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List of extinct languages and dialects of Europe

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Language Endangerment Status
Extinct (EX)
Endangered
Safe
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Related topics
UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger category
UNESCO Atlas of the World's
Languages in Danger categories

This article is a list of languages and dialects that have no native speakers, no spoken descendants, and that diverged from their parent language in Europe.

Currently extinct

[edit]
Language/dialect Family Date of extinction Region Ethnic group(s)
Aeolic Greek Indo-European [data missing] Aeolis, Boeotia, Lesbos, Thessaly Aeolians
Aequian Indo-European 200s BC[1] East-central Italy Aequi
Akkala Sámi Uralic 29 December 2003 AD[2] Southwest Kola Peninsula Akkala Sámi
Alavese Basque (language isolate) [data missing] Álava Alavese Basques
Ancient Belgian Indo-European [data missing] Nordwestblock Belgae
Ancient Macedonian Indo-European 0–300s AD[3] Macedonia Ancient Macedonians
Andalusi Arabic Afroasiatic 1600s AD[4] Al-Andalus Andalusi Muslims
Andalusi Romance Indo-European 1300s AD[5] Al-Andalus Mozarabs and Muladí
Anglo-Norman Indo-European 1400s AD[6] Norman England Anglo-Normans
Antrim Irish Indo-European 25 February 1983 AD[7] County Antrim Irish
Arcadocypriot Greek Indo-European [data missing] Arcadia and Cyprus Arcadocypriot Greeks
Armeno-Kipchak Turkic 1600 AD[8] Crimea Crimean Armenians
Army Slavic German–Czech pidgin 1918 AD[9] Austria-Hungary Austro-Hungarian Army
Arran Gaelic Indo-European 1977 AD[10] Isle of Arran Arran Gaels
Auregnais Indo-European 1960s AD[11] Alderney Channel Islanders of Alderney
Basque–Icelandic pidgin Basque–Icelandic pidgin 1600s AD[12] Westfjords Basque whalers and Icelanders
Bohemian Romani Indo-European 1939–1945 AD[13] Bohemia Bohemian Romani
Borgarmålet Swedish–Sámi pidgin 1700s AD[14] Swedish Sápmi Swedes and Sámi
British Latin Indo-European 700s AD[15] Roman Britain; later Anglo-Saxon England British Romans
Bulgar Turkic 1200s AD[16] Danubian Bulgaria and Volga Bulgaria Bulgars
Buri Indo-European [data missing] western Slovakia Buri tribe
Burgundian Indo-European 500s AD[17] Kingdom of the Burgundians Burgundians
Camunic Unclassified 500–0s BC[18] Val Camonica Camunni
Celtiberian Indo-European 100s AD[19] Iberia Celtiberians
Cimmerian Indo-European 620–580s BC[20] North Caucasus Cimmerians
Cisalpine Gaulish Indo-European 50s BC[21] Cisalpine Gaul Cisalpine Gauls
Crimean Gothic Indo-European 1700s AD[22] Crimea Crimean Goths
Cromarty Indo-European 2 October 2012 AD[23] Cromarty Scots
Cuman Turkic 1770 AD[24] Cumania and Hungary Cumans
Cumbric Indo-European 1100s AD[25] Cumbria Cumbrians
Curonian Indo-European 1500s AD[26] Courland Curonians
Dacian Indo-European 500s AD[27] Dacia Dacians
Dalmatian Indo-European 10 June 1898 AD[28] Dalmatia Dalmatae
Dardanian Indo-European [data missing] Kingdom of Dardania Dardani
Deeside Gaelic Indo-European 18 March 1984 AD[29] Aberdeenshire Gaels of Aberdeenshire
East Galindian Indo-European 1100s AD[30] Protva basin Eastern Galindians
East Sutherland Gaelic Indo-European 2020 AD[31][32] Swedish Sápmi Swedes and Sámi
Eastern Navarrese Basque (language isolate) 1991 AD[33] Navarre Basques
Eiderstedt Frisian Indo-European Mid-1800s AD[34] Eiderstedt Eiderstedt Frisians
Elymian Indo-European 500–0s BC[35] Western Sicily Elymians
Eteocretan Unclassified 200s BC[36] Crete Eteocretans
Eteocypriot Unclassified 300s BC[37] Cyprus Eteocypriots
Etruscan Tyrsenian 0s AD[38] Etruria Etruscans
Faliscan Indo-European 100s BC[39] Northern Lazio Falisci
Fingallian Indo-European [data missing] Fingal Fingallians
Franco-Italian Indo-European 1300s AD[40] Northern Italy North Italian writers
Gallaecian Indo-European [data missing] Gallaecia Gallaeci
Galwegian Gaelic Indo-European 1760 AD[41] Galloway Galwegian Gaels
Gaulish Indo-European 500s AD[42] Gaul Gauls
Gothic Indo-European 1700s AD[43] Throughout Europe Goths
Hernican Indo-European 1000–0s BC[44] Southeast Latium Hernici
Herulian Indo-European [data missing] Middle Danube Heruli
Hunnic Unclassified 400s AD[45] Hunnic Empire Huns
Iazychie Indo-European 1900s AD[46] Halychyna, Bukovina, Zakarpattia Ukrainian and Carpatho-Rusyn Moskvophiles
Iberian Unclassified 0–500s AD[47] Iberia Iberians
Illyrian Indo-European 100s AD[48] Illyria Illyrians
Istrian Albanian Indo-European 1800s AD[49] Istria Istrian Albanians
Jassic Indo-European 1400s AD[50] Jászság Jász
Judaeo-Aragonese Indo-European [data missing] Aragon Aragonese Jews
Judaeo-Catalan Indo-European [data missing] Catalan Countries Catalonian Jews
Judaeo-Piedmontese Indo-European [data missing] Piedmont Piedmontese Jews
Judaeo-Portuguese Indo-European 1800–1820s AD[51] Portugal Portuguese Jews
Judaeo-Provençal Indo-European Mid 20th-century[52] Provence Provençal Jews
Judeo-Venetian Indo-European 1900s AD[53] Venice Venetian Jews
Kainuu Sámi Uralic 1700s AD[54] Kainuu Kainuu Sámi
Kemi Sámi Uralic 1900s AD[55] Southern Finnish Lapland Kemi Sámi
Khazar Turkic 1100s AD[56] Khazar Khaganate Khazars
Klezmer-loshn Indo-European [data missing] Eastern Europe Klezmorim
Knaanic Indo-European 1600s AD[57] Central Europe West Slavic Jews
Kraasna Uralic 1935-1939 AD[58] Krasnogorodsk Kraasna Estonians
Krevinian Uralic 1800s AD[59] Latvia Kreevins
Lachoudisch Indo-European 2022 AD[60] Schopfloch Jews of Bavaria
Laiuse Romani Mixed Romani–Estonian 1940s AD[61] Laiuse Romani of Laiuse
Lanuvian Indo-European [data missing] Lanuvium Lanuvians
Leinster Irish Indo-European [data missing] Leinster Irish of Leinster
Leivu Uralic 1988 AD[62] Gauja Gauja Estonians
Lemnian Tyrsenian 400s BC[63] Lemnos Lemnians
Lepontic Indo-European 0s BC[64] Cisalpine Gaul and Raetia Lepontii
Liburnian Indo-European 200s BC-300s AD[65] Liburnia Liburnians
Ligurian Unclassified 100s AD[66] Liguria Ligures
Locrian Greek Indo-European [data missing] Locris Locrians
Lombardic Indo-European 800s AD[67] Pannonia and Italy Lombards
Lucanian Indo-European 200s BC[68] Lucania Lucanians
Lusitanian Indo-European 100s AD[69] Lusitania Lusitanians
Malkh Northeast Caucasian [data missing] North Caucasus Malkh
Marsian Indo-European 150s BC[70] Marsica Marsi
Marrucinian Indo-European 200s BC[71] Chieti Marrucini
Merya Uralic 1700s AD[72] Upper Volga region Meryans
Meshchera Uralic 1500s AD[73] Meshchera Lowlands Meshchera
Messapic Indo-European 100s BC[74] Salento Messapians
Southern Goesharde Frisian Indo-European 1981 AD[75] Southern Goesharde Frisians of South Goesharde
Minoan Unclassified 1450s BC[76] Crete Minoans
Moselle Romance Indo-European 1000s AD[77] The Moselle People along the Moselle
Muromian Uralic 900s AD[78] Oka basin Muromians
Mycenaean Greek Indo-European 1200s BC[79] Mycenaean Greece Mycenaean Greeks
Noric Indo-European 100s AD[80] Noricum Norici
Norn Indo-European 1850 AD[81] Northern Isles and Caithness Norse settlement of Northern Isles and Caithness
North Picene Unclassified 1000–0s BC[82] North Picenum North Picentes
Northern Manx Indo-European 1940s AD[83] Northern part of the Isle of Man Northern Manx
Oenotrian Indo-European 400s BC[84] Southern Italy Oenotrians
Old Novgorod Indo-European 1500s AD[85] Novgorod Republic Novgorodians
Oscan Indo-European 0s AD[86] Campania and Latium adiectum Osci
Paelignian Indo-European 100s BC[87] Valle Peligna Paeligni
Paeonian Indo-European [data missing] Paeonia Paeonians
Paleo-Corsican Unclassified [data missing] Corsica Ancient Corsi
Paleo-Sardinian Unclassified [data missing] Sardinia Nuragic peoples
Pamphylian Greek Indo-European [data missing] Pamphylia Pamphylians
Pannonian Avar Unclassified [data missing] Pannonian Basin Pannonian Avars
Pannonian Romance Indo-European 1100s AD[88] Pannonia Latin Pannonians
Pecheneg Turkic 1100s AD[89] Eastern Europe Pechenegs
Pelasgian Unclassified [data missing] Aegean Islands Pelasgians
Phrygian Indo-European after 400 AD[90] Balkans Bryges
Pictish Indo-European 1000s AD[91] Northern Scotland Picts
Polabian Indo-European 3 October 1756 AD[92] Northeastern Germany Polabian Slavs
Praenestinian Indo-European [data missing] Palestrina Praenestinians
Pre-Samnite Indo-European 500s BC[93] Campania Pre-Samnites
Punic Afroasiatic 600s AD[94] Iberia, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia and the Balearic Islands Carthaginians
Rhaetic Tyrsenian 0s BC[95] Raetia Raeti
Rotvælsk Indo-European 1900s AD[96] Denmark Natmændsfolk
Rugian Indo-European [data missing] Lower Austria Rugii
Russenorsk Russian–Norwegian pidgin 1900s AD[97] Northern Norway Pomors and Norwegians
Sabine Indo-European 300s-200s BC[98] Sabina Sabines
Sabir Romance-based Pidgin 1800s AD[99] Mediterranean Basin Medieval traders and Crusaders
Selonian Indo-European 1500s AD[100] Selonia Selonians
Semigallian Indo-European 1500s AD[101] Semigallia Semigallians
Shirvani Arabic Afroasiatic [data missing] Shirvan Shirvani
Sicanian Unclassified by 300s BC[102] Central Sicily Sicani
Siculian Indo-European 300s BC[103] Eastern Sicily Sicels
Sidicini Indo-European [data missing] Sidicinum Sidicini
Skalvian Indo-European [data missing] Scalovia Skalvians
Skirian Indo-European [data missing] North of the Middle Danube Sciri
Slovincian Indo-European 1900s AD[104] Northwestern Kashubia Slovincians
Solombala English English–Russian pidgin 1800s AD[105] Solombala Shipyard English and Russian traders
Sorothaptic Indo-European 100s AD[citation needed] Catalan Countries Urnfield culture
South Picene Indo-European 300s BC[106] South Picenum South Picentes
Sudovian Indo-European 1500s AD[107] Yotvingia Yotvingians
Suebian Indo-European [data missing] Elbe basin and northwestern Iberia Suebi
Tartessian Unclassified 100s BC[108] Tartessos Tartessians
Thracian Indo-European 500s AD[109] Thracia Thracians
Ubykh Northwest Caucasian 7 October 1992 AD[110] Ubykhia Ubykh
Umbrian Indo-European 0s BC[111] Umbria Umbri
Vandalic Indo-European 500s AD[112] Vandal kingdoms Vandals
Värmland Savonian Uralic 1969 AD[113] Värmland Forest Finns
Venetic Indo-European 0s BC[114] Veneto Adriatic Veneti
Vestinian Indo-European 100s BC[115] Abruzzo Vestini
Volscian Indo-European 200s BC[116] Volscia Volsci
Welsh Romani Indo-European 1950 AD[117] Wales Romani
West Galindian Indo-European 1300s AD[118] Prussia Western Galindians
Wursten Frisian Indo-European [data missing] Land Wursten Frisians of Land Wursten
Yola Indo-European 1800s AD[119] Forth and Bargy Irish of Forth and Bargy
Zarphatic Indo-European 1300s AD[120] Northern France and west-central Germany French Jews

Formerly extinct

[edit]
Language/dialect Family Date of extinction Region Ethnic group
Cornish Indo-European 1700s AD[121] Cornwall Cornish people
Livonian Uralic 2 June 2013 AD[122] Livonian Coast Livonians
Ludza Uralic 2006 AD[123] Latgale Ludza Estonians
Manx Indo-European 27 December 1974 AD[124] Isle of Man Manx people
Old Prussian Indo-European 1700s AD[125] Prussia Old Prussians
Wangerooge Frisian Indo-European 22 November 1950 AD[126] Wangerooge Wangerooge Frisians

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Aequian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 5th to 3rd centuries BC.
  2. ^ "Nordisk samekonvensjon" [Nordic Sami Convention] (PDF) (in Norwegian). 26 October 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  3. ^ "Ancient Macedonian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2024. Survived until the early 1st millennium AD.
  4. ^ Versteegh, Kees (2006). Eid, Mushira (ed.). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Brill.
  5. ^ Mozarabic language at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  6. ^ "xno". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2024. 12th - 15th centuries AD.
  7. ^ "Lament For Seamus 'Bhriain' Mac Amhlaigh". Glens Of Antrim Historical Society. 12 February 2006. Retrieved 13 June 2024. ... Séamus Bhriain Mac Amhlaigh, last native Irish speaker in the Glens of Antrim who died on the 25th February, 1983.
  8. ^ Abdurrazak Peler, Gökçe Yükselen (2015). "Tarihte Türk – Ermeni Temasları Sonucunda Ortaya Çıkmış Bir Halk: Ermeni Kıpçakları veya Gregoryan K" [A People Emerged as A Result of Historical Turkic – Armenian Contact: The Armeno-Kipchaks or Gregorian Kipchaks]. Journal of Turkish Studies (in Turkish). 10 (8): 253. doi:10.7827/turkishstudies.8215.
  9. ^ Scheer, Tamara (2020). Language diversity and loyalty in the Habsburg army, 1868-1918 (Habilitation Thesis). University of Vienna. p. 184. doi:10.25365/thesis.65387. hdl:11353/10.1393884.
  10. ^ Broderick, George (2018). "The Arran Place-Name Survey: 1974–1975". The Journal of Scottish Name Studies. 12. University of Mannheim: 4. Retrieved 5 December 2023. The reputedly last native speaker of Arran Gaelic, Donald Craig (1899–1977)...
  11. ^ Satter, Raphael (4 October 2012). "Scottish man dies, taking town's unique dialect with him". Toronto Star. Retrieved 4 September 2023. The last native speaker of Alderney French, a Norman dialect spoken in the Channel Islands, died around 1960.
  12. ^ Hualde, Jose Ignatio. "Icelandic Basque pidgin". Retrieved 3 June 2024. ...translation of two manuscripts written in Iceland in the seventeenth century. Since the contact situation was interrupted in the first part of the eighteenth century and was of intermittent nature, the contact pidgin probably never developed much further than the stage recorded in the manuscripts.
  13. ^ "Romani - Gypsies". Crystalinks. Retrieved 12 May 2024. In Central Europe, the extermination in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was so thorough that the Bohemian Romani language became extinct.
  14. ^ Kusmenko, Jurij K. (January 2017). "Borgarmålet: A Sámi–Swedish pidgin from the beginning of the 18th century". NOWELE: North-Western European Language Evolution. 70 (1): 39–56. doi:10.1075/nowele.70.1.03kus.
  15. ^ Charles-Edwards, Thomas (29 November 2012). Wales and the Britons, 350-1064. Oxford University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0198217312.
  16. ^ "Volga-Bolgarian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 13th century AD.
  17. ^ Lockwood, William (1972). A Panorama of Indo-European Languages. Hutchinson. ISBN 0091110211.
  18. ^ "Camunic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2024. Survived until the second half of first millennium BC.
  19. ^ "Celtiberian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. Circa 175 BC to 100 AD.
  20. ^ Ivantchik, A.I. (2001). The current state of the Cimmerian problem. The development of the Classical tradition on the subject of the Cimmerians after their disappearance from the historical arena, no later than the very end of the 7th or very beginning of the 6th century BC
  21. ^ "Cisalpine Gaulish". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2024. ca. 150-50 BC
  22. ^ Krause, Todd; Slocum, Jonathan. "The Corpus of Crimean Gothic". University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  23. ^ "Cromarty fisherfolk dialect's last native speaker dies". BBC. 2 October 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  24. ^ Melnyk, Mykola (2022). Byzantium and the Pechenegs. István Varró, a member of the Jász-Cuman mission to the empress of Austria Maria Theresa and the known last speaker of the Cuman language, died in 1770.
  25. ^ Nicolaisen, W. F. H. (1976). Scottish Place-names: Their Study and Significance. Batsford. p. 131. ISBN 0713432535.
  26. ^ Haarmann, Harald (2002). "Kurisch" [Curonian]. In Okuka, Miloš (ed.). Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens. Wieser Enzyklopaedie des europäischen Ostens (in German). Vol. 10. Klagenfurt, Austria: Wieser. p. 957. ISBN 3851295102. OCLC 610229982. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  27. ^ "Dacian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2024. 1st Millennium BC - 500 AD.
  28. ^ Roegiest, Eugeen (2006). Vers les sources des langues romanes: un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania (in French). Acco. p. 138. ISBN 9033460947.
  29. ^ "Gaelic in the North East | The School of Language, Literature, Music and Visual Culture | The University of Aberdeen". www.abdn.ac.uk.
  30. ^ "Балтийские языки". lingvarium.org (in Russian). Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  31. ^ "Wilma Ros, Eurabol, air bàsachadh". BBC (in Scottish Gaelic). 28 November 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  32. ^ "ROSS". Northern Times. 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  33. ^ "Ekialdeko nafarra (Euskalkia)" (in Basque). Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  34. ^ Rogby, Ove (1967). "Niederdeutsch auf friesischem Substrat". Studia Germanistica Upsaliensia (in German) (5): 19.
  35. ^ "Elymian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2024. 2nd half of 1st Millennium BC.
  36. ^ "Eteocretan". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. An ancient language of Crete, 4th-3rd centuries BC.
  37. ^ "Eteocypriot - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. An ancient language of Cyprus, up to 4th C BC.
  38. ^ Rix, Helmut (2004). "Etruscan". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 943–966. ISBN 978-0-521-56256-0.
  39. ^ "Faliscan". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 650 - 100 BC.
  40. ^ "francoveneto" (in Italian). Zanichelli DizionariPiù: La lingua, il sapere, la cultura. 27 October 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  41. ^ Kennedy, Elaine; Toolis, Francis, eds. (2010). "Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society" (PDF). Retrieved 30 June 2024. The last native Gaelic speaker was said to be Margaret McMurray of Cultezron, near Maybole, who died at an advanced age in 1760
  42. ^ Stifter, David (2012), Old Celtic Languages (lecture notes), University of Kopenhagen
  43. ^ Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum. "The Corpus of Crimean Gothic". University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
  44. ^ "Hernican". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2024. Two inscriptions identified thus far, dating to first millennium BC.
  45. ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. p. 393. time period:Fourth to fifth century c.E.
  46. ^ Magocsi, Paul R. (2015). With their backs to the mountains: a history of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-386-107-3. OCLC 929239528.
  47. ^ "Iberian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2024. 2nd half of 1st Millennium BC - 1st half of 1st Millennium AD.
  48. ^ Fol, Alexander (2002). Thrace and the Aegean: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Thracology, Sofia - Yambol, 25–29 September, 2000. Vol. 1. International Foundation Europa Antiqua. p. 225. ISBN 9549071456.
  49. ^ Simmonds, Lauren (11 May 2023). "A Brief History Of The Extinct Istrian-Albanian Language". Retrieved 30 April 2024. ...the Istrian-Albanian language "died" in the nineteenth century
  50. ^ "Yassic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 15th century AD?
  51. ^ "Ladino's Lost Sibling". Medium. 10 July 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2024. It's estimated that it was still used until the beginning of the 19th century.
  52. ^ Nahon, Peter (2023). Les parlers français des israélites du Midi (in French). ELiPhi. pp. 177–179. ISBN 978-2372760669.
  53. ^ Siporin, Steve (24 October 2001). "Venice and the Jews". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 October 2024. ...the Jewish-Venetian dialect that survived into the 20th century.
  54. ^ Irja Seurujärvi-Kar (2011). ""We Took Our Language Back" – The Formation of a Sámi Identity within the Sámi Movement and the Role of the Sámi Language from the 1960s until 2008" (PDF). p. 39. Retrieved 1 October 2024. ...Kainuu Sámi (used until 16th–18th century in the area of the Forest Sámi people in central Finland and in the Republic of Karelia).
  55. ^ "iso639-3/sjk". Retrieved 16 May 2024. Extinct now for over 100 years, few written examples of Kemi Sami survive.
  56. ^ "Khazar". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 6th - 12th century AD.
  57. ^ "Knaanic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. c. 700 - 1600 AD.
  58. ^ "Who are the Lutsis". Ludzīlazest. Retrieved 8 August 2024. ...the last speaker of Kraasna most likely died before World War II.
  59. ^ "Krevinian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2024. Material from 15th-19th centuries AD.
  60. ^ Eylon, Lili (25 June 2022). "The Judenrein town that spoke Hebrew". Times Of Israel. Indeed, by 1994, reportedly only 12 people used some 200 Lachoudish words. The dialect Lachoudish had its day; it is now extinct
  61. ^ Smith, Norval (1994). "An annotated list of creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages". In Arends, Jacque; Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (eds.). Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction. John Benjamins.
  62. ^ "Linguistica Uralica, 2010. Quantity in Leivu" (PDF). kirj.ee. Retrieved 27 July 2024. The speaker Anton Bok was born in 1908. He lived in Pajuçsilla village. He was recorded in 1971 by Paulopriit Voolaine. His mother tongue was Leivu and he acquired Latvian at school. He has been called the last Leivu speaker; he died in 1988.
  63. ^ "Lemnian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. An ancient language of the Greek island of Lemnos. Until perhaps 400 BC.
  64. ^ "Lepontic - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2023. c. 600 BC - 1 BC.
  65. ^ "Liburnian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2024. Roman period.
  66. ^ "Ligurian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 300 BC- 100 AD.
  67. ^ "Langobardic - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2024. 4th - 9th century AD.
  68. ^ Scheu, Frederick (1964). The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society.
  69. ^ "Lusitanian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 2nd Century AD.
  70. ^ "Marsian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 300-150 BC.
  71. ^ "Marrucinian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. The tablet seems to have dated to the mid 3rd century BC.
  72. ^ Pauli, Rahkonen (2013). "Itämerensuomalaisten kielten kaakkoinen kontaktialue nimistöntutkimuksen valossa". Virittäjä (in Finnish) (2). Academia.edu: 2.
  73. ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. p. 521. time period:Ninth to 16th century c.E.
  74. ^ Joseph, Brian; Klein, Jared; Wenthe, Mark; Fritz, Matthias (11 June 2018). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. De Gruyter. pp. 1839–1840. ISBN 978-3110542431.
  75. ^ Århammar, Nils (October–December 2007). Munske, Horst Haider (ed.). "Das Nordfriesische, eine bedrohte Minderheitensprache in zehn Dialekten: eine Bestandsaufnahme". Sterben die Dialekte aus? Vorträge am Interdisziplinären Zentrum für Dialektforschung an der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (in German). University of Erlangen-Nuremberg.
  76. ^ "Minoan - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. Circa 1800 and 1450 BC.
  77. ^ Post, Rudolf (2004). "Zur Geschichte und Erforschung des Moselromanischen". Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter. 68: 1–35. ISSN 0035-4473.
  78. ^ Blokland, Rogier (2003). The Endangered Uralic Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 108. ISBN 9027247528.
  79. ^ "FROM PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN TO MYCENAEAN GREEK:A PHONOLOGICAL STUDY" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024. ... no tablets or any other inscribed vessels were found from ca. 1200 BC onwards.
  80. ^ "iso639-3/nrc". Retrieved 27 February 2024. An ancient language, spoken in the Balkans from the 4th century BC - ca. 100 AD.
  81. ^ North-western European language evolution: NOWELE, vols. 50–51 (Odense University Press, 2007), p. 240
  82. ^ "The North Picene Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 25 December 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2024. 1st millennium BC.
  83. ^ The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (David Crystal, editor); Cambridge University Press, 1987; p. 303: "The Isle of Man was wholly Manx-speaking until the 18th century... the last mother-tongue speakers died in the late 1940s"
  84. ^ Matteo Calabrese (2021). "The sacred law from Tortora". Academia.edu. pp. 281–339. Retrieved 10 October 2024. Datable between the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 5th century B.C., the inscription from Tortora is an Oenotrian text,
  85. ^ "A HISTORY OF THE PRONOMINAL DECLENSION IN THE NOVGOROD DIALECT OF OLD RUSSIAN FROM THE ELEVENTH-CENTURY TO THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY". ProQuest. Retrieved 9 April 2024. the 11th century, to the end of the 15th century
  86. ^ Schrijver, Peter (2016). "Oscan love of Rome". Glotta. 92 (1): 223–226. doi:10.13109/glot.2016.92.1.223. ISSN 0017-1298. Page 2 in the online version.
  87. ^ "Paelignian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2024. Very few inscriptions exist, all from the 1st century BC.
  88. ^ Alexandru Magdearu (2001). Centrul de Studii Transilvane, Bibliotheca Rerum Transsylvaniae (ed.). Românii în opera Notarului Anonim (in Romanian). Vol. 27.
  89. ^ "Pecheneg". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 7th - 12th centuries AD.
  90. ^ Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 252. ISBN 0-19-924506-1. The last mention of Phrygian in use dates from the fifth century AD.
  91. ^ Wormald, Jenny (25 August 2005). Scotland: A History. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–32. ISBN 0198206151.
  92. ^ Kapović, Mate (2008), Uvod u indoeuropsku lingvistiku [An introduction to Indo-European linguistics] (in Croatian), Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, p. 109, ISBN 978-953-150-847-6
  93. ^ Piwowarczyk, Dariusz R. (2011). "Formations of the perfect in the Sabellic languages with the Italic and Indo-European background" (PDF). Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis (128): 105. Retrieved 10 October 2024. ...and Pre-Samnite (500 BC).
  94. ^ "Punic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2024. 1st Millennium BC - 600 AD.
  95. ^ "Script". Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum. Retrieved 4 June 2024. Magrè-alphabet finds dated to the middle and/or late La Tène period, apart from the above-mentioned ones from the area of Verona, are the Magrè antler pieces, the inscriptions from Bostel, IT-2 from the Inntal, and the Trissino bones. IT-4 is dated by context and may be older than the 1st century BC.
  96. ^ Bakker, P. & Nielsen, F.S., 2011. Goddeis genter! Mål & mæle, 34(1), pp.13–18.
  97. ^ "Russenorsk – A Language Sketch" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  98. ^ "Sabine". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2024. Mid-first millennium BC, perhaps surviving as late as the 3rd or 2nd century BC.
  99. ^ The Lingua Franca. Natalie Operstein. 2021.
  100. ^ "Selonian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. Survived until 16th century.
  101. ^ "Zemgalian : Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe : Blackwell Reference Online". www.blackwellreference.com. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  102. ^ "The Sicanian Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 25 December 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2024. Pre-Roman times.
  103. ^ Joseph, Brian; Klein, Jared; Wenthe, Mark; Fritz, Matthias (11 June 2018). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. De Gruyter. p. 1854. ISBN 978-3110542431.
  104. ^ Gilbers, Dicky; Schaeken, Joe; Nerbonne, John (2000). Languages in Contact. Rodopi. p. 329. ISBN 9042013222.
  105. ^ Maticsák, Sándor; Zaicz, Gábor; Lahdelma, Tuomo (2001). "REFLECTIONS ON THE VERB SUFFIX -OM IN RUSSENORSK AND SOME PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON "DOCKING" IN LANGUAGE CONTACT" (PDF). Folia Uralica Debreceniensia 8.: 315–324. Retrieved 30 August 2024. Solombala-English, first investigated2 by Broch (1996), probably developed during the "English period" in the history of the city of Archangel, from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century.
  106. ^ "South Picene - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 6th century BC to 4th century BC.
  107. ^ "Sudovian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 8 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. Until 16th century?
  108. ^ "Tartessian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2024. c 700 BC - 100 BC.
  109. ^ "Thracian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 1st Millennium BC - 500 AD.
  110. ^ Koerner, E. F. K. (1 January 1998). First Person Singular III: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 978-90-272-4576-2.
  111. ^ "Umbrian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. Mid-first millennium BC, surviving as late as the 1st century BC.
  112. ^ Hennings, Thordis (2012). Einführung in das Mittelhochdeutsche [Introduction to Middle High German] (in German) (3 ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 26. ISBN 978-3-11-025959-9.
  113. ^ "Vermlannin savolaismurteet". sokl.uef.fi (in Finnish). 1998. Retrieved 4 November 2024. Today, Vermland's Savo dialect is dead. The last forest Finns who spoke Finnish well were Johannes Johansson-Oinoinen aka Niittahon Jussi and Karl Persson. They died in 1965 and 1969.
  114. ^ Wallace, Rex (2004). "Venetic". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages. University of Cambridge. pp. 840–856. ISBN 0-521-56256-2. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  115. ^ "Vestinian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 250-100 BC.
  116. ^ "Volscian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 3rd century BC.
  117. ^ "iso639-3/rmw". Retrieved 25 June 2024. Welsh Romani is a variety of the Romani language which was spoken fluently in Wales until at least 1950.
  118. ^ "Galindan". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2024. Until 14th century.
  119. ^ Hickey, Raymond (2023). "3.6.2 The Dialect of Forth and Bargy". The Oxford Handbook of Irish English. Oxford University Press. p. 48. After a period of decline, it was replaced entirely in the early nineteenth century by general Irish English of the region.
  120. ^ Kiwitt, Marc; Zwink, Julia. "Judeo-French". Jewish Languages. Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  121. ^ Spriggs, Matthew (2003). Payton, Philip (ed.). "Where Cornish was Spoken and When: A Provisional Synthesis". Cornish Studies. Second Series. 11. Institute of Cornish Studies, University of Exeter Press: 228–269. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 – via ResearchGate.
  122. ^ Charter, David (5 June 2013). "Death of a language: last ever speaker of Livonian passes away aged 103". The Times. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  123. ^ "Ludzī kīļ : The Lutsi Language". lutsimaa.lv. Retrieved 13 June 2024. The last speaker of Lutsi, Nikolājs Nikonovs, died in 2006.
  124. ^ Broderick, George (2017). "The Last Native Manx Gaelic Speakers. The Final Phase: 'Full' or 'Terminal' in speech?". Studia Celtica Fennic. XIV: 18–57.
  125. ^ Young, Steven (2008). "Baltic". In Kapović, Mate (ed.). The Indo-European Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 486–518. ISBN 978-03-6786-902-1.
  126. ^ "Wezerfrysk hjoed 63 jier wei | It Nijs" (in Western Frisian). 8 November 2024. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
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