1996 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont

1996 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont's at-large district
	Sanders: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% ; Sweetser: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% 70–80%
U.S. Representative before election; Bernie Sanders; Independent	Elected U.S. Representative ; Bernie Sanders; Independent

The 1996 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont was held on Tuesday, November 5, 1996, to elect the U.S. representative from the state's at-large congressional district. The election coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including a quadrennial presidential election.

Republican primary

Republican primary results^[1]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Susan Sweetser	18,829	95.27
	Republican	Write-ins	935	4.73
Total votes			19,764	100.00

Democratic primary

Democratic primary results^[1]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Jack Long	9,291	67.95
	Democratic	Bernie Sanders (Write-in)	4,037	29.52
	Democratic	Susan Sweetser (Write-in)	203	1.48
	Democratic	Write-ins	143	1.05
Total votes			13,674	100.00

Liberty Union primary

Liberty Union primary results^[1]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Liberty Union	Peter Diamondstone	237	88.76
	Liberty Union	Write-ins	30	11.24
Total votes			267	100.00

General election

Candidates

Peter Diamondstone (Liberty Union), perennial candidate and socialist activist^[2]
Norio Kushi (Natural Law), organic foods consultant^[3]^[2]
Jack Long (Democratic), lawyer^[2]
Robert Melamede (Grassroots), associate research professor at the University of Vermont^[2]
Thomas J. Morse (Libertarian), businessman^[2]
Bernie Sanders (Independent), incumbent U.S. Representative^[2]
Susan Sweetser (Republican), state senator^[2]

Campaign

National Republicans were eager to unseat Sanders, and had placed him on a list of 10 incumbent Representatives they would most heavily target in the 1996 cycle.^[4] The Republican nominee, state senator Susan Sweetser, was viewed as a rising star within the party^[4] and campaigned as a "social moderate and fiscal conservative", though she was viewed as a strictly conservative Republican.^[5]^[6] Sweetser's gender was viewed as a potential advantage by University of Vermont political analyst Garrison Nelson, who felt that it would prevent Sanders from utilising his traditional aggressive campaign style.^[7] There was also a prominent Democratic candidate in the form of Jack Long, former commissioner of the Vermont Environmental Conservation Department, who campaigned as a moderate alternative to the other major candidates.^[8] Long's campaign faced staunch opposition from national Democratic strategists, with Rob Engel, political director of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, accusing him of being a spoiler candidate attempting to throw the election to Sweetser.^[9]

Sweetser's campaign faced a major scandal after it was revealed that she had hired private investigator Cathy Riggs, the wife of California Congressman Frank Riggs, to perform opposition research on Sanders, with Riggs proceeding to investigate Sanders' first marriage by calling his ex-wife.^[10] This tactic was denounced by both Sanders and Long as a violation of privacy and political etiquette. Sweetser quickly apologised and claimed that she was not aware of Riggs' activities, but the event severely damaged her campaign nonetheless, as it was largely viewed as unacceptable "dirty campaigning" by the electorate.^[11]^[4]

Polling

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Margin of error	Bernie Sanders	Susan Sweetser	Jack Long	Other	Undecided
Becker Institute^[12]	October 1996			52%	33%	5%		10%

Endorsements

Jack Long (D)

State officials

Howard Dean, Governor of Vermont^[8]

Newspapers and publications

The Burlington Free Press^[13]

Bernie Sanders (I)

Executive officials

George Stephanopoulos, Senior Advisor to the President^[14]

Federal officials

Barney Frank, U.S. Representative from MA-04^[15]

State officials

Sally Conrad, former state senator^[16]
Peter Shumlin, state senator^[17]

Individuals

Fred Tuttle, farmer (Co-endorsement with Sweetser)^[18]
Jane Sanders, congressional staffer and wife of Bernie Sanders^[19]
Gloria Steinem, activist^[20]

Organizations

Sierra Club^[21]

Susan Sweetser (R)

Executive officials

Haley Barbour, Chair of the Republican National Committee and former White House Director of Political Affairs^[22]

Federal officials

Dick Armey, U.S. Representative from TX-26 and House Majority Leader^[6]
Susan Molinari, U.S. Representative from NY-13^[23]

Individuals

Steve Forbes, publishing executive and former candidate for President^[24]
Fred Tuttle, farmer (Co-endorsement with Sanders)^[18]

Results

Vermont's at-large congressional district election, 1996^[25]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Independent	Bernie Sanders (incumbent)	140,678	55.23
	Republican	Susan Sweetser	83,021	32.59
	Democratic	Jack Long	23,830	9.36
	Libertarian	Thomas J. Morse	2,693	1.06
	Liberty Union	Peter Diamondstone	1,965	0.77
	Grassroots	Robert Melamede	1,350	0.53
	Natural Law	Norio Kushi	812	0.32
	Write-ins	N/A	357	0.14
Total votes			254,706	100.00
	Independent hold

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "1996 Primary Election Results" (PDF). Vermont Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 31, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Congress". Brattleboro Reformer. November 1, 1996. p. 21. Retrieved August 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Wallace, Anne (April 19, 1996). "Commuter rail on fast track". The Burlington Free Press. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Freyne, Peter (November 4, 1998). "GOP Throws In the Towel". Seven Days VT. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
^ Nelson, Andrew (August 23, 1996). "Sweetser takes aim at Congress". Bennington Banner. Miller Group. p. 1. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Freyne, Peter (May 22, 1996). "Politics, Politics, Politics". Seven Days VT. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
^ Freyne, Peter (November 15, 1995). "Ho-Ho Come Home". Seven Days VT. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Lisberg, Adam (October 14, 1996). "Long struggles to catch up". The Burlington Free Press. Retrieved December 31, 2021.
^ Gugliotta, Guy (July 9, 1996). "Candidate has his party to contend with". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
^ Sneyd, Ross (September 12, 1996). "Is there dirt on Sanders? Sweetser hires private eye to investigate". The Brattleboro Reformer. Miller Group. Associated Press. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
^ Lisberg, Adam (September 13, 1996). "Sweetser: Investigation prompts apology". The Burlington Free Press. Gannett. p. 5. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
^ Becker Institute
^ Sneyd, Ross (October 28, 1996). "Congressional candidates in high gear; Long gets endorsement". Brattleboro Reformer. Associated Press. Retrieved December 31, 2021.
^ Bradsher, Keith; et al. (November 6, 1996). "Northeast". The New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
^ Schmaler, Tracy (August 10, 1996). "Frank crosses party lines, endorses Sanders". Brattleboro Reformer. Retrieved December 31, 2021.
^ Karp, Matt (January 24, 2016). "Bernie in the Age of Clinton". Jacobin. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
^ Derby, Diane (July 28, 1996). "Long: The Lonely Candidate". Rutland Daily Herald. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Singer, Mark (November 18, 1996). "The Vital Center, Part II". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
^ Gugliotta, Guy (July 9, 1996). "Candidate has his party to contend with". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
^ Murphy, Tim (February 4, 2016). "That Time Bernie Sanders Said He Was a Bigger Feminist Than His Female Opponent". Mother Jones. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
^ Hoffman, Jack (July 16, 1996). "Sanders wins endorsement of the national Sierra Club". Rutland Herald. Vermont Press Bureau. Retrieved December 31, 2021.
^ Liley, Betsy (July 18, 1996). "GOP chief sets sights on Sanders". The Burlington Free Press. Gannett. p. 11. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
^ Allen, Anne Wallace (October 23, 1996). "New York congresswoman stumps for Sweetser". Bennington Banner. Associated Press. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
^ Scherer, Ron (July 8, 1996). "Flat-Tax King Is Back On Chicken-Pie Circuit". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
^ "United States Representative (One District): 1932-2014" (PDF). Vermont Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2015.

[primary-1] "1996 Primary Election Results" (PDF). Vermont Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 31, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2015.

[Candidates-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Congress". Brattleboro Reformer. November 1, 1996. p. 21. Retrieved August 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.

[3] Wallace, Anne (April 19, 1996). "Commuter rail on fast track". The Burlington Free Press. Retrieved August 12, 2022.

[Towel-4] Freyne, Peter (November 4, 1998). "GOP Throws In the Towel". Seven Days VT. Retrieved December 29, 2021.

[5] Nelson, Andrew (August 23, 1996). "Sweetser takes aim at Congress". Bennington Banner. Miller Group. p. 1. Retrieved September 5, 2022.

[Army-6] Freyne, Peter (May 22, 1996). "Politics, Politics, Politics". Seven Days VT. Retrieved December 29, 2021.

[7] Freyne, Peter (November 15, 1995). "Ho-Ho Come Home". Seven Days VT. Retrieved December 29, 2021.

[Catch-8] Lisberg, Adam (October 14, 1996). "Long struggles to catch up". The Burlington Free Press. Retrieved December 31, 2021.

[9] Gugliotta, Guy (July 9, 1996). "Candidate has his party to contend with". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 21, 2022.

[10] Sneyd, Ross (September 12, 1996). "Is there dirt on Sanders? Sweetser hires private eye to investigate". The Brattleboro Reformer. Miller Group. Associated Press. Retrieved September 5, 2022.

[11] Lisberg, Adam (September 13, 1996). "Sweetser: Investigation prompts apology". The Burlington Free Press. Gannett. p. 5. Retrieved September 5, 2022.

[12] Becker Institute

[13] Sneyd, Ross (October 28, 1996). "Congressional candidates in high gear; Long gets endorsement". Brattleboro Reformer. Associated Press. Retrieved December 31, 2021.

[14] Bradsher, Keith; et al. (November 6, 1996). "Northeast". The New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2021.

[15] Schmaler, Tracy (August 10, 1996). "Frank crosses party lines, endorses Sanders". Brattleboro Reformer. Retrieved December 31, 2021.

[16] Karp, Matt (January 24, 2016). "Bernie in the Age of Clinton". Jacobin. Retrieved December 29, 2021.

[17] Derby, Diane (July 28, 1996). "Long: The Lonely Candidate". Rutland Daily Herald. Retrieved January 13, 2022.

[Center-18] Singer, Mark (November 18, 1996). "The Vital Center, Part II". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 19, 2021.

[19] Gugliotta, Guy (July 9, 1996). "Candidate has his party to contend with". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 23, 2021.

[20] Murphy, Tim (February 4, 2016). "That Time Bernie Sanders Said He Was a Bigger Feminist Than His Female Opponent". Mother Jones. Retrieved July 19, 2021.

[21] Hoffman, Jack (July 16, 1996). "Sanders wins endorsement of the national Sierra Club". Rutland Herald. Vermont Press Bureau. Retrieved December 31, 2021.

[22] Liley, Betsy (July 18, 1996). "GOP chief sets sights on Sanders". The Burlington Free Press. Gannett. p. 11. Retrieved September 5, 2022.

[Stumps-23] Allen, Anne Wallace (October 23, 1996). "New York congresswoman stumps for Sweetser". Bennington Banner. Associated Press. Retrieved August 10, 2022.

[24] Scherer, Ron (July 8, 1996). "Flat-Tax King Is Back On Chicken-Pie Circuit". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved December 29, 2021.

[25] "United States Representative (One District): 1932-2014" (PDF). Vermont Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2015.

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