV) ± 5.5 % 46% 45% 3% 5%
Expedition Strategies/Progressive Policies Institute[181] Feb 6–18, 2020 500 (RV) – 40% 46% – 14%
YouGov[179] Feb 11–20, 2020 1,171 (RV) ±4.0% 44% 44% – –
Quinnipiac University[180] Feb 12–18, 2020 849 (RV) ±3.4% 43% 47% 8%[by] 2%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[177] Dec 3–5, 2019 598 (LV) ± 4.3% 46% 40% 7%[bz] 7%[t]
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[185] Jun 11–13, 2019 565 (LV) ± 4.2% 45% 32% 23% –
Quinnipiac University[186] May 9–14, 2019 978 (RV) ± 4.2% 44% 45% 4% 6%

Donald Trump vs. Kamala Harris

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[b] 		Margin
of error 		Donald
Trump (R) 		Kamala
Harris (D) 		Other Undecided
Quinnipiac University[186] May 9–14, 2019 978 (RV) ± 4.2% 45% 45% 3% 5%
Emerson College[188] Mar 26–28, 2019 808 (RV) ± 3.4% 49% 51% – –

Donald Trump vs. Amy Klobuchar

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[b] 		Margin
of error 		Donald
Trump (R) 		Amy
Klobuchar (D) 		Other Undecided
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[178] Feb 12–20, 2020 424 (RV) ± 5.5 % 45% 44% 3% 8%
YouGov[179] Feb 11–20, 2020 1,171 (RV) ±4.0% 43% 43% – –
Quinnipiac University[180] Feb 12–18, 2020 849 (RV) ±3.4% 42% 49% 6%[bu] 4%

Donald Trump vs. Beto O'Rourke

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[b] 		Margin
of error 		Donald
Trump (R) 		Beto
O'Rourke (D) 		Other Undecided
Quinnipiac University[186] May 9–14, 2019 978 (RV) ± 4.2% 46% 44% 4% 5%
Emerson College[188] Mar 26–28, 2019 808 (RV) ± 3.4% 49% 51% – –
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[189] Mar 19–21, 2019 632 (LV) ± 4.0% 47% 40% 8% –

Donald Trump vs. Bernie Sanders

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[b] 		Margin
of error 		Donald
Trump (R) 		Bernie
Sanders (D) 		Other Undecided
Baldwin Wallace University Great Lakes[173] Mar 17–25, 2020 973 (RV) ± 3.9% 48% 42% – 10%
Hodas & Associates/Restoration PAC[175][E] Mar 19–21, 2020 600 (RV) – 49% 43% – –
YouGov/Yahoo News[176] Mar 6–8, 2020 725 (RV) – 41% 43% 6%[ca] 10%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[177] Mar 5–7, 2020 533 (RV) ± 5.3 % 46% 42% – –
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[178] Feb 12–20, 2020 424 (RV) ± 5.5 % 46% 49% 3% 3%
YouGov[179] Feb 11–20, 2020 1,171 (RV) ±4.0% 45% 47% – –
Quinnipiac University[180] Feb 12–18, 2020 849 (RV) ±3.4% 44% 48% 5%[cb] 1%
Expedition Strategies/Progressive Policies Institute[181] Feb 6–18, 2020 500 (RV) – 43% 45% – 12%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[177] Dec 3–5, 2019 598 (LV) ± 4.3% 48% 37% 8%[cc] 6%[t]
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[190] Nov 4–9, 2019 410 (RV) ± 6.0% 45% 50% 4% 1%
NYT Upshot/Siena College[191] Oct 13–25, 2019 661 (LV) ± 4.4% 45% 44% – –
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[184] Sep 7–9, 2019 527 (LV) ± 4.2% 42% 44% 14% –
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[185] Jun 11–13, 2019 565 (LV) ± 4.2% 44% 41% 15% –
Quinnipiac University[186] May 9–14, 2019 978 (RV) ± 4.2% 43% 50% 2% 3%
Tulchin Research (D)[192][O] Apr 14–18, 2019 400 (LV) ± 4.9% 43% 51% – –
Emerson College[188] Mar 26–28, 2019 808 (RV) ± 3.4% 45% 55% – –
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[189] Mar 19–21, 2019 632 (LV) ± 4.0% 44% 44% 8% –

Donald Trump vs. Elizabeth Warren

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[b] 		Margin
of error 		Donald
Trump (R) 		Elizabeth
Warren (D) 		Other Undecided
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[178] Feb 12–20, 2020 424 (RV) ± 5.5 % 47% 47% 4% 3%
YouGov[179] Feb 11–20, 2020 1,171 (RV) ±4.0% 45% 45% – –
Quinnipiac University[180] Feb 12–18, 2020 849 (RV) ±3.4% 44% 47% 8%[by] 2%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[177] Dec 3–5, 2019 598 (LV) ± 4.3% 47% 40% 8%[cc] 5%[t]
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[193] Nov 4–9, 2019 410 (RV) ± 6.0% 45% 50% 4% 1%
NYT Upshot/Siena College[191] Oct 13–25, 2019 661 (LV) ± 4.4% 46% 44% – –
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[184] Sep 7–9, 2019 527 (LV) ± 4.2% 41% 43% 16% –
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus[185] Jun 11–13, 2019 565 (LV) ± 4.2% 45% 34% 21% –
Quinnipiac University[186] May 9–14, 2019 978 (RV) ± 4.2% 44% 47% 3% 4%
Emerson College[188] Mar 26–28, 2019 808 (RV) ± 3.4% 48% 52% – –
Zogby Analytics[194] Aug 17–23, 2017 813 (LV) ± 3.4% 38% 46% – 16%
Hypothetical polling

Donald Trump vs. Generic Democrat

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[b] 		Margin
of error 		Donald
Trump (R) 		Generic
Democrat (D) 		Undecided
Baldwin Wallace University/Oakland University/Ohio Northern University[195] Mar 17–25, 2020 997 (RV) ± 3.7% 48.6%[cd] 49.2% 2.1%[ce]
Expedition Strategies/Progressive Policies Institute[181] Feb 6–18, 2020 500 (RV) – 38% 51% 11%
Baldwin Wallace University/Oakland University/Ohio Northern University[196] Jan 8–20, 2020 1,037 (RV) ± 3.2% 39.7%[cd] 49.5% 10.7%
KFF/Cook Political Report[197] Sep 23 – Oct 15, 2019 752 (RV) ± 4% 29% 40% 22%

Donald Trump vs. Generic Opponent

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[b] 		Margin
of error 		Donald
Trump (R) 		Generic
Opponent 		Undecided
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[59] Oct 23–28, 2020 419 (LV) ± 5.5% 42% 54% 4%
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[76] Archived November 3, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Oct 13–20, 2020 416 (LV) ± 5.5% 44% 51% 5%
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[139] Aug 11–17, 2020 416 (LV) ± 5.5% 44% 53% 3%
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[178] Feb 12–20, 2020 424 (RV) ± 5.5% 42% 54% 4%
Muhlenberg College/Morning Call[198] Nov 4–9, 2019 410 (RV) ± 6.0% 42% 57% 2%
F&M/PoliticsPA[199] Mar 18–24, 2019 540 (RV) ± 5.5% 36% 61%[cf] 4%

Electoral slates

[edit]

These slates of electors were nominated by each party in order to vote in the Electoral College should their candidates win the state:[200]

Donald Trump and Mike Pence
Republican Party 		Joe Biden and Kamala Harris
Democratic Party 		Jo Jorgensen and Spike Cohen
Libertarian Party
  • Kyle Burton
  • Henry Conoly
  • Daniel Cooper
  • Thomas Eckman
  • Greg Faust
  • Kevin Gaughen
  • Willie Harmon
  • Ken Krawchuk
  • Brandon Magoon
  • Roy Minet
  • Paul Nicotera
  • Paul Rizzo
  • Richard Schwartzman
  • William Sloane
  • Kathleen Smith
  • Jake Towne
  • Glenn Tuttle
  • Stephen Wharhaftig
  • John Waldenberger
  • Daniel Wassmer

Results

[edit]

9,098,998[201] residents registered to vote by the voter registration deadline on October 15, which had been extended from its original date on October 13 by court order.

2020 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania[202][203]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic
3,458,229 50.01 +2.55
Republican
3,377,674 48.84 +0.66
Libertarian
79,380 1.14 −1.24
Total votes 6,915,283 100% +12.16
Democratic win

By county

[edit]
County[204] Joe Biden
Democratic 		Donald Trump
Republican 		Jo Jorgensen
Libertarian 		Various candidates
Other parties 		Margin Total votes cast
# % # % # % # % # %
Adams 18,254 32.13% 37,567 66.13% 814 1.43% 174 0.31% −19,313 −34.00% 56,809
Allegheny 430,759 59.43% 282,913 39.03% 8,361 1.15% 2,767 0.38% 147,846 20.40% 724,800
Armstrong 8,457 23.22% 27,489 75.47% 424 1.16% 56 0.15% −19,032 −52.25% 36,426
Beaver 38,122 40.38% 54,759 58.01% 1,241 1.31% 275 0.29% −16,637 −17.63% 94,397
Bedford 4,367 15.82% 23,025 83.39% 182 0.66% 36 0.13% −18,658 −67.57% 27,610
Berks 93,116 45.08% 109,926 53.22% 2,924 1.42% 587 0.28% −16,810 −8.14% 206,553
Blair 17,636 27.67% 45,306 71.07% 653 1.02% 153 0.24% −27,670 −43.40% 63,748
Bradford 8,046 26.61% 21,600 71.45% 513 1.70% 73 0.24% −13,554 −44.84% 30,232
Bucks 204,712 51.53% 187,367 47.16% 4,155 1.05% 1,057 0.27% 17,345 4.37% 397,291
Butler 37,508 33.00% 74,359 65.42% 1,438 1.27% 358 0.31% −36,851 −32.42% 113,663
Cambria 21,730 30.71% 48,085 67.96% 759 1.07% 177 0.25% −26,355 −37.25% 70,751
Cameron 634 25.98% 1,771 72.58% 29 1.19% 6 0.25% −1,137 −46.60% 2,440
Carbon 11,212 33.28% 21,984 65.26% 433 1.29% 60 0.18% −10,772 −31.98% 33,689
Centre 40,055 51.42% 36,372 46.70% 1,066 1.37% 398 0.51% 3,683 4.72% 77,891
Chester 182,372 57.76% 128,565 40.72% 3,565 1.13% 1,251 0.40% 53,807 17.04% 315,753
Clarion 4,678 23.96% 14,578 74.67% 237 1.21% 31 0.16% −9,900 −50.71% 19,524
Clearfield 9,673 24.49% 29,203 73.94% 546 1.38% 74 0.19% −19,530 −49.45% 39,496
Clinton 5,502 31.15% 11,902 67.39% 221 1.25% 36 0.20% −6,400 −36.24% 17,661
Columbia 10,532 33.67% 20,098 64.25% 541 1.73% 109 0.35% −9,566 −30.58% 31,280
Crawford 12,924 30.69% 28,561 67.82% 521 1.24% 108 0.26% −15,637 −37.13% 42,114
Cumberland 62,245 43.78% 77,212 54.30% 2,138 1.50% 592 0.42% −14,967 −10.52% 142,187
Dauphin 78,983 53.40% 66,408 44.90% 1,977 1.34% 533 0.36% 12,575 8.50% 147,901
Delaware 206,709 62.75% 118,639 36.02% 2,981 0.90% 1,075 0.33% 88,070 26.73% 329,404
Elk 4,522 26.68% 12,140 71.64% 244 1.44% 40 0.24% −7,618 −44.96% 16,946
Erie 68,286 49.66% 66,869 48.63% 1,928 1.40% 411 0.30% 1,417 1.03% 137,494
Fayette 20,469 32.87% 41,251 66.24% 468 0.75% 91 0.15% −20,782 −33.37% 62,279
Forest 728 27.43% 1,882 70.91% 36 1.36% 8 0.30% −1,154 −43.48% 2,654
Franklin 22,422 27.67% 57,245 70.65% 1,116 1.38% 242 0.30% −34,823 −42.98% 81,025
Fulton 1,085 13.58% 6,824 85.41% 68 0.85% 13 0.26% −5,739 −71.83% 7,990
Greene 4,911 27.75% 12,579 71.08% 179 1.01% 28 0.16% −7,668 −43.33% 17,697
Huntingdon 5,445 23.84% 17,061 74.69% 286 1.25% 51 0.22% −11,616 −50.85% 22,843
Indiana 12,634 30.60% 28,089 68.03% 475 1.15% 91 0.22% −15,455 −37.43% 41,289
Jefferson 4,529 19.80% 17,964 78.54% 337 1.47% 42 0.18% −13,435 −58.74% 22,872
Juniata 2,253 18.66% 9,649 79.93% 141 1.17% 29 0.24% −7,396 −61.27% 12,072
Lackawanna 61,991 53.58% 52,334 45.23% 1,085 0.94% 285 0.25% 9,657 8.35% 115,695
Lancaster 115,847 41.17% 160,209 56.94% 4,183 1.49% 1,136 0.40% −44,362 −15.77% 281,375
Lawrence 15,978 34.59% 29,597 64.08% 501 1.08% 111 0.24% −13,619 −29.49% 46,187
Lebanon 23,932 33.30% 46,731 65.03% 989 1.38% 206 0.29% −22,799 −31.73% 71,858
Lehigh 98,498 53.05% 84,418 45.47% 2,176 1.17% 563 0.30% 14,080 7.58% 185,655
Luzerne 64,873 42.26% 86,929 56.63% 1,519 0.99% 178 0.12% −22,056 −14.37% 153,499
Lycoming 16,971 28.57% 41,462 69.80% 821 1.38% 143 0.24% −24,491 −41.23% 59,397
McKean 5,098 26.13% 14,083 72.18% 285 1.46% 44 0.23% −8,985 −46.05% 19,510
Mercer 21,067 36.25% 36,143 62.19% 744 1.28% 163 0.28% −15,076 −25.94% 58,117
Mifflin 4,603 21.36% 16,670 77.37% 229 1.06% 45 0.21% −12,067 −56.01% 21,547
Monroe 44,060 52.43% 38,726 46.08% 1,043 1.24% 205 0.24% 5,334 6.35% 84,034
Montgomery 319,511 62.41% 185,460 36.23% 5,186 1.01% 1,763 0.35% 134,051 26.18% 511,920
Montour 3,771 38.41% 5,844 59.53% 156 1.59% 46 0.47% −2,073 −21.12% 9,817
Northampton 85,087 49.64% 83,854 48.92% 2,001 1.17% 457 0.27% 1,233 0.72% 171,399
Northumberland 12,703 29.94% 28,975 68.28% 657 1.55% 100 0.24% −16,272 −38.34% 42,435
Perry 5,950 24.06% 18,293 73.98% 409 1.65% 76 0.31% −12,343 −49.92% 24,728
Philadelphia 604,175 81.21% 132,870 17.86% 4,854 0.65% 2,067 0.28% 471,305 63.35% 743,966
Pike 13,052 40.02% 19,241 58.99% 323 0.99% 0 0.00% −6,189 −18.97% 32,616
Potter 1,726 19.00% 7,239 79.68% 99 1.09% 21 0.23% −5,513 −60.68% 9,085
Schuylkill 20,727 29.29% 48,871 69.07% 1,005 1.42% 152 0.21% −28,144 −39.78% 70,755
Snyder 4,910 25.60% 13,983 72.90% 247 1.29% 41 0.21% −9,073 −47.30% 19,181
Somerset 8,654 21.30% 31,466 77.45% 423 1.04% 83 0.20% −22,812 −56.15% 40,626
Sullivan 921 25.60% 2,619 72.79% 55 1.53% 3 0.08% −1,698 −47.19% 3,598
Susquehanna 6,236 28.59% 15,207 69.72% 309 1.42% 61 0.28% −8,971 −41.13% 21,813
Tioga 4,955 23.45% 15,742 74.51% 378 1.79% 51 0.24% −10,787 −51.06% 21,126
Union 7,475 37.02% 12,356 61.19% 284 1.41% 77 0.38% −4,881 −24.17% 20,192
Venango 7,585 28.51% 18,569 69.81% 374 1.41% 73 0.27% −10,984 −41.30% 26,601
Warren 6,066 29.37% 14,237 68.92% 347 1.68% 7 0.03% −8,171 −39.55% 20,657
Washington 45,088 37.97% 72,080 60.70% 1,310 1.10% 278 0.23% −26,992 −22.73% 118,756
Wayne 9,191 32.65% 18,637 66.21% 261 0.93% 58 0.21% −9,446 −33.56% 28,147
Westmoreland 72,192 35.16% 130,299 63.46% 2,353 1.15% 486 0.24% −58,107 −28.30% 205,330
Wyoming 4,704 31.57% 9,936 66.68% 218 1.46% 42 0.28% −5,232 −35.11% 14,900
York 88,114 36.85% 146,733 61.36% 3,624 1.52% 675 0.28% −58,619 −24.51% 239,146
Totals 3,461,221 49.87% 3,379,055 48.69% 79,445 1.14% 20,728 0.30% 82,166 1.18% 6,940,449

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

By congressional district

[edit]

Biden and Trump both won half of the 18 congressional districts in Pennsylvania,[205] including each winning one held by the opposite party.

District Trump Biden Representative
1st 46.6% 52.4% Brian Fitzpatrick
2nd 29.1% 70.1% Brendan Boyle
3rd 8.1% 91.3% Dwight Evans
4th 37.4% 61.5% Madeleine Dean
5th 34% 65.1% Mary Gay Scanlon
6th 41.9% 56.9% Chrissy Houlahan
7th 47% 51.8% Susan Wild
8th 51.7% 47.3% Matt Cartwright
9th 64.5% 34.1% Dan Meuser
10th 50.7% 47.8% Scott Perry
11th 60.2% 38.3% Lloyd Smucker
12th 67.3% 31.2% Fred Keller
13th 71.6% 27.2% John Joyce
14th 63.2% 35.7% Guy Reschenthaler
15th 71.2% 27.5% Glenn Thompson
16th 58.7% 40% Mike Kelly
17th 48% 50.7% Conor Lamb
18th 34.4% 64.5% Mike Doyle

Analysis

[edit]

Throughout the year, Pennsylvania was regarded as the most important (or likely tipping-point) state in the entire election; Pennsylvania had 20 electoral votes, and it was one of the closest states of the 2016 presidential election. Both candidates aggressively played for the state; Trump needed the state as it represented his narrow path to re-election, while Biden needed the state to rebuild the blue wall, which Trump had broken in 2016 by carrying the northern industrial states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.[206]

Historically, Pennsylvania has usually been a competitive state. During the Second Party System from 1828 to 1852, it voted for the winner of every election. From the Civil War on, it has generally had a partisan lean; during the Third and Fourth Party Systems, Pennsylvania was a classic Yankee Republican state. When Franklin Roosevelt carried it in 1936, he became the first Democrat in eighty years to do so. Between 1936 and 1988, neither major party carried Pennsylvania for more than three straight presidential elections, although between 1952 and 1988, it voted Democratic in every close election (1960, 1968, 1976), and consistently voted more Democratic than the nation. Starting in 1992, Pennsylvania became part of the blue wall—the group of states that voted Democratic for six straight elections from 1992 through 2012. In 2016, it was one of three blue wall states that Trump won on his way to an upset victory.

State Republicans sought to require that only mail-in ballots received by Election Day be counted. The Commonwealth's Supreme Court rejected their demands, deciding that, due to probable delays due to the ongoing coronavirus and U.S. Postal Service crisis, ballots received up to three days after Election Day would also be counted.[207] Republicans then appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. Supreme Court justices produced a 4–4 tie (as the late Ruth Bader Ginsburg's seat remained vacant when the ruling was issued), with Chief Justice John Roberts siding with the three liberal justices, allowing the state supreme court decision to stand.[207]

At 1.17%, Biden's winning margin percentage in Pennsylvania was the smallest ever for a Democratic presidential candidate who won Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania remained redder than the country in 2020 even as Biden won it, by about 3.3%. As in Michigan and Wisconsin, Biden ran behind Barack Obama's performances in 2008 and 2012, though he received more votes total in the state this cycle due to record-breaking turnout. Biden's margin of victory was also less than Al Gore's 4.2% margin of victory in 2000 and John Kerry's 2.5% margin of victory in 2004.

As for Trump, he easily set the record for total number of votes for a Republican candidate in Pennsylvania history (as with Biden, largely due to record-breaking turnout). With 48.84% of the vote, he did slightly outpace both his own vote share in 2016 (48.18%) and George W. Bush's in 2004 (48.42%), the latter of which had previously stood as the highest Republican vote share in the state since 1988.

Biden's strongest base of support was the Philadelphia metro area. In the city of Philadelphia itself, Biden won by 63.4%, a weaker win than Hillary Clinton's 66.9% margin in the city in 2016, but still better than Kerry's 61.1% margin in 2004 or Gore's 62.0% margin in 2000.[208] Donald Trump improved his vote share in Philadelphia by 2.5%,[209] and, as of the counting on November 8, held a majority of the vote in the 26th, 58th, and 66th wards. However, Biden improved on Hillary Clinton dramatically in the Main Line counties of Montgomery and Chester, as well as, to a lesser extent, Delaware, increasing the Democratic vote share in these counties by 4.2%, 5.9%, and 3.5%, respectively, and winning them all by double digits. Before 1992, all three had been Republican strongholds in the state, and Chester had been considered a swing county as recently as 2012, when Romney narrowly carried it, but all three have drifted towards the Democratic column, as they tend to be socially liberal.[210]

Biden also performed strongly in Pennsylvania's other urban, suburban, and exurban areas. Crucially, he carried Allegheny County (Pittsburgh) by 20.4%, the widest margin any nominee had won the county by since 1992.[211] Centre and Dauphin both remained in the Democratic column; in the past, these counties voted Republican, though Centre County is home to Pennsylvania State University, while Dauphin County, home of Harrisburg, has followed the trend of urban areas becoming more Democratic. Biden also narrowly reclaimed two counties anchored by industrial cities which had long voted Democratic before Trump flipped them in 2016, Northampton (Bethlehem and Easton) and Erie (Erie), and improved on Hillary Clinton's margin in his birth county of Lackawanna County (Scranton), a county Hillary Clinton had barely kept in the Democratic column in 2016. In suburban Cumberland County, adjacent to Harrisburg, Biden shaved Trump's margin from 17.8% to 10.5%.[212] Northampton and Erie were the only counties to flip from one party to the other; Northampton has voted for the winner of the state in every election from 1952 on.

Trump maintained much of his momentum throughout rural and industrial Pennsylvania from four years earlier, with convincing victories in counties that were once competitive or even Democratic-leaning. He kept Luzerne County (Wilkes-Barre), which had voted Democratic six elections in a row before 2016 (and which had voted with the winner of the state from 1936 through 2016), in his column, although his margin in it was cut from 19.3% to 14.3%. Trump also won the former Democratic stronghold of Westmoreland County, although his margin in this county, crucial to his win in 2016,[213] declined.[214] Other previously competitive counties that Trump performed well in included Berks and Cambria, both of which voted for Obama in 2008. Trump further ran up the score in other conservative exurban[215] counties, most notably in Lancaster and Lebanon counties, though his margin shrank somewhat in both.

Trump won whites in the state by 15 points, although like in the rest of the country, there was a clear disparity between college-educated and non-college-educated whites. Biden won whites with a college degree by 9 points, while Trump excelled with whites without a college degree, winning this group by 32 points. Additionally, there was a gender disparity with the white vote; Trump won white men by 15 points, but only carried white women by 3 points. Finally, there was an age gap; Biden won young voters by double-digit margins, whereas Trump performed strongly with middle-aged voters; senior citizens were more even, breaking slightly for Trump.[216] Within minority blocs, Biden fared well, as he won black voters by 87 points, and won Latinos by 42 points. Three other critical voting blocs broke for Biden this cycle; he won independent voters by 8 points, moderates by 17 points, and first-time voters by 23 points.[216]

Voter demographics

[edit]
Edison Research exit poll
Demographic subgroup Biden Trump No
Answer 		% of
Voters
Party
Democrat 92 7 N/A 40
Republican 8 91 N/A 41
Independent 52 44 N/A 19
Gender
Men 44 55 1 47
Women 55 44 1 53
Race
White 42 57 1 81
Black 92 7 1 11
Latino 69 27 4 5
Asian N/A N/A N/A 1
Other N/A N/A N/A 1
Gender by race/ethnicity
White men 37 62 1 38
White women 47 52 1 43
Black men 89 10 1 5
Black women 94 4 2 6
Latino men (of any race) N/A N/A 1 3
Latino women (of any race) 83 15 2 3
All other races 62 33 5 2
Age
18–24 years old 59 37 3 7
25–29 years old 67 31 2 6
30–39 years old 61 37 2 16
40–49 years old 52 46 2 13
50–64 years old 41 59 N/A 31
65 and older 46 53 1 28
Sexual orientation
LGBT 64 34 2 7
Heterosexual 47 52 1 93
First time voter
First time voter 52 45 3 13
Everyone else 48 52 N/A 87
Education
High school or less 35 64 1 16
Some college education 49 49 2 26
Associate degree 46 53 1 17
Bachelor's degree 54 45 1 26
Advanced degree 63 36 1 14
Education by race/ethnicity
White college graduates 54 45 1 26
White no college degree 20 79 1 35
Non-white college graduates 83 16 1 14
Non-white no college degree 80 19 1 25
Income
Under $30,000 60 37 3 15
$30,000–49,999 53 45 3 19
$50,000–99,999 53 46 1 23
$100,000–199,999 51 48 1 23
Over $200,000 N/A N/A N/A 7
Abortion should be
Legal in all cases 84 15 1 25
Legal in most cases 67 32 1 30
Illegal in most cases 17 83 1 27
Illegal in all cases 12 85 3 13
Region
Northeast 46 53 1 17
Philly Suburbs 81 18 1 11
Central 38 61 1 22
West 43 56 1 28
Source: CNN[217]

Aftermath

[edit]

On November 24, 2020, the Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Kathy Boockvar, certified the results, and Governor Tom Wolf, in accordance with the law, signed the certificate of ascertainment for the Biden/Harris slate of electors for Biden and Harris and sent it to the Archivist of the United States.[218][219]

On November 25, 2020, the Pennsylvania Senate Majority (Republican) Policy committee held a public hearing regarding the counting of ballots in this election.[220] Trump planned to attend the meeting but he canceled the trip.[221] Also, on November 25, after a group of Republican congressmen had filed a lawsuit to stop certification on Sunday November 22, Judge Patricia McCullough (R) ruled to halt further state certifications pending a hearing. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court then ruled Saturday night on November 28 to unanimously overturn Judge Patricia McCullough's ruling to halt certification because no fraud was alleged and both parties could have objected throughout the year, but did not.[222] Moreover, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court also dismissed with prejudice the requests of Representative Mike Kelly and other Republicans to either invalidate all 2.5 million mail-in ballots in Pennsylvania, or to invalidate all 6.9 million ballots in the state and have the state's Republican-controlled Legislature choose the presidential electors for the state.[223][224] The rationale for the decision, again, was that the Republicans were challenging the law too late; they had been able to challenge the law since it became live in October 2019, but they only filed the lawsuit when the results of the November 2020 election were "becoming seemingly apparent". Hence, the Republicans had failed to act with "due diligence" in their handling of the case.[224][225] By the time of the court's decision, the Pennsylvania election results had certified Biden's win.[226] The congressmen appealed to the US Supreme Court, but on December 8, 2020, the Supreme Court unanimously rejected the request in one sentence.[227][228]

On December 31, 2020, Pennsylvania Congressman Dan Meuser (PA-9), Congressman Glenn 'GT' Thompson (PA-15), Congressman Mike Kelly (PA-16), Congressman Scott Perry (PA-10), Congressman Lloyd Smucker (PA-11), Congressman Guy Reschenthaler (PA-14), Congressman John Joyce (PA-13), and Congressman Fred Keller (PA-12) released a statement that summarized their belief that the Pennsylvania state legislature had taken unlawful actions regarding the 2020 election process which, in their opinion, resulted in a "highly questionable and inaccurate vote total".[229]

Official audits and recounts

[edit]

As required by state law, all counties completed a post-election sample audit.[230] With the exception of three counties, Pennsylvania's counties also participated in a voluntary risk-limiting audit pilot.[231] Both types of audits confirmed the certified results.

Lycoming County completed a hand recount and did not find any major discrepancy.[232] Butler County also completed a hand recount in two precincts and found no inaccuracies.[233]

Objection

[edit]

On January 6, 2021, as Congress certified the Electoral College results confirming President-elect Joe Biden and Vice President-elect Kamala Harris as the winners, there was an objection to Pennsylvania's 20 electoral votes, brought forward by U.S. Representative Scott Perry of Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district and officially signed onto by U.S. Senator Josh Hawley of Missouri.[234] The objection failed 7–92 in the Senate, and 138–282 in the House.[235]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

Partisan clients

  1. ^ Compete Everywhere primarily supports Democratic candidates
  2. ^ a b c d The Center for American Greatness is a pro-Trump organization
  3. ^ Climate Power 2020 was created by the League of Conservation Voters, which endorsed Biden prior to the sampling period
  4. ^ The American Bridge PAC exclusively supports Democratic candidates
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i The Restoration PAC is a 501 non-profit which supports Donald Trump's 2020 presidential campaign
  6. ^ a b c Rust Belt Rising is affiliated with the Democratic Party
  7. ^ The Human Rights Campaign endorsed Biden prior to this poll's sampling period
  8. ^ CPEC campaigns exclusively for Democratic candidates
  9. ^ The Progressive Policy Institute endorsed Biden prior to this poll's sampling period
  10. ^ Unite the Country PAC endorsed Biden prior to this poll's sampling period
  11. ^ The League of Conservation Voters and the Sierra Club endorsed Biden prior to this poll's sampling period
  12. ^ Heritage Action is the sister organisation of the Heritage Foundation, which exclusively endorses Republican candidates
  13. ^ This poll's sponsor is the American Principles Project, a 501(c)(4) organization that supports the Republican Party.
  14. ^ Poll sponsored by Protect Our Care, a pro-Affordable Care Act organisation
  15. ^ Poll sponsored by the Sanders campaign

Additional candidates

  1. ^ Calculated by taking the difference of 100% and all other candidates combined.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Key:
    A – all adults
    RV – registered voters
    LV – likely voters
    V – unclear
  3. ^ a b c d e With voters who lean towards a given candidate
  4. ^ Would not vote with 0%
  5. ^ Overlapping sample with the previous SurveyMonkey/Axios poll, but more information available regarding sample size
  6. ^ "Some other candidate" with 1%
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h "Someone else" with 2%
  8. ^ a b "Other candidate" and "No one" with 0%
  9. ^ a b With a likely voter turnout model featuring high turnout
  10. ^ a b With a likely voter turnout model featuring low turnout
  11. ^ "Other candidate or write-in" with 0%
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Standard VI response
  13. ^ West (B) with 2%; "Some other candidate" and would not vote with 0%
  14. ^ a b c d If only Biden, Trump and "some other candidate" were available
  15. ^ a b c "Some other candidate" with 3%; would not vote with 0%
  16. ^ Results considering those who lean towards a given candidate among those initially predisposed towards abstention, indecision or a candidate besides Biden or Trump in the response section immediately above
  17. ^ a b c d "Some other candidate" with 2%
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h "Someone else" with 1%
  19. ^ a b c "Someone else" and would not vote with 0%
  20. ^ a b c d e f g Includes "Refused"
  21. ^ "Not sure/Someone else/Undecided" with 2%
  22. ^ "None of these" and "Other" with 0%; would not vote with no voters
  23. ^ "Neither/other" with 4%
  24. ^ a b Results generated with high Democratic turnout model
  25. ^ a b Results generated with high Republican turnout model
  26. ^ "Some other candidate" with 1%; West (B) and would not vote with 0%
  27. ^ "Refused" with 1%; "Some other candidate" with 0%
  28. ^ a b c "Someone else" with 3%
  29. ^ Includes Undecided
  30. ^ "Other" with 1%; "None of these" with 0%
  31. ^ "Neither/other" with 2%
  32. ^ a b "Other" with 1%; would not vote with no voters
  33. ^ a b c d e f g Additional data sourced from FiveThirtyEight
  34. ^ "Refused" with 3%; "Others" with 1%
  35. ^ "Some other candidate" with 2%; West (B) with 1%; would not vote with 0%
  36. ^ "Some other candidate" and would not vote with 1%; West (B) with 0%
  37. ^ "Some other candidate" with 1%; would not vote with 0%
  38. ^ "Another candidate" with 0%
  39. ^ a b c d "Another Third Party/Write-in" with 1%
  40. ^ a b "Some other candidate" with 2%; would not vote with 0%
  41. ^ "Someone else/third party" with 2%
  42. ^ "Neither" and "Other" with 0%; would not vote with no voters
  43. ^ "Other" with 1%; "Prefer not to answer" with 0%
  44. ^ "Other" and would not vote with 1%
  45. ^ "Another candidate" with 1%
  46. ^ "Third party candidate" with 1%
  47. ^ "Another Third Party/Write-in" with 0%
  48. ^ "Neither candidate or other candidate" with 3%
  49. ^ Would not vote with 1%
  50. ^ Overlapping sample with the previous Morning Consult poll, but more information available regarding sample size
  51. ^ "Other/not sure" with 4%
  52. ^ "Other" and "Refused" with 3%
  53. ^ "No one" with 1%; "Other candidate" with no voters
  54. ^ a b With a likely voter turnout model featuring higher turnout than in the 2016 presidential election
  55. ^ a b With a likely voter turnout model featuring lower turnout than in the 2016 presidential election
  56. ^ Additional data sourced from FiveThirtyEight; with voters who lean towards a given candidate
  57. ^ "Some other candidate" with 4%
  58. ^ "Some other candidate" with 3%
  59. ^ If only Biden and Trump were candidates
  60. ^ "Neither/other" with 3%
  61. ^ Including voters who lean towards a given candidate
  62. ^ "Someone else/third party" with 3%
  63. ^ "Other" with 2%; would not vote with 0%
  64. ^ West (B) and "Another Third Party/Write-In" with 1%
  65. ^ "Other" with 4%; would not vote with 1%
  66. ^ "Another candidate" with 3%; "No one" with 0%
  67. ^ "Other party candidate" with 6%
  68. ^ "other" with 1%
  69. ^ "Another candidate" with 2%; would not vote with 1%
  70. ^ "Libertarian Party candidate/Green Party candidate" with 3%
  71. ^ "Third party/write-in" with 2%
  72. ^ "Other" with 2%; would not vote with 3%
  73. ^ a b "Someone else" with 1%; would not vote with 5%
  74. ^ A third party candidate with 6%; will not vote with 2%
  75. ^ "Someone else" with 2%; would not vote with 4%
  76. ^ A third party candidate with 6%; will not vote with 3%
  77. ^ a b "Someone else" with 2%; would not vote with 6%
  78. ^ A third party candidate with 4%; will not vote with 3%
  79. ^ "Other" with 4%; would not vote with 2%
  80. ^ "Someone else" with 1%; would not vote with 4%
  81. ^ a b A third party candidate with 5%; will not vote with 3%
  82. ^ a b Figures for each candidate in this poll include undecided voters who were reported to lean towards that candidate at the time of polling.
  83. ^ "It depends on who the Democrats nominate" with 1.4%; "unsure" with 0.7%
  84. ^ 61% "time for a change" as opposed to "Trump has done a good enough job to deserve re-election"

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  39. ^ Research Co.
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Further reading

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