Xylamidine

Xylamidine
Clinical data
Drug class	Peripherally selective serotonin receptor antagonist
ATC code	None;
Identifiers
	IUPAC name N'-[2-(3-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]-2-(3-methylphenyl)ethanimidamide;
CAS Number	6443-50-1 ;
PubChem CID	22951;
ChemSpider	21486 ;
UNII	NY0PC84NZK;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID90863843 ;
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C19H24N2O2
Molar mass	312.413 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES CC1=CC(=CC=C1)CC(=NCC(C)OC2=CC=CC(=C2)OC)N;
	InChI InChI=1S/C19H24N2O2/c1-14-6-4-7-16(10-14)11-19(20)21-13-15(2)23-18-9-5-8-17(12-18)22-3/h4-10,12,15H,11,13H2,1-3H3,(H2,20,21) ; Key:JRYTUFKIORWTNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	(verify)

Xylamidine is a drug which acts as an antagonist of the serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptors,^[1]^[2] and to a lesser extent of the serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor. The drug does not cross the blood–brain barrier and hence is peripherally selective, which makes it useful for blocking peripheral serotonergic responses like cardiovascular^[3]^[4] and gastrointestinal effects,^[5] without producing the central effects of 5-HT_2A receptor blockade such as sedation, or interfering with the central actions of 5-HT_2A receptor agonists.^[6]

Xylamidine and analogues were patented for use in combination with serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonists like serotonergic psychedelics in 2023.^[7]

Chemistry

Synthesis

Xylamidine is an amidine. It is prepared by alkylation of 3-methoxyphenol (m-methoxyphenol) with α-chloropropionitrile, potassium iodide, and potassium carbonate in butanone to give #, which is in turn reduced with lithium aluminium hydride to give the primary amine #. When # is treated with m-tolylacetonitrile in the presence of anhydrous hydrochloric acid, the synthesis is completed. Alternately, one can react primary amine # with m-tolylacetamidine under acid catalysis to produce xylamidine.

References

^ Glennon RA, Westkaemper RB (1992). "Serotonin Receptors, 5-th Ligands and Receptor Modeling". Pharmacochemistry Library. Vol. 18. Elsevier. p. 185–207. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-88931-7.50017-7. ISBN 978-0-444-88931-7. Various polycyclic agents such as butaclamol, mianserin, cyproheptadine, pizotyline bind at 5-HT2 receptors with high affinity. These agents are not selective and bind with comparable affinty either at other populations of 5-HT receptors or at other neurotransmitter receptors. Other, structurally unique agents have also been investigated including cinanserin and xylamidine. The latter compound has seen application as a peripheral 5-HT2 antagonist in that it does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier; however, xylamidine binds equally well at 5-HTIC and 5-HT2 receptors. See references 3 and 5 for additional information on these types of agents.
^ Dave KD, Quinn JL, Harvey JA, Aloyo VJ (March 2004). "Role of central 5-HT2 receptors in mediating head bobs and body shakes in the rabbit". Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 77 (3): 623–629. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2003.12.017. PMID 15006475. Systemic administration of the peripheral 5-HT2A/2C antagonist xylamidine [...] First, systemic injections of the peripherally acting 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist xylamidine were employed to study its effects on head bobs and body shakes produced by systemic injections of DOI.
^ Fuller RW, Kurz KD, Mason NR, Cohen ML (June 1986). "Antagonism of a peripheral vascular but not an apparently central serotonergic response by xylamidine and BW 501C67". European Journal of Pharmacology. 125 (1): 71–7. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(86)90084-1. PMID 3732393.
^ Dedeoğlu A, Fisher LA (December 1991). "Central and peripheral injections of the 5-HT2 agonist, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane, modify cardiovascular function through different mechanisms". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 259 (3): 1027–34. PMID 1762059.
^ Baker BJ, Duggan JP, Barber DJ, Booth DA (May 1988). "Effects of dl-fenfluramine and xylamidine on gastric emptying of maintenance diet in freely feeding rats". European Journal of Pharmacology. 150 (1–2): 137–42. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(88)90759-5. PMID 3402534.
^ Dave KD, Quinn JL, Harvey JA, Aloyo VJ (March 2004). "Role of central 5-HT2 receptors in mediating head bobs and body shakes in the rabbit". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 77 (3): 623–9. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2003.12.017. PMID 15006475. S2CID 25205829.
^ WO 2023028086, Kruegel AC, "Combinations of peripheral 5-HT2A receptor antagonists and central 5-HT2A receptor agonists", published 2 March 2023, assigned to Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

[GlennonWestkaemper1992-1] Glennon RA, Westkaemper RB (1992). "Serotonin Receptors, 5-th Ligands and Receptor Modeling". Pharmacochemistry Library. Vol. 18. Elsevier. p. 185–207. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-88931-7.50017-7. ISBN 978-0-444-88931-7. Various polycyclic agents such as butaclamol, mianserin, cyproheptadine, pizotyline bind at 5-HT2 receptors with high affinity. These agents are not selective and bind with comparable affinty either at other populations of 5-HT receptors or at other neurotransmitter receptors. Other, structurally unique agents have also been investigated including cinanserin and xylamidine. The latter compound has seen application as a peripheral 5-HT2 antagonist in that it does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier; however, xylamidine binds equally well at 5-HTIC and 5-HT2 receptors. See references 3 and 5 for additional information on these types of agents.

[DaveQuinnHarvey2004-2] Dave KD, Quinn JL, Harvey JA, Aloyo VJ (March 2004). "Role of central 5-HT2 receptors in mediating head bobs and body shakes in the rabbit". Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 77 (3): 623–629. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2003.12.017. PMID 15006475. Systemic administration of the peripheral 5-HT2A/2C antagonist xylamidine [...] First, systemic injections of the peripherally acting 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist xylamidine were employed to study its effects on head bobs and body shakes produced by systemic injections of DOI.

[3] Fuller RW, Kurz KD, Mason NR, Cohen ML (June 1986). "Antagonism of a peripheral vascular but not an apparently central serotonergic response by xylamidine and BW 501C67". European Journal of Pharmacology. 125 (1): 71–7. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(86)90084-1. PMID 3732393.

[4] Dedeoğlu A, Fisher LA (December 1991). "Central and peripheral injections of the 5-HT2 agonist, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane, modify cardiovascular function through different mechanisms". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 259 (3): 1027–34. PMID 1762059.

[5] Baker BJ, Duggan JP, Barber DJ, Booth DA (May 1988). "Effects of dl-fenfluramine and xylamidine on gastric emptying of maintenance diet in freely feeding rats". European Journal of Pharmacology. 150 (1–2): 137–42. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(88)90759-5. PMID 3402534.

[6] Dave KD, Quinn JL, Harvey JA, Aloyo VJ (March 2004). "Role of central 5-HT2 receptors in mediating head bobs and body shakes in the rabbit". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 77 (3): 623–9. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2003.12.017. PMID 15006475. S2CID 25205829.

[WO2023028086A1-7] WO 2023028086, Kruegel AC, "Combinations of peripheral 5-HT2A receptor antagonists and central 5-HT2A receptor agonists", published 2 March 2023, assigned to Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

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v t e Phenethylamines
Phenethylamines	Psychedelics: 25B-NBOMe 25C-NBOMe 25D-NBOMe 25I-NBOMe 25N-NBOMe 2C-B 2C-B-AN 2C-Bn 2C-Bu 2C-C 2C-CN 2C-CP 2C-D 2C-E 2C-EF 2C-F 2C-G 2C-G-1 2C-G-2 2C-G-3 2C-G-4 2C-G-5 2C-G-6 2C-G-N 2C-H 2C-I 2C-iP 2C-N 2C-NH2 2C-O 2C-O-4 2C-P 2C-Ph 2C-SE 2C-T 2C-T-2 2C-T-3 2C-T-4 2C-T-5 2C-T-6 2C-T-7 2C-T-8 2C-T-9 2C-T-10 2C-T-11 2C-T-12 2C-T-13 2C-T-14 2C-T-15 2C-T-16 2C-T-17 2C-T-18 2C-T-19 2C-T-20 2C-T-21 2C-T-22 2C-T-22.5 2C-T-23 2C-T-24 2C-T-25 2C-T-27 2C-T-28 2C-T-30 2C-T-31 2C-T-32 2C-T-33 2C-TFE 2C-TFM 2C-YN 2C-V Allylescaline DESOXY Escaline Isoproscaline Jimscaline Macromerine MEPEA Mescaline Metaescaline Methallylescaline Proscaline Psi-2C-T-4 TCB-2 Stimulants: Phenylethanolamine Hordenine Phenethylamine Phenpromethamine α-Methylphenethylamine (amphetamine) β-Methylphenethylamine m-Methylphenethylamine N-Methylphenethylamine o-Methylphenethylamine p-Methylphenethylamine Methylphenidate Entactogens: Lophophine MDPEA MDMPEA Others: BOH DMPEA
Amphetamines	Psychedelics: 3C-AL 3C-BZ 3C-E 3C-MAL 3C-P Aleph Beatrice Bromo-DragonFLY D-Deprenyl DMA DMCPA DMMDA DOB DOC DOEF DOET DOI DOM DON DOPR DOTFM Ganesha MMDA MMDA-2 Psi-DOM TMA TeMA ZDCM-04 Stimulants: 2-FA 2-FMA 3-FA 3-FMA Acridorex Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Levoamphetamine) Amphetaminil Benfluorex Benzphetamine Cathine Clobenzorex Dimethylamphetamine Ephedrine Etilamfetamine Fencamfamin Fencamine Fenethylline Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine, Levofenfluramine) Fenproporex Flucetorex Fludorex Formetorex Furfenorex Gepefrine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine Iofetamine Isopropylamphetamine Lefetamine Lisdexamfetamine Mefenorex Metaraminol Methamphetamine (Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine) Methoxyphenamine MMA Morforex Norfenfluramine L-Norpseudoephedrine N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine Oxifentorex Oxilofrine Ortetamine PBA PCA PFA PFMA PIA PMA PMEA PMMA Phenylpropanolamine Pholedrine Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Sibutramine Tiflorex Tranylcypromine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Entactogens: 4-FA 4-FMA 4-MA 4-MMA 4-MTA 5-APB 5-APDB 5-EAPB 5-IT 5-MAPB 5-MAPDB 6-APB 6-APDB 6-Chloro-MDMA 6-EAPB 6-IT 6-MAPB 6-MAPDB EDA IAP 2,3-MDA 3,4-MDA (tenamfetamine) MDEA MDHMA MDMA (midomafetamine) MDOH Methamnetamine MMDMA Naphthylaminopropane TAP Others: 3,4-DCA Amiflamine DiFMDA Selegiline (also D-Deprenyl)
Phentermines	Stimulants: Chlorphentermine Cloforex Clortermine Etolorex Mephentermine Pentorex Phentermine Entactogens: MDPH MDMPH Others: Cericlamine
Cathinones	Stimulants: 3-FMC 4-MC 4-BMC 4-CMC 4-EMC 4-FMC 4-MEC 4-MeMABP 4-MPD Amfepramone Benzedrone Brephedrone Buphedrone Bupropion Cathinone Dimethylcathinone Ethcathinone Eutylone Hydroxybupropion Methcathinone Methedrone NEB N-Ethylhexedrone N-Ethylpentedrone Pentedrone Pentylone Radafaxine Entactogens: 3,4-DMMC 3-MMC Butylone Ethylone Methylone Methylenedioxycathinone Mephedrone
Phenylisobutylamines	Entactogens: 4-CAB 4-MAB Ariadne BDB Butylone EBDB Eutylone MBDB Stimulants: Phenylisobutylamine
Phenylalkylpyrrolidines	Stimulants: α-PBP α-PHP α-PPP α-PVP MDPBP MDPPP MDPV 4-MePBP 4-MePHP 4-MePPP MOPPP MOPVP MPBP MPHP MPPP Naphyrone PEP Prolintane Pyrovalerone
Catecholamines (and close relatives)	6-FNE 6-OHDA a-Me-DA a-Me-TRA Adrenochrome Ciladopa D-DOPA (Dextrodopa) Dimetofrine Dopamine Epinephrine Epinine Etilefrine Ethylnorepinephrine Fenclonine Ibopamine Isoprenaline Isoetarine L-DOPA (Levodopa) L-DOPS (Droxidopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine m-Tyramine Metanephrine Metaraminol Metaterol Metirosine Methyldopa N,N-Dimethyldopamine Nordefrin (Levonordefrin) Norepinephrine Norfenefrine (m-Octopamine) Normetanephrine Orciprenaline p-Octopamine p-Tyramine Phenylephrine Synephrine
Miscellaneous	AL-LAD Amidephrine Arbutamine Cafedrine Denopamine Desvenlafaxine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Dobutamine Dopexamine Ephenidine Etafedrine ETH-LAD Famprofazone Fluorolintane Hexapradol IP-LAD Lysergic acid amide Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide Lysergic acid diethylamide Methoxamine Methoxphenidine MT-45 PARGY-LAD Phenibut PRO-LAD Pronethalol Salbutamol (Levosalbutamol) Solriamfetol Theodrenaline Thiamphenicol UWA-101 Venlafaxine

Chemistry

Synthesis

See also

References