Portal:Biology

Darlingtonia californica — California pitcher plant This patch of Darligtonias is the northernmost natural patch.
Harvestman (Opilio canestrinii), male, on a geranium flower. He is cleaning his leg by drawing it through his jaws.

Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are composed of at least one cell that processes hereditary information encoded in genes, which can be transmitted to future generations. Another major theme is evolution, which explains the unity and diversity of life. Energy processing is also important to life as it allows organisms to move, grow, and reproduce. Finally, all organisms can regulate their own internal environments. (Full article...)

Featured article

A virus is a tiny infectious agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts. When infected, the host cell is forced to rapidly produce thousands of identical copies of the original virus. Unlike most living things, viruses do not have cells that divide; new viruses assemble in the infected host cell. But unlike simpler infectious agents like prions, they contain genes, which allow them to mutate and evolve. Over 4,800 species of viruses have been described in detail out of the millions in the environment. Their origin is unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria.

Viruses are made of either two or three parts. All include genes. These genes contain the encoded biological information of the virus and are built from either DNA or RNA. All viruses are also covered with a protein coat to protect the genes. Some viruses may also have an envelope of fat-like substance that covers the protein coat, and makes them vulnerable to soap. A virus with this "viral envelope" uses it—along with specific receptors—to enter a new host cell. Viruses vary in shape from the simple helical and icosahedral to more complex structures. Viruses range in size from 20 to 300 nanometres; it would take 33,000 to 500,000 of them, side by side, to stretch to 1 centimetre (0.4 in). (Full article...)

Popular pages

Period: 2025-02-01 to 2025-02-28

Total views: 10,308,225

Updated: 10:36, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

Rank	Page title	Views	Daily average	Assessment	Importance
1	Sex	544,917	19,461	B	Top
2	Ejaculation	141,396	5,049	C	Mid
3	Animal	139,687	4,988	GA	Top
4	Charles Darwin	138,402	4,942	FA	Top
5	Aristotle	123,473	4,409	GA	Top
6	List of common misconceptions	88,255	3,151	List	Mid
7	Sexual dimorphism	82,899	2,960	B	High
8	DNA	71,687	2,560	FA	Top
9	Typhoid fever	71,564	2,555	B	Low
10	Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event	67,837	2,422	FA	High
11	Taxonomy (biology)	66,996	2,392	GA	High
12	Hydrogen	66,376	2,370	FA	Unknown
13	Organ (biology)	65,010	2,321	C	High
14	Hermaphrodite	63,702	2,275	C	High
15	Death	60,484	2,160	B	Top
16	Oxygen	60,284	2,153	FA	Unknown
17	Twin	58,432	2,086	B	Mid
18	Carbon	57,267	2,045	GA	Unknown
19	Sarcoidosis	56,693	2,024	B	Mid
20	Plant	56,255	2,009	GA	Top
21	Bret Weinstein	55,836	1,994	C	Low
22	Virus	52,023	1,857	FA	Top
23	Extraterrestrial life	50,063	1,787	C	High
24	Species	49,945	1,783	GA	Top
25	Bacteria	49,676	1,774	FA	Top
26	Life	48,835	1,744	GA	Top
27	Alien abduction	48,402	1,728	C	High
28	Louis Pasteur	47,355	1,691	B	High
29	Vivisection	45,713	1,632	C	High
30	Biology	44,589	1,592	GA	Top
31	Nitrogen	44,144	1,576	GA	Unknown
32	Carl Linnaeus	43,034	1,536	GA	Top
33	Vertebrate	43,031	1,536	GA	High
34	Extinction	42,678	1,524	C	High
35	Strangling	42,606	1,521	C	Low
36	Evolution	41,331	1,476	FA	Top
37	Extinction event	40,828	1,458	B	High
38	Nail clubbing	40,585	1,449	C	Low
39	Adolescence	40,553	1,448	B	Mid
40	Abiogenesis	40,321	1,440	GA	High
41	Conservation status	38,838	1,387	C	Mid
42	Nervous system	38,587	1,378	B	High
43	Cell (biology)	38,260	1,366	C	Top
44	Genus	38,229	1,365	C	Mid
45	Apex predator	37,988	1,356	GA	Low
46	Parthenogenesis	37,974	1,356	C	High
47	Alice Roberts	37,586	1,342	B	Low
48	Gregor Mendel	37,445	1,337	B	Mid
49	Rosalind Franklin	36,555	1,305	B	High
50	Pituitary gland	36,281	1,295	C	Mid
51	Conjoined twins	35,969	1,284	C	Low
52	Parasitism	35,777	1,277	GA	High
53	List of longest-living organisms	35,430	1,265	List	Low
54	Ovulation	35,026	1,250	B	Low
55	Endemism	34,417	1,229	C	High
56	Disease	34,161	1,220	B	High
57	Sexual reproduction	34,078	1,217	C	Mid
58	DNA and RNA codon tables	33,751	1,205	FL	High
59	Kingdom (biology)	33,579	1,199	B	Mid
60	Taxonomic rank	33,396	1,192	B	Mid
61	Neuron	32,982	1,177	B	High
62	Organism	32,555	1,162	GA	Top
63	White blood cell	32,402	1,157	B	Mid
64	Blood pressure	32,258	1,152	B	Low
65	Female	31,989	1,142	C	Top
66	Lymph node	31,899	1,139	C	Mid
67	Menstruation	31,200	1,114	B	Low
68	Christine Grady	30,687	1,095	Start	Low
69	Developmental coordination disorder	29,675	1,059	B	Mid
70	Cardiopulmonary resuscitation	29,538	1,054	B	Mid
71	Thalassemia	29,392	1,049	B	Mid
72	Biotechnology	29,058	1,037	C	Low
73	Female reproductive system	28,743	1,026	C	High
74	Last universal common ancestor	28,379	1,013	GA	Mid
75	Health	27,954	998	B	High
76	Anger	27,845	994	B	Mid
77	Protist	27,510	982	B	Low
78	Fossil	27,344	976	B	High
79	Binomial nomenclature	27,302	975	C	Mid
80	Behavioral sink	27,156	969	C	Mid
81	Color	27,122	968	B	Low
82	Race and intelligence	27,096	967	C	Mid
83	Male	26,867	959	C	Top
84	Homosexual behavior in animals	26,506	946	C	Low
85	HeLa	26,131	933	C	Low
86	Infant	25,955	926	B	Mid
87	James Watson	25,644	915	B	High
88	Homeostasis	25,253	901	C	High
89	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale	24,566	877	C	Low
90	Male reproductive system	24,460	873	C	Mid
91	Anatomy	24,248	866	GA	Top
92	Hybrid (biology)	24,226	865	GA	Mid
93	Protozoa	24,091	860	C	High
94	Childbirth	24,084	860	B	Top
95	Visual snow syndrome	24,026	858	Start	Low
96	Symbiosis	23,955	855	C	Mid
97	Linus Pauling	23,623	843	B	High
98	Child	23,263	830	B	Mid
99	Multiple birth	23,067	823	C	Low
100	Natural selection	22,860	816	GA	Top
101	Shyamala Gopalan	22,700	810	C	Low
102	Antonie van Leeuwenhoek	22,655	809	B	High
103	Genetics	22,400	800	FA	Top
104	Intelligence	22,400	800	B	High
105	Pelagic zone	22,310	796	C	Mid
106	Aquiline nose	22,155	791	C	Low
107	Paleontology	22,136	790	GA	Top
108	Jagadish Chandra Bose	22,080	788	B	Mid
109	Germ theory of disease	21,836	779	C	Low
110	Microorganism	21,741	776	GA	Top
111	History of HIV/AIDS	21,629	772	B	High
112	Domain (biology)	21,586	770	B	Mid
113	Family (biology)	21,496	767	Start	Mid
114	Unethical human experimentation in the United States	20,827	743	B	Low
115	Microscope	20,779	742	C	High
116	Drake equation	20,770	741	B	High
117	Hadal zone	20,768	741	C	Mid
118	Plankton	20,522	732	C	High
119	Galen	20,381	727	B	High
120	Ecology	20,203	721	GA	Top
121	Miscarriage	20,189	721	B	Mid
122	Neontology	20,181	720	Start	Mid
123	Mutation	20,159	719	B	Top
124	Secondary sex characteristic	20,083	717	C	Mid
125	Ageing	19,979	713	B	High
126	Albert Bourla	19,739	704	C	Low
127	Physiology	19,650	701	B	High
128	Basal metabolic rate	19,543	697	C	Mid
129	Megadiverse countries	19,434	694	Start	Mid
130	Neoteny	19,415	693	B	Low
131	Alexander von Humboldt	19,320	690	B	Top
132	Old age	19,135	683	B	Mid
133	Entomology	19,101	682	C	High
134	Epidemiology	18,853	673	C	Low
135	Handedness	18,587	663	C	Low
136	Adipose tissue	18,573	663	B	Mid
137	Anus	18,366	655	Start	Mid
138	Mitochondrial Eve	18,317	654	B	Mid
139	Sense	18,243	651	B	Mid
140	Infidelity	18,171	648	B	Mid
141	Botany	18,144	648	GA	High
142	Neuroscience	18,136	647	B	High
143	Largest organisms	17,668	631	Start	High
144	Defecation	17,631	629	C	Low
145	De-extinction	17,512	625	C	Mid
146	Stromatolite	17,330	618	B	Low
147	Prednisolone	17,269	616	C	Mid
148	Human feces	17,258	616	C	High
149	Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	17,135	611	B	High
150	Francis Crick	17,095	610	B	High
151	Breast milk	17,092	610	C	Mid
152	Carnivore	17,061	609	B	Low
153	Preadolescence	17,026	608	Start	Mid
154	Domestication	16,971	606	GA	Mid
155	Reproduction	16,901	603	B	High
156	Biochemistry	16,843	601	C	High
157	Order (biology)	16,432	586	C	High
158	Natural History Museum, London	16,372	584	C	Mid
159	Wildlife	15,874	566	C	High
160	Life on Mars	15,731	561	B	Mid
161	Albinism in humans	15,639	558	C	Low
162	Alfred Russel Wallace	15,399	549	FA	High
163	Living fossil	15,250	544	C	Mid
164	Senescence	15,098	539	C	Mid
165	Unicellular organism	14,934	533	C	Low
166	Emergence	14,903	532	Start	Mid
167	CRISPR gene editing	14,895	531	B	Top
168	Biological warfare	14,845	530	B	Mid
169	Human reproduction	14,688	524	C	High
170	List of organisms by chromosome count	14,684	524	List	Low
171	Macrophage	14,661	523	B	Low
172	List of life sciences	14,655	523	List	Mid
173	Ambidexterity	14,572	520	Start	Low
174	Metamorphosis	14,528	518	C	Mid
175	Composition of the human body	14,496	517	C	Low
176	In situ	14,389	513	Start	Unknown
177	Incense	14,367	513	C	Mid
178	Extant taxon	14,296	510	Redirect	NA
179	Zoology	14,278	509	B	Top
180	Male pregnancy	14,261	509	B	Low
181	Abyssal zone	14,223	507	Start	Low
182	List of causes of death by rate	14,027	500	List	Low
183	Biological immortality	13,982	499	B	Top
184	Bioinformatics	13,938	497	C	Low
185	Embryo	13,901	496	B	Mid
186	Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw	13,838	494	B	Low
187	Chirality	13,733	490	B	Mid
188	John M. Jumper	13,699	489	Start	Low
189	Mirror life	13,672	488	Start	Low
190	History of life	13,590	485	GA	Top
191	Robert Koch	13,532	483	C	High
192	Adult	13,490	481	B	Mid
193	Cultured meat	13,467	480	B	Unknown
194	Toddler	13,448	480	Start	Mid
195	Ethology	13,436	479	B	High
196	Human–animal hybrid	13,251	473	C	Low
197	Afterimage	13,194	471	C	Low
198	Exponential growth	13,086	467	B	Low
199	Genetic code	12,810	457	GA	Top
200	He Jiankui affair	12,737	454	C	High
201	Scientific law	12,713	454	C	Mid
202	Ronald Fisher	12,711	453	B	High
203	Panspermia	12,663	452	B	Low
204	Cosmopolitan distribution	12,649	451	Start	Mid
205	Keystone species	12,578	449	GA	Low
206	Jared Diamond	12,557	448	B	Mid
207	Lordosis behavior	12,480	445	Start	Low
208	Habitable zone	12,475	445	B	Low
209	Implantation (embryology)	12,441	444	C	Mid
210	Polyphenol	12,411	443	Start	Low
211	Biology and sexual orientation	12,407	443	C	Mid
212	Floater	12,240	437	B	Low
213	Commensalism	12,219	436	C	Mid
214	Birth rate	12,211	436	C	Mid
215	Earliest known life forms	12,137	433	C	High
216	The Selfish Gene	12,081	431	B	Mid
217	Father	12,066	430	C	Mid
218	Closed-eye hallucination	11,943	426	C	Low
219	Selective breeding	11,894	424	C	Mid
220	Bipedalism	11,660	416	B	Mid
221	Littoral zone	11,660	416	Start	Mid
222	Insemination	11,600	414	C	Mid
223	Benthic zone	11,552	412	C	Low
224	Mother	11,454	409	C	High
225	Morphology (biology)	11,382	406	C	Low
226	Cell biology	11,359	405	C	High
227	Violence	11,203	400	C	Mid
228	Sibling	11,175	399	C	Mid
229	List of human hormones	11,133	397	List	Mid
230	Phosphene	11,087	395	C	Mid
231	Fiber	11,013	393	C	Mid
232	Lordosis	10,962	391	C	Low
233	Biosphere	10,918	389	C	Top
234	Monosaccharide	10,917	389	C	High
235	Venki Ramakrishnan	10,824	386	B	Mid
236	Gravidity and parity	10,798	385	C	Mid
237	Marine biology	10,623	379	C	High
238	Torpor	10,613	379	C	Mid
239	Stress (biology)	10,584	378	C	High
240	The Naked Woman	10,482	374	Stub	Low
241	Adolescent sexuality	10,481	374	B	Mid
242	Molecular biology	10,438	372	C	Top
243	Competition	10,399	371	C	Top
244	Crying	10,377	370	C	Low
245	Robin Wall Kimmerer	10,373	370	C	Low
246	Sex differences in humans	10,343	369	C	High
247	Cryopreservation	10,331	368	C	Low
248	Fauna	10,301	367	C	High
249	Gestation	10,294	367	Start	Mid
250	Natural history	10,242	365	C	High
251	Synanthrope	10,146	362	Start	Low
252	Life extension	10,030	358	B	Mid
253	Caenorhabditis elegans	10,011	357	GA	Top
254	Homogeneity and heterogeneity	9,991	356	C	Mid
255	Heritability of IQ	9,876	352	C	Low
256	Sneeze	9,852	351	Start	Low
257	William Harvey	9,843	351	C	High
258	Moulting	9,816	350	C	High
259	RNA world	9,810	350	C	Mid
260	Thermoregulation	9,803	350	C	Mid
261	Nerve	9,637	344	C	High
262	Protein folding	9,629	343	C	Low
263	Immortalised cell line	9,587	342	C	Mid
264	Marine life	9,549	341	B	High
265	Tradition	9,512	339	B	Mid
266	Lists of animals	9,488	338	List	High
267	Three-domain system	9,477	338	C	High
268	Microbiology	9,463	337	C	Mid
269	Birth	9,429	336	C	Mid
270	Alar Karis	9,419	336	Start	Low
271	Subcutaneous tissue	9,418	336	Start	Low
272	Gerontology	9,378	334	B	Mid
273	Abyssal plain	9,357	334	GA	Low
274	Visual perception	9,330	333	C	Low
275	Evolutionary biology	9,216	329	C	Top
276	Lynn Margulis	9,210	328	B	High
277	Vaginal flatulence	9,199	328	Stub	Low
278	Astrobiology	9,125	325	B	High
279	Goose bumps	9,122	325	Start	Mid
280	Magnetoreception	9,022	322	GA	Mid
281	Color vision	8,932	319	C	High
282	List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine	8,928	318	FL	High
283	Square–cube law	8,886	317	Start	Mid
284	Vitalism	8,805	314	B	High
285	Smallest organisms	8,723	311	C	Mid
286	Hypothetical types of biochemistry	8,675	309	C	Low
287	Animal suicide	8,670	309	C	Mid
288	Flow cytometry	8,567	305	C	Low
289	Melanism	8,531	304	C	Low
290	Excretion	8,458	302	Start	High
291	Parenchyma	8,428	301	Start	Mid
292	Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory	8,395	299	Start	Low
293	Polycephaly	8,381	299	B	Mid
294	Respiration (physiology)	8,327	297	Start	High
295	Flora	8,315	296	C	High
296	Human overpopulation	8,313	296	C	Low
297	Beta thalassemia	8,278	295	B	Mid
298	Native American disease and epidemics	8,274	295	C	Mid
299	Acedia	8,246	294	Start	Low
300	Mesopelagic zone	8,200	292	C	Mid
301	In vitro	8,190	292	C	Mid
302	Coolidge effect	8,169	291	Start	Low
303	Ectotherm	8,161	291	Start	Mid
304	Forced fatherhood	8,157	291	Start	Mid
305	Mebendazole	8,140	290	C	Mid
306	Animal testing	8,138	290	GA	Mid
307	Hematophagy	8,132	290	C	Mid
308	Human voice	8,109	289	B	Mid
309	Theophrastus	8,035	286	C	High
310	Tooth	8,025	286	B	Low
311	Sequential hermaphroditism	7,989	285	B	Low
312	Halima Cissé	7,955	284	Start	Low
313	Male lactation	7,929	283	C	Low
314	Rainbow baby	7,928	283	Start	Low
315	Common descent	7,870	281	B	High
316	Senicide	7,791	278	C	Mid
317	Purple Earth hypothesis	7,755	276	Start	Low
318	Har Gobind Khorana	7,689	274	C	High
319	Howard Hughes Medical Institute	7,663	273	C	Mid
320	List of sovereign states by sex ratio	7,663	273	List	Low
321	Hypercarnivore	7,585	270	Start	Low
322	Detritus	7,519	268	C	Mid
323	Biological engineering	7,511	268	C	High
324	Biological agent	7,494	267	C	Mid
325	Anthropometry	7,475	266	C	Low
326	Georges Cuvier	7,437	265	B	High
327	Toxicology	7,408	264	C	High
328	Cause of death	7,389	263	Start	Low
329	Sex ratio	7,317	261	Start	Mid
330	Introduced species	7,311	261	B	Low
331	Desiccation	7,281	260	C	Low
332	Linnaean taxonomy	7,272	259	C	Top
333	Human sex pheromones	7,205	257	Start	Low
334	Food safety	7,202	257	C	Mid
335	Catgut	7,198	257	C	Low
336	Barbara McClintock	7,153	255	FA	Mid
337	List of animals displaying homosexual behavior	7,127	254	List	Low
338	Electroreception and electrogenesis	7,125	254	GA	Low
339	Violence against Muslims in independent India	7,114	254	B	Mid
340	Offspring	7,022	250	Start	Mid
341	Lists of organisms by population	7,015	250	List	Low
342	Symmetry in biology	7,006	250	C	High
343	Animal echolocation	6,964	248	GA	Mid
344	Body shape	6,904	246	C	Low
345	Root	6,831	243	B	Mid
346	Single parent	6,830	243	B	Mid
347	J. B. S. Haldane	6,786	242	C	Low
348	Free energy principle	6,782	242	C	Low
349	Designer baby	6,734	240	B	High
350	Convention on Biological Diversity	6,688	238	C	Mid
351	Child development stages	6,681	238	List	High
352	Biological specificity	6,662	237	Start	Mid
353	Xenophilia	6,650	237	Start	Low
354	Photic zone	6,613	236	Start	Mid
355	Virus classification	6,603	235	C	High
356	Biomimetics	6,591	235	C	High
357	Dissection	6,588	235	B	High
358	Binocular vision	6,515	232	Start	Low
359	Hydrosphere	6,508	232	C	High
360	Development of the human body	6,507	232	C	High
361	Evolution of sexual reproduction	6,503	232	B	Mid
362	Biomechanics	6,416	229	C	High
363	Koch's postulates	6,412	229	C	Mid
364	Sexual characteristics	6,384	228	Start	Low
365	Female promiscuity	6,333	226	C	Low
366	Ribose	6,318	225	B	High
367	Embryology	6,313	225	C	Mid
368	Radiosynthesis (metabolism)	6,249	223	Start	Low
369	Motility	6,229	222	Start	Low
370	Abiotic component	6,226	222	Start	Low
371	Lipid bilayer	6,201	221	GA	High
372	Bioethics	6,192	221	Start	Mid
373	Folding@home	6,174	220	B	Mid
374	Human microbiome	6,088	217	B	Mid
375	Extraterrestrial intelligence	6,075	216	Start	Low
376	Organ (anatomy)	6,042	215	Redirect	NA
377	Frances Arnold	6,037	215	B	High
378	Aestivation	6,013	214	C	High
379	Blastocyst	5,943	212	C	Low
380	Life on Venus	5,923	211	C	Mid
381	Icelandic Phallological Museum	5,912	211	FA	Low
382	Catechin	5,911	211	Start	Mid
383	Artificial womb	5,885	210	C	Low
384	Mathematical and theoretical biology	5,784	206	C	High
385	Baby boom	5,710	203	Start	Low
386	Biophysics	5,690	203	C	Mid
387	Gastrulation	5,688	203	C	High
388	Classification	5,654	201	C	Mid
389	Enteric fever	5,651	201	Stub	Low
390	Dormancy	5,432	194	C	High
391	Relict (biology)	5,426	193	C	Low
392	Invented tradition	5,414	193	C	Low
393	Parent	5,386	192	C	Mid
394	History of malaria	5,375	191	GA	High
395	Host (biology)	5,371	191	GA	High
396	Janaki Ammal	5,314	189	B	Low
397	Biological life cycle	5,293	189	C	High
398	Blind spot (vision)	5,278	188	Start	Low
399	The Voyage of the Beagle	5,255	187	Start	Unknown
400	Life support	5,223	186	Start	Mid
401	Recapitulation theory	5,175	184	C	Mid
402	Cleavage (embryo)	5,162	184	C	Low
403	Electroejaculation	5,157	184	Start	Low
404	Molecular machine	5,147	183	C	Mid
405	Biogeography	5,119	182	Start	Mid
406	Biologist	5,110	182	C	High
407	Jeremy Griffith	5,098	182	B	Unknown
408	Hearing	5,082	181	C	Low
409	Warm-blooded	5,081	181	Start	Mid
410	Dryland farming	5,067	180	Start	Low
411	Sex allocation	5,056	180	C	Low
412	History of evolutionary thought	5,035	179	FA	High
413	Erythropoiesis	5,028	179	C	Mid
414	Age-of-consent reform	5,020	179	C	Low
415	List of unsolved problems in biology	5,016	179	List	Mid
416	Sleep cycle	4,933	176	C	Mid
417	Luigi Galvani	4,931	176	Start	Mid
418	Phenotypic trait	4,928	176	Start	Mid
419	History of eugenics	4,904	175	B	Low
420	Age-of-consent reform in the United Kingdom	4,803	171	C	Low
421	Sexual maturity	4,770	170	Start	Mid
422	Boring Billion	4,757	169	GA	Low
423	First universal common ancestor	4,751	169	Start	Unknown
424	Disease vector	4,748	169	Start	Low
425	Thanatology	4,735	169	Start	Low
426	Semelparity and iteroparity	4,685	167	C	Low
427	Model organism	4,631	165	B	Mid
428	Phosphorylation	4,630	165	C	Low
429	Lepidopterology	4,623	165	C	Low
430	List of extinction events	4,595	164	List	Mid
431	Pair bond	4,590	163	Start	Mid
432	Alerce Milenario	4,585	163	Start	Low
433	Pain in fish	4,573	163	B	Unknown
434	Artificial life	4,568	163	B	Mid
435	Fine motor skill	4,567	163	C	Mid
436	List of mammals displaying homosexual behavior	4,565	163	List	Mid
437	Conservation biology	4,560	162	B	High
438	Hormesis	4,490	160	Start	Low
439	Autotomy	4,483	160	Start	Mid
440	Quantum biology	4,472	159	C	High
441	Armstrong limit	4,471	159	C	Low
442	Mid-20th century baby boom	4,442	158	Start	Mid
443	Parabiosis	4,441	158	C	Mid
444	Neoteny in humans	4,418	157	C	Low
445	Antimalarial medication	4,414	157	C	High
446	Ontogeny	4,407	157	B	Mid
447	Superorganism	4,400	157	B	Mid
448	Humanized mouse	4,398	157	Start	Low
449	Malesia	4,394	156	C	Mid
450	Depth perception	4,345	155	Start	Low
451	Plant reproductive morphology	4,343	155	C	Low
452	List of unusual biological names	4,332	154	List	Mid
453	Thomas Hunt Morgan	4,279	152	B	High
454	Edward Wilson (explorer)	4,278	152	C	Mid
455	Craig Venter	4,255	151	C	Mid
456	Levomefolic acid	4,248	151	C	Low
457	Ronald Ross	4,238	151	C	Mid
458	Anastomosis	4,189	149	C	Low
459	The Mismeasure of Man	4,185	149	B	Mid
460	Colony-forming unit	4,177	149	C	Low
461	Biostasis	4,154	148	C	Unknown
462	Cellular senescence	4,143	147	C	Low
463	Animal embryonic development	4,114	146	Start	Mid
464	Thomas N. Seyfried	4,113	146	Start	Low
465	Gas exchange	4,111	146	Start	Mid
466	Cross-link	4,093	146	C	Mid
467	Dark oxygen	4,084	145	Start	Low
468	Physical strength	4,067	145	Start	Low
469	Biological process	4,066	145	Start	High
470	Victor Ambros	4,062	145	B	Low
471	Courtship display	4,053	144	C	Low
472	Blinking	4,037	144	C	Mid
473	Entoptic phenomenon	4,021	143	C	Low
474	Native species	4,017	143	Start	Mid
475	Bioreactor	4,010	143	C	Low
476	Sammy Basso	4,009	143	C	Low
477	Life on Titan	3,999	142	B	Low
478	Gonochorism	3,979	142	Start	Low
479	Nature Communications	3,967	141	Start	Low
480	Transitional fossil	3,949	141	GA	High
481	Hypoxia (environmental)	3,947	140	C	Low
482	Miraculous births	3,946	140	B	Mid
483	Long-term memory	3,945	140	C	Low
484	Female sperm	3,945	140	Start	Mid
485	Developmental biology	3,939	140	C	High
486	Masha and Dasha Krivoshlyapova	3,922	140	C	Mid
487	National Association of Biology Teachers	3,916	139	C	Low
488	Babies switched at birth	3,909	139	Start	Low
489	Flagellate	3,893	139	C	Low
490	Dioscorides	3,888	138	Start	Mid
491	Ectoderm	3,888	138	C	Low
492	Sister	3,884	138	Start	Low
493	Paul Nurse	3,840	137	C	Mid
494	Plastination	3,838	137	C	Mid
495	Systema Naturae	3,828	136	C	High
496	Biological Weapons Convention	3,827	136	B	Low
497	Exercise physiology	3,815	136	B	Low
498	Brother	3,785	135	C	Mid
499	Glossary of biology	3,770	134	C	Mid
500	Thermal comfort	3,767	134	B	Low