Talk:Migration to Xinjiang

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Central Asia template?

Should this article have a Central Asia template? Were the ethnic groups that moved to Xinjiang from Mongolia, or from further west, or from eastern parts of China? --DThomsen8 (talk) 00:47, 24 April 2014 (UTC)[reply]

Shanxi Catholic exiles to Xinjiang.^[1]

The colonization and settlement of Kokonor (Qinghai) was suggested by Nian Gengyao.^[2]

In Dzungaria (Northern Xinjiang), the Qing exacted corvee labor for construction and infrastructure projects from Uyghur (Taranchi) colonizers and Han colonizers.^[3]^[4]

Different property laws were applied to different ethnic groups.^[5]

On the other hand there was an existing structure of slave resembling farmers who were subjected to the dominance of their landlords, the Begs in Southern Xinjiang (East Turkistan).^[6]

Altishahr (Southern Xinjiang) served as a place to send convicted Han Chinese convicts to become slaves to Turkestani (Uyghur) begs.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] These Han Chinese exile-slaves managed to consort with the local Turkestani (Uyghur) women and even marry them, in addition to Han Chinese Green Standard soldiers, Bannermen, and Manchus, Turkestani women were also married by Kokandi merchants.^[11]^[12]

https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIduAAAAMAAJ&q=begs+convicts+slaves+xinjiang+southern&dq=begs+convicts+slaves+xinjiang+southern&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIq__DzYrXyAIVSnY-Ch2kYgXF https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIduAAAAMAAJ&q=begs+convicts+slaves+xinjiang&dq=begs+convicts+slaves+xinjiang&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMIl8yRtYrXyAIVxmw-Ch3Peg6M https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIduAAAAMAAJ&q=criminals+slaves+begs+muslim+qing&dq=criminals+slaves+begs+muslim+qing&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMI1-bK49vXyAIVDHk-Ch1n4wId https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIduAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Qing+Imperial+State+and+the+Economy,+1644-1911+Jane+Kate+Leonard,+John+Robertson+Watt.+and+breeding+reindeer+%28Wang+1984,+...+The+Manchus+exiled+both+officials+guilty+of+political+offenses+and+ordinary+criminals+to+Xinjiang.+The+former+served+as+...+government+offices+and+as+slaves+to+the+begs+in+southern+Xinjiang+%28Waley-Cohen+1987,+270-91%29.+13.+For+a+fuller+discussion+of+the+Muslim+cultivators+under+the+Zunghars+and+the+Manchus,+see+Saguchi+Torn+1964.+14.+Although+these+...&dq=The+Qing+Imperial+State+and+the+Economy,+1644-1911+Jane+Kate+Leonard,+John+Robertson+Watt.+and+breeding+reindeer+%28Wang+1984,+...+The+Manchus+exiled+both+officials+guilty+of+political+offenses+and+ordinary+criminals+to+Xinjiang.+The+former+served+as+...+government+offices+and+as+slaves+to+the+begs+in+southern+Xinjiang+%28Waley-Cohen+1987,+270-91%29.+13.+For+a+fuller+discussion+of+the+Muslim+cultivators+under+the+Zunghars+and+the+Manchus,+see+Saguchi+Torn+1964.+14.+Although+these+...&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMI8KOKj83ayAIVSTY-Ch3a5Axs https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIduAAAAMAAJ&q=criminals+enslaved+begs+muslim+qing&dq=criminals+enslaved+begs+muslim+qing&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMI7I2b19vXyAIVAlA-Ch3OLAV6 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIduAAAAMAAJ&q=begs+convicts+slaves+xinjiang&dq=begs+convicts+slaves+xinjiang&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMIl8yRtYrXyAIVxmw-Ch3Peg6M https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIduAAAAMAAJ&q=Trade+between+Xinjiang+and+the+Russians+did+not+become+important+until+the+mid-nineteenth+century+when+treaties+provided+Russians+access+to+duty-free+...+Convicts+were+also+employed+in+the+mines+and+boatyards,+as+clerks+in+government+offices+and+as+slaves+to+the+begs+in+southern+Xinjiang+%28Waley-Cohen+1987,+270-91%29.&dq=Trade+between+Xinjiang+and+the+Russians+did+not+become+important+until+the+mid-nineteenth+century+when+treaties+provided+Russians+access+to+duty-free+...+Convicts+were+also+employed+in+the+mines+and+boatyards,+as+clerks+in+government+offices+and+as+slaves+to+the+begs+in+southern+Xinjiang+%28Waley-Cohen+1987,+270-91%29.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIiMbwr83ayAIVR8o-Ch2rnAdJ

https://books.google.com/books?id=zDhtQgAACAAJ&dq=waley+cohen+exile+in+mid+qing+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIi-3n7YnXyAIVBWs-Ch0I7AEC https://books.google.com/books?id=zDhtQgAACAAJ&dq=waley+cohen+exile+in+mid+qing+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMItpDtus3ayAIVBmk-Ch2zJwt4

https://books.google.com/books?id=w_FDAXMsq1QC&pg=PA202&dq=waley+cohen+exile+in+mid+qing+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAWoVChMItpDtus3ayAIVBmk-Ch2zJwt4#v=onepage&q=waley%20cohen%20exile%20in%20mid%20qing%20china&f=false https://books.google.com/books?id=w_FDAXMsq1QC&pg=PA202&lpg=PA202&dq=waley+cohen+exile+in+mid+qing+china&source=bl&ots=vyxxP8FomZ&sig=eL1DxDFpioyhQdZR49w1o-WcIHI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBmoVChMIitjS5YjXyAIVy2k-Ch2EkA44#v=onepage&q=waley%20cohen%20exile%20in%20mid%20qing%20china&f=false

History_of_slavery_in_Asia#Qing_Dynasty

The Stranger Paths of Banishment: Exile to the Xinjiang Frontier in Mid-Qing China^[13]

‘Licentious Girls’ and Frontier Domesticators: Women and Siberian Exile from the Late 16th to the Early 19th Centuries

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:8014/ag_sibirica.pdf http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:XZcJnC57FRQJ:https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:8014/ag_sibirica.pdf+&cd=12&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

Seeing Like a Minority: Political Tourism and the Struggle for Recognition in China

http://mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/159741/ichaptersection_singledocument/48c03247-f53d-424c-aee3-07b4fa31ae27/en/577-602-1-PB.pdf http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:QrkQmNmIqdUJ:mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/159741/ichaptersection_singledocument/48c03247-f53d-424c-aee3-07b4fa31ae27/en/577-602-1-PB.pdf+&cd=13&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

The China Review, Or, Notes and Queries on the Far East, Volume 13 edited by Nicholas Belfield Dennys

https://books.google.com/books?id=BBZBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA120&dq=marriage+with+east+turkestani+women+involved+not+chinese+merchants+but+manchu+officials,+banner&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAmoVChMIiuGc7snayAIVRjI-Ch2TmAUp#v=onepage&q=marriage%20with%20east%20turkestani%20women%20involved%20not%20chinese%20merchants%20but%20manchu%20officials%2C%20banner&f=false

slavery and base people and commoners in Ming and Qing China

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~crossley/HIST74/COURSE/Crossley_CWHS-08_corrected.pdf

Captives captured in the Khoja invasions returned to Kashgar in 1832.^[12]

The expression "China Proper" was invented by westerners, while in China, both non-Han and Han are viewed as Zhongguoren (Chinese) and all parts of China, both Han and non-Han, are viewed as Zhongguo (China) by the Chinese.^[14]^[15] The Chinese government does not obtain financial gains from minoritiy regions because the income from the resources of those areas is much less than what is provided to these minority regions in the form of subsidies.^[16]^[17]

https://books.google.com/books?id=k1nlozDO3aUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22joanna+waley+cohen%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAGoVChMIu6_3oOvZyAIVghY-Ch34egus#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=k1nlozDO3aUC&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false

waley cohen exile in mid qing china

CN Chapter 8 CT Slavery in Early Modern China http://www.dartmouth.edu/~crossley/HIST74/COURSE/Crossley_CWHS-08_corrected.pdf

www.dartmouth.edu/.../Crossley_CWHS-08_correcte... Dartmouth College China the absolute legal definition of slave status, or the associations with ... mid-eighteenth century, Qing society and economy entered a transition from an ...... important specific study of formal and informal enslavement is Joanna Waley-Cohen,. Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang 1758–1820 (New Haven: ...

Access article in PDF - Project MUSE https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/radical_history_review/v088/88.1contributors.pdf

https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/radical_history.../88.1contributors.pdf written extensively on slavery, the U.S. South, and comparative history. .... Joanna Waley-Cohen is the author of Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang ...

[PDF]Xinjiang and the Expansion of the Empire in the Eighteenth ... http://www.battle-of-qurman.com.cn/literature/WaleyCohen-Exile-1991.pdf

www.battle-of-qurman.com.cn/literature/WaleyCohen-Exile-1991.pdf By the second half of the eighteenth century, the Qing dynasty was in transition from its early greatness ...... JOANNA WALEY-COHEN. Exile in. Mid-Qing China ...

[PDF]Licentious Girls - UQ eSpace https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:8014/ag_sibirica.pdf

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/.../ag_sibirica.p... University of Queensland by AA Gentes - 2003 - Cited by 4 - Related articles 18 Peter I abolished slavery in Russia, but it persisted in Siberia because so many ..... 15 Cf. Joanna Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to ...

[PDF]Governing Imperial Borders: Insights from the Study of the ... https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:161290/CONTENT/Tian_columbia_0054D_10567.pdf

https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/.../Tian_colu... Columbia University by H Tian - 2012 - Cited by 1 - Related articles 23 See, Joanna Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to ...... Concerning the Capture of Escaped Slaves of the Banner Troops (Du Bu Zeli 督補則.

[PDF]China's Last Empire: The Great Qing http://m.friendfeed-media.com/df5123af1af2568323ed23143e69fd63714557ff

m.friendfeed-media.com/df5123af1af2568323ed23143e69fd63714557ff Chinese history began to argue that as late as the mid-eighteenth century ...... definition slaves of their banner headman and ultimately of the emperor. ...... Perdue, China Marches West, chap. 9; Waley-. Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China; Hsu, ...

[PDF]The Qing Invention of Nature: Environment and Identity in ... http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/9773744/Schlesinger_gsas.harvard_0084L_10570.pdf?sequence=1

dash.harvard.edu/.../1/.../Schlesinger_gsas.harvard_0084L_10570.pdf?... by J Schlesinger - 2012 - Cited by 4 - Related articles defined Qing China in 1750-1850, when unprecedented commercial ...... Waley-Cohen, Emily Yeh, and Yeh Wen-hsin all provided fresh perspectives and useful ...... When the frontier epitomized war and exile, furs represented the style of .... see Bartlett, Monarchs and Ministers: the Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China,.

[PDF]Full Text - Universiteit Leiden https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/19844/fulltext.pdf?sequence=14

https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/.../fulltext.pdf?... by F Huang - 2012 - Related articles https://scholar.google.com/scholar?biw=1536&bih=742&psj=1&bav=on.2,or.&bvm=bv.105814755,d.cWw&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:gGKDAbyfip40YM:scholar.google.com/ Sep 18, 2012 - 1.3 Dongchuan and northeastern Yunnan during the Qing dynasty ..... the Ninth to the Mid-Seventeenth Century, Part 1', Journal of the Economic and Social .... Joanna Waley-Cohen, 'Religion, War, and Empire-Building in ..... identities and western gaze, they are places of terror, exile, slavery and of the.

[PDF]Chapter 2 https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/20013/02.pdf?sequence=7

https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/20013/02.pdf?... by FD Grant Jr - 2012 - Related articles https://scholar.google.com/scholar?biw=1536&bih=742&psj=1&bav=on.2,or.&bvm=bv.105814755,d.cWw&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:PusV2QrxT7xvfM:scholar.google.com/ Oct 24, 2012 - The early Manchu rulers of China had no interest in banking regulation. ..... slave-like conditions. ...... 55 Joanna Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to ... http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/32944/1/FullText.pdf.

[PDF]IN EXILE: CHŎNG YAGYONG (1762-1836) BY ... - Ideals https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/44788/Yoonjeong_Shim.pdf?sequence=1

https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/.../Yoonjeong_Shim.pdf?... 37 Joanna Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, ...... the abolition of public slavery, which showed the ruler's virtue, was done in in the ...

waley cohen exile in mid qing china

Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820 ... http://www.amazon.com/Exile-Mid-Qing-China-Banishment-Publications/dp/0300048270

www.amazon.com › Books › History › Asia › China Amazon.com, Inc. Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820 (Yale Historical Publications) [Joanna Waley-Cohen] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on ...

Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang 1758–1820 ... http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03612759.1992.9950735

www.tandfonline.com › List of Issues › Table Of Contents by JW Jay - 1992 Jul 13, 2010 - Waley-Cohen, Joanna: New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 267 pp., Publication Date: 1991. PDF. View & annotate PDFRead, annotate and ...

Joanna Waley-Cohen. Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment ... http://ahr.oxfordjournals.org/content/97/5/1576.2.full.pdf+html

ahr.oxfordjournals.org/content/97/5/1576.2.full.pdf+html by VW Ng - 1992 This Article. The American Historical Review (1992) 97 (5): 1576-1577. doi: 10.1086/ahr/97.5.1576-a. Show PDF in full window; » Full Text (PDF)Free ...

Joanna Waley-Cohen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://wiki.riteme.site/wiki/Joanna_Waley-Cohen

https://wiki.riteme.site/wiki/Joanna_Waley-Cohen Wikipedia Waley-Cohen's books include The Culture of War in China: Empire and the Military ... (W.W. Norton, 1999); and Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, ...

[PDF]Governing Imperial Borders: Insights from the Study of the ... https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:161290/CONTENT/Tian_columbia_0054D_10567.pdf

https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/.../Tian_colu... Columbia University by H Tian - 2012 - Cited by 1 - Related articles systems—Qing state law and indigenous Islamic law—in the criminal and the civil ...... 23 See, Joanna Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to ...

Joanna Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China ... http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0738248000005368

journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0738248000... Cambridge University Press by TV Lee - 1992 Oct 28, 2011 - Joanna Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to ... The resolution of the full-text PDF is much higher than that shown here.

[PDF]Xinjiang and the Expansion of the Empire in the Eighteenth ... http://www.battle-of-qurman.com.cn/literature/WaleyCohen-Exile-1991.pdf

www.battle-of-qurman.com.cn/literature/WaleyCohen-Exile-1991.pdf By the second half of the eighteenth century, the Qing dynasty was in transition from its early greatness ...... JOANNA WALEY-COHEN. Exile in. Mid-Qing China ...

The Chinese Cornerstone of Modern Banking: The Canton ... https://books.google.com/books?id=3IzPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=waley+cohen+exile+in+mid+qing+china+pdf&source=bl&ots=D8lak7FmcB&sig=tSzJaCMjDrT0wyv0J5_VRX_An4E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEMQ6AEwB2oVChMI54KEkYrXyAIVREkmCh3EBwXp

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9004276564 Frederic Delano Grant, Jr. - 2014 - Law https://www.google.com/search?biw=1536&bih=742&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Frederic+Delano+Grant,+Jr.%22&sa=X&ved=0CEQQ9AgwB2oVChMI54KEkYrXyAIVREkmCh3EBwXp The Wokou raids of the late Ming Dynasty, and their perceived relation to dynastic decline, stood ... 221 Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China, p. ... 23, see: “http://idv.sinica.edu.tw/pengshan/OnEcoLegalReasoningdraft.pdf” (accessed 3 June ...

Access article in PDF - Project MUSE https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/radical_history_review/v088/88.1contributors.pdf

https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/radical_history.../88.1contributors.pdf Joanna Waley-Cohen is the author of Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to ... such topics as the militarization of culture in eighteenth-century China, Chinese.

[PDF]The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National ... http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/elliott/files/elliott_jas_limits_of_tartary_0.pdf

scholar.harvard.edu/.../elliott_jas_limits_of_tartary_0.... Harvard University efforts of China's Manchu rulers, who claimed it as their homeland, the terre natale of the Qing dynasty ...... Waley-Cohen for additional information on this point.

waley cohen exile in mid qing china

Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820 ... http://www.amazon.com/Exile-Mid-Qing-China-Banishment-Publications/dp/0300048270

www.amazon.com › Books › History › Asia › China Amazon.com, Inc. Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820 (Yale Historical Publications) [Joanna Waley-Cohen] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on ...

Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820 ... http://www.researchgate.net/publication/249210632_Exile_in_Mid-Qing_China_Banishment_to_Xinjiang_1758-1820

www.researchgate.net/.../249210632_Exile_in_Mid-Qing_Chi... ResearchGate Publication » Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820. ... Vivien W. Ng. Remove suggestion. Joanna Waley-Cohen ...

Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820 ... http://www.jstor.org/stable/2719475

www.jstor.org/stable/2719475 JSTOR Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820 by Joanna Waley-Cohen. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. Pp. xv?+267. $32.50. Philip A.

Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang ... - JStor http://www.jstor.org/stable/743772

www.jstor.org/stable/743772 JSTOR The Ohio State University. Joanna Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xin- jiang, 1758-1820, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. Pp. xv ...

Joanna Waley-Cohen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://wiki.riteme.site/wiki/Joanna_Waley-Cohen

https://wiki.riteme.site/wiki/Joanna_Waley-Cohen Wikipedia Waley-Cohen's books include The Culture of War in China: Empire and the ... and Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820 (Yale University ...

Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820 ... http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/exile-in-mid-qing-china-joanna-waley-cohen/1000579570

www.barnesandnoble.com/.../exile-in-mid-qing-china... Barnes & Noble Apr 1, 1991 - Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820. by Joanna Waley-Cohen. See more details below ...

Chinese Migrations: The Movement of People, Goods, and ... https://books.google.com/books?id=w_FDAXMsq1QC&pg=PA202&lpg=PA202&dq=waley+cohen+exile+in+mid+qing+china&source=bl&ots=vyxxQaIgo3&sig=ZyF3SRXBsXiqZ7qXhTWWue1VLAE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBmoVChMIt86aj9DayAIVAzU-Ch32vgls

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0742567656 Diana Lary - 2012 - History https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Diana+Lary%22&sa=X&ved=0CD0Q9AgwBmoVChMIt86aj9DayAIVAzU-Ch32vgls Dahpon David Ho, Empire 's Scorched Earth: Coastal China, 1633—1683, paper ... Joanna Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China (New Haven: Yale University ...

Waley-Cohen, Joanna | Department of History | New York ... http://history.as.nyu.edu/object/joannawaleycohen.html

history.as.nyu.edu/object/joannawaleycohen.html New York University Joanna Waley-Cohen, History. ... Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1991. Articles:.

The Chinese Cornerstone of Modern Banking: The Canton ... https://books.google.com/books?id=3IzPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49&lpg=PA49&dq=waley+cohen+exile+in+mid+qing+china&source=bl&ots=D8lal9Hl8H&sig=_17H135p7t-6dr96-didomCkAY8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEYQ6AEwCGoVChMIt86aj9DayAIVAzU-Ch32vgls

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9004276564 Frederic Delano Grant, Jr. - 2014 - Law https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Frederic+Delano+Grant,+Jr.%22&sa=X&ved=0CEcQ9AgwCGoVChMIt86aj9DayAIVAzU-Ch32vgls See Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China, pp. 79, 85 and 221–2 (Appendix One, “The Application of [Criminal] Collective Responsibility under the Qing”).

IN EXILE: CHŎNG YAGYONG (1762-1836) BY ... - Ideals https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/44788/Yoonjeong_Shim.pdf?sequence=1

https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/.../Yoonjeong_Shim.pdf?... most influential premodern Korean scholars, as that of an exile. ...... 37 Joanna Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820 (New.

Access article in PDF - Project MUSE https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/radical_history_review/v088/88.1contributors.pdf

https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/radical_history.../88.1contributors.pdf Joanna Waley-Cohen is the author of Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to ... such topics as the militarization of culture in eighteenth-century China, Chinese.

Waley-Cohen, Joanna | Department of History | New York ... http://history.as.nyu.edu/object/joannawaleycohen.html

history.as.nyu.edu/object/joannawaleycohen.html New York University Joanna Waley-Cohen, History. ... Chinese History; The Culture of War in China: Empire and Military under the Qing Dynasty; and two forthcoming works: a study ...

[PDF]The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National ... http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/elliott/files/elliott_jas_limits_of_tartary_0.pdf

scholar.harvard.edu/.../elliott_jas_limits_of_tartary_0.... Harvard University efforts of China's Manchu rulers, who claimed it as their homeland, the terre natale of the Qing dynasty ...... Waley-Cohen for additional information on this point.

[PDF]Jesuit Missionaries and the Transmission of Christianity and ... http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume4/Li.pdf

history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/.../Li.p... Emory University late imperial China, especially the period from late Ming to early Qing. However, when ... southern provinces of the empire in the mid-sixteenth century. .... return from exile in Canton in 1671, he refused their request to spread ..... 54Joanna Waley-Cohen, “China and Western Technology in the Late Eighteenth Century,” The.

Inverted Exile - Modern China - Sage Publications http://mcx.sagepub.com/content/33/4/462.refs

mcx.sagepub.com/content/33/4/462.refs Modern China The article explores the Uyghur exile through the life and creative work of two ..... 27—30 March <http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sacs/POP/papers/smith.pdf> (accessed 29 Jan. ... Waley-Cohen, Joanna (1991) Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to ...

[PDF]Download PDF http://eprints.cdlib.org/uc/item/2wz654cn.pdf

eprints.cdlib.org/uc/item/2wz654cn.pdf by J Jacobs - 2011 - Cited by 3 - Related articles Xinjiang in China's far northwest during the transition from empire to .... End of the Qing World (Princeton, 1990); Joanna Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China: ...

[PDF]CURRICULUM VITAE PETER C. PERDUE - MIT http://web.mit.edu/pcperdue/www/PerdueforwebCV2006.pdf

web.mit.edu/.../PerdueforwebCV2... Massachusetts Institute of Technology May 24, 2006 - Honorary Visiting Professor, Qing History Institute, China People's University ...... Joanna Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to ...

[PDF]Science Without Modernization: China's First Encounter ... http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Conf4_HZurndorfer.pdf

www.lse.ac.uk/.../GE... London School of Economics and Political Science by HT Zurndorfer - Cited by 3 - Related articles argues that the Ming and Qing governments' efforts to control the. Jesuit-transmitted ..... Joanna Waley-Cohen has recently demonstrated, China has a long and consistent record ..... Schall's Christian foes who too were exiled, circulated the ..... It would not be until the mid-19th century when the intellectual transformation of ...

waley cohen exile in mid qing china

Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820 https://books.google.com/books?id=zDhtQgAACAAJ&dq=waley+cohen+exile+in+mid+qing+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMIzZD67IjXyAIVxnE-Ch2DoQNM

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0300048270 Joanna Waley-Cohen - 1991 - No preview - More editions In this book Joanna Waley-Cohen traces the establishment and inital years of the system, showing how the Qing government worked in the decades before dynastic decline took firm hold, exploring the role of banishment in Chinese mainstream ...

Chinese Migrations: The Movement of People, Goods, and ... - Page 202 https://books.google.com/books?id=w_FDAXMsq1QC&pg=PA202&dq=waley+cohen+exile+in+mid+qing+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAWoVChMIzZD67IjXyAIVxnE-Ch2DoQNM

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0742567656 Diana Lary - 2012 - Preview - More editions Dahpon David Ho, Empire 's Scorched Earth: Coastal China, 1633—1683, paper presented at “The Age of Sail,” conference held at the ... Joanna Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), 28—29. 8.

Culture of War in China: Empire and the Military under the ... - Page 126 https://books.google.com/books?id=-y8BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126&dq=waley+cohen+exile+in+mid+qing+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAmoVChMIzZD67IjXyAIVxnE-Ch2DoQNM

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0857711865 Joanna Waley-Cohen - 2006 - Preview - More editions Empire and the Military under the Qing Dynasty Joanna Waley-Cohen. 22 23 24 ... Reprint (Taibei: Xinwenli, 1976), 729,16a-b (1761, n.d.), and the discussion throughout Joanna Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, ...

The Chinese Cornerstone of Modern Banking: The Canton ... - Page 49 https://books.google.com/books?id=3IzPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49&dq=waley+cohen+exile+in+mid+qing+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC0Q6AEwA2oVChMIzZD67IjXyAIVxnE-Ch2DoQNM

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9004276564 Frederic Delano Grant, Jr. - 2014 - Preview - More editions the concept in its commercial aspect—the enforced collective responsibility of Chinese subjects for illegal hong debts due to foreigners—most embraced it warmly. Kung-chuan ... See Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China, pp. 79, 85 and ...

The Chinese State at the Borders - Page 215 https://books.google.com/books?id=pFzhWyoYG_wC&pg=PA215&dq=waley+cohen+exile+in+mid+qing+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBWoVChMIzZD67IjXyAIVxnE-Ch2DoQNM

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0774840870 Diana Lary - 2011 - Preview - More editions The waste of human talent in China's educated elite is obvious as well. By punishing ... Notes Joanna Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), 36-37. Ibid., 48-49 ...

The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture - Page 569 https://books.google.com/books?id=RhmaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA569&dq=waley+cohen+exile+in+mid+qing+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBmoVChMIzZD67IjXyAIVxnE-Ch2DoQNM

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1442221941 Richard J. Smith - 2015 - Preview - More editions Monkey. London: Allen and Unwin. Waley, Arthur 1970. Yüan Mei. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Waley, Arthur 1987. The Book of Songs. New York: Penguin. Waley-Cohen, Joanna 1991. Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang ...

The Missionary's Curse and Other Tales from a Chinese ... - Page 223 https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7jQaCu1EsC&pg=PA223&dq=waley+cohen+exile+in+mid+qing+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEMQ6AEwB2oVChMIzZD67IjXyAIVxnE-Ch2DoQNM

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0520954726 Henrietta Harrison - 2013 - Preview - More editions Joanna Waley—Cohen, Exile in Mid—Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758—1820 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), 26—32; James A. Millward, Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, ...

China's Last Empire: The Great Qing - Page 300 https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7Awmzx2PAC&pg=PA300&dq=waley+cohen+exile+in+mid+qing+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCGoVChMIzZD67IjXyAIVxnE-Ch2DoQNM

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0674054555 William T. Rowe - 2010 - Preview - More editions My account of the Zunghar campaigns follows Perdue, China Marches West; quotations are from pp. 161, 285. 21. Millward, Beyond the Pass; Perdue, China Marches West, chap. 9; Waley- Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China; Hsu, The Ili Crisis.

China on the Sea: How the Maritime World Shaped Modern China https://books.google.com/books?id=5bAyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA160&dq=waley+cohen+exile+in+mid+qing+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CE8Q6AEwCWoVChMIzZD67IjXyAIVxnE-Ch2DoQNM

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9004194789 Zheng Yangwen - 2011 - Preview - More editions European clock-makers produced for the China market, and in the eighteenth century some even went to the country to ... Joanna Waley-Cohen has written about the politics of exile during the mid-Qing.71 This remote frontier was equipped ...

Zungaria, Ili, East Turkestan

https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ04AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA376&dq=mohammedan+slaves+turkistan+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwBGoVChMI5_SPwqDZyAIVAg0-Ch149Qog#v=onepage&q=mohammedan%20slaves%20turkistan%20chinese&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=zI4kAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA525&dq=mohammedan+slaves+turkistan+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBWoVChMI5_SPwqDZyAIVAg0-Ch149Qog#v=onepage&q=mohammedan%20slaves%20turkistan%20chinese&f=false

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https://books.google.com/books?id=EDTWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA525&dq=mohammedan+slaves+turkistan+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEEQ6AEwB2oVChMI5_SPwqDZyAIVAg0-Ch149Qog#v=onepage&q=mohammedan%20slaves%20turkistan%20chinese&f=false

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https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ04AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA376&dq=mohammedan+slaves+turkistan+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwBGoVChMI5_SPwqDZyAIVAg0-Ch149Qog#v=onepage&q=mohammedan%20slaves%20turkistan%20chinese&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=wbBHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA52&dq=mohammedan+slaves+turkistan+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwADgKahUKEwj6gt31oNnIAhUJbR4KHaJIBdY#v=onepage&q=mohammedan%20slaves%20turkistan%20chinese&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=kmIEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA258&dq=mohammedan+slaves+turkistan+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBzgKahUKEwj6gt31oNnIAhUJbR4KHaJIBdY#v=onepage&q=mohammedan%20slaves%20turkistan%20chinese&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=c-5AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA258&dq=mohammedan+slaves+turkistan+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKahUKEwj6gt31oNnIAhUJbR4KHaJIBdY#v=onepage&q=mohammedan%20slaves%20turkistan%20chinese&f=false

LIFE AMONG THE CHINESE : WITH CHARACTERISTIC SKETCHES AND ... https://books.google.com/books?id=lwctAzQfoKwC&pg=PA336&dq=mohammedan+slaves+beys+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMI66rkn9fayAIVg6w-Ch2sfAA_

https://books.google.com/books?id=lwctAzQfoKwC R. S. MACLAY - 1861 - Read - More editions Those who are merely hearers or followers of the doctrine, if they will not repent and recant, shall be transported to the Mohammedan cities (in Turkistan) and given to be slaves to the beys and other powerful Mohammedans who are able to ...

A Star in the East: The Rise of Christianity in China https://books.google.com/books?id=VILvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT13&dq=mohammedan+slaves+beys+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAWoVChMI66rkn9fayAIVg6w-Ch2sfAA_

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1599474883 Rodney Stark, Xiuhua Wang - 2015 - Preview - More editions HISTORIES OF Christian missions to China always begin with the impressive efforts of the Jesuit scholar Matteo Ricci, ... hearers or followers of the doctrine . . . shall be transported to Mohammedan cities and given to be slaves of the beys.

Analytical historical reference - Volume 3 - Page 503 https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl9TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA503&dq=mohammedan+slaves+beys+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAmoVChMI66rkn9fayAIVg6w-Ch2sfAA_

https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl9TAAAAYAAJ Marcus Joseph Wright, James William Buel, John Franklin Jameson - 1906 - Read - More editions The Chinese invaded Korea, and Japan, in turn, demanded Korean independence. The Chinese ... The Koran is the general constitution, and the religion is Mohammedan. Slavery prevails. ... The Turks conquer Tripoli from the beys of Tunis.

Light in Darkness: Or, Missions and Missionary Heroes. An ... - Page 576 https://books.google.com/books?id=ghBDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA576&dq=mohammedan+slaves+beys+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwA2oVChMI66rkn9fayAIVg6w-Ch2sfAA_

https://books.google.com/books?id=ghBDAQAAMAAJ John Emory Godbey, Allen Howard Godbey - 1892 - Read - More editions Taking Up Principally the Work in India, Burmah, Siam, China ... Being a History of ... Mohammedan slavery. Children too small to ... He was dragged before the ferocious Badir Khan Bey, the leader of the Moslem ' hordes. Ismail, on account of ...

The Missionary Review of the World - Volume 18 - Page 712 https://books.google.com/books?id=m2UhAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA712&dq=mohammedan+slaves+beys+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBGoVChMI66rkn9fayAIVg6w-Ch2sfAA_

https://books.google.com/books?id=m2UhAQAAMAAJ 1895 - Read - More editions bey. At the late World's Convention some of the most notable sessions were held in the abbey, and the Bishop of Dover preached a ... Mrs. E. C. Scudder, 21 years in India ; Mrs. Henry Blodget, 40 years in China ; Mrs. J. C. Hepburn, 50 years in China and Japan. ... Miss Georgia L. Patton, M.D., born a slave, tells us this about herself : " I worked on the farm until I ... Other schools have been added to this beginning and have had a great effect, even upon the Mohammedan communities.

The Book of History: The United States. Canada. ... - Page 6629 https://books.google.com/books?id=mlA9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6629&dq=mohammedan+slaves+beys+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBWoVChMI66rkn9fayAIVg6w-Ch2sfAA_

https://books.google.com/books?id=mlA9AAAAYAAJ James Bryce Bryce (viscount), Holland Thompson, Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie - 1915 - Read Mohammedanism and Mohammedan*, Baluchistan, 1531 Bedouin influence on Western Asia, 1929 Central Asia, 1478. ... Bello, Fulbe ruler (18irn, 2",6 Mohammed hen Abu Bakr, of Sonrhay (1501), 2220 Mohammed Bey Abu-Dhahab (d. ... 846), 3145 Moir brothers, slave trade in Nyassaland put down, 5521 Moira, XiOrd: see Hastings, Marquess of Molzz, Fatemid ... 1466-68, 1481-87, 1488-98 armour, H8S battle, old engraving, /j.M China conquered, and Mongol dynasty founded.

The Book of History: Unites States - Page 6629 https://books.google.com/books?id=6DwQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6629&dq=mohammedan+slaves+beys+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBmoVChMI66rkn9fayAIVg6w-Ch2sfAA_

https://books.google.com/books?id=6DwQAAAAYAAJ James Bryce Bryce (Viscount), Holland Thompson, Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie - 1915 - Read Mohammedanism and Mohammedans, Baluehia- tan, 1531 Bedouin Influence on Western Asia, 1929 Central Asia, 1478. ... 2226 Mohammed hen Aha Bakr, of Sonrhay (1501), 2220 Mohammed Bey Abu-Bhahab (d. ... 846), 3145 Moir brothers, slave trade in Nyassaland put down, 5521 Moira, Lord: see Hastings, Marquess of Moizs, Fatemid ruler ... 1\93 China conquered, and Mongol dynasty founded.

The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and ... - Page 347 https://books.google.com/books?id=RatFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA347&dq=mohammedan+slaves+beys+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEwQ6AEwB2oVChMI66rkn9fayAIVg6w-Ch2sfAA_

https://books.google.com/books?id=RatFAQAAMAAJ 1824 - Read - More editions rajah kept a large establishment of servants and of slaves at the temple for the purpose of travellers and passengers, and his ... into an infinite number of small Mohammedan states, subjected to despots, called Khans, Inaks, Atalyks, and Beys.

The Asiatic journal and monthly register for British and ... https://books.google.com/books?id=CSlGAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA347&dq=mohammedan+slaves+beys+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCGoVChMI66rkn9fayAIVg6w-Ch2sfAA_

https://books.google.com/books?id=CSlGAAAAcAAJ 1824 - Read - More editions rajah kept a large establishment of servants and of slaves at the temple for the purpose of travellers and passengers, and ... into an infinite number of small Mohammedan states, subjected to despots, called Khans, Inaks, Ata- lyks, and Beys.

The Book of History: Unites States - Page 6629 https://books.google.com/books?id=aHImAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA6629&dq=mohammedan+slaves+beys+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCWoVChMI66rkn9fayAIVg6w-Ch2sfAA_

https://books.google.com/books?id=aHImAQAAIAAJ Viscount James Bryce Bryce, Holland Thompson, Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie - 1915 - Read Mohammedanism and Mohammedans, Baluchistan, 15S1 Bedouin Influence on Western Asia, 1929 Central Asia, 1478, 1480, ... Bello, Fulbe ruler (1810), 2226 Mohammed ben Abn Bakr, of Sonrhay (1501), 2220 Mohammed Bey Abu-Dhahab (d. ... 846), 3145 Molr brothers, slave trade in Nyassaland put down, 5521 Molra, Lord: see Hastings, Marquess of Molss, ... H93 China conquered, and Mongol dynasty founded, 771-74 Christian sympathies during Crusades, 4042 climatic ...

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https://books.google.com/books?id=ghBDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA576&dq=mohammedan+slaves+beys+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwA2oVChMI-6qEqqLayAIVRhs-Ch3Jmgh2#v=onepage&q=mohammedan%20slaves%20beys%20chinese&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=MpdCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132#v=onepage&q&f=false

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https://books.google.com/books?id=A6xNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA455&lpg=PA455#v=onepage&q&f=false

References

^ Henrietta Harrison (1 June 2013). The Missionary's Curse and Other Tales from a Chinese Catholic Village. University of California Press. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-0-520-95472-4.
^ Peter C Perdue (30 June 2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (PDF). Harvard University Press. pp. 324–. ISBN 978-0-674-04202-5. Archived from the original on 2012-10-26 20:05. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
^ Peter C Perdue (30 June 2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (PDF). Harvard University Press. pp. 341–. ISBN 978-0-674-04202-5. Archived from the original on 2012-10-26 20:07. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
^ Cuirong Liu; Shouqian Shi (2002). 經濟史, 都市文化與物質文化. Zhong yang yan jiu yuan li shi yu yan yan jiu suo. p. 212.
^ Cuirong Liu; Shouqian Shi (2002). 經濟史, 都市文化與物質文化. Zhong yang yan jiu yuan li shi yu yan yan jiu suo. p. 212.
^ Cuirong Liu; Shouqian Shi (2002). 經濟史, 都市文化與物質文化. Zhong yang yan jiu yuan li shi yu yan yan jiu suo. p. 212.
^ Newby, L. J. (1998). "The Begs of Xinjiang: Between Two Worlds". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 61 (2). Cambridge University Press on behalf of School of Oriental and African Studies: 290. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00013811. JSTOR 3107653.
^ Joanna Waley-Cohen (1 January 1991). Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820 (PDF). Yale University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-300-04827-8 (PDF). {{cite book}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help)
^ Timothy Brook; Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (2000). Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839-1952. University of California Press. pp. 148–. ISBN 978-0-520-22236-6.
^ Jane Kate Leonard; John Robertson Watt (1992). To Achieve Security and Wealth: The Qing Imperial State and the Economy, 1644-1911. East Asia Program, Cornell University. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-939657-56-8.
^ James Millward (1 June 1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864. Stanford University Press. pp. 206–. ISBN 978-0-8047-9792-4.
^ ^a ^b James A. Millward; Stanford University. Dept. of History (1993). Beyond the pass: commerce, ethnicity and the Qing empire in Xinjiang, 1759-1864. Stanford University. p. 276. Cite error: The named reference "MillwardHistory1993" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ Joanna Waley-Cohen (1987). The Stranger Paths of Banishment: Exile to the Xinjiang Frontier in Mid-Qing China.
^ Alvin Y. So (1 January 2011). Handbook of Contemporary China. World Scientific. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-981-4350-09-9.
^ William S Tay; Alvin Y So (10 October 2011). Handbook of Contemporary China. World Scientific. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-981-4460-51-4.
^ Alvin Y. So (1 January 2011). Handbook of Contemporary China. World Scientific. pp. 145–. ISBN 978-981-4350-09-9.
^ William S Tay; Alvin Y So (10 October 2011). Handbook of Contemporary China. World Scientific. pp. 145–. ISBN 978-981-4460-51-4.

POV check

The neutrality of this whole article is questionable and needs review. As now written, it is heavily biased to one side of a controversial issue. I believe it should be reviewed for POV imbalance and for arguing a controversy instead of describing it with neutrality. Johanna-Hypatia (talk) 17:17, 19 July 2016 (UTC)[reply]

Redressing and supporting this this request again, I am not well-educated on this issue, but the article, especially the last part, feels rather one-sided and propaganda-esque. Notably, referring to claims by Turkic nationalists as "revisionism" (rather than just objectively discussing the issue, and letting readers see who is right based off evidence) and barely discussing criticisms of CCP policy in the last section.--Jogarz1921 (talk) 03:38, 19 August 2018 (UTC)[reply]

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Han, or Han and Hui?

This article's kind of a mess. See, for example, this section:

At the start of the 19th century, 40 years after the Qing reconquest, there were around 155,000 Han and Hui Chinese in northern Xinjiang and somewhat more than twice that number of Uyghurs in southern Xinjiang.[71] A census of Xinjiang under Qing rule in the early 19th century tabulated ethnic shares of the population as 30% Han and 60% Turkic, while it dramatically shifted to 6% Han and 75% Uyghur in the 1953 census, however a situation similar to the Qing era-demographics with a large number of Han has been restored as of 2000 with 40.57% Han and 45.21% Uyghur.

In the same paragraph, we're told that Xinjiang during the early 19th Century was both 1/3 "Han and Hui" and 30% "Han." So which one was it? Are the Hui being lumped in with the Han as a single demographic? I understand the people that the modern Chinese government classifies as Hui today were not distinguished as a seperate ethnic group during Qing times and thus were probably not tabulated seperately in census information, but that doesn't mean they can be erased or reclassified as Han.

We see the same contradiction and lack of clarity here, also just a few sentences apart:

Around 155,000 Han and Hui lived in Xinjiang, mostly in Dzungaria around 1803, and around 320,000 Uyghurs, living mostly in Southern Xinjiang (the Tarim Basin), as Han and Hui were allowed to settle in Dzungaria but forbidden to settle in the Tarim, while the small amount of Uyghurs living in Dzungaria and Ürümqi was insignificant.[49][50][51] Hans was around one-third of Xinjiang's population at 1800, during the time of the Qing Dynasty.[52]

Again, we see "Han and Hui" turn into just "Han." Which was it?

Furthermore, in this instance it gets even more confusing just a few lines down:

The Qing made a special case in allowing northern Xinjiang to be settled by Han, since they usually did not allow frontier regions to be settled by Han migrants. This policy led to 200,000 Han and Hui settlers in northern Xinjiang when the 18th century came to a close, in addition to military colonies settled by Han called Bingtun.[54]

This suddenly in implies there were a lot more Han and Hui at the end of the 18th Century (200,000 plus an unspecified number of additional Han in the Bingtuan) than there were at the beginning of the 19th Century (155,000 Han and Hui altogether) which is practically the same time period... So which was it?

In fact, the only time we're ever given a clear-cut number distinguishing the Han and Hui is in the population count after the Dungan Revolts:

There was a major and fast growth of the Uyghur population, while the original population of Han Chinese and Hui Muslims from before the war of 155,000 dropped, to the much lower population of 33,114 Tungans (Hui) and 66,000 Han.[69]

If this number is reflective of the pre-war population, that suggests about 1/3 of population of "Han and Hui" were Hui at any given time, meaning Xinjiang as a whole was not 30% Han during the height of Qing rule in the 19th Century but significantly less than that - Perhaps closer to 20% or less.

We're also never given population figures for the Manchu, Sibe, Mongol, Solon, Daur, and Salar portion of the population despite being told of their settlement in Xinjiang multiple times. The closest we get can be inferred here:

A census of Xinjiang under Qing rule in the early 19th century tabulated ethnic shares of the population as 30% Han and 60% Turkic, while it dramatically shifted to 6% Han and 75% Uyghur in the 1953 census, however a situation similar to the Qing era-demographics with a large number of Han has been restored as of 2000 with 40.57% Han and 45.21% Uyghur.

This implies a number of 10% "other" during the 19th Century... But who exactly comprises this 10%? The same sentence ends with a comparison to the year 2000 Census, in which 14.25% of the population is neither Han nor Uyghur, but by then the criteria for classifying ethnic groups is very clear-cut. By then, we know that the 14.25% includes the Hui, and also other non-Uyghur Turkic ethnic groups such as the Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and Uzbeks, whereas the 19th Century figures are vague about differentiation of the Han and Hui and also the differentiation of different Turkic ethnic groups.

Another thing we're told is that a significant portion of these Han and Hui settlers came from Gansu:

The Manchu Qing ordered the settlement of thousands of Han Chinese peasants in Xinjiang after 1760, the peasants originally came from Gansu and were given animals, seeds, and tools as they were being settled in the area, for the purpose of making China's rule in the region permanent and a fait accompli.[22]

The Qing Wianlong Emperor settled Hui Chinese Muslims, Han Chinese, and Han Bannermen in Xinjiang, the sparsely populated and impoverished Gansu provided most of the Hui and Han settlers instead of Sichuan and other provinces with dense populations from which Qianlong wanted to relieve population pressure.[55]

The time period we're talking about here is the 19th Century before the Dungan Revolts, when the Hui or Dungan proportion of Gansu's population was also significantly more substantial than it is today.

Here's some exterpolation of the data... If we assume the figure cited multiple times of 155,000 "Han and Hui" and 320,000 "Uyghur" living in Xinjiang at the beginning of the 19th Century is correct, that means a combined population of 475,000, plus an unspecified number of other ethnic groups who are neither Han, Hui, nor Uyghur. This means that the figure of "1/3 Han" is already overstated, as is the figure of 30% Han.

We're never told what the total population of Xinjiang is at any point of the 19th Century, either.

2601:4A:501:750:4E6F:9CFF:FE95:527F (talk) 20:08, 28 June 2020 (UTC)[reply]

Requested move 5 October 2023

The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved (non-admin closure). No prejudice against a future discussion as there was definitely a feeling through the discussion that the current title is less than ideal but no consensus on what a better title would be. Jenks24 (talk) 10:46, 24 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Migration to Xinjiang → Chinese migration to East Turkestan – Adding "Chinese" in style of Arab migrations to the Maghreb. Replacing "Xinjiang" for "East Turkestan" because Xinjiang is about the autonomous region while East Turkestan is about the geographical region. Super Dromaeosaurus (talk) 21:33, 5 October 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. Edward-Woodrow • talk 23:19, 14 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Oppose as "East Turkestan" is ambiguous and a very politically loaded term. —Mx. Granger (talk · contribs) 13:20, 6 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Then I incite you to start a RM at East Turkestan because currently that's the name we use for the region this article covers. Super Dromaeosaurus (talk) 15:17, 6 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

support per nom—blindlynx 14:56, 6 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

How about Chinese settler colonialism in East Turkestan or Chinese settler colonialism in Xinjiang? This page seems to be more about the settler colonialism than migrations per say. Horse Eye's Back (talk) 15:22, 6 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

The only articles using "settler colonialism" are country-broad general cases rather than specific ones [1]. I would rather use simply "Chinese colonisation of East Turkestan/Xinjiang". Super Dromaeosaurus (talk) 15:25, 6 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

'Chinese colonisation of East Turkestan' is better—blindlynx 21:47, 7 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

There are also sections like "Buddhist Uyghur migration into the Tarim Basin", "Kalmyk Oirats return to Dzungaria", and "Conversion of Xinjiang into a province and effect on Uyghur migration" in the article. Are they considered "Chinese colonisation"? --Wengier (talk) 01:05, 10 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

~~Support~~. ("Migration" is neutral and broader than anything "settler" or "colonial".) Srnec (talk) 15:25, 9 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Striking per comments by Wengier. The title still needs changing, but perhaps the article also needs changing. Srnec (talk) 01:01, 11 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Question: What does the word "Chinese" as proposed refer to? Looking into the article there are sections like "Buddhist Uyghur migration into the Tarim Basin", "Kalmyk Oirats return to Dzungaria", and "Conversion of Xinjiang into a province and effect on Uyghur migration" apparently. Are they considered part of "Chinese migration"? --Wengier (talk) 22:38, 9 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Oppose. Considering that the article talks about migrations of various peoples including (in addition to Han Chinese and Hui people) the Uyghurs, Mongols, and others in different history periods, perhaps change to "History of migrations to Xinjiang" (similar to History of Xinjiang) instead of "Migration to Xinjiang". --Wengier (talk) 01:57, 11 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

If the article deals with several unrelated migratory phenomena it begs the question whether we actually need this article or not. In any case the title should still use "East Turkestan" rather than "Xinjiang". Super Dromaeosaurus (talk) 11:34, 12 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Considering the simple fact that the destination of all such immigrants was Xinjiang/East Turkestan/Chinese Turkestan, there should be no doubt that they are related since they all belong to History of Xinjiang. While it may be possible to split the article into "Chinese immigration", "Uyghur immigration", "Mongol immigration", "Xibo immigration" etc, this may however be problematic especially considering that some immigrations (such as settlement of Dzungaria during the Qing period) actually concerned immigrations of several peoples at the same time including Han Chinese, Hui, Uyghurs, Mongols, and Xibo. Whether we use Xinjiang or East Turkestan (or Chinese Turkestan) is a different issue. The name Xinjiang (previously spelled "Sinkiang") appeared in the 18th century (during the Qing dynasty) referring to the general region (not just the modern autonomous region established in the 1950s) whereas the name "East Turkestan" appeared in the 19th century to refer to the region (or region of southern Xinjiang). The name "Chinese Turkestan" as very commonly used by Europeans at that time also appeared before "East Turkestan". Also considering that "Xinjiang" is used in articles like History of Xinjiang, I think a name like "History of migrations to Xinjiang" would be better. --Wengier (talk) 16:35, 12 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Well, it's still an improvement, I'm not opposed. I'd like to hear the opinion of other users on the Xinjiang/East Turkestan issue. Super Dromaeosaurus (talk) 20:34, 12 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Meanwhile, upon more researches I want to add that the term "East Turkestan" (as coined in the 19th century by Russian Nikita Bichurin, along with the name "West Turkestan" referring to Russian Turkestan) is considered ambiguous especially in historical sense. For example, the book "The East Turkestan Independence Movement, 1930s-1940s" (page 28) mentions that "The spatial ambiguity is due to the fact that the term 'East Turkestan' has been used at various times in reference to southern Xinjiang (the Tarim Basin and the surrounding region), in reference to the region of eastern Xinjiang containing the Hami Basin, and even in reference to the entire territory of Xinjiang". Thus, the regions that the term referred to can vary considerably, especially in historical sense. But according to WP:CRITERIA, "Precision" is considered very important for an article title (along with characteristics like "Naturalness" and "Consistency"). --Wengier (talk) 21:01, 12 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

The preciseness of official terms (like Xinjiang) is not necessarily a virtue. Srnec (talk) 23:04, 12 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Oppose Article is mostly historical and current migration efforts of successive Chinese political entities in its control of the region. I don't see the need to move to East Turkestan primarily it being a politically charged association to the breakaway movement. – robertsky (talk) 07:44, 13 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

[Harrison2013-1] Henrietta Harrison (1 June 2013). The Missionary's Curse and Other Tales from a Chinese Catholic Village. University of California Press. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-0-520-95472-4.

[2] Peter C Perdue (30 June 2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (PDF). Harvard University Press. pp. 324–. ISBN 978-0-674-04202-5. Archived from the original on 2012-10-26 20:05. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)

[3] Peter C Perdue (30 June 2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (PDF). Harvard University Press. pp. 341–. ISBN 978-0-674-04202-5. Archived from the original on 2012-10-26 20:07. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)

[4] Cuirong Liu; Shouqian Shi (2002). 經濟史, 都市文化與物質文化. Zhong yang yan jiu yuan li shi yu yan yan jiu suo. p. 212.

[5] Cuirong Liu; Shouqian Shi (2002). 經濟史, 都市文化與物質文化. Zhong yang yan jiu yuan li shi yu yan yan jiu suo. p. 212.

[6] Cuirong Liu; Shouqian Shi (2002). 經濟史, 都市文化與物質文化. Zhong yang yan jiu yuan li shi yu yan yan jiu suo. p. 212.

[7] Newby, L. J. (1998). "The Begs of Xinjiang: Between Two Worlds". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 61 (2). Cambridge University Press on behalf of School of Oriental and African Studies: 290. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00013811. JSTOR 3107653.

[Waley-Cohen1991-8] Joanna Waley-Cohen (1 January 1991). Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820 (PDF). Yale University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-300-04827-8 (PDF). {{cite book}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help)

[BrookWakabayashi2000-9] Timothy Brook; Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (2000). Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839-1952. University of California Press. pp. 148–. ISBN 978-0-520-22236-6.

[LeonardWatt1992-10] Jane Kate Leonard; John Robertson Watt (1992). To Achieve Security and Wealth: The Qing Imperial State and the Economy, 1644-1911. East Asia Program, Cornell University. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-939657-56-8.

[Millward1998-11] James Millward (1 June 1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864. Stanford University Press. pp. 206–. ISBN 978-0-8047-9792-4.

[MillwardHistory1993-12] James A. Millward; Stanford University. Dept. of History (1993). Beyond the pass: commerce, ethnicity and the Qing empire in Xinjiang, 1759-1864. Stanford University. p. 276. Cite error: The named reference "MillwardHistory1993" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[Waley-Cohen1987-13] Joanna Waley-Cohen (1987). The Stranger Paths of Banishment: Exile to the Xinjiang Frontier in Mid-Qing China.

[So2011-14] Alvin Y. So (1 January 2011). Handbook of Contemporary China. World Scientific. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-981-4350-09-9.

[TaySo2011-15] William S Tay; Alvin Y So (10 October 2011). Handbook of Contemporary China. World Scientific. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-981-4460-51-4.

[16] Alvin Y. So (1 January 2011). Handbook of Contemporary China. World Scientific. pp. 145–. ISBN 978-981-4350-09-9.

[17] William S Tay; Alvin Y So (10 October 2011). Handbook of Contemporary China. World Scientific. pp. 145–. ISBN 978-981-4460-51-4.

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment

Untitled

Central Asia template?

POV check

External links modified

External links modified

External links modified (January 2018)

Han, or Han *and* Hui?

Requested move 5 October 2023

Han, or Han and Hui?