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A photograph of a painted bat hanging upside-down. It is small and very orange.
Painted bat (Kerivoula picta)

Kerivoulinae is one of the four subfamilies of Vespertilionidae, itself one of twenty families of bats in the mammalian order Chiroptera and part of the microbat suborder. A member of this subfamily is called a kerivouline, or a woolly bat. They are found in Africa and Asia, primarily in forests and caves, though some species can also be found in grasslands, savannas, or wetlands. They range in size from the least woolly bat, at 2 cm (1 in) plus a 2 cm (1 in) tail, to the Kachin woolly bat, at 6 cm (2 in) plus a 7 cm (3 in) tail. Like all bats, kerivoulines are capable of true and sustained flight, and have wing lengths ranging from 2 cm (1 in) to 5 cm (2 in). They are all insectivorous and eat a variety of insects and spiders.[1] Almost no kerivoulines have population estimates, though two species—the St. Aignan's trumpet-eared bat and the Tanzanian woolly bat—are categorized as endangered species with population sizes as low as 600.

The 30 extant species of Kerivoulinae are divided between two genera: Kerivoula with 26 species, and Phoniscus with the other four. A few extinct prehistoric kerivouline species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[2]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (2 species)
 VU Vulnerable (3 species)
 NT Near threatened (6 species)
 LC Least concern (16 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (3 species)
 NE Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the kerivouline's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. Population figures are rounded to the nearest hundred.

Classification

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Kerivoulinae, one of the four subfamilies of the family Vespertilionidae, contains 30 extant species divided into 2 genera.

Subfamily Kerivoulinae

  • Genus Kerivoula (woolly bats): 26 species
  • Genus Phoniscus (trumpet-eared bats): four species

Kerivoulines

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The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[3]

Genus Kerivoula – Gray, 1842 – 26 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bismarck trumpet-eared bat


K. myrella
Thomas, 1914 		Manus Island in Papua New Guinea Size: 3–4 cm (1–2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[5] 		 VU 


1,500–2,000 Population declining[5]

Clear-winged woolly bat

Brown bat

K. pellucida
(Waterhouse, 1845) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 3–5 cm (1–2 in), plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail
2–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[6] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[6]

Copper woolly bat

Drawing of bat skull

K. cuprosa
Thomas, 1861 		Central and western Africa Size: 3–4 cm (1–2 in), plus 4–5 cm (2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[7] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[7]

Cryptic woolly bat


K. crypta
Wroughton & Ryley, 1913 		Southern India and Sri Lanka Size: About 4 cm (2 in), plus about 4 cm (2 in) tail
about 3 cm (1 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest and caves[9] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[9]

Damara woolly bat


K. argentata
Tomes, 1861

Three subspecies
  • K. a. argentata
  • K. a. nidicola
  • K. a. zuluensis
Southeastern Africa Size: 3–5 cm (1–2 in), plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail
2–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[10]

Habitat: Savanna[11] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[11]

Dark woolly bat


K. furva
Kuo, Soisook, Ho, Csorba, Wang, & Rossiter, 2017 		Eastern and southeastern Asia Size: Unknown length, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest and caves[12] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[12]

Ethiopian woolly bat


K. eriophora
(Heuglin, 1877) 		Ethiopia Size: About 5 cm (2 in), plus about 3 cm (1 in) tail
2–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Unknown[13] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[13]

Flat-skulled woolly bat


K. depressa
Miller, 1906 		Southeastern Asia Size: About 3 cm (1 in), plus about 4 cm (2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest and caves[14] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[14]

Flores woolly bat


K. flora
Thomas, 1914 		Indonesia and Malaysia Size: About 4 cm (2 in), plus about 5 cm (2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[15] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[15]

Fly River trumpet-eared bat


K. muscina
Tate, 1941 		Papua New Guinea Size: 3–5 cm (1–2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[16] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[16]

Hardwicke's woolly bat

Bats in bamboo

K. hardwickii
(Horsfield, 1824) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 3–5 cm (1–2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
2–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest and caves[17] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[17]

Indochinese woolly bat


K. dongduongana
Tu, Hassanin, Furey, Son, & Csorba, 2018 		Southeastern Asia Size: Unknown length, plus about 4 cm (2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest and caves[18] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[18]

Kachin woolly bat


K. kachinensis
Bates, Struebig, Rossiter, Kingston, Oo, & Mya, 2004 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 5–7 cm (2–3 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest[19] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[19]

Krau woolly bat


K. krauensis
Francis, Kingston, & Zubaid, 2007 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 3–4 cm (1–2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
2–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest[20] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[20]

Least woolly bat


K. minuta
Miller, 1898 		Indonesia and Malaysia
Map of range 		Size: 2–3 cm (1 in), plus 2–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest[21] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[21]

Lenis woolly bat


K. lenis
Thomas, 1916 		Southern and southeastern Asia Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[22] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[22]

Lesser woolly bat

Drawing of brown bat

K. lanosa
(A. Smith, 1847)

Four subspecies
  • K. l. harrisoni
  • K. l. lanosa
  • K. l. lucia
  • K. l. muscilla
Sub-Saharan Africa Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Savanna and forest[23] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[23]

Painted bat

Orange bat

K. picta
(Pallas, 1767)

Two subspecies
  • K. p. bellissima
  • K. p. picta
Southern and southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[24] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[24]

Papillose woolly bat

Brown bat head

K. papillosa
Temminck, 1840

Two subspecies
  • K. p. malayana
  • K. p. papillosa
Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[25] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[25]

Small woolly bat

Brown bat

K. intermedia
Hill & Francis, 1984 		Malaysia Size: 3–4 cm (1–2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
2–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[26] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[26]

Smith's woolly bat


K. smithii
Thomas, 1880 		Central Africa Size: 3–5 cm (1–2 in), plus 4–5 cm (2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[27] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[27]

Spurrell's woolly bat


K. phalaena
Thomas, 1912 		Central Africa Size: 3–4 cm (1–2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
2–3 cm (1 in) arm/wing length[10]

Habitat: Forest[28] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[28]

St. Aignan's trumpet-eared bat


K. agnella
Thomas, 1908 		Papua New Guinea Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus about 5 cm (2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[29] 		 EN 


600–750 Population declining[29]

Tanzanian woolly bat


K. africana
Dobson, 1878 		Tanzania Size: About 4 cm (2 in), plus about 3 cm (1 in) tail
about 3 cm (1 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[30] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[30]

Titania's woolly bat


K. titania
Bates, Struebig, Hayes, Furey, Mya, Thong, Tien, Son, Harrison, Francis, & Csorba, 2007 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 3–5 cm (1–2 in), plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest[31] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[31]

Whitehead's woolly bat

Brown bat

K. whiteheadi
Thomas, 1894

Three subspecies
  • K. w. bicolor
  • K. w. pusilla
  • K. w. whiteheadi
Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 3–5 cm (1–2 in), plus 2–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
2–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Grassland and forest[32] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[32]

Genus Phoniscus – Miller, 1905 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Dubious trumpet-eared bat

Drawing of brown bat

P. aerosa
(Tomes, 1858) 		Possibly southeastern Africa Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
about 4 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest[33] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[33]

Golden-tipped bat


P. papuensis
(Dobson, 1878) 		Papua New Guinea and eastern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest[34] 		 VU 


Unknown Unknown[34]

Groove-toothed bat


P. atrox
Miller, 1905 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: About 4 cm (2 in), plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest[35] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[35]

Peters's trumpet-eared bat


P. jagorii
(Peters, 1866) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[36] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[36]

References

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  1. ^ Nowak, pp. 184–186
  2. ^ "Fossilworks: Kerivoulinae". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Archived from the original on November 26, 2024. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
  3. ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 525–529
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 552
  5. ^ a b Aplin, K.; Armstrong, K. N. (2021). "Kerivoula myrella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T10980A22022572. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T10980A22022572.en.
  6. ^ a b Nor Zalipah, M. (2020). "Kerivoula pellucida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T10983A22021330. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10983A22021330.en.
  7. ^ a b Fahr. J. (2019). "Kerivoula cuprosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T10971A21971772. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T10971A21971772.en.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 551
  9. ^ a b Tu, V.; Furey, N.; Csorba, G. (2021). "Kerivoula crypta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T154196297A154196362. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T154196297A154196362.en.
  10. ^ a b Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 553
  11. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Taylor, P. J.; Jacobs, D.; Cotterill, F. (2017). "Kerivoula argentata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10969A21970780. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10969A21970780.en.
  12. ^ a b Tu, V.; Furey, N.; Csorba, G. (2021). "Kerivoula furva". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T154196065A154196068. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T154196065A154196068.en.
  13. ^ a b Fahr. J. (2019). "Kerivoula eriophora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T10972A21971992. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T10972A21971992.en.
  14. ^ a b Tu, V.; Furey, N.; Csorba, G. (2021). "Kerivoula depressa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T154195907A154195912. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T154195907A154195912.en.
  15. ^ a b Waldien, D. L.; Wiantoro, S. (2021). "Kerivoula flora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T10973A21972598. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T10973A21972598.en.
  16. ^ a b Aplin, K.; Armstrong, K. N. (2021) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Kerivoula muscina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T10979A209536068. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T10979A209536068.en.
  17. ^ a b Tu, V.; Furey, N.; Görföl, T.; Csorba, G. (2020). "Kerivoula hardwickii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T154195594A21973742. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T154195594A21973742.en.
  18. ^ a b Tu, V.; Furey, N.; Csorba, G. (2021). "Kerivoula dongduongana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T154195951A154195959. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T154195951A154195959.en.
  19. ^ a b Bates, P. J. J.; Thong, V. D.; Soisook, P. (2019). "Kerivoula kachinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136240A22001145. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T136240A22001145.en.
  20. ^ a b Nor Zalipah, M. (2020). "Kerivoula krauensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T136572A21992300. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136572A21992300.en.
  21. ^ a b Nor Zalipah, M. (2020). "Kerivoula minuta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T10978A22022086. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10978A22022086.en.
  22. ^ a b Srinivasulu, C.; Srinivasulu, B. (2019). "Kerivoula lenis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136428A21984385. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T136428A21984385.en.
  23. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Taylor, P. J.; Jacobs, D.; Cotterill, F. (2017). "Kerivoula lanosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10977A22021700. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10977A22021700.en.
  24. ^ a b Huang, J. C. -C.; Lim, L. S.; Chakravarty, R. (2020). "Kerivoula picta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T10985A22022952. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10985A22022952.en.
  25. ^ a b Hutson, A. M.; Kingston, T. (2021). "Kerivoula papillosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T10981A22020906. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T10981A22020906.en.
  26. ^ a b Nor Zalipah, M. (2020). "Kerivoula intermedia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T10975A21974054. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10975A21974054.en.
  27. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Fahr, J. (2017). "Kerivoula smithii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10986A22023189. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10986A22023189.en.
  28. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Fahr, J. (2017). "Kerivoula phalaena". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10984A22021608. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10984A22021608.en.
  29. ^ a b Aplin, K.; Armstrong, K. N. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Kerivoula agnella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T10968A209548421. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T10968A209548421.en.
  30. ^ a b Cooper-Bohannon, R.; Fahr, J.; Jacobs, D. (2020). "Kerivoula africana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T10966A21975149. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10966A21975149.en.
  31. ^ a b Bates, P. J. J.; Soisook, P.; Thong, V. D. (2019). "Kerivoula titania". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136817A22044302. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T136817A22044302.en.
  32. ^ a b Duya, M. R.; Alvarez, J.; Fidelino, J.; Gatan-Balbas, M.; Pedregosa, M.; Veluz, M. J.; Jakosalem, P. G.; Tanalgo, K.; Mendoza, R. V.; Cielo, K. L. S.; Garcia, J. J. L.; Cacho, M. A.; Dionisio, T. (2019). "Kerivoula whiteheadi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T10987A22023276. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T10987A22023276.en.
  33. ^ a b Francis, C. M.; Csorba, G.; Monadjem, A.; Waldien, D. L. (2022). "Phoniscus aerosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T10967A21975373. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T10967A21975373.en.
  34. ^ a b Loyd, A. M.; Pennay, M. (2021). "Phoniscus papuensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T10982A22021190. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T10982A22021190.en.
  35. ^ a b Jayaraj, V. K. (2020). "Phoniscus atrox". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T10970A21970973. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10970A21970973.en.
  36. ^ a b Oo, S. S. L.; Kingston, T.; Francis, C.; Rosell-Ambal, R. G. B.; Tabaranza, B. (2019). "Phoniscus jagorii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T10976A21974660. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T10976A21974660.en.

Sources

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