Portal:Mammals

The Mammals portal A mammal (from Latin mamma 'breast') is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia (/məˈmeɪli.ə/). Mammals are characterised by the presence of milk-producing mammary glands for feeding their young, a broad neocortex region of the brain, fur or hair, and three middle ear bones. These characteristics distinguish them from reptiles and birds, from which their ancestors diverged in the Carboniferous Period over 300 million years ago. Around 6,400 extant species of mammals have been described and divided into 27 orders. The study of mammals is called mammalogy. The largest orders of mammals, by number of species, are the rodents, bats, and eulipotyphlans (including hedgehogs, moles and shrews). The next three are the primates (including humans, monkeys and lemurs), the even-toed ungulates (including pigs, camels, and whales), and the Carnivora (including cats, dogs, and seals). Mammals are the only living members of Synapsida; this clade, together with Sauropsida (reptiles and birds), constitutes the larger Amniota clade. Early synapsids are referred to as "pelycosaurs." The more advanced therapsids became dominant during the Guadalupian. Mammals originated from cynodonts, an advanced group of therapsids, during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic. Mammals achieved their modern diversity in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs, and have been the dominant terrestrial animal group from 66 million years ago to the present. The basic mammalian body type is quadrupedal, with most mammals using four limbs for terrestrial locomotion; but in some, the limbs are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees or underground. The bipeds have adapted to move using only the two lower limbs, while the rear limbs of cetaceans and the sea cows are mere internal vestiges. Mammals range in size from the 30–40 millimetres (1.2–1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 30 metres (98 ft) blue whale—possibly the largest animal to have ever lived. Maximum lifespan varies from two years for the shrew to 211 years for the bowhead whale. All modern mammals give birth to live young, except the five species of monotremes, which lay eggs. The most species-rich group is the viviparous placental mammals, so named for the temporary organ (placenta) used by offspring to draw nutrition from the mother during gestation. Most mammals are intelligent, with some possessing large brains, self-awareness, and tool use. Mammals can communicate and vocalise in several ways, including the production of ultrasound, scent marking, alarm signals, singing, echolocation; and, in the case of humans, complex language. Mammals can organise themselves into fission–fusion societies, harems, and hierarchies—but can also be solitary and territorial. Most mammals are polygynous, but some can be monogamous or polyandrous. Domestication of many types of mammals by humans played a major role in the Neolithic Revolution, and resulted in farming replacing hunting and gathering as the primary source of food for humans. This led to a major restructuring of human societies from nomadic to sedentary, with more co-operation among larger and larger groups, and ultimately the development of the first civilisations. Domesticated mammals provided, and continue to provide, power for transport and agriculture, as well as food (meat and dairy products), fur, and leather. Mammals are also hunted and raced for sport, kept as pets and working animals of various types, and are used as model organisms in science. Mammals have been depicted in art since Paleolithic times, and appear in literature, film, mythology, and religion. Decline in numbers and extinction of many mammals is primarily driven by human poaching and habitat destruction, primarily deforestation. (Full article...) Selected article The Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a marine mammal belonging to the suborder of baleen whales. At up to 33 metres (110 ft) in length and 181 metric tonnes (200 short tons) or more in weight, it is believed to be the largest animal to have ever lived, though some fragmentary dinosaur discoveries such as the colossal Amphicoelias fragillimus may challenge this long-held belief. Long and slender, the Blue Whale's body can be various shades of bluish-gray. There are at least three distinct subspecies: B. m. musculus of the north Atlantic and north Pacific, B. m. intermedia, of the Southern Ocean and B. m. brevicauda (also known as the Pygmy Blue Whale) found in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean. B. m. indica found in the Indian Ocean, may be another subspecies. As with other baleen whales, its diet consists mainly of small crustaceans known as krill, as well as small fish and squid. lue Whales were abundant in nearly all oceans until the beginning of the twentieth century. For over 40 years they were hunted almost to extinction by whalers until protected by the international community in 1966. A 2002 report estimated there were 5,000 to 12,000 Blue Whales worldwide located in at least five groups. More recent research into the Pygmy subspecies suggests this may be an underestimate. Before whaling the largest population was in the Antarctic, numbering approximately 239,000 (range 202,000 to 311,000). There remain only much smaller (around 2,000) concentrations in each of the North-East Pacific, Antarctic, and Indian Ocean groups. There are two more groups in the North Atlantic and at least two in the Southern Hemisphere. Did you know? Opposable 'thumb' on male polydactyl cat. ...that a polydactyl cat (pictured) is a cat that has more than the usual number of toes on one or all of its paws? ...that Unsinkable Sam was a ship's cat of both the Kriegsmarine and Royal Navy during the Second World War who survived the sinking of all three ships on which he served? ...that Able Seaman Just Nuisance is the only dog to have been officially enlisted in the Royal Navy? ...that the Moscow Water Dog, developed as a water rescue dog, preferred to bite drowning people instead of saving them? ...from its discovery by John Edward Gray in 1850 until a re-assessment in 1981, the Clymene Dolphin was regarded as sub-species of the Spinner Dolphin. ...the Australian Snubfin Dolphin (Orcaella heinsohni) is a recently recognised species of dolphin first described in 2005. Related portals Selected images European Hedgehog Photo: Hrald The European Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is a hedgehog species native to western and northern Europe. Adults are 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) in length, weighing from 600 to 1,200 g (21 to 42 oz), depending on the season, with males slightly larger than females. It is nocturnal, and if alarmed will roll itself into a ball, protecting itself against potential predators with its spines. Indian palm squirrel Photograph: Muhammad Mahdi Karim An Indian palm squirrel (Funambulus palmarum) photographed in Bangalore, India. In India these squirrels are associated with the Hindu deity Rama, an avatar of Vishnu, and as such are not to be harmed. However, in Western Australia they are considered pests and at times targeted for eradication. Sahelanthropus tchadensis Photo: Didier Descouens A cast of the extinct hominid species Sahelanthropus tchadensis holotype cranium, dubbed "Toumaï", in facio-lateral view. The original cranial fragment is dated to about 7 million years ago and was discovered in Chad. Other than Toumaï, the only Sahelanthropus remains to be discovered are five pieces of jaw and some teeth. Yellow-bellied marmot Photograph: David Iliff The yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) is a ground squirrel in the marmot genus. Found in the western United States and southwestern Canada, including the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, these marmots live in colonies of about ten to twenty individuals, typically located in open areas at least 6,500 feet (2,000 m) above sea level. Social grooming Photo: Muhammad Mahdi Karim Two olive baboons (Papio anubis) engaged in social grooming, an activity that social animals (including humans) engage in to clean or maintain one another's body or appearance. Grooming also reinforces social structures, family links, and builds relationships. It has been best studied among primates, but insects, birds, fish, and other mammals are known to engage in it as well. Snow leopard Photograph: Tambako The Jaguar A portrait of a snow leopard (Panthera uncia) at the Rheintal Zoo in Germany. This species of big cat in the genus Panthera is native to the mountain ranges of Central and South Asia. The snow leopard's adaptations for life in a cold, mountainous environment include a stocky body, thick fur, small rounded ears to minimize heat loss, and a short muzzle with unusually large nasal cavities that help the animal breathe the cold, thin air. Sea otter Photo credit: Mike Baird A sea otter (Enhydra lutris) nurses her pup from nipples on her abdomen. Native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean, sea otters eat primarily invertebrates such as sea urchins and are among the smallest marine mammals. They are vulnerable to oil spills as their primary form of insulation is thick fur. Koala Photo: Benjamint444 A female koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) with her joey clinging to her back. At birth the joey is hairless, blind, and earless, and only about 20 mm (0.79 in) long. It remains hidden in the pouch for about six months, feeding only on milk. During this time it will grow ears, eyes, and fur. The joey will remain with its mother for another six months or so, riding on her back, and feeding on both milk and eucalypt leaves until weaning is complete at about 12 months of age. Olive baboon Photo: Muhammad Mahdi Karim The olive baboon (Papio anubis) is an Old World monkey found in 25 countries throughout Africa, making it the most widely ranging of all baboons. It is named for its coat, which, at a distance, is a shade of green-grey. At closer range, its coat is multi-colored, due to rings of yellow-brown and black on the hairs. It is omnivorous, finding nutrition in almost any environment, and able to adapt with different foraging tactics. Parma Wallaby Photo credit: Benjamint444 A female Parma Wallaby (Macropus parma) and her joey. This wallaby species is the smallest member of the genus Macropus, at between 3.2 and 5.8 kilograms (7.1 and 12.8 lb) and about 50 centimetres (1.6 ft) in length. It was believed to be extinct before the end of the 19th century, but a population was found on Kawau Island in 1965, and two years later another population was found in the forests near Gosford, New South Wales. They are now classified as Near Threatened. Leopard Photograph credit: Diego Delso The leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of five extant species in the genus Panthera, a member of the cat family, Felidae. This photograph shows a leopard devouring an impala in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Compared to other wild cats, the leopard has a relatively large skull with powerful jaws, a long body and short legs. It can climb trees very skilfully, often rests on tree branches and can descend to the ground head first. An adult leopard is strong enough to drag a carcass heavier than itself up into a tree, where the prey may be eaten straight away or cached to be consumed later. Female proboscis monkey on Borneo Photograph: Charles J. Sharp A female proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) at Labuk Bay, Sabah, Malaysia. This monkey is endemic to Borneo. Though the female has a large nose, it is smaller than that of the male. European bison Photo: Michael Gäbler The European bison or wisent (Bison bonasus) is the heaviest of the surviving land animals in Europe, with males growing to around 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). European bison were hunted to extinction in the wild, but have since been reintroduced from captivity into several countries. This male is moulting, his winter coat coming off in clumps. Lion Photo credit: Luca Galuzzi Male lion (Panthera leo) and cub eating a Cape buffalo in Northern Sabi Sand, South Africa. Lions are true predators who can require an average of up to seven kilograms (15 lbs) of meat daily to survive. Large mammals comprise an important part of a lion's diet. Pantanal jaguar Photograph: Charles J. Sharp A wild male jaguar (Panthera onca) near the Rio Negro in the Pantanal, Brazil. Jaguars from the Pantanal are the largest of their species, about 2.7 m (8.9 ft) long, with an average weight of about 100 kg (220 lb), and some weighing more than 135 kg (298 lb). A red jaguar was a mascot of the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, and during the 2016 Summer Olympics, a jaguar in the national colors of green and yellow was the Brazil team's mascot. Scientific classification Kingdom→ Animalia   Phylum→ Chordata   Subphylum→ Vertebrata   Superclass→ Tetrapoda   (unranked)→ Amniota   Class→ Mammalia Subclasses and Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria * Member of a haplogroup and not any of its subclades. † Taxon is extinct. Topics Subcategories Category puzzle Select [►] to view subcategories Mammals Mammals by adaptation Mammals by classification Mammals by year of formal description Mammals by location Extinct mammals Individual mammals Lists of mammals Mammal anatomy Mammal behavior Mammal common names Mammal conservation Mammal ecology Evolution of mammals Mammal genetics Mammal health Mammalian hormones Mammals and humans Mammal images Mammal redirects Milk Mammal pest control Reproduction in mammals Songs about mammals Mammal taxa Ungulates Mammal stubs Quality content Featured articles Alcathoe bat Alpine ibex Ambondro mahabo Ambulocetus Baleen whale Bat Beaver Bharattherium Blue whale Bluebuck Bobcat Camas pocket gopher Canada lynx Catopsbaatar Columbian mammoth Cougar Cryptoprocta spelea Dermotherium Dire wolf Durrell's vontsira Elephant Elk Escalera's bat European hare Evolution of lemurs Ferugliotheriidae Ferugliotherium Flocke Fossa (animal) Giant anteater Giant eland Giant otter Giraffe Golden jackal Hartebeest Hippopotamus Homo antecessor Horseshoe bat Humpback whale Impala Jaguar Javan rhinoceros Knut (polar bear) Koala Lavanify Lion Livyatan Marcus Ward Lyon Jr. Meerkat Manor Meerkat Manor: The Story Begins Megabat Miniopterus aelleni Miniopterus griveaudi North Ronaldsay sheep Orca Paraceratherium Pennatomys Pinniped Pipistrellus raceyi Platypus Plesiorycteropus Polar bear Primate Pygmy hippopotamus Quagga Raccoon Red panda Right whale Rodent Sea mink Sea otter Sheep Short-beaked echidna Smilodon South Asian river dolphin Springbok Steller's sea cow Sumatran rhinoceros Tammar wallaby Tasmanian devil Taxonomy of lemurs Thylacine Tiger Transandinomys Triaenops menamena Wolf Woolly mammoth Zebra Featured lists List of cetaceans List of mammals of Florida List of afrosoricids List of artiodactyls List of bovids List of canids List of carnivorans List of cercopithecoids List of cervids List of cingulates List of crocidurines List of dasyuromorphs List of didelphimorphs List of diprotodonts List of erinaceids List of eulipotyphlans List of felids List of fruit bats List of herpestids List of hipposiderids List of hominoids List of kerivoulines List of lagomorphs List of leporids List of lorisoids List of macropodiformes List of macroscelids List of mammals of Korea List of mephitids List of miniopterids List of molossids List of murinines List of mustelids List of myosoricines List of myotines List of ochotonids List of peramelemorphs List of perissodactyls List of phalangeriformes List of pholidotans List of pilosans List of pinnipeds List of platyrrhines List of primates List of procyonids List of rhinolophids List of scandentians List of soricines List of suines List of talpids List of tarsiiformes List of ursids List of vespertilionines List of viverrids Featured topics Lagomorphs Mesozoic mammals of Madagascar Oryzomys Primates Transandinomys Voalavo Featured pictures File:003 Wild Alpine Ibex Sunset Creux du Van Mont Racine Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg File:07. Camel Profile, near Silverton, NSW, 07.07.2007.jpg File:020 The lion king Snyggve in the Serengeti National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg File:035 Uganda kobs mating at Queen Elizabeth National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg File:094 Wild female Alpine Ibex at Creux du Van Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg File:2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg File:2012-bb-jackal-1.jpg File:Aepyceros melampus petersi female 8014.jpg File:African Bush Elephant.jpg File:African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) male with Oxpecker.jpg File:African elephant warning raised trunk.jpg File:Albino Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus.jpg File:Antarctic Sound-2016-Brown Bluff–Leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) 04.jpg File:Antarctic Sound-2016-Brown Bluff–Leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) 05.jpg File:Antidorcas marsupialis 2.jpg File:Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) female 3 crop.jpg File:Bison skull pile edit.jpg File:Blue Wildebeest, Ngorongoro.jpg File:Bos grunniens at Letdar on Annapurna Circuit.jpg File:Bos grunniens at Yundrok Yumtso Lake.jpg File:BrownSpiderMonkey (edit2).jpg File:CH cow 2.jpg File:California sea lion in La Jolla (70568).jpg File:Cattle tyrant (Machetornis rixosa) on Capybara.jpg File:Cervus canadensis nannodes at Tomales Point.jpg File:Charolais cattle, Sierra Nevada, Venezuela.jpg File:Cheetahs on the Edge (Director's Cut).ogv File:Chipmunk with stuffed cheeks in Prospect Park (05980).jpg File:Choloepus hoffmanni (Puerto Viejo, CR) crop.jpg File:Common seal (Phoca vitulina) 2.jpg File:Cow giving birth, in Laos (step by step).jpg File:Cynomys ludovicianus GNP 21.jpg File:Drymoreomys albimaculatus 002.jpg File:Duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) Scottsdale.jpg File:Eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) Mount Annan composite of 6.jpg File:Eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) fawn morph Esk Valley.jpg File:Endangered arctic - starving polar bear.jpg File:Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) female 1.jpg File:European bison (Bison bonasus) male Białowieza.jpg File:Felis silvestris silvestris.jpg File:Female impala.jpg File:Fighting impalas edit2.jpg File:Five-striped palm squirrel (Funambulus pennantii).jpg File:Gacela de Thomson (Eudorcas thomsonii), parque nacional de Amboseli, Kenia, 2024-05-23, DD 11.jpg File:Galerella sanguinea Zoo Praha 2011-2.jpg File:Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) male.jpg File:Giraffa camelopardalis head (Profil).jpg File:Giraffe Mikumi National Park.jpg File:Haeckel Chiroptera.jpg File:Hippo pod edit.jpg File:Horse anatomy.svg File:Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) with calf Moorea 2.jpg File:Humpbackwhale singing.webm File:Iceland-1979445 (cropped 3).jpg File:Impala mutualim with birds wide.jpg File:Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) 4.jpg File:Jaguar (Panthera onca palustris) male Three Brothers River 2.jpg File:Koala climbing tree.jpg File:Lama glama Laguna Colorada 2.jpg File:Lince ibérico (Lynx pardinus), Almuradiel, Ciudad Real, España, 2021-12-19, DD 07.jpg File:Lion (Panthera leo) male 6y.jpg File:LutraCanadensis fullres.jpg File:MC Drei-Finger-Faultier.jpg File:Macrocranion tupaiodon 01.jpg File:Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus Bruny.jpg File:Marmota monax UL 04.jpg File:Mother and baby sperm whale.jpg File:Mud Cow Racing - Pacu Jawi - West Sumatra, Indonesia.jpg File:New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) female with suckling pup Kangaroo Island.jpg File:Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) male.jpg File:Oryctolagus cuniculus Tasmania 2.jpg File:Panthera tigris tigris Tidoba 20150306.jpg File:Perameles gunni.jpg File:Plains Zebra Equus quagga.jpg File:Polynesian flying fox (Pteropus tonganus) in flight Taveuni.jpg File:Red Panda (24986761703).jpg File:Red Panda.JPG File:Red-tailed squirrel (Sciurus granatensis chrysuros) male Caldas.jpg File:Roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus koba).jpg File:Rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) 2.jpg File:Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) adult male.jpg File:Sea otter nursing02.jpg File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Ursa Major.jpg File:Sonoma chipmunk at Samuel P. Taylor State Park.jpg File:South-western black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis occidentalis) female.jpg File:Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta).jpg File:The Monarch of the Glen, Edwin Landseer, 1851.png File:Thylogale billardierii.jpg File:Topi (Damaliscus lunatus jimela) female.jpg File:Tragelaphus strepsiceros ♂ (head).jpg File:Ugandan kobs (Kobus kob thomasi) female and calf.jpg File:Vombatus ursinus -Maria Island National Park.jpg File:Xerus inauris.jpg File:Zebra portrait.jpg Good articles Acrophyseter Addax African wild dog Alpine pika Amami rabbit Andrewsarchus Animal echolocation Anoplotherium Apeomyoides Ardipithecus ramidus Argentodites Arktocara Asian elephant Aurochs Australopithecus deyiremeda Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba Azilestes Banteng Bare-tailed woolly opossum Bat virome Bay duiker Bear Beaver drop Big brown bat Billy (pygmy hippopotamus) Binky (polar bear) Black-footed cat Black-tailed jackrabbit Black wildebeest Blackbuck Blue duiker Blue wildebeest Bohor reedbuck Boreray sheep Bottlenose dolphin Bovidae Bramble Cay melomys Brown bear Brygmophyseter California sea lion Campbell's dwarf hamster Canidae Capybara Castorocauda Cat Catodontherium Cattle Cheetah Chororapithecus Christmas Island flying fox Cinnamon red bat Clouded leopard Common eland Common vampire bat Coyote Pigs in culture Dacrytherium Dark long-tongued bat Dibatag Dichodon (mammal) Dimetrodon Diplobune Diprotodon Doedicurus Dog Domestic rabbit Domestication of the sheep Dromedary Dryopithecus Duerotherium Dugong Dusky dolphin Dwarf dog-faced bat Dwarf sperm whale Egyptian fruit bat Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus Enhydriodon Ephelcomenus Equus (genus) Ethiopian hare Ethiopian highland hare European polecat Evolution of cetaceans False killer whale Ferret-legging Fin whale Fisher (animal) Fishing cat Flea Forrest's pika Four-horned antelope Fraternal fruit-eating bat Galulatherium Geoffroy's spider monkey Giant golden-crowned flying fox Giant panda Gigantopithecus Glover's pika Glyptodon Glyptotherium Goat Great flying fox Grévy's zebra Guano Hammer-headed bat Herdwick Herto Man Heuglin's gazelle Hewitt's red rock hare Hipposideros besaoka Homo erectus Homo rudolfensis Homo ergaster Homo habilis Homo heidelbergensis Honduran white bat Honey badger Horse Human Idaho pocket gopher Indian flying fox Indian rhinoceros Inyo shrew Isalo serotine Jacob sheep Jaguarundi Janjucetus Japanese serow Josephoartigasia Jungle cat Kenyanthropus Kitti's hog-nosed bat Klipspringer Kogia pusilla LACM 149371 Lagrivea Laomaki Large Black Least weasel Leopard Lesser kudu Little brown bat Malagasy hippopotamus Mammal Manavi long-fingered bat Marine mammal Marsh shrew Meerkat Megaherbivore Mesozoic mammals of Madagascar Microgale macpheei Miniopterus brachytragos Miniopterus mahafaliensis Miniopterus tao Miniopterus zapfei Mixtotherium Monk seal Mountain nyala Moupin pika Muskrat Nakalipithecus Narwhal Natal red rock hare Nilgai Nyala Ocelot Ocepeia Okapi Orcinus citoniensis Oribi Ortotherium Palaeotherium Panthera onca mesembrina Paranthropus Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus boisei Paranthropus robustus Paratheria (mammals) Pig Pilot whale Plains zebra Porpoise Pteropus Pubal Pudu Pygmy three-toed sloth Quoll Rabbit Red fox Reigomys Rhinogradentia Rice's whale River dolphin Royal antelope Saadanius Sei whale Serval Setirostris Shetland sheep Sirenia Sitatunga Six-banded armadillo Smith's red rock hare Snow leopard Spectral bat Spotted hyena Stellaluna Stotting Straight-tusked elephant Sun bear Swift fox Tamaraw Thalassocnus Tiger quoll Tinodon Trapalcotherium Triaenops goodmani Tricolored bat Tupaia miocenica Turkestan red pika UA 8699 Veratalpa Vietnam mouse-deer Walrus Waterbuck Whale White-lipped peccary Wildebeest William Windsor (goat) Winter white dwarf hamster Xiphodon Yarkand hare Yellow-bellied marmot Yunnan hare Zygophyseter Pallas's cat Sand cat Asiatic cheetah African bush elephant Fennec fox Scimitar oryx WikiProjects Biology Tree of Life Plants Arthropods Cephalopods Gastropods Fishes Amphibians and Reptiles Birds Mammals WikiProject Mammals Bats task force WikiProject Dogs WikiProject Dog breeds WikiProject Rodents WikiProject Cats WikiProject Equine WikiProject Horse breeds WikiProject Cetaceans WikiProject Primates WikiProject Monotremes and Marsupials Viruses A complete list of scientific WikiProjects can be found here. See also Wikispecies, a Wikimedia project dedicated to classification of biological species. Things to do Here are some tasks awaiting attention: Article requests : Missing mammal species articles – Create a new article Cleanup : Cleanup listing for WikiProject Mammals – Functional list of mammal articles that need improvements Photo : Mammal articles without images – Upload and/or add images to articles Stubs : Expand Stub-Class mammal articles External media Wilson & Reeders Mammal Species of the World – from Bucknell University Mammal Species of the World – from National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Associated Wikimedia The following Wikimedia Foundation sister projects provide more on this subject: Commons Free media repository Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikinews Free-content news Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning tools Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Discover Wikipedia using portals List of all portals The arts portal Biography portal Current events portal Geography portal History portal Mathematics portal Science portal Society portal Technology portal Random portal WikiProject Portals