User:Donald Trung/List of coin hoards in China

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "List of coin hoards in China" and is preserved for attribution.

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_coin_hoards_in_China&oldid=951704842  Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 13:03, 18 April 2020 (UTC) .

original draft

[[File:五铢钱 海昏侯国遗址2.jpg|thumb|right|A large number of [[Wu Zhu]] (五銖) [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]] on display at the "Dazzling Life: Archaeological Finds of the Marquis of Haihun State in Han Dynasty. March 2, 2016 to June 2, 2016." (五色炫耀——南昌汉代海昏侯国考古成果展。2016年3月2日至6月2日，首都博物馆。) exhibition at the [[Capital Museum]], [[Beijing]].]] The '''list of coin hoards in China''' ({{zh |first=t | t= 中國錢幣窖藏清單 | s= 中国钱币窖藏列表 | hp= zhōng guó qián bì jiào cáng liè biǎo | links=yes}}) comprises of significant [[Archaeology|archaeological]] [[hoard]]s of coins, other types of coinages (e.g. [[sycee]]s) or objects related to coins discovered in [[Greater China|China]] (the [[People's Republic of China]] in [[Mainland China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]], and the [[Free area of the Republic of China]], e.g. [[Geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]]). The [[history of Chinese currency]] dates back as early as the [[Spring and Autumn period]] (770–476 BCE), and the earliest coinages took the form of imitations of the [[cowrie shells]] that were used in ceremonial exchanges. During the [[Warring States period]] new forms of currency such as the [[spade money]], [[knife money]], and [[Huanqian|round copper-alloy coins]] were introduced (further reading: [[Zhou dynasty coinage]] and [[Ancient Chinese coinage]]). After unification of China under the [[Qin dynasty]] in 221 BC the [[Ban Liang]] (半兩) [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coin]] became the standard coinage, under the [[Han dynasty]] the [[Wu Zhu]] (五銖) cash coins became the main currency of China until they were replaced with the [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] (開元通寳) during the [[Tang dynasty]], after which [[List of Chinese cash coins by inscription|a large number of inscriptions]] were used on Chinese coinages. During the late nineteenth century China started producing its own [[Milled coinage|machine-struck coinages]]. In [[Culture of China|Chinese culture]] coins are often used as burial objects and it's not uncommon for coins to be discovered in tombs and graves. Occasionally foreign coins are also found in China, which were brought there through [[international trade]] routes such as the [[silk road]], overseas trade with foreign countries, and [[colonialism]]. And because of trade with other countries large quantities of Chinese coins have also been found in neighbouring countries like [[Japan]], [[Korea]],<ref name="KoreaNetHwacheon">{{cite web|url= http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=132070|title= 2,000-year-old Chinese coins unearthed in Gwangju.|date=21 January 2016|accessdate=30 September 2019|author= Lee Hana|publisher= [[Korea.net]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="GlobalTimesNorthGyeongsangWuZhu">{{cite web|url= http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1105807.shtml|title= Archeologists discover ancient Chinese Wuzhu coins in Korean tomb in North Gyeongsang Province, S.Korea.|date=6 June 2018|accessdate=1 October 2019|author= Not listed|publisher= [[Global Times]]|language=en}}</ref> and [[Vietnam]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2007/09/10/100kg-of-ancient-chinese-coins-unearthed-in-vietnam/|title= 100kg of ancient Chinese coins unearthed in Vietnam.|date=7 September 2007|accessdate=3 April 2018|work=Noel Tan for the Southeast Asian Archeology Newsblog (through Thanh Nien News)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2007/11/12/34kg-of-ancient-coins-unearthed-in-vietnam/ |title= 34kg of ancient coins unearthed in Vietnam.|date=9 November 2007|accessdate=3 April 2018|work= Noel Tan for the Southeast Asian Archeology Newsblog (through Vietnam Net Bridge)|language=en}}</ref> as well as far away places like [[Elcho Island]],<ref name="ABC-Elcho-Island">{{cite web|url= https://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2014-08-10/old-chinese-coin-found-in-arnhem-land/5660382?pfmredir=sm|title= Old coin shows early Chinese contact with Aboriginal people in Elcho Island near Arnhem Land: expert.|date=10 August 2014|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Xavier La Canna|publisher= [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] ([[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]])|language=en}}</ref> [[Kenya]],<ref name="bbc10">{{cite news| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11531398| publisher= [[BBC News]] | title= Could a rusty coin re-write Chinese-African history? | date= 17 October 2010 | accessdate= 30 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/six-centuries-ago-chinese-explorers-left-this-coin-behind-in-africa-2810588/#x9gfZZ2HZUYEvvQf.99|title= Six Centuries Ago, Chinese Explorers Left This Coin Behind in Africa - Emperor Yongle was perhaps best known for starting the initial construction of Beijing’s Forbidden City, but he also sent huge fleets of ships, under the command of admiral Zheng He, out across the ocean to faraway lands.|date=15 March 2013|accessdate=31 July 2018|work= by Rachel Nuwer ([[Smithsonian magazine|SmartNews - Keeping you current]]).|language=en}}</ref> and [[Yukon]].<ref name="Kaogu-Yukon-Cash-Coin">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/international_exchange/academic_activities_conferences/201509/t20150911_3934738.shtml|title= Chinese coin presents riddle in Yukon bush.|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[Yukon News]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> == Cleaning of coins by Chinese archaeologists == As Chinese archaeologists frequently unearth ancient Chinese cash coins and other forms of historical currency at tomb sites, these unearthed bronze coinages often to be severely corroded because of the fact that they have been buried for hundreds or thousands of years, this sometimes means that the inscriptions on them can't be read.<ref name="Primaltrek-How-Chinese-Archaeologists-clean-coins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/02/27/how-chinese-archaeologists-clean-coins/|title= How Chinese Archaeologists Clean Coins.|date=27 February 2012|accessdate=10 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> While archaeologists working at a site tend to do everything very slowly and do it as methodically as possible in order to avoid doing any damage to the buried cultural relics, this approach isn't taken with cash coins because they are often vital in order to date the tombs or ruins.<ref name="Primaltrek-How-Chinese-Archaeologists-clean-coins"/> With ancient Chinese cash coins archaeologists tend to be less concerned about their preservation and clean them in order to identify them.<ref name="Primaltrek-How-Chinese-Archaeologists-clean-coins"/> To clean bronze cash coins Chinese archaeologists will simply put them in a mild acid like [[vinegar]] to soak for a period of 2 or 3 days, after this process is done the surface dirt and some of the corrosion will be removed.<ref name="Primaltrek-How-Chinese-Archaeologists-clean-coins"/> The cash coins are then removed by the person doing the cleaning, and they will them scrap out any leftover corrosion in the Chinese characters by using a (common) [[toothpick]].<ref name="Primaltrek-How-Chinese-Archaeologists-clean-coins"/> After this process us done, a [[rubbing]] is usually made of the unearthed coins.<ref name="Primaltrek-How-Chinese-Archaeologists-clean-coins"/> On the contrary, it is usually said among [[Coin collecting|coin collectors]] to not clean their coins because the cleaning process will often lessen the coin's market value or in some cases even ruin it.<ref name="Primaltrek-How-Chinese-Archaeologists-clean-coins"/> == 1950s == === 1950s (Mainland China) === * During the 1950s, a number of [[Ban Liang]] (半兩) cash coins were unearthed at a site somewhere near the city of [[Xi'an]], [[Shaanxi]].<ref name="PrimaltrekSilverBanLiang">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/04/29/state-of-qin-silver-banliang-coin/|title= State of Qin Silver Banliang Coin|date=29 April 2015|accessdate=21 February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="WangChao">{{cite web|url= http://wap.wangchao.net.cn/baike/tcdetail_1004779.html|title= Zhongguo gudai yinbi - 中國古代銀幣 - Silver Coins in Ancient China.|date=2015|accessdate=21 January 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= wap.wangchao.net.cn|language=zh-tw}}</ref> Among the excavated cash coins was one notable [[Ban Liang#Silver Ban Liang cash coins|silver specimen]], this cash coin notably has a diameter of 66 millimeters, a thickness of 7 millimeters, and a weight of 96.15 grams, compared to most State of Qin Ban Liang cash coins made from [[bronze]] which typically have a diameter between 32 and 34 millimeters and weigh only 8 grams.<ref name="PrimaltrekSilverBanLiang"/> * Between the years 1955 and 1959 a number of iron Ban Liang cash coins were unearthed in [[Western Han dynasty]] era tombs in the [[Hunan]]ese cities of [[Hengyang]] and [[Changsha]].<ref name="PrimaltrekShanxiIronCashCoinsHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/06/29/12000-song-dynasty-iron-coins-unearthed-in-shanxi-province/|title= 12,000 Song Dynasty Iron Coins Unearthed in Shanxi Province.|date=29 June 2015|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ChinaNewsIronBanLiang">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinanews.com/m/cul/2015/03-09/7112538.shtml|title= 山西绛州州署遗址发现万枚北宋铁钱.|date=9 March 2015|accessdate=7 April 2020|author= Taiyuan News (太原晚报)|publisher= M.CHINANEWS.COM (中新网)|language=zh-cn}}</ref> These hoards point out to the possibility that China has used [[Tieqian|iron cash coins]] over a millenium before the Northern Song dynasty, as was traditionally thought before these discoveries.<ref name="PrimaltrekShanxiIronCashCoinsHoard"/><ref name="ChinaNewsIronBanLiang"/> == 1960s == === 1960s (Mainland China) === * During the 1960s six gold coins were discovered buried in a small white glazed pot at a farm in [[Jinshi City]], [[Hunan]].<ref name="PrimaltrekJinshiMuseumGoldCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2016/02/21/chinese-museum-offers-reward-for-deciphering-ancient-gold-coin-inscription/|title= Chinese Museum Offers Reward for Deciphering Ancient Gold Coin Inscription.|date=21 February 2016|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ChinaDailyGoldCoins">{{cite web|url= http://m.chinadaily.com.cn/en/2016-02/17/content_23522189.htm|title= Reward offered for decoding ancient Indian gold coins.|date=17 February 2016|accessdate=6 April 2020|author= People.cn|publisher= [[China Daily]] ([[Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China|Chinese Communist Party Central Committee Propaganda Department]])|language=en}}</ref> These gold coins are now classified as first-level national cultural relics (国家一级文物). During the 1980s these gold coins were moved to the museum of Jinshi City.<ref name="PrimaltrekJinshiMuseumGoldCoins"/><ref name="ChinaDailyGoldCoins"/> Peng Jia (彭佳), Director of the [[Cultural Relics Bureau of Jinshi City]] noted that these gold coins were produced by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] during the time that China was under [[Yuan dynasty|Mongol domination]].<ref name="PrimaltrekJinshiMuseumGoldCoins"/><ref name="ChinaDailyGoldCoins"/> The obverse of the coins contain the name of the reigning sultan written in a "rare form" of [[Arabic script]].<ref name="PrimaltrekJinshiMuseumGoldCoins"/><ref name="ChinaDailyGoldCoins"/><ref name="Kaogu-Reward-for-Decoding-Indian-coins">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/academic_activities/201602/t20160218_3936476.shtml|title= Reward offered for decoding ancient Indian gold coins.|date=18 February 2016|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[Daily Daily]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> == 1970s == === 1970s (Mainland China) === * During the early 1970s a number of Yonglong Tongbao (永隆通寶) clay moulds ({{zh|first=t|t=錢陶範|s=钱陶范|hp=Qián táo fàn| links=yes}}) were uncovered at the [[Chengtian Temple (Quanzhou)|Chengtian Temple]] in [[Quanzhou]], [[Fujian]].<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/09/30/ancient-kingdom-of-min-coins-cast-in-quanzhou/|title=Ancient Kingdom of Min Coins Cast in Quanzhou.|date=30 September 2012|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="FJSEN-Kingdom-of-Min-Clay-Mould-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://qz.fjsen.com/2012-07/30/content_8943140.htm|title= 一千年前泉州有个"造币厂" 一个泥范只铸一枚铁币.|date=30 July 2012|accessdate=9 April 2020|author= 宋军营 来源：东南网 (我来说两句)|publisher= qz.fjsen.com|language=zh-cn}}</ref> The clay moulds date to the [[Min Kingdom|Kingdom of Min]] during the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] and all display the inscription Yonglong Tongbao.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> The clay moulds were discovered by a group of [[Buddhist monk]]s digging in the courtyard in in order to bury jars of a local Quanzhou-based [[traditional Chinese medicine]] known as "[[golden juice]]" ({{zh|first=t|t= 金汁|hp= jīn zhī|links=no}}), the elixir is made by mixing together the excrements of young (preadolescent) boys, spring water and "red soil" ({{zh|first=t|t= 紅土|s=红土|hp= hóng tǔ|links=no}}).<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> After being prepared the solution is then stored inside a clay jar which is buried underground at a depth of approximately 3 meters.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> The clay jars are then left underground for a period of between 30 and 40 years, after which they are dug back up.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> "golden juice" as a form of "medicine" is taken orally and within traditional Chinese medicine it is considered to be particularly useful in the treatment of high [[fever]]s.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> While the initial clay moulds were uncovered during the early 1970s, it wasn't until the year 2002 when archeologists would formally excavate the site looking for more coin moulds.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> Yonglong Tongbao cash coins themselves today are very rare.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> There are only two specimens of them known to exist in Chinese museums and perhaps only about 100 specimens of Yonglong Tongbao cash coins are known to be in the hands of private Chinese coin collectors.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> Cash coins with this inscriptions were mostly made from iron, while an even smaller number of lead variants of them are known to exist.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> The reason as to why Yonglong Tongbao cash coins are so scarce has to do with the short period of time they were cast, which was only 1 year and 7 months.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> Furthermore they are even rarer because of the facts that iron suffers from oxidation and deteriorates, the limited area in which the Yonglong Tongbao cash coins had circulated, and their intricate method of production.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> === 1972 === ==== 1972 (Mainland China) ==== * In the year 1972 a Da'an Baoqian (大安寶錢, {{Tangut|𘜶𗵐𘏨𘔭|2tha1 2ne1 1lyq3 1dzen4}}) cash coin with [[Tangut script]] was found at the [[Liao Shangjing site]], [[Lindong]], [[Baarin Left Banner]], [[Inner Mongolia]].<ref name="BabelStone-Diary-Khitan-cash-coins">{{cite web|url= https://www.babelstone.co.uk/BabelDiary/2017/10/liao-superior-capital-revisited.html|title= Diary of a Rambling Antiquarian - Sunday, 1 October 2017 - Liao Superior Capital Revisited.|date=1 October 2017|accessdate=13 April 2020|author= [[Andrew West (linguist)|Andrew Christopher West (魏安)]]|publisher= BabelStone|language=en}}</ref> === 1974 === ==== 1974 (Mainland China) ==== * In the year 1974, a farmer in [[Fugou County]], [[Henan]], had unearthed a bronze three-legged tripod (鼎, ''dǐng'').<ref name="PrimaltrekSilverBanLiang"/> Stashed inside this bronze tripod were eighteen specimens of spade money.<ref name="PrimaltrekSilverBanLiang"/><ref name="WangChao"/> 1 of these spades was a [[Spade money#Hollow-handled spade money|hollow-handled spade]] (空首幣), while all the remaining 17 spade money were [[Spade money#Flat-handled spade money|flat-handled spades]] (平首幣).<ref name="PrimaltrekSilverBanLiang"/><ref name="WangChao"/> All of these unearthed spades are notably made of silver and are now on display at the [[Henan Museum]].<ref name="PrimaltrekSilverBanLiang"/><ref name="WangChao"/> This also notably makes it China's first ever recorded instance of silver coinage, according to an article in "China Numismatics Volume 3 of 1983" ({{zh|first=t |t= 中國錢幣 1983年第3期|s= 中国钱币 1983年第3期| hp= zhōng guó qián bì yì qiān jiǔ bǎi bā shí sān nián dì sān qī| l= | links=yes}}).<ref name="PrimaltrekSilverBanLiang"/> === 1977 === ==== 1977 (Mainland China) ==== * On 15 May 1977 a cash coin with [[Khitan large script]] was found 1 kilometer west of the [[Liao Shangjing site]], [[Lindong]], [[Baarin Left Banner]], [[Inner Mongolia]] by Shi Yuilan.<ref name="Charm.ru-Khitan-cash-coin">{{cite web|url= http://charm.ru/coins/misc/kidanscriptcash.shtml|title= The Liao Dynasty Cash Coin with Kidan Inscription.|date=3 June 2002|accessdate=13 April 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev|publisher= Charm.ru (Chinese Coinage Web Site)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="BabelStone-Diary-Khitan-cash-coins"/> The inscription of the coin, "", has been interpret as meaning Tianchao Wanshun (天朝萬順, "Heavenly Dynasty — Myriad [affairs are] Favourable").<ref name="BabelStone-Diary-Khitan-cash-coins"/> Furthermore, in 1977 another Tianchao Wanshun cash coin was unearthed at the site, this was a silver version with eight Khitan characters scratched onto its reverse side.<ref name="BabelStone-Fake-Khitania">{{cite web|url= https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Blog/2013/01/fake-khitania.html|title= BabelStone Blog - Tuesday, 1 January 2013 - Fake Khitania.|date=1 January 2017|accessdate=21 April 2020|author= [[Andrew West (linguist)|Andrew Christopher West (魏安)]]|publisher= BabelStone|language=en}}</ref> ..babelstone.co.uk/Blog/2013/01/fake-khitania.html|title= BabelStone Blog - Tuesday, 1 January 2013 - Fake Khitania.|date=1 January 2017|accessdate=21 April 2020|author= [[Andrew West (linguist)|Andrew Christopher West (魏安)]]|publisher= BabelStone|language=en}}</ref> == 1980s == === 1984 === ==== 1984 (Mainland China) ==== * In the year 1984 when a cache of cash coins was unearthed in the [[Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region]].<ref name="PrimaltrekWesternXiaSealScript">{{cite web|url=http://primaltrek.com/blog/2016/10/04/unique-western-xia-coin-written-in-seal-script-unearthed-in-ningxia/|title=Unique Western Xia Coin Written in Seal Script Unearthed in Ningxia.|date=4 October 2016|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ChinaNumismatics2016">“China Numismatics” (2016年1期). [http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI3MzI0MzM1MQ==&mid=2247483721&idx=1&sn=41d3af74460f9a03c5de1b0725a3c293&3rd=MzA3MDU4NTYzMw==&scene=6#rd 宁夏首次出土篆书乾祐元宝。] 朱 浒 盛世隆泉 Published: 25 April 2016 by Dr. Zhu Hu (朱浒) of the Art Research Institute of [[East China Normal University]] (华东师范大学艺术研究所) Retrieved: 20 June 2017. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref> This discovery is notably for including a [[Western Xia coinage|Western Xia cash coin]] with the Guangding Yuanbao (光定元寶) that was written in [[seal script]].<ref name="PrimaltrekWesternXiaSealScript"/> Up until this point no [[Tangut people|Tangut]] [[Western Xia]] dynasty cash coins with seal script inscriptions were known to exist.<ref name="PrimaltrekWesternXiaSealScript"/> The seal script Guangding Yuanbao cash coin has a diameter of 25.3 millimeters, a thickness of 1.4 millimeters, and weighs 4.3 grams.<ref name="PrimaltrekWesternXiaSealScript"/> == 1990s == === 1990s (Mainland China) === During the 1990s a small [[gold]] Tianchao Wanshun (天朝萬順) cash coin was discovered at [[Hexigten]] Banner, [[Inner Mongolia]].<ref name="BabelStone-Fake-Khitania">{{cite web|url= https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Blog/2013/01/fake-khitania.html|title= BabelStone Blog - Tuesday, 1 January 2013 - Fake Khitania.|date=1 January 2017|accessdate=21 April 2020|author= [[Andrew West (linguist)|Andrew Christopher West (魏安)]]|publisher= BabelStone|language=en}}</ref> The inscription of the cash coin is read [[counter-clockwise]].<ref name="BabelStone-Fake-Khitania"/> In the year 2017 it had an estimated market value of between [[Renminbi|¥]]460,000 and ¥600,000.<ref name="BabelStone-Fake-Khitania"/> === 1992 === ==== 1992 (Mainland China) ==== * In the year 1992 a man named Wang Pinli (王品礼) in a very remote and relatively poor mountainous area of [[Meitan County]], [[Guizhou]] suffered from a rat infestation in his house, when he decided to fill the holes in the area between the kitchen and the ox pen, while digging he had uncovered what he described as "a money pit" that is 1.5 meters in diameter and 2 meters in depth, the hoard includes cash coins from the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]], [[Song dynasty|Song]], [[Ming dynasty|Ming]], and [[Qing dynasty|Qing dynasties]] as well as [[Japanese mon (currency)|Japanese cash coins]] (倭錢), [[Vietnamese cash coins]], and silver [[Republican China|Republican era]] dollars.<ref name="PrimaltrekMeitanCountyHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/09/24/young-numismatists-in-china/|title= Young Numismatists in China.|date=24 September 2015|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> There was more than 4,600 [[Catty|catties]] of coins inside of the "money pit", which is equivalent to about 3 tons.<ref name="PrimaltrekMeitanCountyHoard"/> Wang Pinli was able to sell the coins from the "coin pit" for 3–5 [[Renminbi|yuan]] per catty, which would be 13,800–23,000 yuan ([[United States dollar|$]]2,166–$3,610) for the whole "money pit", and used the money he made selling the coins to take care of the elder members of his family and to send his children to school.<ref name="PrimaltrekMeitanCountyHoard"/> Wang Pinli managed to keep a number of the coins he uncovered, which were later used as toys by his children and were often found scattered across the house.<ref name="PrimaltrekMeitanCountyHoard"/> Among the coins Wang Pinli kept are [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] (開元通寶) cash coins from the [[Tang dynasty]], Jingde Yuanbao (景德元寶), Yuanyou Tongbao (元祐通寶), and Zhenghe Tongbao (政和通寶) cash coins from the [[Song dynasty]], [[Hongwu Tongbao]] (洪武通寶) and Wanli Tongbao (萬曆通寶) cash coins from the [[Ming dynasty]], Honghua Tongbao (洪化通寶) cash coins issued by [[Wu Shifan]], [[Kangxi Tongbao]] (康熙通寶) and [[Qianlong Tongbao]] (乾隆通寶) cash coins from the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Qing dynasty]], as well as non-Chinese cash coins such as the [[Vietnam]]ese Cảnh Nguyên Thông Bảo (景元通寶, or "Jingyuan Tongbao") cash coin produced in 1377, and the [[Japan]]ese [[Kan'ei Tsūhō]] (寛永通寳).<ref name="PrimaltrekMeitanCountyHoard"/> Furthermore, the hoard includes a number of silver [[Yuan Shikai]] "fat man dollars" (袁大頭, ''yuán dà tóu''), and a number of non-coin objects such as a 50 cm long sword and a copy of the ''[[Classic of Poetry]]''.<ref name="PrimaltrekMeitanCountyHoard"/> === 1996 === ==== 1996 (Mainland China) ==== * In the year 1996 an excavation was conducted on the then recently discovered tomb of the [[Xianbei]] [[Northern Zhou]] dynasty prime minister [[Tian Hong]], who died and was buried in the year 575 in Yuanzhou.<ref name="Kaogu-Yuanzhou-Archaeological-Joint-Excavation-in-1996">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/publication/new_books/200911/t20091113_3917804.shtml|title= The Tomb of Tian Hong of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. (By The Yuanzhou Archaeological Joint Excavation in 1996).|date=13 November 2009|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Credited as "Chinese Archaeology NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> The archaeological excavations of the area were started in the year 1995 and were partially funded as a joint project by the [[Japan]]ese [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology]] Grant – in Aid for International Scientific Research.<ref name="Kaogu-Yuanzhou-Archaeological-Joint-Excavation-in-1996"/> During the excavation of Tian Hong's tomb it was evident that the tomb had been broken into by [[grave robbers]] on a large scale prior, the burial mound of the tomb is round in shape, and measures about 35 meters across.<ref name="Kaogu-Yuanzhou-Archaeological-Joint-Excavation-in-1996"/> Furthermore, the tomb contains a cave – chamber tomb, which measures about 12 meters deep from the top of the tomb mound.<ref name="Kaogu-Yuanzhou-Archaeological-Joint-Excavation-in-1996"/> Three coffins laid inside of the tomb, the ones belonging to Tian Hong and his wife were still intact but the third coffin had been scattered by grave robbers.<ref name="Kaogu-Yuanzhou-Archaeological-Joint-Excavation-in-1996"/> Five gold [[Byzantine coinage|Eastern Roman coins]] were found inside of the tomb.<ref name="Kaogu-Yuanzhou-Archaeological-Joint-Excavation-in-1996"/> One coin was issued under [[Leo I the Thracian]], one under [[Justin I]], two under [[Justinian I]] as co-emperor, and one under Justinian I as "[[List of people known as "the Great"|the great]]".<ref name="Kaogu-Yuanzhou-Archaeological-Joint-Excavation-in-1996"/> Other than the Eastern Roman coins other objects like Jade ornaments, wall paintings about 13 ministers, coloured in red, white, and black, numerous gold leafed [[glass bead]]s, mica foils with papercutted gold, and painted pottery figures of some [[equestrian]]s that was located in the eastern side chamber, one cook and two dogs in the fifth shaft of a tomb gallery were also recovered from Tian Hong's tomb.<ref name="Kaogu-Yuanzhou-Archaeological-Joint-Excavation-in-1996"/> === 1997 === ==== 1997 (Mainland China) ==== * It was reported in 1997 that at an unspecified date in the the largest Chinese cash coin ever had been uncovered.<ref name="PrimaltrekChina'sBiggestAncientCoin">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/11/03/chinas-biggest-ancient-coin/|title= China's Biggest Ancient Coin.|date=3 November 2011|accessdate=21 February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="KunmingBiggestJiajingTongbao2009">{{cite web|url= http://history.kunming.cn/index/content/2009-09/04/content_1960178.htm|title= 昆明最早古钱已400多岁 藏于县的"世界第一钱"为纪念云南开炉造币而铸。|date=4 September 2009|accessdate=21 February 2020|author= 会泽县|publisher= www.kunming.cn|language=zh-cn}}</ref> The large cash coun in question was a ''Kai Lu Qian'' ({{zh|first=t |t= 開爐錢 |s= 开炉钱 | hp= kāi lú qián | l= | links=no}}), or "commemorative cash coins", were a special type of cash coin produced to commemorate the opening of a mint or a new furnace.<ref name="PrimaltrekChina'sBiggestAncientCoin"/> The largest ever recorded of these cash coins, and also the largest and heaviest ancient Chinese coin ever found, was a giant Jiajing Tongbao (嘉靖通寶) cash coin produced for the opening of a mint in [[Dongchuan District|Dongchuan]], [[Sichuan]].<ref name="LosAngelesTimesChina'sBiggestCoinFound">{{cite web|url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-jul-19-mn-14498-story.html|title= China's Biggest Coin Found.|date=19 July 1997|accessdate=21 February 2020|author= [[Associated Press]] (AP)|publisher= The [[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekChina'sBiggestAncientCoin"/> This Kai Lu cash coin has a diameter of 57.8 centimeters (or 22.8 inches), a thickness of 3.7 centimeters (or 1.5 inches), and it has a weight of 41.5 kilograms (or 91.5 pounds).<ref name="PrimaltrekChina'sBiggestAncientCoin"/><ref name="KunmingBiggestJiajingTongbao2009"/> On June 27, 1990, the Quality Inspection Section of the [[Huize County Lead and Zinc Mine Archives]] ({{zh|first=t|t= 會澤縣的鉛鋅礦檔案館 |s=会泽县的铅锌矿档案馆 | hp= huì zé xiàn de qiān xīn kuàng dàng àn guǎn | l= | links=no}}),<ref name="WenwenSosoJiajingTongbaoKaiLuQian">{{cite web|url= https://wenwen.soso.com/z/q2003198957.htm|title= 会泽的嘉靖通宝在哪里？.|date=2 March 2009|accessdate=21 February 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= 上滑了解更多|language=zh-cn}}</ref> where the cash coin is on display, conducted a sampling and analysis of the coin,<ref name="PrimaltrekChina'sBiggestAncientCoin"/> conducted an assay and concluded that the coin had a composition of 90. 81% copper, 0. 584% aluminum, 0. 532% zinc, and 3% iron.<ref name="WenwenSosoJiajingTongbaoKaiLuQian"/><ref name="KunmingBiggestJiajingTongbao2009"/> In the year 2002 it was added to the [[Guinness World Records]] as the largest coin.<ref name="WenwenSosoJiajingTongbaoKaiLuQian"/> * In July 1997 a large chunk of [[Tieqian|iron cash coins]] dating to the [[Song dynasty]], described as a "mountain" of ancient Chinese cash coins, were unearthed in a field near the city of [[Cangzhou]], [[Hebei]].<ref name="PrimaltrekCangzhouIronCashCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/04/26/mystery-surrounding-100-tons-of-song-dynasty-iron-coins/|title= Mystery Surrounding 100 Tons of Song Dynasty Iron Coins.|date=26 April 2013|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="China-Culture-Journal-Cangzhou-Tieqian-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://nepaper.ccdy.cn/html/2013-04/04/content_94025.htm|title= 河北上百吨宋朝铁钱币之谜.|date=4 April 2013|accessdate=8 April 2020|work= China Culture Journal (中国文化报)|language=zh-cn}}</ref> The discovered cash coins were made of iron and they tended to be stuck together in very large and often heavy pieces.<ref name="PrimaltrekCangzhouIronCashCoins"/> The iron cash coins from the hoard are now displayed at the [[Tieqian Ku]] (铁钱库, "iron cash coins treasury") located in the city of Cangzhou.<ref name="PrimaltrekCangzhouIronCashCoins"/> === 1999 === ==== 1999 (Mainland China) ==== * In the year 1999 a [[Tangut script]] Zhengde Baoqian (正德寶錢, {{Tangut|𗣼𘇚𘏨𘔭|2chha3 2mi'4 1lyq3 1dzen4}}) cash coin from the [[Western Xia]] dynasty was discovered.<ref name="BabelStone-Tangut-cash-coins">{{cite web|url= https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Blog/2007/01/tangut-coins.html|title= Tangut Coins.|date=29 January 2007|accessdate=13 April 2020|author= [[Andrew West (linguist)|Andrew Christopher West (魏安)]]|publisher= BabelStone.co.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CCTV-1999-Tangut-cash-coin">{{cite web|url= http://www.cctv.com/program/jb/20051008/101307.shtml|title= 西夏 崇宗正德年“正德宝钱”.|date=8 October 2005|accessdate=13 April 2020|author= Hong Li (红立)|publisher= [[China Central Television|www.CCTV.com]] (中国中央电视台)|language=zh-cn}}</ref> This coin is notably the only Zhengde Baoqian cash coin ever found.<ref name="BabelStone-Tangut-cash-coins"/> Its [[market value]] was estimated at 200,000 [[Renminbi|yuan]] in 2005.<ref name="CCTV-1999-Tangut-cash-coin"/> == 2000s == === 2000 === ==== 2000 (Mainland China) ==== * In a report by the [[People's Daily]] dated May 20, 2000 another hoard of [[Tieqian|iron cash coins]] was found in a field near [[Cangzhou]], [[Hebei]], at the same location as in 1997.<ref name="People's-Daily-Cangzhou-Tieqian-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://en.people.cn/english/200005/20/eng20000520_41261.html|title= China Unearths Mountain of Ancient Iron Coins.|date=20 May 2000|accessdate=8 April 2020|work= [[People's Daily]] ([[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China]]).|language=en}}</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekCangzhouIronCashCoins"/> The iron cash coins dated to the Northern Song dynasty period. The discovery was made by a local tourism department of Cangzhou city.<ref name="People's-Daily-Cangzhou-Tieqian-Hoard"/> The archeologists had initially dug up about 48 tonnes of iron cash coins,<ref name="People's-Daily-Cangzhou-Tieqian-Hoard"/> with the largest single chunk them weighing about 7 tonnes.<ref name="PrimaltrekCangzhouIronCashCoins"/> The hoard was a breakthrough because never before were any iron cash coins discovered in [[northern China]].<ref name="People's-Daily-Cangzhou-Tieqian-Hoard"/> Before this hoard, historians believed that iron cash coins were only used in regions where commerce flourished south of the [[Yangtze River]].<ref name="People's-Daily-Cangzhou-Tieqian-Hoard"/> The archaeologists also found out that the Northern Song iron cash coins at the site had not simply rusted together but displayed clear signs that they had been melted together.<ref name="PrimaltrekCangzhouIronCashCoins"/> Furthermore, at the site the archeologists also found some coin moulds and stoves that may suggest that a mint may have been located there in the past.<ref name="People's-Daily-Cangzhou-Tieqian-Hoard"/> However, some experts refuted this hypothesis because this area was part of a frontier region during the Song dynasty period and the Song government would in all likelihood not have built a coin mint in a remote border area like this.<ref name="PrimaltrekCangzhouIronCashCoins"/> Contemporary experts noted that this coin hoard would re-write China's history of coin production.<ref name="People's-Daily-Cangzhou-Tieqian-Hoard"/> Why such a large quantity of Song dynasty period iron cash coins were buried in the area near Cangzhou and why these iron coins had apparently been melted together in such large chunks remains a mystery.<ref name="PrimaltrekCangzhouIronCashCoins"/> According to Ms. Wang Yufang (王玉芳), the Director of the [[Cangzhou City Bureau of Cultural Relics]] (沧州市文物局), there are no historical documents dating to the Song dynasty that mention the existence of this iron cash coin cache.<ref name="PrimaltrekCangzhouIronCashCoins"/> The most plausible hypothesis as to why these iron cash coins were located in such large quantities and why they were (partially) melted together claims that iron cash coins were sent to the area by the government of the Song dynasty in order to pay for military expenses contending for control of the [[Sixteen Prefectures]] against the [[Jurchen]]s.<ref name="PrimaltrekCangzhouIronCashCoins"/><ref name="China-Culture-Journal-Cangzhou-Tieqian-Hoard"/> The Song army was eventually defeated during this campaign.<ref name="PrimaltrekCangzhouIronCashCoins"/><ref name="China-Culture-Journal-Cangzhou-Tieqian-Hoard"/> As they were forced to withdraw from the region, the Song army was faced with the prospect of having to transport such an enormous quantity of iron cash coins during their retreat.<ref name="PrimaltrekCangzhouIronCashCoins"/><ref name="China-Culture-Journal-Cangzhou-Tieqian-Hoard"/> Since the transport of the iron cash coins would have been difficult to achieve, and given the fact that it was necessary them to make a hasty retreat, it is hypothesised that a decision was made by the Song army to abandon the huge amounts of money in the area, and that they were partially melted down to prevent the iron cash coinage from falling into the hands of the advancing enemy soldiers.<ref name="PrimaltrekCangzhouIronCashCoins"/><ref name="China-Culture-Journal-Cangzhou-Tieqian-Hoard"/> The iron cash coins from the hoard are now displayed at the Tieqian Ku (铁钱库, "iron cash coins treasury") located in the city of Cangzhou.<ref name="PrimaltrekCangzhouIronCashCoins"/> ==== 2000 (Hong Kong) ==== * In the year 2000 at the archeological site of [[So Kwun Wat]], [[Tuen Mun]] in the [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative region]] of [[Hong Kong]] over sixty Han dynasty era bronze cash coins were unearthed which included both [[Ban Liang]] (半兩) and [[Wu Zhu]] (五銖) cash coins, among the hoard were also pieces of linen and bamboo mats.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200201/18/0118133.htm|title= Exhibition to show the archaeological discoveries in Tuen Mun.|date=18 January 2002|accessdate=3 September 2018|work= The [[Government of Hong Kong]].|language=en}}</ref> === 2002 === ==== 2002 (Mainland China) ==== * In 2002 a second specimen of the Western Xia seal script Guangding Yuanbao (光定元寶) cash coins was unearthed in [[Shaanxi]], later a third specimen would be unearthed in [[Inner Mongolia]].<ref name="PrimaltrekWesternXiaSealScript"/> * In April of 2002 archeologists had begun a formal excavation at the [[Chengtian Temple (Quanzhou)|Chengtian Temple]] in [[Quanzhou]], [[Fujian]], where three decades earlier a number of [[Min Kingdom|Kingdom of Min]] period Yonglong Tongbao (永隆通寶) clay moulds had been uncovered.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> At a depth of about 3 meters the archeologists had discovered over a thousand clay mould fragments at the location.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> While it known that the Min Kingdom had a mint, its exact location was unknown, but due to the discovery of such a large number of clay mould fragments discovered at the Chengtian Temple confirms that the mint was located somewhere in present-day Quanzhou, making it only known mint location from the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] at the time.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> The archaeologists considered this hoard to be particularly fortunate, as it is rare for such cultural objects made from clay to survive in climates that receive over 1200 millimeters of rain annually such as Quanzhou.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> This fact is cited to be one of the important reasons as to why no other sites which cast cash coins using clay moulds have been discovered in the modern period this far into [[southern China]].<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> Iron was used to cast cash coins by the Min Kingdom in the area because the region where Quanzhou is situated had ample supplies of iron and [[coal]] but lacked any copper reserves.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> As to why such a large quantity of clay moulds were discovered at the Chengtian Temple us because the casting method that was employed by the Min Kingdom at the time required a two-piece clay mould was made with a small hole in which the molten iron, with a temperature of at least 1535[[Degree Celsius|°C]], could be poured into them.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> Once the iron had hardened, forming the cash coin, the clay mould had to be broken apart in order to take the cash coin out.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> Each clay mould could was only capable to produce a single cash coin.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> Furthermore, the archaeologists noted that while the casting technique for manufacturing cash coins had remained the same as it had in ancient times, the casting technology itself had evolved to the point where the Chinese character inscriptions displayed on the coinage could now be clearly cast.<ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard"/> === 2006 === ==== 2006 (Mainland China) ==== * In January 2006 archaeologists had discovered a tomb in [[Xi'an]], [[Shaanxi]] that was possibly the resting place of a [[Coin collecting|coin collector]] who died 600 years prior to its discovery.<ref name="Kaogu-Shaanxi-Coin-Hoard-2006">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/200604/t20060412_3909957.shtml|title= Ancient Coins Found at Construction Site in Shaanxi.|date=12 May 2006|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua News]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> A total of 150 different coins issued by different dynasties in Chinese history were found inside of the tomb which led the archaeologists to believe that the man was interested in ancient coins.<ref name="Kaogu-Shaanxi-Coin-Hoard-2006"/> * In January 2006 during the construction of a plaza in [[Pingli County]], [[Shaanxi]] a Han dynasty era tomb was uncovered, during its excavation archeologists found 259 [[Wu Zhu]] cash coins, 1 tripod made from iron, a pottery kitchen range as well as 3 pottery urns.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Archaeology/154569.htm|title= Han Dynasty Coins Unearthed in Shaanxi.|date=10 January 2006|accessdate=3 September 2018|work= [[Xinhua News Agency]] (hosted on China.org.cn).|language=en}}</ref> * It was reported on Friday 16 May 2006 by the [[Xinhua News Agency]] that on Sunday 7 May 2006 a tonne of ancient Chinese cash coins were unearthed at a construction site in [[Pucheng County, Shaanxi|Pucheng County]], [[Shaanxi]].<ref name="Kaogu-Shaanxi-Coin-Hoard-2006"/> The coin hoard was uncovered about 6 to 7 meters underground inside of a brick cellar when an excavator was stumbled across it.<ref name="Kaogu-Shaanxi-Coin-Hoard-2006"/> According to a witness at the site the brick cellar was full of cash coins that were scattered around and other coins were bunched together with rotten leather strips.<ref name="Kaogu-Shaanxi-Coin-Hoard-2006"/> After the local authorities on cultural relics had put the uncovered cash coins under their protection they identified that some were produced during the Northern Song dynasty period, while other cash coins could not be identified because of erosion.<ref name="Kaogu-Shaanxi-Coin-Hoard-2006"/> * It was reported on 11 July 2006 by the [[Xinhua News Agency]] that construction workers had stumbled across a coin hoard in [[Shijiazhuang]], [[Hebei]].<ref name="China-Daily-Shijiazhuang-Hoard-2006">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/photo/2006-07/12/content_639485.htm|title= Qing dynasty coins unearthed in Shijiazhuang.|date=12 July 2006|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= [[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]]|publisher= [[China Daily]] ([[Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China|Chinese Communist Party Central Propaganda Department]])|language=en}}</ref> Archeologists suspect that the [[Qing dynasty coinage|Qing dynasty period cash coins]] were buried underground there by a local bank in an effort to prevent robbery.<ref name="China-Daily-Shijiazhuang-Hoard-2006"/> * It was reported on 21 July 2006 by [[China News]] that a Northern Song dynasty period site filled with cultural relics had been discovered during the construction of a building in [[Xinzhen Village]] [[Dongying]], [[Shandong]].<ref name="Kaogu-Yellow-River-Delta-Hoard-2006">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/200607/t20060721_3910600.shtml|title= Rare Cultural Relics Discovered on the Yellow River Delta.|date=21 July 2006|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> Experts from [[Dongying Cultural Relics Bureau]] excavated the site and found 3 tonnes of iron cash coins as well as some copper-alloy coins.<ref name="Kaogu-Yellow-River-Delta-Hoard-2006"/> Further, the hoard included pottery head portraits of minority ethnic people, chinaware, and parts of ancient architecture.<ref name="Kaogu-Yellow-River-Delta-Hoard-2006"/> === 2007 === ==== 2007 (Mainland China) ==== * Village elders from [[Longgang, Jiangsu|Longgang Town]], [[Yancheng]], [[Jiangsu]] noted in a 2015 media report that that old coins were discovered in a river in the year 2007, where later in 2015 more cash coins would be found.<ref name="PrimaltrekYanchengHoard2015">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/03/29/tang-and-song-dynasty-coins-dug-up-in-yancheng/|title= Tang and Song Dynasty Coins Dug Up in Yancheng.|date=29 March 2015|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="SohuLonggangHoard">{{cite web|url= http://roll.sohu.com/20150323/n410152222.shtml|title= 江苏盐城一工地挖出大量古钱币 村民“淘宝”(组图).|date=23 March 2015|accessdate=7 April 2020|author= [[China News Service|China News]] (中新网)|publisher= [[Sohu]] (republished)|language=zh-cn}}</ref> In the distant past, a temple was situated on the site at the river.<ref name="PrimaltrekYanchengHoard2015"/><ref name="SohuLonggangHoard"/> The temple was later destroyed at an undisclosed time but the cash coins unearthed at the site may be linked to the ancient temple that once stood there.<ref name="PrimaltrekYanchengHoard2015"/><ref name="SohuLonggangHoard"/> * On August 23, 2007 a villager digging a channel in order to place pipes for tap water had found "money cellar" 1.5 meters containing 1.5 tonnes of ancient coins below the ground in [[Qianwanhu Village]], [[Changzi County]], [[Shanxi]].<ref name="Kaogu-Qianwanhu-Village-Hoard-2007">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/200708/t20070830_3911631.shtml|title= 1.5 tons of ancient coins discovered in N China.|date=3 August 2007|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> According to Li Lin, an official of the [[Changzi Center of Cultural Heritage and Tourism]], the "money cellar" contains around 10,000 coins and that they were piled orderly into a cuboid of 1.3 meter in length, 0.65 meter in width, and 1 meter in height.<ref name="Kaogu-Qianwanhu-Village-Hoard-2007"/> After they had been found, the cash coins were sent to the local authorities in charge of cultural relics.<ref name="Kaogu-Qianwanhu-Village-Hoard-2007"/> The reason as to why the cash coins were located there isn’t known, but the archaeologists had made 3 hypotheses.<ref name="Kaogu-Qianwanhu-Village-Hoard-2007"/> The first hypothesis assumes that the cash coins were the private wealth of a landlord, the second hypothesis assumes that the cash coins from the "money cellar" were owned by ancient Chinese private banks who buried them during a war, while the third hypothesis assumes that the cash coins had belonged to rich people in the same scenario as the second hypothesis.<ref name="Kaogu-Qianwanhu-Village-Hoard-2007"/> The cash coins that were found are mostly from the Northern Song dynasty period, with some Han and Tang dynasty specimens being among them.<ref name="Kaogu-Qianwanhu-Village-Hoard-2007"/> Many of the unearthed cash coins are in good condition with readable characters, while others had been severely corroded.<ref name="Kaogu-Qianwanhu-Village-Hoard-2007"/> Li Lin noted that the largest cash coin found in the hoard is 3 centimeters in diameter and that the smallest is only 1 centimeter in diameter.<ref name="Kaogu-Qianwanhu-Village-Hoard-2007"/> === 2009 === ==== 2009 (Mainland China) ==== * It was reported on June 12, 2009 by [[China Daily]] that about two tons of ancient Chinese cash coins were accidentally discovered on the grounds of a primary school located in [[Liquan County]], [[Shaanxi]].<ref name="China-Daily-Liquan-Coin-Hoard-2009">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-06/12/content_8279807.htm|title= Ancient coins discovered in Shaanxi.|date=12 June 2009|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Ma Lie (chinadaily.com.cn)|publisher= [[China Daily]] ([[Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China|Chinese Communist Party Central Propaganda Department]])|language=en}}</ref> Zhao Aiguo, director of the [[Liquan County heritage and tourism bureau]], stated that the coin hoard was accidentally discovered during the construction of the school's playground.<ref name="China-Daily-Liquan-Coin-Hoard-2009"/> The construction workers stumbled upon the coin hoard at around 11:30 [[Ante Meridiem|AM]] on Tuesday June 9, 2009.<ref name="China-Daily-Liquan-Coin-Hoard-2009"/> The construction crew then proceeded to report the discovery of the cache to both the local heritage authority and the local police, after which the construction was halted to allow for the excavation.<ref name="China-Daily-Liquan-Coin-Hoard-2009"/> Following the arrival of local archaeologists and technicians the construction crew helped to collect the unearthed cash coins which were then placed in 170 bags, the bags were so numerous that they completely filled a lorry.<ref name="China-Daily-Liquan-Coin-Hoard-2009"/> The pit was constructed using blue bricks and the cash coins were kept in a 1.5 square meter pit which was about a meter high.<ref name="China-Daily-Liquan-Coin-Hoard-2009"/> The archaeologists noted that the site was a part of the now destroyed [[Xiangjici Temple]] constructed during the reign of the [[Western Han dynasty]] period [[Emperor Wen of Han|Emperor Wen]] as a memorial for [[Empress Dowager Bo|his late mother]].<ref name="China-Daily-Liquan-Coin-Hoard-2009"/> Zhao Aiguo noted that there still is an extant tower, initially constructed in the year 834 during the Tang dynasty period, is located next to the primary school.<ref name="China-Daily-Liquan-Coin-Hoard-2009"/> Zhao Aiguo speculated that the cash coins were likely donated by people who visited the Xiangjici Temple and that the uncovered hole was an underground storage area for keeping the money.<ref name="China-Daily-Liquan-Coin-Hoard-2009"/> According to Zhao Aiguo the inscriptions on the cash coins date to the Tang, Song, and Mongol Yuan dynasties.<ref name="China-Daily-Liquan-Coin-Hoard-2009"/> == 2010s == === 2010 === ==== 2010 (Mainland China) ==== * On November 27, 2010 it was reported by the ''[[People's Daily]] Online'' a number of cash coins dating the Tang and Song dynasties including a rare sliver coin with a hexagonal hole, were discovered at a construction site located in [[Jiangyan]], [[Jiangsu]].<ref name="Kaogu-Hexagonal-Cash-Coin-Jiangsu-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201012/t20101201_3920338.shtml|title= Rare ancient silver coin with hexagonal holes found in Jiangsu.|date=1 December 2010|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> The site was immediately visited by archaeologist Chen Wei and Dou Yaping, the director of the [[Cultural Heritage Division of the Jiangyan Municipal Bureau of Culture, Radio, Television, Press and Publication]].<ref name="Kaogu-Hexagonal-Cash-Coin-Jiangsu-Hoard"/> On November 29 the team had found a total of 432 cash coins of which most were still in good condition, there were 56 different variants with a total of 25 different era names (or reign titles).<ref name="Kaogu-Hexagonal-Cash-Coin-Jiangsu-Hoard"/> The diameters of the unearthed coins range from 2.2 zm to 2.5 cm, and their thickness is between 0.5 mm and 1 mm. Most of them tend to have square holes with a side length of around 5 mm in the centre.<ref name="Kaogu-Hexagonal-Cash-Coin-Jiangsu-Hoard"/> Of these cash coins, 21 were from the Tang dynasty period with the inscription [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] (開元通寶, 621–846), while 411 were from the Song dynasty period with inscriptions such as Xiangfu Yuanbao (祥符元寶, 1008–1016) and Xining Yuanbao (熙寧元寶, 1068–1077).<ref name="Kaogu-Hexagonal-Cash-Coin-Jiangsu-Hoard"/> Furthermore, among these coins is a silver coin that has been slightly damaged with an illegible inscription and another cash coin with a [[Cash (Chinese coin)#Cash coins with flower (rosette) holes|hexagonal centre hole]], Dou Yaping stated that cash coins with hexagonal centre holes are known as "Guijia Chuan", which is one subtype of the "Huachuan Kong" cash coins.<ref name="Kaogu-Hexagonal-Cash-Coin-Jiangsu-Hoard"/> The discovery of the silver coin is notable, as it was the first time that a silver coin from the Song dynasty period was found in Jiangyan.<ref name="Kaogu-Hexagonal-Cash-Coin-Jiangsu-Hoard"/> * On 10 December 2010 a coin hoard consisting of between 500,000 to 600,000 ancient Chinese cash coins were discovered in a huge box underground at a construction site in the city of [[Qianjiang, Zhejiang|Qianjiang]], [[Zhejiang]] according to a report by the ''[[People's Daily]] Online''.<ref name="Kaogu-Qianjiang-Hoard-2010">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201101/t20110110_3920577.shtml|title= Two tons of ancient coins unearthed in Zhejiang.|date=10 January 2011|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> The box containing the cash coins was discovered when a mechanical digger dug its claw into the earth and the box rose up from the ground.<ref name="Kaogu-Qianjiang-Hoard-2010"/> The coins that were found were attributed to different periods in Chinese history with earliest cash coin being cast in the year 175 B.C., while the most recent coin was cast in the year 1368 A.D.<ref name="Kaogu-Qianjiang-Hoard-2010"/> The cash coins were attributed to the [[Western Han dynasty]] period, the [[Tang dynasty]] period, the [[Five dynasties and Ten kingdoms period]], the [[Song dynasty]] period, the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] period, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] [[Yuan dynasty]] period, the [[Ming dynasty]] period, and a number of other dynasties.<ref name="Kaogu-Qianjiang-Hoard-2010"/> * It was reported on 21 December 2010 by the [[Xinhua News Agency]] that on Friday 18 December 2010 a larche hoard of Manchu [[Qing dynasty coinage|Qing dynasty period cash coins]] had been discovered in [[Ningqiang County]], [[Shaanxi]].<ref name="Kaogu-Qing-Dynasty-Hoard-2010">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201012/t20101221_3920464.shtml|title= QING DYNASTY COINS DISCOVERED IN WEST CHINA.|date=21 December 2010|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua News]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> The cash coins were found inside of a wooden case, that was 160 centimeters in length, 80 centimeters in width, and 30 centimeters in height.<ref name="Kaogu-Qing-Dynasty-Hoard-2010"/> The cash coins were all orderly ranked inside of the case in seven layers.<ref name="Kaogu-Qing-Dynasty-Hoard-2010"/> According to the [[Cultural Relics and Tourism Department of Ningqiang County]] the cash coins together weighed 600 kilograms.<ref name="Kaogu-Qing-Dynasty-Hoard-2010"/> * It was reported on Wednesday, 22 December 2010 that 4 tonnes of ancient Chinese cash coins dating to the Song dynasty had been discovered at a construction site in [[Hua County]], [[Shaanxi]].<ref name="China-Daily-Shaanxi-2010">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/2010-12/22/content_11741064.htm|title= Tons of coins found in Shaanxi - (chinadaily.com.cn) - Updated: 2010-12-22 16:28.|date=22 December 2010|accessdate=14 April 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= [[China Daily]] (中国日报)|language=en}}</ref> The construction crew discovered the cache on Monday, 20 December 20.<ref name="China-Daily-Shaanxi-2010"/> The local authorities noted that all the cash coins were likely produced during the Song dynasty period and that the inscriptions on the cash coins indicated that they were cast between the years 1102 to 1106.<ref name="China-Daily-Shaanxi-2010"/> === 2011 === ==== 2011 (Mainland China) ==== * On June 4, 2011 it was reported by the [[Xinhua News Agency]] that a large coin hoard had been uncovered in [[Suzhou]], [[Jiangsu]].<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoHundredThousandOldWell">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/06/06/200000-ancient-chinese-coins-found/|title= 200,000 Ancient Chinese Coins Found in Old Well.|date=6 June 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kaogu-Suzhou-Hoard-2011">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201106/t20110607_3921484.shtml|title= 200,000 ancient coins unearthed in east China, weighing 4 tonnes.|date=7 June 2011|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> The coin hoard consisted of approximately 200,000 Northern Song dynasty period cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoHundredThousandOldWell"/><ref name="Kaogu-Suzhou-Hoard-2011"/> The cash coins were discovered by a construction crew building a road on Wednesday June 1, 2011, while opening up an old well.<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoHundredThousandOldWell"/> The construction workers quickly stopped there work quickly after they had realised that what they had stumbled across was different from what they would more usually encounter during their work.<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoHundredThousandOldWell"/> The opening to the well wasn't round but eight-sided and it was located approximately 4 to 5 meters below the surface.<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoHundredThousandOldWell"/> After the construction crew dug a bit deeper they found a large quantity of ancient Chinese cash coins located inside the well.<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoHundredThousandOldWell"/> The construction company immediately notified the [[Suzhou Archaeology Research Bureau]], who sent a team of 8 archeologists to excavate the cash coin hoard.<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoHundredThousandOldWell"/> It took a full day of digging by the archaeologists to dig up all the coins.<ref name="Kaogu-Suzhou-Hoard-2011"/> The dispatched team had been able to recover over eighty bags of cash coins, each weighing around 50 kg, weighing around 4 tonnes together. Mr. Zhang Tiejun (张铁军), the assistant to the president of the Suzhou Archaeology Research Bureau noted that the coin hoard was divided into two layers, where the top was organised while the bottom layer wasn't as much.<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoHundredThousandOldWell"/> Furthermore common jugs were found at the bottom of the well which indicated that it was a normal water well.<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoHundredThousandOldWell"/> The inscriptions of the cash coins located in the top layer were mostly Chongning Zhongbao (崇寧重寶) and were largely bigger coins, while the bottom layer consisted mostly of Yuanfeng Tongbao (元豐通寶) and Shaosheng Yuanbao (紹聖元寶) cash coins. Among the hoard was also a silver Shaosheng Yuanbao cash coin.<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoHundredThousandOldWell"/> Zhang Tiejun speculated that the cash coins were likely hidden in the well by a business man who was afraid of losing his wealth during a war.<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoHundredThousandOldWell"/> Because the hoard mostly consisted of bronze cash coins, Zhang Tiejun believed that the cash coins weren't hidden by a "rich and influential family", as they would usually own silver and gold reserves. Zhang Tiejun speculated that the cash coins were buried in a hurry for safekeeping during a [[Jurchen]] invasion of Suzhou when the city had turned into a [[war zone]], as the coins were haphazardly placed together and the fact that the well served as an actual well before.<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoHundredThousandOldWell"/> * On June 15, 2011 it was reported that the [[Guangzhou Cultural Relics Archaeological Research Institute]] had unearthed a pile of one thousand cash coins while excavating an [[Eastern Han dynasty]] period grave in [[Guangzhou]], [[Guangdong]].<ref name="PrimaltrekHanGraveWangMangHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/06/15/1000-coins-discovered-in-han-dynasty-grave/|title= 1,000 Coins Discovered in Han Dynasty Grave.|date=15 June 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="SSSS-Han-Grave-Wang-Mang-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://www.sssc.cn/a/20110615/130810489147387.shtml?utm_source=CMS_NODE_NEWS_INDEX&utm_medium=Text_Link&utm_content=pos_news-index-middle-kao-gu-yan-jiu&utm_campaign=INTERNAL_CMS|title= 广州再次发现东汉大型墓葬.|date=15 June 2016|accessdate=9 April 2020|author= 未知作者|publisher= 盛世收藏网|language=zh-cn}}</ref> The discovered cash coins are all [[Xin dynasty coinage|Xin dynasty period cash coins]] with the inscription Daquan Wushi (大泉五十).<ref name="PrimaltrekHanGraveWangMangHoard"/> The Eastern Han dynasty grave is 8.2 meters in length and 5.02 meters in width.<ref name="PrimaltrekHanGraveWangMangHoard"/> Other than the cash coins, the archeologists had also discovered nearly a hundred other objects inside of the grave including a [[bronze mirror]], pottery, coloured tile, as well as different types of ornaments and jewelry made of [[jade]] and [[agate]].<ref name="PrimaltrekHanGraveWangMangHoard"/> * According to a report published on July 6, 2011, a large number of [[Chop marks on coins|chop marked]] silver [[Spanish dollar]]s were discovered buried inside of a dirt pile in [[Longhai Village]], [[Fujian]].<ref name="PrimaltrekSpanishDollars">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/07/06/hundreds-of-spanish-silver-dollars-found-in-dirt-pile/|title= Hundreds of Spanish Silver Dollars Found in Dirt Pile.|date=6 July 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="FJSENSpanishDollars">{{cite web|url= http://www.fjsen.com/d/2011-07/06/content_5093108.htm|title= 土堆惊现清代西班牙银元 传闻龙海村民捡走数百枚.|date=6 July 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|author= Southeast Network (东南网) |publisher= www.fjsen.com |language=zh-cn}}</ref> The dirt pile came from the digging of a foundation for a new house by a Mr. Huang (黃), who had been dumped the dirt on the vacant lot four days prior to the discovery of the Spanish dollars by an unnamed villager, who noticed a shiny object.<ref name="PrimaltrekSpanishDollars"/> News of the discovery then proceeded to spread quickly, which set off a "digging frenzy" resulting in around a hundred villagers appearing at the site with hoes, shovels, and basins to look for more Spanish dollars in two piles of dirt, measuring about 20 square meters.<ref name="PrimaltrekSpanishDollars"/> Reportedly, several hundred silver Spanish dollars were unearthed, and when the police finally arrived most of the villagers had run the scene.<ref name="PrimaltrekSpanishDollars"/> According to a villager the oldest Spanish dollar found that morning was dated 1775 while the most recent coin being found was minted in 1802.<ref name="PrimaltrekSpanishDollars"/> It was noted by two experts with the [[Zhangzhou City Collections Society]] that the Spanish silver dollars came into the area because of foreign trade that had occurred there during the middle of the [[Qing dynasty]] period.<ref name="PrimaltrekSpanishDollars"/> Spanish silver dollars are frequently found in Longhai Village and residents gave them the nickname "funny face coins".<ref name="PrimaltrekSpanishDollars"/> * It was reported on 4 August 2011 by the [[Xinhua News Agency]] that a [[String of cash coins (currency unit)|string]] of [[Tieqian|iron cash coins]] dating to the [[Song dynasty]] had been found in [[Cang County]], [[Hebei]].<ref name="Kaogu-North-Hebei-Iron-Cash-Coins-2011">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201108/t20110804_3921897.shtml|title= Vault of Iron Coins Throws New Light on Financial History.|date=4 August 2011|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua News]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> The unearthed site in Cangxian was later found to have sat on the relics of what was likely a local government administration, because of this the archaeologists believe that the iron can coins were once stored by the government as a form of [[reserve money]].<ref name="Kaogu-North-Hebei-Iron-Cash-Coins-2011"/> According to Wang Minzhi, a local researcher, if the assumptions were proven to be true, this excavation and its findings would challenge the common consensus that the iron cash coins were exclusively produced and used in [[southern China]] at that time. <ref name="Kaogu-North-Hebei-Iron-Cash-Coins-2011"/> * It was reported on 24 August 2011 by the [[Xinhua News Agency]] that over 200 cash coins were unearthed in [[Inner Mongolia]].<ref name="Kaogu-Inner-Mongolia-Hoard-2011">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201108/t20110824_3922033.shtml|title= 1,000-year-old coins unearthed in Inner Mongolia.|date=24 August 2011|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua News]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> The cash coins have inscriptions that were used during the Tang dynasty and Song dynasty periods and were covered with [[verdigris]], with the majority of them being produced during the Northern Song dynasty.<ref name="Kaogu-Inner-Mongolia-Hoard-2011"/> The coin hoard dated from a time when the area belonged to the [[Tangut people|Tangut]] [[Western Xia]] Empire.<ref name="Kaogu-Inner-Mongolia-Hoard-2011"/> According to Zhang Zhenzhou of the [[Araxan Museum]] noted that the cash coins were probably buried there by desperate people during a war who wanted to hide their wealth from enemy soldiers.<ref name="Kaogu-Inner-Mongolia-Hoard-2011"/> * It was reported on 14 September, 2011 by Liaoning Daily (辽宁日报) that the police had arrested a gang of three men who were allegedly thieves that had unearthed around 2,200 cash coins from the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] (or [[Manchu people|Manchu]]) [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]] period in [[Liaoyang]], [[Liaoning]].<ref name="PrimaltrekLaterJinDynastyHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/09/14/more-than-2200-rare-later-jin-dynasty-coins-discovered/|title= More than 2,200 Rare “Later Jin Dynasty” Coins Discovered.|date=14 September 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> The Bureau of Public Security of Liaoyang City stated that the gang was under the leadership of a name referred to as Mr. Wu, a 32-year-old who was a former [[taxi]] driver, was informed that some ancient Chinese cash coins had been discovered at a construction site during spring of 2010.<ref name="PrimaltrekLaterJinDynastyHoard"/> For a year he would go to the construction site with a shovel and managed to unearth approximately 300 cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekLaterJinDynastyHoard"/> In May 2011 Mr. Wu had purchased a [[metal detector]] and he rented a large [[excavator]] in order to find more cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekLaterJinDynastyHoard"/> Afterwards Mr. Wu had recruited a "treasure digging team", together they had been able to discover over 2,200 Later Jin dynasty period cash coins weighing 17 kilograms (37.4 pounds).<ref name="PrimaltrekLaterJinDynastyHoard"/> After the find, Mr. Wu sold the coins for [[United States dollar|$]]101,700 (or 650,000 [[Renminbi|yuan]]).<ref name="PrimaltrekLaterJinDynastyHoard"/> Later the person who had purchased these cash coins was arrested and told the police from whom he had acquired the coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekLaterJinDynastyHoard"/> All of the Later Jin cash coins found at the site had inscriptions that were written in [[Manchu script]].<ref name="PrimaltrekLaterJinDynastyHoard"/> According to some local cultural relics experts these cash coins were a special issue that weren’t meant to be circulated as money.<ref name="PrimaltrekLaterJinDynastyHoard"/> It has been speculated by these experts that these cash coins were issued under [[Nurhachi]] to be awarded to military generals for their meritorious achievements.<ref name="PrimaltrekLaterJinDynastyHoard"/> As these cash coins are extremely rare, it is speculated that the market value of this coin hoard would be $470,000 (¥3,000,000) at a minimum.<ref name="PrimaltrekLaterJinDynastyHoard"/> * In October of 2011 it was reported that another pile of iron cash coins was unearthed in [[Cangzhou]], [[Hebei]].<ref name="PrimaltrekSongTieqianDiscovered2011">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/10/21/tons-of-song-dynasty-iron-coins-discovered/|title= Tons of Song Dynasty Iron Coins Discovered.|date=21 October 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> Based on preliminary calculations, the pile of iron cash coins fill an area that is about 25 m by 16 m.<ref name="PrimaltrekSongTieqianDiscovered2011"/> The top of the iron can coin pile is about 0.4 to 0.5 meters below the surface level.<ref name="PrimaltrekSongTieqianDiscovered2011"/> At the time of the initial discovery experts estimated that there were several tons of iron cash coins in the discovered pile.<ref name="PrimaltrekSongTieqianDiscovered2011"/> According to Mr. Yang Fengling (杨凤岭), the Director of the [[Cang Prefecture Cultural Relics Institute]], it is not yet known if there is any connection between the newly discovered pile of iron cash coins and those that were discovered nearby in 1997.<ref name="PrimaltrekSongTieqianDiscovered2011"/> * In a 27 October 2011 news report, the Suqian Evening News (宿迁晚报) noted that a silver coin bearing the image of [[Yuan Shikai]] had been discovered by Chinese archeologists inside of a coffin in [[Suqian]], [[Jiangsu]].<ref name="PrimaltrekYuanShikaiCoinInGrave">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/11/02/coffin-contains-coin-instead-of-corpse/|title= Coffin Contains Coin Instead of Corpse.|date=2 November 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Suqian-Evening-News-2011">{{cite web|url= http://news.xichu.net/shehui/2011/10/2011-10-27213946.html|title= 市区“1897项目考古工程”又有新发现.|date=27 October 2011|accessdate=9 April 2020|author= 蔡秀娟|publisher= Suqian Evening News (宿迁晚报)|language=zh-cn}}</ref> The archeologists were excavating tombs in an area where most of the tombs date back to the Han dynasty period, but the fact that this tomb contains a 20th century silver coin is evidence that the tomb where it was discovered (No. 4 Tomb) is a more recent one.<ref name="PrimaltrekYuanShikaiCoinInGrave"/> While the casket did it include the coin, it did not include any corpse.<ref name="PrimaltrekYuanShikaiCoinInGrave"/> The archeologists working at the site speculated that the "No. 4 Tomb" might have been a [[cenotaph]] ({{zh |first=t | t= 衣冠塚| s=衣冠冢| hp= yī guān zhǒng | links=no}}).<ref name="PrimaltrekYuanShikaiCoinInGrave"/> A village elder alternatively speculated that the tomb may have been empty because of a local Suqian custom where the relatives of the deceased would have exhumed the corpse to have it reburied somewhere else.<ref name="PrimaltrekYuanShikaiCoinInGrave"/> * In a report by the Haikou Evening News (海口晚报) published on October 27, 2011 it was revealed that Chinese archaeologists had uncovered a number of Northern Song dynasty period cash coins while working at a restoration of the [[Rufu Stone Pagoda]] (儒符石塔) built from [[volcanic rock]] near [[Haikou]], [[Hainan]].<ref name="PrimaltrekRufuStonePagodaHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/10/28/coins-discovered-at-rufu-stone-pagoda/|title= Coins Discovered at Rufu Stone Pagoda.|date=28 October 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Haikou-News-Rufu-Stone-Pagoda-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://www.hi.chinanews.com/hnnew/2011-10-27/184007.html|title= 海口儒符石塔将申报国宝.|date=27 October 2011|accessdate=9 April 2020|author= 来源：海口网 - 编辑：叶霖嘉|publisher= Haikou Evening News (海口晚报)|language=zh-cn}}</ref> Up until that point it was difficult to determine when the Rufu Stone Pagoda had been built as the oldest historical records that mention the building date back to the Ming dynasty, but it was suspected prior to this discovery that the Rufu Stone Pagoda may have been constructed sometime during the late Song Dynasty, but there was no evidence that supported this hypothesis.<ref name="PrimaltrekRufuStonePagodaHoard"/> During the renovation a worker had found a stone [[tortoise]]-shaped box, inside of this box were over 70 bronze Northern Song dynasty period Taiping Tongbao (太平通寶) cash coins which were produced from 976 until 989.<ref name="PrimaltrekRufuStonePagodaHoard"/> Mr. Wang Daxin (王大新), the Director of the [[Haikou City Bureau of Cultural Relics]] (海口市文物局), noted that the thread that was used to bind the cash coins together had still been partially preserved.<ref name="PrimaltrekRufuStonePagodaHoard"/> Furthermore, inside of this tortoise-shaped box were six silver tablets (which were originally thought to have been made from tin), of these six tablets, one had the Chinese inscription Fude Changshou ({{zh |first=t | t= 福德長壽|福德长寿| hp= fú dé cháng shòu | links=no}}, "good fortune, virtue, and to live a long life"), the second tablet has the inscription Qian Yuan Heng Li Zhen ({{zh |first=t | t= 乾元亨利貞|乾元亨利贞| hp= qián yuán hēng lì zhēn | links=no}}, a cryptic phrase from the [[I-Ching]]), and A third tablet has the inscription Wanggang Dasheng ({{zh |first=t | t= 王剛大聖|王刚大圣| hp= wáng gāng dà shèng | links=no}}).<ref name="PrimaltrekRufuStonePagodaHoard"/> Three of the discovered silver tablets were too fragile to undergo cleaning and their inscriptions can’t be read.<ref name="PrimaltrekRufuStonePagodaHoard"/> The discovery of the Taiping Tongbao cash coins were an important find as it might suggest that the Rufu Stone Pagoda was constructed during this period.<ref name="PrimaltrekRufuStonePagodaHoard"/> * It was reported on 10 November 2011 by the Sichuan News Network (四川新闻网) that a large number of local residents of the [[Wenjiang District]], [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan]] were recovering cash coins from the [[Golden Horse River]] ({{zh |first=t | t= 金馬河| s= 金马河| hp= jīn mǎ hé | links=no}}).<ref name="PrimaltrekGoldenHorseRiverHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/11/12/ancient-coins-discovered-in-golden-horse-river/|title= Ancient Coins Discovered in Golden Horse River.|date=12 November 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sichuan-News-Network-Golden-River-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://scnews.newssc.org/system/2011/11/10/013361850.shtml|title= 上百村民金马河滩挖古钱 警方拉警戒线护宝(图).|date=10 November 2011|accessdate=9 April 2020|author= (四川新闻网|publisher= Sichuan News Network (四川新闻网)|language=zh-cn}}</ref> The Golden Horse River hoard is considered particularly unusual among Chinese coin hoards, because the bronze Chinese cash coins that were unearthed came from many different periods and dynasties in Chinese history spanning over two millennia.<ref name="PrimaltrekGoldenHorseRiverHoard"/> The local residents arrived with shovels, hoes, sickles, and any other equipment used for digging to search for more coins. Some of the local residents managed to dig up several kilograms of cash coins while other locals were only able to find ten or twenty cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekGoldenHorseRiverHoard"/> Soon the local police was alerted by the local authorities and they tried to cordon off the area to let the local Bureau of Cultural Relics dispatch archeologists to retrieve the cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekGoldenHorseRiverHoard"/> The treasure hunting done by the local residents was seen as "looting" because in accordance to the [[law of the People's Republic of China]] all cultural relics that are buried on land or discovered somewhere in the territorial waters or seas of China are at all times to be considered state property, and the local residents were asked by the police to "return" their findings.<ref name="PrimaltrekGoldenHorseRiverHoard"/> After the Chengdu archaeologists had arrived on the scene they had determined that the cash coins from the Golden Horse River board were strewn over an area approximately two hundred meters long and one hundred meters wide.<ref name="PrimaltrekGoldenHorseRiverHoard"/> Within only a short period of time the Chengdu archaeologists had managed to find over 5 kilograms of cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekGoldenHorseRiverHoard"/> The local archeologists stated that it was not practical to try to excavate the site or even attempt to preserve it because that there was a possibility of dangerous flood waters suddenly appearing.<ref name="PrimaltrekGoldenHorseRiverHoard"/> A few local archaeologists speculated as to why the cash coins were found there spun over such a large period of time, Mr. Liu Yumao (刘雨茂) noted that it was customary throughout Chinese history to place old cash coins into structures that were built for things such as irrigation and water conservancy, this superstition was done in the hopes of gaining good fortune and to avoid disaster.<ref name="PrimaltrekGoldenHorseRiverHoard"/> Liu Yumao further stated that the cash coins from the Golden Horse River hoard may have originally been buried inside of such a structure, and that later over time this structure had eroded and was washed.<ref name="PrimaltrekGoldenHorseRiverHoard"/> After this the cash coins could then have been carried across the river by the current and eventually ended at the site where they were found.<ref name="PrimaltrekGoldenHorseRiverHoard"/> As to why most of the unearthed cash coins came from the Tang dynasty period, local archeologist Mr. Wang Zongxiong (王仲雄) noted that it was possible that during this period a boat which was carrying coins across the Golden Horse River may have sunk and that the cash coins in its cargo were hidden underwater until they were found in 2011.<ref name="PrimaltrekGoldenHorseRiverHoard"/> While most cash coins found at the Golden Horse River hoard are Tang dynasty period [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] (開元通寶) and Qianyuan Zhongbao (乾元重寶), while other inscriptions of cash coins found at the Golden Horse River hoard range from [[Han dynasty]] period [[Wu Zhu]] (五銖), [[Xin dynasty]] Huo Quan (貨泉) to [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Qing dynasty]] period [[Qianlong Tongbao]] (乾隆通寶) as well as [[Guangxu coinage]] (光緒錢).<ref name="PrimaltrekGoldenHorseRiverHoard"/> ==== 2011 (Hong Kong) ==== * During excavations of graves conducted on [[San Tau]] on [[Lantau Island]] in [[Hong Kong]] a number of coins were unearthed.<ref name="San-Tau-Lantau-Island-2011">{{cite web|url= http://www.hkarch.org/pdf/report/2011%20Excavation%20Report%20for%20HKAS%202011%20Archaeological%20Investigation%20at%20San%20Tau,%20Lantau%20Island.pdf|title= Archaeological Investigation at San Tau, Lantau Island (Oct.-Dec. 2011).|date=March 2012|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Mick Atha|publisher= [[Hong Kong Archaeological Society]]|language=en}}</ref> Excluding a single [[Hong Kong ten-cent coin]] with a diameter of 2/05 centimeters, a thickness of 0.20 centimeters, and a weight of 5 grams issued in 1961, all coins found during the excavation were [[Tang dynasty]] period [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] (開元通寳, 621–907) cash coins.<ref name="San-Tau-Lantau-Island-2011"/> Most of the unearthed Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins were stacked which suggests that they were either strung together or kept in either a small bag or a pouch.<ref name="San-Tau-Lantau-Island-2011"/> The found cash coins were cast in different styles, sizes, thicknesses, and weights.<ref name="San-Tau-Lantau-Island-2011"/> All Tang cash coins had their inscriptions written in [[regular script]].<ref name="San-Tau-Lantau-Island-2011"/> The smallest of the Tang coins were 2.40 centimeters in diameter while the largest were 2.60 centimeters.<ref name="San-Tau-Lantau-Island-2011"/> The grave with the most coins was identified as Grave G4.<ref name="San-Tau-Lantau-Island-2011"/> === 2012 === ==== 2012 (Mainland China) ==== * In the year 2012 a farmer digging in a field in [[Tongxin County]], [[Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region]] had uncovered a cache of [[Western Xia coinage|Western Xia cash coins]].<ref name="PrimaltrekWesternXiaSealScript"/> This discovery is notable for including a Qianyou Yuanbao (乾佑元寶) cash coin issued during the reign of [[Emperor Renzong of Western Xia|Emperor Renzong]] written in seal script.<ref name="PrimaltrekWesternXiaSealScript"/> This is the known instance of a Qianyou Yuanbao cash coin with an inscription written in seal script.<ref name="PrimaltrekWesternXiaSealScript"/> The seal script Qianyou Yuanbao cash coin has a diameter of 25.4 millimeters, a thickness of 1.5 millimeters, and weighs of 3.3 grams.<ref name="PrimaltrekWesternXiaSealScript"/> * In the year 2012 a Chinese villager in the province of [[Hebei]] digging a well in his yard had unearthed a large cache of knife and spade money which was dated to the [[Warring States period]].<ref name="PrimaltrekStateOfYanKnifeAndSpadeHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/10/14/knife-and-spade-money-from-state-of-yan-unearthed-in-hebei/|title= Knife and Spade Money from State of Yan Unearthed in Hebei.|date=14 October 2012|accessdate=4 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> The hoard included 98 specimens of knife money and 161 specimens of spade money.<ref name="PrimaltrekStateOfYanKnifeAndSpadeHoard"/> This was the first major hoard of [[ancient Chinese coinage]] from this era that had been unearthed in [[Laiyuan County]], Hebei.<ref name="PrimaltrekStateOfYanKnifeAndSpadeHoard"/> Both the spade and knife money from this hoard were attributed to [[Yan (state)|Yan]].<ref name="PrimaltrekStateOfYanKnifeAndSpadeHoard"/> The hoard includes both "square foot" spades (方足布) and "pointed foot" spades (尖足布).<ref name="PrimaltrekStateOfYanKnifeAndSpadeHoard"/> * It was reported on January 5, 2012 that cash coins and a [[bronze mirror]] incorporating a [[Cash coins in art|cash coin design]] were discovered during the excavation of a Song dynasty period tomb in [[Longwan Zhen]] (龙湾镇), [[Qianjiang, Hubei|Qianjiang]], [[Hubei]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coin-Mirror-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/01/05/chinese-coin-mirror-discovered-in-song-dynasty-tomb/|title= Chinese Coin Mirror Discovered in Song Dynasty Tomb.|date=5 January 2012|accessdate=10 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hubei-News-Chinese-Coin-Mirror-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://news.cnhubei.com/ctdsb/ctdsbsgk/ctdsb21/201201/t1941298.shtml|title= 潜江发掘一座宋代墓葬 出土十多种年号钱币.|date=5 January 2012|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= 荆楚网|publisher= China News Hubei|language=zh-cn}}</ref> The [[Qianjiang Cultural Relics Bureau]] (潜江文物局) stated that archaeologists had uncovered a Song dynasty bronze mirror which incorporated cash coin motifs, 3 silver bracelets, a bronze wash basin, and 42 cash coins.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coin-Mirror-Hoard"/> The cash coins were issued during different reign periods by over ten emperors, which was a first for any single tomb located in Qianjiang.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coin-Mirror-Hoard"/> According to the Qianjiang Cultural Relics Bureau the discovery of this tomb will contribute greatly to the understanding of how local past burial customs were observed during the time and it would also contribute to the understanding of the historical changes that had occurred in the region during the Song dynasty period.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coin-Mirror-Hoard"/> The inscriptions on the discovered cash coins include Han dynasty period [[Wu Zhu]] (五銖), Tang dynasty period [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] (開元通寳), and Song dynasty period Taiping Taobao (太平通寶, 976–989), Jingde Yuanbao (景德元寶, 998–1022), and Xining Tongbao (熙寧通寶, 1068–1085).<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coin-Mirror-Hoard"/> * On 16 July 2012 a large cache of 14,000 [[Ancient Chinese coinage|ancient Chinese coins]] was found in [[Kuqa County|Kuqa]], [[Xinjiang]] which included [[Han dynasty]] era Wu Zhu (五銖) and "Chiseled rim Wu Zhu" (鑿邊五銖) cash coins, [[Xin dynasty]] era Huo Quan (貨泉) and Daquan Wushi (大泉五十) cash coins, a [[Three Kingdoms period]] Taiping Baiqian (太平百錢) cash coins, as well as [[Kucha coinage|native cash coins]].<ref name="PrimaltrekNingxiaKushanEmpireHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/10/28/ancient-kushan-empire-coins-unearthed-in-ningxia/|title= Ancient Kushan Empire Coins Unearthed in Ningxia.|date=28 October 2012|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="SSSS-Kushan-Empire-Coins-Ningxia-2012">{{cite web|url= http://www.sssc.cn/a/20121012/135001000979516.shtml|title= 宁夏西吉县出土17枚中亚古贵霜帝国珍贵铜.|date=12 October 2012|accessdate=9 April 2020|author= 未知作者|publisher= 北京盛藏艺术品有限公司 ©|language=zh-cn}}</ref> Alongside the cash coins were shards of pottery as well as fragments of [[human bones]] which lead the archeologists believe that this was an old cemetery.<ref name="primaltrek-kucha-hoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/08/30/largest-cache-of-ancient-coins-unearthed-in-xinjiang-province/|title= Largest Cache of Ancient Coins Unearthed in Xinjiang Province.|date=30 August 2012|accessdate=3 September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> * In August 2012 a large hoard of Wu Zhu cash coins and [[Xin dynasty coinage|Xin dynasty era cash coins]] was found in the city of [[Huoluochaideng]], [[Ordos City]] [[Inner Mongolia]].<ref name="Kaogu-Huoluochaideng">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201301/t20130104_3925336.shtml|title= 3,500 kg of ancient coins excavated in N China.|date=4 January 2013|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua News]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> The hoard included 3500 kg of Chinese cash coins and around 150 clay moulds used to manufacture [[Xin dynasty coinage|coins from the Xin dynasty]].<ref name="Kaogu-Huoluochaideng"/> According to archeologists the site might've been a mint that was in operation since the reign of [[Emperor Wu of Han|Emperor Wu]] until Emperor [[Wang Mang]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.kaogu.net.cn/html/en/News/New_discoveries/2014/0709/46786.html|title= 2,100-year old Coin Manufacture Workshop Ruins Found at Ancient City-site in Inner Mongolia.|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=3 September 2018|work= Chinese Archeology Writer (Chinese Archeology – Institute of Archeology – Chinese Academy of Social Sciences).|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Primaltrek-Inner-Mongolia">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/01/3-tons-of-coins-excavated-from-ruins-of-han-dynasty-mint-in-inner-mongolia/ |title= 3 Tons of Coins Excavated from Ruins of Han Dynasty Mint in Inner Mongolia.|date=1 January 2013|accessdate=3 September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://culture.people.com.cn/n/2012/1231/c172318-20061557.html |title= 鄂尔多斯发现3500公斤西汉至王莽时期古钱币与钱范。|date=31 December 2012|accessdate=3 September 2018|work= 人民网>>文化>>滚动新闻推荐（时效性强新闻）。|language=zh}}</ref> * It was reported on August 18, 2012 by [[China Central Television]] on an unusual coin hoard in [[Zaozhuang]], [[Shandong]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Smallest-Chinese-Cash-Coin-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/08/27/smallest-chinese-coin-in-history-unearthed/|title=Smallest Chinese Coin in History Unearthed.|date=27 August 2012|accessdate=10 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> The hoard is unusual because the discovered coin may be the smallest Chinese cash coin that has ever been found.<ref name="Primaltrek-Smallest-Chinese-Cash-Coin-Hoard"/> The China Central Television report stated that the cash coin was "paper-thin with a rough edge and no larger than a fingernail".<ref name="Primaltrek-Smallest-Chinese-Cash-Coin-Hoard"/> While the cash coin has no inscription, it is believed to be a privately produced cash coin from the [[Southern and Northern dynasties]] period.<ref name="Primaltrek-Smallest-Chinese-Cash-Coin-Hoard"/> The reporters noted that these diminutive cash coins were produced by people whom they described as "money-mad governors and greedy landlords" with the reason given by China Central Television being "to squeeze poor peasants"<ref name="Primaltrek-Smallest-Chinese-Cash-Coin-Hoard"/> Furthermore, the report noted that during the Southern and Northern dynasties period 10,000 of these cash coins would not have been sufficient to purchase a single bowl of [[rice]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Smallest-Chinese-Cash-Coin-Hoard"/> * In early October, 2012, a villager digging near an old wall had unearthed 17 ancient [[Silk Road]] coins in [[Wangminxiang Hongtaicun Village]] (王民乡红太村), [[Xiji County]], [[Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region]]. According to Mr. Su Zhengxi (苏正喜) of the [[Xiji Prefecture Coin Museum]] (西吉县钱币博物馆) these are [[Kushan coinage|coins]] issued by the [[Kushan Empire]].<ref name="PrimaltrekNingxiaKushanEmpireHoard"/> The coins are about 1.2 to 1.5 centimeters in diameter, they have a thickness of 0.25 centimeters, and they tend to have a weight between 2.4 and 3.7 grams.<ref name="PrimaltrekNingxiaKushanEmpireHoard"/> The description of the Kushan coins from this hoard are described differently by different newspaper reports.<ref name="PrimaltrekNingxiaKushanEmpireHoard"/> According to some articles the discovered Kushan coins bear the image of a king on one side and the image of either a cow or an ox on their reverse sides.<ref name="PrimaltrekNingxiaKushanEmpireHoard"/> An article from another newspaper report state that there are written letters on one side of the cooks and an image of a cow or oxen on the other side.<ref name="PrimaltrekNingxiaKushanEmpireHoard"/> Su Zhengxi mentions that three of the discovered bronze Kushan coins have inscriptions that are written in a "foreign (non-Chinese) script".<ref name="PrimaltrekNingxiaKushanEmpireHoard"/> Another newspaper article mentions that the Kushan coins were minted (struck) in the same manner as [[ancient Greek coins]] were and that the obverse sides of the coins have legends that are written in a form of "Kushanised" [[Greek alphabet|Greek letters]].<ref name="PrimaltrekNingxiaKushanEmpireHoard"/> This article mentions that the reverse sides of the unearthed coins in Xiji County are said to have images of [[Persian mythology|ancient Persian]] and [[Indian mythology|Indian deities]].<ref name="PrimaltrekNingxiaKushanEmpireHoard"/> This coin hoard is notably the first one in Ningxia that contains Kushan coinage, and this was the largest hoard of such coins that up until this point have ever been discovered in Ningxia, and for the first time Silk Road coins have been unearthed that were not mixed with any other types of coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekNingxiaKushanEmpireHoard"/> Previous to this coin hoard in Xiji County, the only Kushan coinages of this type that have been unearthed anywhere in China have included around "several tens of coins" that were discovered in the [[Loulan ruins]] (楼兰遗址) and [[Hotan County]], [[Xinjiang]].<ref name="PrimaltrekNingxiaKushanEmpireHoard"/> While historical records do mention that the area where these coins were discovered in formed a part of the Silk Road, there had been no prior archaeological evidence to confirm these claims, but this coin hoard is the archeological evidence that was needed to verify these claims.<ref name="PrimaltrekNingxiaKushanEmpireHoard"/> === 2013 === ==== 2013 (Mainland China) ==== * In the year 2013 a gold [[Byzantine coinage|Eastern Roman coin]] had been discovered inside of a tomb preliminarily concluded to be that of [[Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei|Emperor Jiemin]] of [[Northern Wei]] in [[Luoyang]], [[Henan]].<ref name="PrimaltrekEasternRomanCoinHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/10/31/byzantine-gold-coin-found-in-tomb-of-emperor-jiemin-of-northern-wei/|title= Byzantine Gold Coin Found in Tomb of Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei.|date=31 October 2013|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="SinaCorporation-Northern-Wei-Eastern-Roman-Coin">{{cite web|url= http://collection.sina.com.cn/yjjj/20131025/1107131225.shtml?from=wap|title= 疑北魏节闵帝元恭墓现洛阳：出土拜占庭金币(图).|date=25 October 2013|accessdate=7 April 2020|author= 中国新闻网|publisher= [[Sina Corp]]. (新浪)|language=zh-cn}}</ref> The gold coin is a [[Solidus (coin)|solidus]] issued during the reign of Emperor [[Anastasius I Dicorus]] and has a diameter of between 2.1 and 2.2 centimeters.<ref name="PrimaltrekEasternRomanCoinHoard"/> According to the archaeologists at the site, the discovery of this solidus inside of an imperial Chinese tomb provides further evidence that the city of Luoyang was the eastern terminus of the [[Silk Road]].<ref name="PrimaltrekEasternRomanCoinHoard"/><ref name="Gold-Eastern-Roman-Coin-2013">{{cite web|url= https://www.mining.com/1500-year-old-roman-gold-coin-unearthed-at-chinese-tomb-66937/|title= 1,500-year-old Roman gold coin unearthed at Chinese tomb.|date=29 October 2013|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Cecilia Jamasmie|publisher= Mining.com|language=en}}</ref> * It was reported on January 25, 2013 that during a renovation of one of the rear halls of the [[Fuhaiyuan Temple]] (福海院) in [[Anxi County]], [[Quanzhou]], [[Fujian]], a buried jar containing 27.5 kilograms of ancient Chinese cash coins was discovered.<ref name="PrimaltrekFuhaiyuanTempleHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/27/kaiyuan-tongbao-coins-unearthed-at-fuhaiyuan-temple/|title= Kaiyuan Tongbao Coins Unearthed at Fuhaiyuan Temple.|date=27 January 2013|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Quanzhou-News-Fuhaiyuan-Temple-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://www.anxinews.com/content/2013-01/25/content_4293490.htm|title= 安溪千年古寺出土27.5公斤开元通宝 窖藏原因不明.|date=25 January 2013|accessdate=8 April 2020|author= Quanzhou News (泉州网-泉州晚报-东南早报)|publisher= www.anxinews.com|language=zh-cn}}</ref> All of these cash coins date to the Tang dynasty period and have the inscription [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] (開元通寶).<ref name="PrimaltrekFuhaiyuanTempleHoard"/><ref name="Quanzhou-News-Fuhaiyuan-Temple-Hoard"/> Construction on the temple began in the year 900 and it remains unknown why the cash coins were buried there.<ref name="PrimaltrekFuhaiyuanTempleHoard"/><ref name="Quanzhou-News-Fuhaiyuan-Temple-Hoard"/> A local official named Ms. Lin Meilian (林美莲) speculated that, despite the Fuhaiyuan Temple being the largest temple in the area during the Tang period, the cash coins might have been buried at the temple as a "[[rainy day fund]]".<ref name="PrimaltrekFuhaiyuanTempleHoard"/><ref name="Quanzhou-News-Fuhaiyuan-Temple-Hoard"/> * On February 20, 2013 workers digging at a construction site had unearthed a "money pit" that dated back some seven centuries in the city of [[Chenzhou]], [[Anren County]], [[Hunan]].<ref name="Primaltrek700YearOldCoinPit">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/02/28/700-year-old-coin-pit-discovered-in-hunan-province/|title= 700-Year-Old Coin Pit Discovered in Hunan Province.|date=28 February 2013|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="China-News-Hunan-Coin-Pit-Hoard-2013">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinanews.com/shipin/cnstv/2013/02-22/news177147.shtml|title= 湖南安仁发现宋末元初时期钱窖.|date=22 February 2013|accessdate=8 April 2020|author= 中国新闻网|publisher= [[China News Service|China News]] (中国新闻网)|language=zh-cn}}</ref> The "money pit" contained approximately 7.5 kg of cash coins dating from the late [[Southern Song dynasty]] period until the early [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] [[Yuan dynasty]] period, with a few cash coins dating as far back as the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="Primaltrek700YearOldCoinPit"/> The report on the find was covered by Mr. Cai Ning (蔡宁) of the [[Anren Prefecture Cultural Relics Administrative Office]] (安仁县文物管理所) and Mr. Duan Bangqiong (段邦琼) of the [[Anren Prefecture Bureau of Culture, Broadcasting and the Press]] (安仁县文广新局).<ref name="Primaltrek700YearOldCoinPit"/> Over 20 different [[Southern Song dynasty coinage# Southern Song dynasty cash coins|inscriptions of Southern Song dynasty cash coins]] had been recovered at the site.<ref name="Primaltrek700YearOldCoinPit"/> The reported cash coin inscriptions from the hoard include (among others) the Tang dynasty period Kaiyuan Tongbao (開元通寶), Song dynasty period Chongning Tongbao (崇寧通寶), Chongning Zhongbao (崇寧重寶), Zhenghe Tongbao (政和通寶), Huangsong Tongbao (皇宋通寶), and Xianping Zhongbao (咸平重寶), and the Mongol Yuan dynasty period Dade Tongbao (大德通寶).<ref name="Primaltrek700YearOldCoinPit"/> Furthermore, the inscriptions mentioned by the news articles include Jingyuan Tongbao (景元通寶, Cảnh Nguyên Thông Bảo), which is sometimes attributed to [[Vietnam]], but the cash coins true origins remain unknown, and Chunhua Tongbao (淳化通寶).<ref name="Primaltrek700YearOldCoinPit"/> What’s notable about this find is that no historical sources or major Chinese coin catalogues ever mentioned either the Chunhua '''Tong'''bao (淳化'''通'''寶) cash coins or the Xianping '''Zhong'''bao (咸平'''重'''寶) cash coins, as these might have been cast during the same periods as the Chunhua Yuanbao (淳化元寶) cash coins and the Xianping Yuanbao (咸平元寶) cash coins, respectively.<ref name="Primaltrek700YearOldCoinPit"/> While no other Chunhua Tongbao cash coin has ever been known to exist prior to this find, another Xianping Zhongbao was unearthed in 2010 in [[Shaanxi]].<ref name="Primaltrek700YearOldCoinPit"/> If the reports on these cash coins turn out to be true then this Anren County coin hoard would be considered a significant find in Chinese numismatics.<ref name="Primaltrek700YearOldCoinPit"/> * In an article published by the Pengcheng Daily (彭城晚报) newspaper in their May 6, 2013 edition it was reported that in March 2013 archaeologists were excavating a brick Ming dynasty period tomb they had found Song dynasty cash coins in [[Longshan Village]] (龙山村) near [[Xuzhou]], [[Jiangsu]].<ref name="PrimaltrekLongshanVillageHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/05/14/song-dynasty-coins-in-a-ming-dynasty-tomb/|title= Song Dynasty Coins in a Ming Dynasty Tomb.|date=14 May 2013|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ifeng-Wu-De-Qian-Five-Emperors-Coins">{{cite web|url= http://finance.ifeng.com/collection/qbyp/20120820/6925553.shtml|title= 五帝钱价格看涨20年间身价涨30倍.|date=20 September 2020|accessdate=8 April 2020|author= 来源：华商晨报 作者：张瀚|publisher= Finance.Ifeng.com|language=zh-cn}}</ref> During the excavation the archeologists were tasked with moving the entire tomb to the [[Suining County Museum]] (睢宁县博物馆).<ref name="PrimaltrekLongshanVillageHoard"/> Usually tombs can be fairly easily attributed to a time period because of the coinages found inside of them but this is not the case for this tomb as no [[Ming dynasty coinage|Ming dynasty period cash coins]] were found inside of it.<ref name="PrimaltrekLongshanVillageHoard"/> The tomb is attributed to the year 1595 during the Ming dynasty period because it contains the inscription "Wanli Er Shi San Nian Si Yue Wang Ri" (萬曆二十三年四月望日, "15th day of the 4th (lunar) month of the 23rd year of [[Wanli Emperor]]") written above the door of the coffin chamber, the tomb contains two skulls which the archeologists believed belonged to a married couple.<ref name="PrimaltrekLongshanVillageHoard"/> The wooden caskets where they would have lied inside of have completely decayed and only some coffin nails remain. Inside of this old tomb the only coins that were found were exclusively Song dynasty cash coins, during the excavation of the tomb "several tens" of Chinese cash coins had been discovered by the archeologists on the floor located on the left side of the chamber that housed the coffins.<ref name="PrimaltrekLongshanVillageHoard"/> According to the Pengcheng Daily the room had been "disturbed" in the past, which means that it is unclear if the cash coins were found in the original location as according to burial customs of the time, the Song cash coins were in all likelihood placed either underneath the corpses or somewhere inside of the wooden casket.<ref name="PrimaltrekLongshanVillageHoard"/> The Chinese archaeologists stated that "unless the deceased were Buddhists or coin collectors", the answer as to why only Song dynasty period cash coins were located inside of the tom must probably have to do with another contemporary Chinese burial custom.<ref name="PrimaltrekLongshanVillageHoard"/> The archeologists speculate that the custom might be a Ming dynasty version of the "[[Cash (Chinese coin)#Cash coins and superstitions|five emperor coins]]" used today with [[Qing dynasty coinage|Qing dynasty cash coins]].<ref name="Ifeng-Wu-De-Qian-Five-Emperors-Coins">{{cite web|url= http://finance.ifeng.com/collection/qbyp/20120820/6925553.shtml|title= 五帝钱价格看涨20年间身价涨30倍.|date=20 September 2020|accessdate=8 April 2020|author= 来源：华商晨报 作者：张瀚|publisher= Finance.Ifeng.com|language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekLongshanVillageHoard"/> The cash coins found were produced during the reign of [[Emperor Shenzong of Song|Emperor Shenzong]] and have the inscriptions Xining Zhongbao (熙寧重寶) and Yuanfeng Tongbao (元豐通寶).<ref name="PrimaltrekLongshanVillageHoard"/> These legends can be viewed as auspicious inscriptions as the "Xining" (熙寧, "peaceful prosperity") and "Yuanfeng" (元豐, "primary abundance") period titles, or [[Chinese era name|era names]], both have auspicious meanings.<ref name="PrimaltrekLongshanVillageHoard"/> * It was reported on May 3, 2013 that Mr. Liu Jiafu (刘佳富), a villager from [[Pingquan]], [[Hebei]], had discovered a buried clay pot containing about 600 specimen knife money in Guangxingdian Village (广兴店村). According to Mr. Chang Wen (常文) from the [[Cultural Relics Protection Bureau of Pingquan County]] (平泉县问保所) all of the knife money found were "Ming knives" issued by [[Yan (state)|Yan]].<ref name="PrimaltrekSixHundredMingKnivesHoardHebei">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/05/06/600-ming-knives-from-the-state-of-yan-unearthed-in-hebei/|title= 600 ‘Ming Knives’ from the State of Yan Unearthed in Hebei.|date=6 May 2013|accessdate=5 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ChinaNewsMingKnivesHoard2013">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2013/05-03/4785006.shtml|title= 河北平泉发现战国时期钱币窖藏.|date=3 May 2013|accessdate=5 April 2020|author= Zhang Fan (张帆), Yin Xiumin (尹秀敏), and Du Ping (杜平)|publisher= [[China News Service|China News]] (中新网)|language=zh-cn}}</ref> * In a news report broadcast by the Anhui TV Station (安徽卫视) on May 18, 2013, it was reported that Chinese archaeologists from the [[Guzhen County Bureau of Cultural Relics]] (固镇县文物局) dug up 500 pounds of cash coins in [[Guzhen County]], [[Anhui]].<ref name="PrimaltrekAnhui500CashCoinHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/05/18/china-tv-shows-ancient-coin-cache-being-dug-up-in-anhui/|title= China TV Shows Ancient Coin Cache Being Dug Up in Anhui.|date=18 May 2013|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ChinaNews2013AnhuiHoard">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2013/05-17/4831472.shtml|title= 安徽固镇发现一宋代钱币窖藏出土古钱币500余斤.|date=17 May 2013|accessdate=8 April 2020|work= [[China News Service|China News]] (中国新闻网)|language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref name="Anhui-TV-Station-2013-Coin-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinanews.com/shipin/2013/05-18/news218008.shtml|title= 蚌埠：工地惊现500斤古钱币.|date=18 May 2013|accessdate=8 April 2020|author= 安徽卫视|publisher= [[China News Service|China News]] (中国新闻网)|language=zh-cn}}</ref> The cash coins were discovered stacked together in a very orderly manner.<ref name="PrimaltrekAnhui500CashCoinHoard"/> The Chinese archaeologists speculate that most of the cash coins they found would have been threaded together on [[String of cash coins (currency unit)|strings]] and that they were then neatly arranged.<ref name="PrimaltrekAnhui500CashCoinHoard"/> However, by the time of the excavation the strings that held the cash coins together have long since rotted away and many of the unearthed cash coins were corroded together.<ref name="PrimaltrekAnhui500CashCoinHoard"/> The unearthed coins include [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] (開元通寶) cash coins from the Tang dynasty period, as well as Yuanfeng Tongbao (元豐通寶), Yuanyou Tongbao (元祐通寶), Chongning Tongbao (崇寧通寶) cash coins among others from the Northern Song dynasty period.<ref name="PrimaltrekAnhui500CashCoinHoard"/> The archeologists of the Guzhen County Bureau of Cultural Relics suspect that the cash coins probably belonged to a rich family during the Northern Song dynasty period that wanted to hide the money from robbers or during a time of unrest.<ref name="PrimaltrekAnhui500CashCoinHoard"/> * On May 23, 2013 it was reported in an issue of the Lanzhou Morning News (兰州晨报) that cash coins from the [[Han dynasty|Han]], [[Tang dynasty|Tang]], [[Song dynasty|Song]], and Jurchen Jin dynasties had been unearthed at a construction site in [[Dingxi]], [[Gansu]] on May 22, 2013.<ref name="PrimaltrekGansu2013Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/05/23/coins-from-han-tang-song-and-jin-dynasties-unearthed-in-gansu/|title= Coins from Han, Tang, Song and Jin Dynasties Unearthed in Gansu.|date=23 May 2013|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> According to eyewitness reports the coin hoard occupied an area of two meters square and was about eighty centimeters in depth.<ref name="PrimaltrekGansu2013Hoard"/> The coin cache was buried about two meters below the surface level.<ref name="PrimaltrekGansu2013Hoard"/> Soon after the discovery archaeologists from the [[Dingxi City Museum]] (定西市安定区博物馆) were sent to the construction site where they would recover 114 kilograms (or 251 pounds) of ancient Chinese bronze cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekGansu2013Hoard"/> Most of the unearthed cash coins date to the Song dynasty period.<ref name="PrimaltrekGansu2013Hoard"/> According to the archaeologists from the Dingxi City Museum, this coin hoard was the largest cache of ancient Chinese bronze cash coins ever discovered in Dingxi City at the time.<ref name="PrimaltrekGansu2013Hoard"/> Inscriptions of the cash coins include Han dynasty period [[Wu Zhu]] (五銖), Tang dynasty period [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] (開元通寶) and Qianyuan Zhongbao (乾元重寶), Northern Song dynasty period Xiangfu Tongbao (祥符通寶), Tiansheng Yuanbao (天聖元寶), Mingdao Yuanbao (明道元寶), Huangsong Tongbao (皇宋通寶), Zhiping Yuanbao (治平元寶), Xining Zhongbao (熙寧重寶), Yuanfeng Tongbao (元豐通寶), Yuanyou Tongbao (元祐通寶), Shaosheng Yuanbao (紹聖元寶), Yuanfu Tongbao (元符通寶), Shengsong Yuanbao (聖宋元寶), Chongning Zhongbao (崇寧重寶), Daguan Tongbao (大觀通寶), Xuanhe Tongbao (宣和通寶), Southern Song dynasty period Shaoxing Yuanbao (紹興元寶), and some unspecified Jurchen Jin dynasty cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekGansu2013Hoard"/> * In an April 25, 2013 article by the [[China News Service]] it was reported that the [[Kucha Bureau of Cultural Relics]] (库车县文物局) was informed of the discovery of a large number of Tang dynasty period [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] (開元通寶) cash coins at a construction site in [[Kuqa County]], [[Xinjiang]] on April 23, 2013.<ref name="PrimaltrekXinjiangKaiYuanTongBaoHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/04/30/3000-tang-dynasty-kai-yuan-tong-bao-coins-unearthed-in-xinjiang/|title= 3,000 Tang Dynasty ‘Kai Yuan Tong Bao’ Coins Unearthed in Xinjiang.|date=30 April 2013|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TianshanKai-Xinjiang-KaiYuanTongBao-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://collection.sina.com.cn/yjjj/20130425/0952111720.shtml?from=wap|title= 新疆工地发现3000余枚唐代开元通宝钱币.|date=25 May 2013|accessdate=8 April 2020|author= Tianshan News (天山网)|publisher= [[Sina Corp]]. (新浪)|language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref name="Xinjiang-News-Kaiyuan-Tongbao-Hoard-2013">{{cite web|url= http://collection.sina.com.cn/yjjj/20130502/1926112280.shtml?from=wap|title= 新疆库车出土近万枚唐代开元通宝.|date=2 May 2013|accessdate=8 April 2020|author= Xinjiang News (新疆网)|publisher= [[Sina Corp]]. (新浪)|language=zh-cn}}</ref> By April 24 a team of archeologists had uncovered around 3000 Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins, by this time the construction site was being managed by staff of the [[Kucha Bureau of Cultural Relics]] and the Qiuci Bureau of Public Security (龟兹公安分局) and more cash coins were continuing to be unearthed at the site.<ref name="PrimaltrekXinjiangKaiYuanTongBaoHoard"/><ref name="TianshanKai-Xinjiang-KaiYuanTongBao-Hoard"/> According to Ms. Yin Qiuling (尹秋玲), a cadre with the Kucha Bureau of Cultural Relics, the Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins had been buried at the site for more than a millennium, and while the cash coins had acquired a patina, their legends could still be quite clearly read.<ref name="PrimaltrekXinjiangKaiYuanTongBaoHoard"/><ref name="TianshanKai-Xinjiang-KaiYuanTongBao-Hoard"/> The Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins at the site were found scattered in an area that was about 10 meters long by 5 meters wide.<ref name="PrimaltrekXinjiangKaiYuanTongBaoHoard"/><ref name="TianshanKai-Xinjiang-KaiYuanTongBao-Hoard"/> It was later reported on May 2, 2013 that the number of unearthed Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins at the site had almost reached 10,000.<ref name="PrimaltrekXinjiangKaiYuanTongBaoHoard"/><ref name="Xinjiang-News-Kaiyuan-Tongbao-Hoard-2013"/> * It was reported by Dahe Daily on 16 September, 2013 that a coin excavation has been conducted by local villagers in [[Renhezhai Village]], [[Xiping County]], [[Zhumadian]], [[Henan]].<ref name="Kaogu-Renhezhai-Coin-Hoard-2013">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/academic_activities/201309/t20130916_3927197.shtml|title= Villagers dig up ancient coins in Henan.|date=16 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[China Daily|ChinaDaily]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> While workers were digging a ditch in early August 2013 some young children playing at the site had found some cash coins in the ditch, which inspired adults from near and far to start digging to look for more, who reported found "many had found lots of ancient coins", while other people went to the scene to purchase the coins.<ref name="Kaogu-Renhezhai-Coin-Hoard-2013"/> A local resident named Ms. Li (李姓) noted that the coins sold for 380 [[Renminbi|yuan]] ([[United States dollar|$]]60) per kilogram.<ref name="Kaogu-Renhezhai-Coin-Hoard-2013"/> Local villagers were confused as to why after a month no local officials in charge of cultural relics had attempted to intervene as is customary in China, Dahe Daily reported that the more soil is dug at the site in Renhezhai Village the process of searching for ancient Chinese cash coins, the mud might collapse which may cause lethal accidents.<ref name="Kaogu-Renhezhai-Coin-Hoard-2013"/> Of the coins that were excavated at the site, most dated back to the Northern Song dynasty period.<ref name="Kaogu-Renhezhai-Coin-Hoard-2013"/> * During excavations conducted from November to December in 2012 in the Yujiabu cemetery in [[Zhangqiu]], [[Jinan]] [[Shandong]], the [[Jinan Municipal Archaeological Institute]] had discovered a number of cash coins in the tombs.<ref name="Kaogu-Zhangqiu-Shandong-2013">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201304/t20130406_3925968.shtml|title= Archaeological Achievements at the Yujiabu Cemetery in Zhangqiu, Shandong Province.|date=6 April 2013|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Credited as "Chinese Archaeology NetWriter". (Translator: Tong Tao).|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> The excavation had discovered a total of seventeen tombs, including earth shaft tombs from the Han dynasty period, earth shaft tombs with a brick-built outer coffin from the Han dynasty period, brick-chamber tombs from the Han dynasty period, and an earth pit tomb with cave chamber from the Qing dynasty period.<ref name="Kaogu-Zhangqiu-Shandong-2013"/> The 6 earth shafts mostly yielded [[Wu Zhu]] cash coins, while the tombs identified as "Tomb M3" and "Tomb M8" contained [[Xin dynasty]] period Daquan Wushi (大泉五十) cash coins, indicating that the people buried there were likely done so during the Xin dynasty period rather than the Han dynasty era.<ref name="Kaogu-Zhangqiu-Shandong-2013"/> === 2015 === ==== 2015 (Mainland China) ==== * In 2015 Chinese archeologists uncovered 10 tonnes of [[bronze]] Wu Zhu cash coins from the [[Western Han dynasty]] (or around 2 million cash coins) alongside over ten thousand of other iron, bronze, and gold items in the Haihunhou cemetery near [[Nanchang]], [[Jiangxi]], among the other uncovered items were [[bamboo slip]]s, wood tablets, as well as jade objects. As these Wu Zhu cash coins were [[Cash (Chinese coin)#Stringing of cash coins|strung in strings of 1000 pieces]] this proved that the practice of stringing cash coins per 1000 didn't first happen during the [[Tang dynasty]] as was previously thought but actually six hundred years earlier.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://lunaticg.blogspot.com/2015/11/10-ton-han-dynasty-coins-found-in-china.html?m=1|title= 10 ton Han Dynasty coins found in China.|date=10 October 2015|accessdate=3 September 2018|work= Gila Lunatic (lunaticg).|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thevintagenews.com/2015/12/25/coins-found-in-a-han-dynasty-tomb/|title= Two million copper coins weighing 10 tonnes found inside 2,000-year-old tomb.|date=25 December 2015|accessdate=3 September 2018|work= by Ian Harvey (The Vintage News).|language=en}}</ref> By 2017 the cash coins unearthed at the site had numbered to around 2,000,000 Wu Zhu cash coins, on 9 January 2017 iFeng.com reported that a rare Wu Zhu cash coin with a character that was found to have been carved upside down.<ref name="Kaogu-Haihunhou-Tomb-Hoard-2017">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201701/t20170113_3940227.shtml|title= Incorrectly printed coin found in Haihunhou tomb.|date=13 January 2017|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[People's Daily]] NetWriter : Zhang Huan".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> * On January 26, 2015 the Shanxi News Network (山西新闻网) reported that over 12,000 iron cash coins produced during the Northern Song dynasty had been recovered at an archaeological site, situated on a high precipice, in the historical prefecture of [[Jiangzhou (historical prefecture in Shanxi)|Jiangzhou]], located in [[Xinjiang County]], [[Shanxi]].<ref name="PrimaltrekShanxiIronCashCoinsHoard"/><ref name="ChinaNewsIronBanLiang"/> The iron cash coins were unearthed during a 20 month excavation by the [[Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology]] (山西省考古研究所).<ref name="PrimaltrekShanxiIronCashCoinsHoard"/><ref name="ChinaNewsIronBanLiang"/> While the unearthed iron cash coins were severely corroded, after the archeologists had treating them for rust, it was revealed that the iron cash coins originated during six reign periods in the mid and late Northern Song dynasty period.<ref name="PrimaltrekShanxiIronCashCoinsHoard"/><ref name="ChinaNewsIronBanLiang"/> The inscriptions of the iron cash coins were Xining Tongbao (熙寧通寶), Yuanyou Tongbao (元祐通寶), Shaosheng Yuanbao (紹聖元寶), Chongning Tongbao (崇寧通寶), Daguan Tongbao (大觀通寶), and Zhenghe Tongbao (政和通寶).<ref name="PrimaltrekShanxiIronCashCoinsHoard"/><ref name="ChinaNewsIronBanLiang"/> The most commonly found inscription in the hoard was Zhenghe Tongbao.<ref name="PrimaltrekShanxiIronCashCoinsHoard"/><ref name="ChinaNewsIronBanLiang"/> Other than the iron cash coins, the archeologists had further unearthed several [[furnace]]s (爐灶, ''lú zào'') and [[crucible]]s (坩堝, ''gān guō'').<ref name="PrimaltrekShanxiIronCashCoinsHoard"/><ref name="ChinaNewsIronBanLiang"/> It remains currently unknown whether or not the furnaces and crucibles are somehow related to the over 12,000 iron cash coins that were uncovered.<ref name="PrimaltrekShanxiIronCashCoinsHoard"/><ref name="ChinaNewsIronBanLiang"/> * At approximately 10:00 [[Ante meridiem|AM]] on March 21, 2015 the excavator was dredging a small 6-meter wide river that runs through [[Longgang, Jiangsu|Longgang Town]], [[Yancheng]], [[Jiangsu]] had uncovered a pile of ancient Chinese cash coins dating to the Tang and Song dynasties that had been stored inside of a earthenware pot.<ref name="PrimaltrekYanchengHoard2015"/><ref name="SohuLonggangHoard"/> After the word of the coin hoard had spread throughout the village, a number of local residents started to "[[treasure hunt]]" in the area looking for more old cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekYanchengHoard2015"/><ref name="SohuLonggangHoard"/> The villagers had found around 200–300 catties (267–400 pounds, 121–181 kilograms) of cash coins before they were chased away by the police because it's illegal in the People's Republic of China to take "cultural relics" as they’re all legally [[government property]].<ref name="PrimaltrekYanchengHoard2015"/><ref name="SohuLonggangHoard"/> Zhao Yongzheng (赵永正) of the [[Archaeology Department of the Yancheng Museum]] (盐城市博物馆考古部) noted that this coin cache was probably buried there somewhere at the beginning of the Southern Song dynasty period.<ref name="PrimaltrekYanchengHoard2015"/><ref name="SohuLonggangHoard"/> The inscriptions of the unearthed cash coins included the Tang dynasty period Kaiyuan Tongbao (開元通寶), as well as the Song dynasty period Taiping Tongbao (太平通寶), Tiansheng Yuanbao (天聖元寶), Xiangfu Yuanbao (祥符元寶), Zhenghe Tongbao (政和通寶).<ref name="PrimaltrekYanchengHoard2015"/><ref name="SohuLonggangHoard"/> * According to an article published on May 11, 2015, two cash coins were uncovered in [[Mengyuan Village]] (孟塬乡) [[Pengyang County]], [[Guyuan]], [[Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region]].<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoRareNingxiaCashCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/05/28/two-rare-coins-discovered-in-ningxia/|title= Two Rare Coins Discovered in Ningxia.|date=28 May 2015|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ZhangYanRoyallyInscribedCurrency">{{cite web|url= https://m.dissertationtopic.net/doc/1035290|title= During the Song Dynasty currency and coins culture.|date=2006|accessdate=19 February 2020|author= Zhang Yan|publisher= [[Minzu University of China]]|language=en}}</ref> The two cash coins were obtained by the [[Pengyang County Office of Chronicles Compilation]] (彭阳县史志办公室) from a local coin collector named Mr. Hu (虎).<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoRareNingxiaCashCoins"/> The first cash coin is a [[Western Xia]] period Da An Bao Qian (大安寶錢, {{Tangut|𘜶𗵐𘏨𘔭|2tha1 2ne1 1lyq3 1dzen4}}) cash coin with a diameter of 2.4 centimeters. Its inscription is notably written in a "slanted character" variety (斜字版, ''Xié zì bǎn'') of [[Tangut script]] and it has a blank reverse.<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoRareNingxiaCashCoins"/> The second cash coin is a Chunhua Yuanbao (淳化元寶) cash coin produced during the [[Northern Song dynasty]] period.<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoRareNingxiaCashCoins"/> It is notably a rare version of the [[regular script]] (or "royally inscribed") variety of the coin, as the "氵" radical of the Chinese character "淳" is a "shortened" variant which does not extend all the way to the bottom of the character, as the more "common" variants of the Northern Song dynasty's Chunhua Yuanbao cash coins tend to have. Because of the way the radical looks, this type of Chunhua Tongbao is known to Chinese numismatists as the "shortened shui" or "shrunken shui" variety (縮水版, ''Suōshuǐ bǎn'') and only a handful of authentic specimens of the "shortened shui" Chunhua Tongbao cash coins are known to exist.<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoRareNingxiaCashCoins"/> According to Qi Yuezhang (祁悦章) from the Pengyang County Office of Chronicles Compilation both of the cash coins were deemed to be authentic specimens.<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoRareNingxiaCashCoins"/> Of ancient cash coins that are held in the collection of the [[Pengyang County Office of Cultural Relics]] (彭阳县文物馆) over half of them were produced by either the Tangut Western Xia dynasty and Song dynasty.<ref name="PrimaltrekTwoRareNingxiaCashCoins"/> * It was reported on June 16, 2015 by the Yuncheng News Network (运城新闻网) that two bird photographers and enthusiasts of the "salt lake culture", Mr. Jing Xiaoxiong (景晓雄) and Mr. Zhang Xiaobie (张小别) had discovered 500 clay moulds used to cast iron cash coins during the Song dynasty period.<ref name="PrimaltrekSongDynastyCoinMouldsSaltLakeHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/07/28/song-dynasty-coin-moulds-found-in-salt-lake/|title= Song Dynasty Coin Moulds Found in Salt Lake.|date=28 July 2015|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> The clay moulds were located at the Yuncheng "salt lake" (运城盐池), which is sometimes known as "China's [[Dead Sea]]" (中国死海) located near the city of [[Yuncheng]], [[Shanxi]].<ref name="PrimaltrekSongDynastyCoinMouldsSaltLakeHoard"/> While quite a number of these clay moulds were in good condition with very distinct inscriptions, many of the around five hundred clay moulds are in poor condition.<ref name="PrimaltrekSongDynastyCoinMouldsSaltLakeHoard"/> The inscriptions on the discovered Song dynasty era coin moulds include Yuanfeng Tongbao (元豐通寶), Chongning Tongbao (崇寧通寶), Daguan Tongbao (大觀通寶), Zhenghe Tongbao (政和通寶), and seal script Zhenghe Zhongbao (政和重寶).<ref name="PrimaltrekSongDynastyCoinMouldsSaltLakeHoard"/> The discovery of the clay coin moulds is notable because no historical documents have ever mentioned that the city of Hedong (河東), the name of Yuncheng during the Song dynasty period, had a mint, nor have any ruins of a mint been discovered in the area.<ref name="PrimaltrekSongDynastyCoinMouldsSaltLakeHoard"/> The discovery of the clay coin moulds will further encourage the study of Song dynasty ruins in the area of Yuncheng, Shanxi to search for the possible existence of an ancient cash coin mint.<ref name="PrimaltrekSongDynastyCoinMouldsSaltLakeHoard"/> * On August 1, 2015 in the [[Qianjiang District]], [[Chongqing]], a woman named Wang Meiying (王美英), while collecting wood in the mountain area, had discovered a hole in which a large quantity of old cash coins were buried.<ref name="PrimaltrekMeitanCountyHoard"/> The cash coins found in the hole weighed about 30 catties and consisted of over 4,000 cash coins, the inscriptions found on the coins cover a period of about 1400 years.<ref name="PrimaltrekMeitanCountyHoard"/> The hoard includes Tang dynasty era Kaiyuan Tongbao (開元通寶) cash coins, Song dynasty era Jingde Yuanbao (景德元寶) and Yuanfeng Tongbao (元豐通寶) cash coins, and Ming dynasty era Chongzhen Tongbao (崇禎通寶) cash coins. But 80% of the hoard consists of [[Qing dynasty coinage]], namely [[Kangxi Tongbao]] (康熙通寶), [[Qianlong Tongbao]] (乾隆通寶), and [[Xianfeng Tongbao]] (咸豐通寶) cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekMeitanCountyHoard"/> It was reported by a 75 year old villager from the area named Ms. Wan Jixiang (万继湘), that this area of the Qianjiang District did not use cash coins in the past and that the area housed no landlords or government officials that could have accumulated such an amount of wealth.<ref name="PrimaltrekMeitanCountyHoard"/> As the area has had a long history of criminality, it was speculated by some locals that the cash coins may have been buried there long ago by bandits (土匪) who were on the run.<ref name="PrimaltrekMeitanCountyHoard"/> * On August 21, 2015 it was reported on by the government-owned Yueyang Daily (岳阳日报) that over a thousand Tang and Northern Song dynasty cash coins were discovered during the renovation of the [[Cishi Pagoda]] (慈氏塔) located in [[Yueyang]], [[Hunan]].<ref name="PrimaltrekCishiPagodaHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/08/29/a-thousand-coins-discovered-at-cishi-pagoda/|title= A Thousand Coins Discovered at Cishi Pagoda.|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="HunanDailyCishiPagodaHoard">{{cite web|url= https://china.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJOMbI|title= 千余枚古钱币现身 岳阳慈氏塔.|date=22 August 2015|accessdate=7 April 2020|author= Hunan Daily (湖南日报)|publisher= china.huanqiu.com|language=zh-cn}}</ref> Among the cash coins are a number of early Kaiyuan Tongbao (開元通寶) cash coins from the Tang dynasty, as well as several Northern Song dynasty era inscriptions such as Chunhua Yuanbao (淳化元寶), Xianping Yuanbao (咸平元寶), Tianxi Tongbao (天禧通寶), and Tiansheng Yuanbao (天聖元寶).<ref name="PrimaltrekCishiPagodaHoard"/> Ou Jifan (欧继凡), the Deputy-Director of the [[Yueyang Municipal Office of Cultural Relics]] (市文物管理处副主任), stated that the date major restoration was confirmed to be 1066 through an analysis of the cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekCishiPagodaHoard"/> Ou Jifan further stated that there was an ancient tradition of burying coins during the construction and renovation of pagodas in China, as in the past people had believed that coins offered a form of protection to the pagoda that was being constructed or renovated, and that they furthermore would serve as a type of sacrifice to the heavens, and that the cash coins expressed the hope for peace.<ref name="PrimaltrekCishiPagodaHoard"/> Earlier during the same restoration of the Cishi Pagoda in 2015 a covered alms bowl with the inscription "Da Song Zhiping San Nian" (大宋治平三年, "the 3rd year of Zhiping of the Great Song") was discovered, which also indicates that the pagoda underwent a major renovation in the year 1066.<ref name="PrimaltrekCishiPagodaHoard"/> * It was reported on 24 September 2015 that a number of cash coins had been found in tombs located in tombs during excavation work undertaken by the [[Jinan City Archaeological Research Institute]] nearby the Zhaojiazhuang Cemetery, [[Shandong]].<ref name="Kaogu-Zhaojiazhuang-Cemetery-Shandong-2015">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201509/t20150924_3934919.shtml|title= Song and Yuan dynasty graves found in Zhaojiazhuang Cemetery, Shandong.|date=24 September 2015|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Credited as "Chinese Archaeology NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> The tombs yielded cash coins produced during the [[Song dynasty|Song]], [[Tang dynasty|Tang]], and Manchu [[Qing dynasty|Qing dynasties]] with the latest examples being [[Xianfeng coinage|Xianfeng era cash coins]].<ref name="Kaogu-Zhaojiazhuang-Cemetery-Shandong-2015"/> A tomb identified as "Grave M1" also contained silver [[sycee]]s issued under the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]].<ref name="Kaogu-Zhaojiazhuang-Cemetery-Shandong-2015"/> * It was reported on 17 November 2015 by the [[Xinhua News Agency]] that at the tomb of the [[Marquis of Haihun]] in [[Xinjian District|Xinjian]], [[Jiangxi]] a number of gold coins had been found.<ref name="Haihunhou-Gold-Hoard-2015">{{cite web|url= http://www.china.org.cn/china/2015-11/17/content_37093227.htm|title= Gold coins found in ancient tomb.|date=17 November 2015|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= [[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]]|publisher= [[China Internet Information Center]] ([[State Council Information Office]] and [[China International Publishing Group]])|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kaogu-Haihunhou-Gold-Hoard-2015">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201511/t20151120_3935511.shtml|title= Gold coins, hoofs found in 2,000-yr-old Chinese tomb.|date=20 November 2015|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua Net]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> Excavations of the tomb have been conducted since 2011.<ref name="NewHistorian-Marquis-of-Hainun-2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.newhistorian.com/excavation-haihunhou-tomb-china-completed/7382/ |title=Excavation of Haihunhou Tomb in China Completed |date= |language=English |website=New Historian|accessdate=22 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Chinanews-Marquis-of-Haihun-2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.ecns.cn/video/2016/03-03/201341.shtml |title=Identity of Han-Dynasty marquis confirmed |date= |language=English |website=Chinanews.com|accessdate=22 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Kitco-Han-Dynasty-Gold-2015">{{cite web|url= https://www.kitco.com/news/2015-12-28/Chinese-Archeologists-Discovery-Largest-Cache-Of-Han-Dynasty-Gold-Coins.html|title= Chinese Archeologists Discovery Largest Cache Of Han Dynasty Gold Coins.|date=28 December 2015|accessdate=15 April 2020|author= Neils Christensen|publisher= Kitco News|language=en}}</ref> The gold objects unearthed included some 25 gold hoofs (a type of [[sycee]]) with varying weights from 40 to 250 grams and 50 very large gold coins weighing about 250 grams each.<ref name="Haihunhou-Gold-Hoard-2015"/><ref name="Kaogu-Haihunhou-Gold-Hoard-2015"/> The gold coinages were packed inside of three different boxes that were placed under a bed that was located inside of the main chamber of the tomb.<ref name="Haihunhou-Gold-Hoard-2015"/><ref name="Kaogu-Haihunhou-Gold-Hoard-2015"/> According to Yang Jie, who leads the excavation team, the gold objects were likely awarded to the Marquis of Haihun by the emperor himself.<ref name="Haihunhou-Gold-Hoard-2015"/><ref name="Kaogu-Haihunhou-Gold-Hoard-2015"/> === 2016 === ==== 2016 (Mainland China) ==== * It was reported on Thursday 3 March 2016 by [[China Internet Information Center|China.org.cn]] that local newspapers had covered a story on Tuesday 1 March 2016 where a villager surnamed Zhang in [[Nanzuo Village]], [[Xingping]], [[Shaanxi]] had unearthed 459 kilograms of [[Xin dynasty coinage|Xin dynasty cash coins]].<ref name="Kaogu-Nanzuo-Village-Hoard-2016">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/academic_activities/201603/t20160303_3936624.shtml|title= Chinese villager unearths 2,000-year-old coins.|date=3 March 2016|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[China Internet Information Center|China.org.cn]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref> While Mr. Zhang was levelling the land on Saturday 27 February 2016 with a spade, after digging for about half a meter he had discovered the coins.<ref name="Kaogu-Nanzuo-Village-Hoard-2016"/> All of the discovered Wang Mang period copper-alloy coins have centre holes and can further be subdivided into three kinds, some have square centre holes, others have rectangular centre holes, and others had round ones.<ref name="Kaogu-Nanzuo-Village-Hoard-2016"/> After the local police was called, a local police officer with the cultural relics inspection detachment named Feng Pengru had told the [[Xinhua News Agency]] that they were all produced during the Xin dynasty.<ref name="Kaogu-Nanzuo-Village-Hoard-2016"/> After the cash coins that were found in Nanzuo Village were cleaned and evaluated from the site by a team of archaeologists they were given to the local museum.<ref name="Kaogu-Nanzuo-Village-Hoard-2016"/> === 2017 === ==== 2017 (Mainland China) ==== * It was reported on 5 January 2017 that local villagers had dug up over 500 kilograms of [[Qing dynasty coinage|Qing dynasty cash coins]] near the [[Gan River]] in [[Xingan County]], [[Jiangxi]].<ref name="The-Telegraph-Qing-Dynasty-Hoard-2017">{{cite web|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/05/treasure-hunting-villagers-dig-500kg-qing-dynasty-coins-near/|title= Treasure hunting villagers 'dig up 500kg of Qing dynasty coins' near river in China.|date=5 January 2017|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Louise Moon|publisher= [[The Telegraph]]|language=en}}</ref> The villlagers had occupied an area of 30 square metre and were excavating the site without permission, most of the villagers at the site were pensioners and children.<ref name="The-Telegraph-Qing-Dynasty-Hoard-2017"/> Eventually the local police force had to call in 20 reinforcements to cordon off the area so archaeologists could excavate the area later.<ref name="The-Telegraph-Qing-Dynasty-Hoard-2017"/> * In March 2017 a Xiwang Shanggong (西王賞功) cash coin issued by [[Zhang Xianzhong]] was unearthed at the Jiangkou stretch of the [[Minjiang River]] in [[Meishan]], [[Sichuan]].<ref name="Xinhua-News-Agency-Top-10-Archeological-finds-of-2017">{{cite web|url= http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/11/c_137101160_10.htm|title= China's top 10 archaeological finds of 2017.|quote= 10. Archaeologists found artifacts at the site of a peasant uprising at the end of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) from the Jiangkou stretch of the Minjiang River in Meishan, southwest China's Sichuan Province.|date=11 May 2018|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= ZD|publisher= [[Xinhua News Agency]]|language=en}}</ref> The findings at the river included over 10,000 individual items of gold and silver including a number of golden and silver [[sycee]]s.<ref name="News-Corp-Australia-Network-Sichuan-2017">{{cite web|url= https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/archaeology/chinese-discover-legendary-treasure-buried-in-river-bank/news-story/020d5e022bea4f6c9447be6214254b0d|title= Chinese discover legendary treasure buried in river bank.|date=22 March 2017|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Jamie Seidel|publisher= [[News Corp Australia|News Corp Australia Network]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Xinhua-gold-sycee-2017">{{cite web|url= http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-03/20/c_136143370_2.htm|title= China Focus: Legendary sunken treasure discovered in SW China.|date=20 March 2017|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Xinhua|publisher= [[Xinhua News Agency]]|language=en}}</ref> * On 7 July 2017 the [[Global Times]] reported that the [[Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology]] (SPIA) had uncovered two [[Byzantine coinage|Eastern Roman gold coins]] as well as a [[Sasanian coinage|Sasanian coin]] inside of a tomb in [[Xi'an]], [[Shaanxi]].<ref name="Global-Times-Xi'an-Silk-Road-Coins">{{cite web|url= https://gbtimes.com/eastern-roman-gold-coins-found-1500-year-old-chinese-tomb|title= Eastern Roman gold coins found in 1,500-year-old Chinese tomb.|date=7 July 2017|accessdate= 13 April 2020|author= GBTIMES Beijing|publisher= [[Global Times]] (Bringing China Closer)|language=en}}</ref> The tomb belonged to Lu Chou, a [[Western Wei]] dynasty nobleman who died in 538.<ref name="Kaogu-Lu-Chou-Hoard-2017">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201707/t20170714_3942340.shtml|title= Eastern Roman gold coins found in Shaanxi.|date=14 July 2017|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[China Daily]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Global-Times-Xi'an-Silk-Road-Coins"/> The golden Eastern Roman coins were issued under [[Anastasius I]] and [[Justinian I]], respectively, and the silver Sassanian coin was issued [[Peroz I]].<ref name="Global-Times-Xi'an-Silk-Road-Coins"/> * It was reported on 27 October 2017 by [[China Daily]] that about 300,000 cash coins (weighing around 5.6 tonnes) have been unearthed from under a residential house, after it had been discovered by a villager during the rebuilding of his old home, in [[Chacun Village]], [[Fuliang County]], [[Jingdezhen]], [[Jiangxi]].<ref name="Kaogu-Jingdezhen-Hoard-2017">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201710/t20171027_3943445.shtml|title= 5.6 tons of ancient coins unearthed under house in Jiangxi.|date=27 October 2017|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[China Daily]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="China-Daily-Jingdezhen-Hoard-2017">{{cite web|url= http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2017-10/26/content_33725846.htm|title= 5.6 tons of ancient coins unearthed under house in Jiangxi.|date=26 October 2017|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= chinadaily.com.cn |publisher= [[China Daily]] USA ([[Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China|Chinese Communist Party Central Committee Propaganda Department]])|language=en}}</ref> Archaeologists had completed the excavation of the site on 22 October 2017.<ref name="Kaogu-Jingdezhen-Hoard-2017"/><ref name="China-Daily-Jingdezhen-Hoard-2017"/> Several local villagers noted that [[folk tale]]s claimed that the area was owned by a wealthy landlord a millennium prior to the find, which might be the origin of the cash coins.<ref name="Kaogu-Jingdezhen-Hoard-2017"/><ref name="China-Daily-Jingdezhen-Hoard-2017"/> Feng Ruqin, curator of [[Fuliang Museum]], stated that the cash coins must have probably been collected and placed there by a folk organisation as the nominal value of the cash coins were too small to do with the landlord.<ref name="Kaogu-Jingdezhen-Hoard-2017"/><ref name="China-Daily-Jingdezhen-Hoard-2017"/> The cash coins found at the site were attributed to the [[Song dynasty]].<ref name="Kaogu-Jingdezhen-Hoard-2017"/><ref name="China-Daily-Jingdezhen-Hoard-2017"/> According to the [[South China Morning Post]] Jingdezhen has been referred to as the "capital of porcelain" since the 3rd century.<ref name="Ancient-Origins-Jingdezhen">{{cite web|url= https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/staggering-56-tons-coins-are-unearthed-china-and-archaeologists-struggle-021684|title= A Staggering 5.6 Tons of Coins Are Unearthed in China and Archaeologists Struggle to Fathom Who Hid Them.|date=27 October 2017|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Alicia McDermott |publisher= Ancient-Origins|language=en}}</ref><ref name="South-China-Morning-Post-Jingdezhen">{{cite web|url= https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2117117/mystery-over-tonnes-ancient-coins-found-buried-chinese-village|title= Mystery over tonnes of ancient coins found buried in Chinese village - Experts try to solve puzzle of why hundreds of thousands of pieces of everyday money were hidden several centuries ago.|date=26 October 2017|accessdate=13 April 2020|author= Alice Shen|publisher= [[South China Morning Post]] (SCMP)|language=en}}</ref> === 2018 === ==== 2018 (Mainland China) ==== * On July 15, 2018 it was reported by the [[Xinhua News Agency]] that 504 [[Spring and Autumn period]] [[Spade money|spade coins]] were unearthed at a construction site in [[Sanmenxia]], [[Henan]].<ref name="ECNS-Henan-Spade-Money-Hoard-2018">{{cite web|url= http://www.ecns.cn/m/news/culture/2018-07-21/detail-ifywhfmh2716118.shtml|title= 504 ancient Chinese coins found in Henan.|date=21 July 2018|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Zhang Shiyu ([[Xinhua News Agency]])|publisher= [[China News Service|China News]] (中国新闻网)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Xinhua-Henan-Spades-2018">{{cite web|url= http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-07/21/c_137339514.htm|title= 504 ancient Chinese coins found in Henan .|date=21 July 2018|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= Xinhua|publisher= [[Xinhua News Agency]]|language=en}}</ref> The spades were preserved inside of a clay pottery cooker.<ref name="ECNS-Henan-Spade-Money-Hoard-2018"/> Of the total of 504 spades that were unearthed, 434 had remained intact.<ref name="ECNS-Henan-Spade-Money-Hoard-2018"/> Li Shuqian, the head of the local museum, noted that it was very rare for such a large amount of ancient Chinese coinage to remain preserved in such a good state.<ref name="ECNS-Henan-Spade-Money-Hoard-2018"/> * It was reported on 30 October 2018 by CQCB (重庆日报客户端) that a coin hoard of around 3,000 [[Southern Song dynasty coinage|Southern Song dynasty period cash coins]] had been discovered at a construction site along S434 in [[Tianba Village]], [[Guanba]] town, [[Qijiang District]], [[Chongqing]].<ref name="Chongqing-Hoard-2018-English">{{cite web|url= https://www.ichongqing.info/2018/11/05/wansheng-finds-3000-ancient-coins-from-the-southern-song-dynasty/|title= Wansheng Finds 3,000 Ancient Coins from the Southern Song Dynasty.|date=5 November 2018|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Xinyi Li|publisher= ICHONGQING (Chongqing International Media Center)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chongqing-Hoard-2018-Mandarin-Chinese">{{cite web|url= https://www.cqcb.com/hot/2018-10-30/1194019.html|title= 万盛岩缝中发现三千枚古钱币，或为南宋铁钱.|date=30 October 2018|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Long Danmei (龙丹梅) and Zhou Yaoyao (周瑶瑶)|publisher= CQCB (重庆日报客户端)|language=zh-cn}}</ref> The cash coins were initially discovered on 26 October 2018 after a few construction workers had noticed the presence of round coins with square centre holes mong the rocks they were clearing.<ref name="Chongqing-Hoard-2018-English"/><ref name="Chongqing-Hoard-2018-Mandarin-Chinese"/> Liao Xiaobo, the On-Site Principal of Highway Maintenance Station of Chongqing Traffic, noted that these cash coins were found over 20 meters in the ground.<ref name="Chongqing-Hoard-2018-English"/><ref name="Chongqing-Hoard-2018-Mandarin-Chinese"/> Archaeologists managed to dig up around 3,000 cash coins at the site.<ref name="Chongqing-Hoard-2018-English"/><ref name="Chongqing-Hoard-2018-Mandarin-Chinese"/> At the time of the report all the unearthed cash coins were [[Tieqian|made from iron]].<ref name="Chongqing-Hoard-2018-English"/><ref name="Chongqing-Hoard-2018-Mandarin-Chinese"/> The archaeologists suspect that the coins were produced during the Southern Song dynasty period but suspect that they may have been produced earlier.<ref name="Chongqing-Hoard-2018-English"/><ref name="Chongqing-Hoard-2018-Mandarin-Chinese"/> Linghu Keqiang, the head of the Museum of Chongqing Wansheng Economic and Technological Development Zone, stated that the find would aid with research on immigrant culture to the area and the local socio-economic development of Wansheng as it reflected the economic development level of the area at the time.<ref name="Chongqing-Hoard-2018-English"/><ref name="Chongqing-Hoard-2018-Mandarin-Chinese"/> == 2020s == === 2020 === ==== 2020 (Mainland China) ==== * It was reported on 17 March 2020 by the [[Weixian Cultural Preservation Institute]] that one of their staff members had found the location of a temple site in [[Zhanghuabao Village]], [[Zhangtai]], [[Wei County, Xingtai|Wei County]], [[Xingtai]], [[Hebei]].<ref name="Teller-Report-Weixian-Hoard-2020">{{cite web|url= https://www.tellerreport.com/life/2020-03-17---more-than-a-thousand-song-dynasty-copper-coins-unearthed-in-weixian--hebei-.H1Icm1ATHU.html|title= More than a thousand Song Dynasty copper coins unearthed in Weixian, Hebei.|date=17 March 2020|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= [[China News|Chinanews.com]] Xingtai, March 17 (Zhang Pengxiang, Liu Fei)|publisher= The Teller Report (Now you can see non-English news)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="China-News-Weixian-Hoard-2020">{{cite web|url= https://m.chinanews.com/wap/detail/zw/cul/2020/03-17/9127921.shtml|title= 河北威县在一瓮中发掘出千余枚宋代铜钱币.|date=17 March 2020|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Zhang Pengxiang (张鹏翔) and Liu Fei (刘飞)|publisher= [[China News]] (中国新闻网)|language=en}}</ref> On the 15 March 2020 a cultural relic enthusiast had found several ancient Chinese cash coins around the area, afterwards the man took a few excavation tools and started digging around the area and found the location of more cash coins.<ref name="Teller-Report-Weixian-Hoard-2020"/><ref name="China-News-Weixian-Hoard-2020"/> Villagers then reported the find to the Weixian Cultural Preservation Institute who immediately excavated the site.<ref name="Teller-Report-Weixian-Hoard-2020"/><ref name="China-News-Weixian-Hoard-2020"/> At the temple site over a thousand [[Northern Song dynasty]] period cash coins were unearthed by the Weixian Cultural Preservation Institute.<ref name="Teller-Report-Weixian-Hoard-2020"/><ref name="China-News-Weixian-Hoard-2020"/> Most of the discovered cash coins had suffered from corrosion and were rusted together.<ref name="Teller-Report-Weixian-Hoard-2020"/><ref name="China-News-Weixian-Hoard-2020"/> Wang Xiaohui, the director of the Weixian Cultural Preservation Institute, stated that the clean-up revealed that the majority of the cash coins date to the Northern Song dynasty and that the most common inscriptions were Daguan Tongbao (大觀通寶) and Zhenghe Tongbao (政和通寶).<ref name="Teller-Report-Weixian-Hoard-2020"/><ref name="China-News-Weixian-Hoard-2020"/> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Treasure}} [[:Category:Coins of China|Hoards]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatics]] [[:Category:Archaeology-related lists]] [[:Category:Treasure troves in China]] [[:Category:Lists of hoards]] .

Standard reference templates

May 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

April 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

March 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

December 2019.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use

• <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>

• <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>

• <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>

• <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>

• <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
  • <ref name="Brill2015"/>

• <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>

• <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>

More sources to use (Primaltrek: 2011-2012)

• <ref name="PrimaltrekTwoHundredThousandOldWell">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/06/06/200000-ancient-chinese-coins-found/|title= 200,000 Ancient Chinese Coins Found in Old Well.|date=6 June 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:29, 9 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekHanGraveWangMangHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/06/15/1000-coins-discovered-in-han-dynasty-grave/|title= 1,000 Coins Discovered in Han Dynasty Grave.|date=15 June 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="SSSS-Han-Grave-Wang-Mang-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://www.sssc.cn/a/20110615/130810489147387.shtml?utm_source=CMS_NODE_NEWS_INDEX&utm_medium=Text_Link&utm_content=pos_news-index-middle-kao-gu-yan-jiu&utm_campaign=INTERNAL_CMS|title= 广州再次发现东汉大型墓葬.|date=15 June 2016|accessdate=9 April 2020|author= 未知作者|publisher= 盛世收藏网|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 14:51, 9 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekLaterJinDynastyHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/09/14/more-than-2200-rare-later-jin-dynasty-coins-discovered/|title= More than 2,200 Rare “Later Jin Dynasty” Coins Discovered.|date=14 September 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:02, 9 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekSongTieqianDiscovered2011">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/10/21/tons-of-song-dynasty-iron-coins-discovered/|title= Tons of Song Dynasty Iron Coins Discovered.|date=21 October 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 13:19, 9 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekRufuStonePagodaHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/10/28/coins-discovered-at-rufu-stone-pagoda/|title= Coins Discovered at Rufu Stone Pagoda.|date=28 October 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Haikou-News-Rufu-Stone-Pagoda-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://www.hi.chinanews.com/hnnew/2011-10-27/184007.html|title= 海口儒符石塔将申报国宝.|date=27 October 2011|accessdate=9 April 2020|author= 来源：海口网 - 编辑：叶霖嘉|publisher= Haikou Evening News (海口晚报)|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 19:11, 9 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekYuanShikaiCoinInGrave">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/11/02/coffin-contains-coin-instead-of-corpse/|title= Coffin Contains Coin Instead of Corpse.|date=2 November 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Suqian-Evening-News-2011">{{cite web|url= http://news.xichu.net/shehui/2011/10/2011-10-27213946.html|title= 市区“1897项目考古工程”又有新发现.|date=27 October 2011|accessdate=9 April 2020|author= 蔡秀娟|publisher= Suqian Evening News (宿迁晚报)|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 15:09, 9 April 2020 (UTC)_.

• <ref name="PrimaltrekGoldenHorseRiverHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/11/12/ancient-coins-discovered-in-golden-horse-river/|title= Ancient Coins Discovered in Golden Horse River.|date=12 November 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sichuan-News-Network-Golden-River-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://scnews.newssc.org/system/2011/11/10/013361850.shtml|title= 上百村民金马河滩挖古钱 警方拉警戒线护宝(图).|date=10 November 2011|accessdate=9 April 2020|author= (四川新闻网|publisher= Sichuan News Network (四川新闻网)|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 14:25, 9 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekChengtianTempleHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/09/30/ancient-kingdom-of-min-coins-cast-in-quanzhou/|title=Ancient Kingdom of Min Coins Cast in Quanzhou.|date=30 September 2012|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="FJSEN-Kingdom-of-Min-Clay-Mould-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://qz.fjsen.com/2012-07/30/content_8943140.htm|title= 一千年前泉州有个"造币厂" 一个泥范只铸一枚铁币.|date=30 July 2012|accessdate=9 April 2020|author= 宋军营 来源：东南网 (我来说两句)|publisher= qz.fjsen.com|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 12:59, 9 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekNingxiaKushanEmpireHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/10/28/ancient-kushan-empire-coins-unearthed-in-ningxia/|title= Ancient Kushan Empire Coins Unearthed in Ningxia.|date=28 October 2012|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="SSSS-Kushan-Empire-Coins-Ningxia-2012">{{cite web|url= http://www.sssc.cn/a/20121012/135001000979516.shtml|title= 宁夏西吉县出土17枚中亚古贵霜帝国珍贵铜.|date=12 October 2012|accessdate=9 April 2020|author= 未知作者|publisher= 北京盛藏艺术品有限公司 ©|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 09:12, 9 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/06/19/tons-of-chinese-coins-found-in-sunken-world-war-ii-japanese-ship/|Tons of Chinese Coins Found in Sunken World War II Japanese Ship|title=Tons of Chinese Coins Found in Sunken World War II Japanese Ship.|date=|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> This happened in South Korea. Also, already imported to another article about Korean currency.

More sources to use (Primaltrek: 2013)

• <ref name="PrimaltrekFuhaiyuanTempleHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/27/kaiyuan-tongbao-coins-unearthed-at-fuhaiyuan-temple/|title= Kaiyuan Tongbao Coins Unearthed at Fuhaiyuan Temple.|date=27 January 2013|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Quanzhou-News-Fuhaiyuan-Temple-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://www.anxinews.com/content/2013-01/25/content_4293490.htm|title= 安溪千年古寺出土27.5公斤开元通宝 窖藏原因不明.|date=25 January 2013|accessdate=8 April 2020|author= Quanzhou News (泉州网-泉州晚报-东南早报)|publisher= www.anxinews.com|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:05, 8 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="Primaltrek700YearOldCoinPit">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/02/28/700-year-old-coin-pit-discovered-in-hunan-province/|title= 700-Year-Old Coin Pit Discovered in Hunan Province.|date=28 February 2013|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="China-News-Hunan-Coin-Pit-Hoard-2013">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinanews.com/shipin/cnstv/2013/02-22/news177147.shtml|title= 湖南安仁发现宋末元初时期钱窖.|date=22 February 2013|accessdate=8 April 2020|author= 中国新闻网|publisher= [[China News Service|China News]] (中国新闻网)|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 08:55, 9 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekCangzhouIronCashCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/04/26/mystery-surrounding-100-tons-of-song-dynasty-iron-coins/|title= Mystery Surrounding 100 Tons of Song Dynasty Iron Coins.|date=26 April 2013|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="China-Culture-Journal-Cangzhou-Tieqian-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://nepaper.ccdy.cn/html/2013-04/04/content_94025.htm|title= 河北上百吨宋朝铁钱币之谜.|date=4 April 2013|accessdate=8 April 2020|work= China Culture Journal (中国文化报)|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:49, 8 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="People's-Daily-Cangzhou-Tieqian-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://en.people.cn/english/200005/20/eng20000520_41261.html|title= China Unearths Mountain of Ancient Iron Coins.|date=20 May 2000|accessdate=8 April 2020|work= [[People's Daily]] ([[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China]]).|language=en}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:03, 8 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekXinjiangKaiYuanTongBaoHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/04/30/3000-tang-dynasty-kai-yuan-tong-bao-coins-unearthed-in-xinjiang/|title= 3,000 Tang Dynasty ‘Kai Yuan Tong Bao’ Coins Unearthed in Xinjiang.|date=30 April 2013|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TianshanKai-Xinjiang-KaiYuanTongBao-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://collection.sina.com.cn/yjjj/20130425/0952111720.shtml?from=wap|title= 新疆工地发现3000余枚唐代开元通宝钱币.|date=25 May 2013|accessdate=8 April 2020|author= Tianshan News (天山网)|publisher= [[Sina Corp]]. (新浪)|language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref name="Xinjiang-News-Kaiyuan-Tongbao-Hoard-2013">{{cite web|url= http://collection.sina.com.cn/yjjj/20130502/1926112280.shtml?from=wap|title= 新疆库车出土近万枚唐代开元通宝.|date=2 May 2013|accessdate=8 April 2020|author= Xinjiang News (新疆网)|publisher= [[Sina Corp]]. (新浪)|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 11:06, 8 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekLongshanVillageHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/05/14/song-dynasty-coins-in-a-ming-dynasty-tomb/|title= Song Dynasty Coins in a Ming Dynasty Tomb.|date=14 May 2013|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ifeng-Wu-De-Qian-Five-Emperors-Coins">{{cite web|url= http://finance.ifeng.com/collection/qbyp/20120820/6925553.shtml|title= 五帝钱价格看涨20年间身价涨30倍.|date=20 September 2020|accessdate=8 April 2020|author= 来源：华商晨报 作者：张瀚|publisher= Finance.Ifeng.com|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:23, 8 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekAnhui500CashCoinHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/05/18/china-tv-shows-ancient-coin-cache-being-dug-up-in-anhui/|title= China TV Shows Ancient Coin Cache Being Dug Up in Anhui.|date=18 May 2013|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ChinaNews2013AnhuiHoard">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2013/05-17/4831472.shtml|title= 安徽固镇发现一宋代钱币窖藏出土古钱币500余斤.|date=17 May 2013|accessdate=8 April 2020|work= [[China News Service|China News]] (中国新闻网)|language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref name="Anhui-TV-Station-2013-Coin-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinanews.com/shipin/2013/05-18/news218008.shtml|title= 蚌埠：工地惊现500斤古钱币.|date=18 May 2013|accessdate=8 April 2020|author= 安徽卫视|publisher= [[China News Service|China News]] (中国新闻网)|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 23:12, 7 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekGansu2013Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/05/23/coins-from-han-tang-song-and-jin-dynasties-unearthed-in-gansu/|title= Coins from Han, Tang, Song and Jin Dynasties Unearthed in Gansu.|date=23 May 2013|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:24, 8 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekEasternRomanCoinHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/10/31/byzantine-gold-coin-found-in-tomb-of-emperor-jiemin-of-northern-wei/|title= Byzantine Gold Coin Found in Tomb of Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei.|date=31 October 2013|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="SinaCorporation-Northern-Wei-Eastern-Roman-Coin">{{cite web|url= http://collection.sina.com.cn/yjjj/20131025/1107131225.shtml?from=wap|title= 疑北魏节闵帝元恭墓现洛阳：出土拜占庭金币(图).|date=25 October 2013|accessdate=7 April 2020|author= 中国新闻网|publisher= [[Sina Corp]]. (新浪)|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:11, 7 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/04/08/digging-for-coins-despite-lurking-danger/|title= Digging for Coins Despite Lurking Danger by Gary Ashkenazy on April 8, 2013 The ancient town of Ciqikou (磁器口) is part of the municipality of Chongqing (重庆) located in Southwest China..|date=|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> Not a coin hoard.

More sources to use (Primaltrek: 2015-2016)

• <ref name="PrimaltrekYanchengHoard2015">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/03/29/tang-and-song-dynasty-coins-dug-up-in-yancheng/|title= Tang and Song Dynasty Coins Dug Up in Yancheng.|date=29 March 2015|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="SohuLonggangHoard">{{cite web|url= http://roll.sohu.com/20150323/n410152222.shtml|title= 江苏盐城一工地挖出大量古钱币 村民“淘宝”(组图).|date=23 March 2015|accessdate=7 April 2020|author= China News (中新网)|publisher= [[Sohu]] (republished)|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:24, 7 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekShanxiIronCashCoinsHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/06/29/12000-song-dynasty-iron-coins-unearthed-in-shanxi-province/|title= 12,000 Song Dynasty Iron Coins Unearthed in Shanxi Province.|date=29 June 2015|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ChinaNewsIronBanLiang">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinanews.com/m/cul/2015/03-09/7112538.shtml|title= 山西绛州州署遗址发现万枚北宋铁钱.|date=9 March 2015|accessdate=7 April 2020|author= Taiyuan News (太原晚报)|publisher= M.CHINANEWS.COM (中新网)|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:38, 7 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekSongDynastyCoinMouldsSaltLakeHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/07/28/song-dynasty-coin-moulds-found-in-salt-lake/|title= Song Dynasty Coin Moulds Found in Salt Lake.|date=28 July 2015|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 19:12, 7 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekCishiPagodaHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/08/29/a-thousand-coins-discovered-at-cishi-pagoda/|title= A Thousand Coins Discovered at Cishi Pagoda.|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="HunanDailyCishiPagodaHoard">{{cite web|url= https://china.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJOMbI|title= 千余枚古钱币现身 岳阳慈氏塔.|date=22 August 2015|accessdate=7 April 2020|author= Hunan Daily (湖南日报)|publisher= china.huanqiu.com|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 11:51, 7 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekMeitanCountyHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/09/24/young-numismatists-in-china/|title= Young Numismatists in China.|date=24 September 2015|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 11:15, 7 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekWesternXiaSealScript">{{cite web|url=http://primaltrek.com/blog/2016/10/04/unique-western-xia-coin-written-in-seal-script-unearthed-in-ningxia/|title=Unique Western Xia Coin Written in Seal Script Unearthed in Ningxia.|date=4 October 2016|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ChinaNumismatics2016">“China Numismatics” (2016年1期). [http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI3MzI0MzM1MQ==&mid=2247483721&idx=1&sn=41d3af74460f9a03c5de1b0725a3c293&3rd=MzA3MDU4NTYzMw==&scene=6#rd 宁夏首次出土篆书乾祐元宝。] 朱 浒 盛世隆泉 Published: 25 April 2016 by Dr. Zhu Hu (朱浒) of the Art Research Institute of [[East China Normal University]] (华东师范大学艺术研究所) Retrieved: 20 June 2017. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 08:07, 7 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekTwoRareNingxiaCashCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/05/28/two-rare-coins-discovered-in-ningxia/|title= Two Rare Coins Discovered in Ningxia.|date=28 May 2015|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ZhangYanRoyallyInscribedCurrency">{{cite web|url= https://m.dissertationtopic.net/doc/1035290|title= During the Song Dynasty currency and coins culture.|date=2006|accessdate=19 February 2020|author= Zhang Yan|publisher= [[Minzu University of China]]|language=en}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 07:42, 7 April 2020 (UTC)_..

• <ref name="PrimaltrekSilverBanLiang">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/04/29/state-of-qin-silver-banliang-coin/|title= State of Qin Silver Banliang Coin|date=29 April 2015|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 06:11, 7 April 2020 (UTC) .

More sources to use (Primaltrek: Other)

• <ref name="PrimaltrekJinshiMuseumGoldCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2016/02/21/chinese-museum-offers-reward-for-deciphering-ancient-gold-coin-inscription/|title= Chinese Museum Offers Reward for Deciphering Ancient Gold Coin Inscription.|date=21 February 2016|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ChinaDailyGoldCoins">{{cite web|url= http://m.chinadaily.com.cn/en/2016-02/17/content_23522189.htm|title= Reward offered for decoding ancient Indian gold coins.|date=17 February 2016|accessdate=6 April 2020|author= People.cn|publisher= [[China Daily]] ([[Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China|Chinese Communist Party Central Committee Propaganda Department]])|language=en}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 11:24, 7 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekSpanishDollars">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/07/06/hundreds-of-spanish-silver-dollars-found-in-dirt-pile/|title= Hundreds of Spanish Silver Dollars Found in Dirt Pile.|date=6 July 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="FJSENSpanishDollars">{{cite web|url= http://www.fjsen.com/d/2011-07/06/content_5093108.htm|title= 土堆惊现清代西班牙银元 传闻龙海村民捡走数百枚.|date=6 July 2011|accessdate=6 April 2020|author= Southeast Network (东南网) |publisher= www.fjsen.com |language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 11:24, 7 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="PrimaltrekYakushi-JiTempleHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/08/26/four-wadokaichin-coins-discovered-under-east-pagoda-of-yakushi-ji-temple/|title= Four Wadokaichin Coins Discovered Under East Pagoda of Yakushi-ji Temple.|date=26 August 2015|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:01, 6 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/07/22/villagers-dig-for-coins-in-grand-canal/. Villagers Dig for Coins in Grand Canal by Gary Ashkenazy on July 22, 2015 Villagers in Linqing (临清), Shandong Province (山动省) dig for old coins in China’s ancient Grand Canal (大运河) when the water level is low, according to an article published July 2, 2015 by linqing zaixian (临清在线).|date=|accessdate=6 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> Not a hoard.

How to clean cash coins in China (Primaltrek)

• <ref name="Primaltrek-How-Chinese-Archaeologists-clean-coins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/02/27/how-chinese-archaeologists-clean-coins/|title= How Chinese Archaeologists Clean Coins.|date=27 February 2012|accessdate=10 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 11:31, 10 April 2020 (UTC) .

Primaltrek Double Check

• <ref name="Primaltrek-Smallest-Chinese-Cash-Coin-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/08/27/smallest-chinese-coin-in-history-unearthed/|title=Smallest Chinese Coin in History Unearthed.|date=27 August 2012|accessdate=10 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:52, 10 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coin-Mirror-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/01/05/chinese-coin-mirror-discovered-in-song-dynasty-tomb/|title= Chinese Coin Mirror Discovered in Song Dynasty Tomb.|date=5 January 2012|accessdate=10 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hubei-News-Chinese-Coin-Mirror-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://news.cnhubei.com/ctdsb/ctdsbsgk/ctdsb21/201201/t1941298.shtml|title= 潜江发掘一座宋代墓葬 出土十多种年号钱币.|date=5 January 2012|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= 荆楚网|publisher= China News Hubei|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:52, 10 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="Primaltrek-Lu-Xun-and-Chinese-Coins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/10/26/lu-xun-and-chinese-coins/|title= Lu Xun and Chinese Coins.|Quote="Lu Xun was familiar with the famous work on Chinese coins known as Quan Zhi (泉志) written by Hong Zun (洪遵) in 1149 during the Song Dynasty.  The Quan Zhi has the hono{u}r of being recognized as the world’s oldest extant coin book."|date=26 October 2011|accessdate=10 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/950136338  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 11:45, 10 April 2020 (UTC) .

• <ref name="Primaltrek-1910-Yunnan-Spring-Dollar">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/08/12/1910-chinese-yunnan-spring-dollar/|title=1910 Chinese Yunnan Spring Dollar.|date=12 August 2011|accessdate=10 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Heritage-Auctions-Legendary-Yunnan-Spring-Dollar">{{cite web|url= https://coins.ha.com/itm/china/yunnan/china-yunnan-spring-dollar-cd-1910-/a/3015-23943.s|title= The Legendary Yunnan Spring Dollar.|date=September 2011|accessdate=10 April 2020|work= [[Heritage Auctions]]|language=en}}</ref>
  •  Moved to the relevant drafting area. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:54, 10 April 2020 (UTC) .

More sources to use (Non-Primaltrek)

• http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/11/c_137101160_10.htm
  • <ref name="Xinhua-News-Agency-Top-10-Archeological-finds-of-2017">{{cite web|url= http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/11/c_137101160_10.htm|title= China's top 10 archaeological finds of 2017.|quote= "10. Archaeologists found artifacts at the site of a peasant uprising at the end of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) from the Jiangkou stretch of the Minjiang River in Meishan, southwest China's Sichuan Province.".|date=11 May 2018|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= ZD|publisher= [[Xinhua News Agency]]|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:33, 9 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://www.hkarch.org/pdf/report/2011%20Excavation%20Report%20for%20HKAS%202011%20Archaeological%20Investigation%20at%20San%20Tau,%20Lantau%20Island.pdf
  • <ref name="San-Tau-Lantau-Island-2011">{{cite web|url= http://www.hkarch.org/pdf/report/2011%20Excavation%20Report%20for%20HKAS%202011%20Archaeological%20Investigation%20at%20San%20Tau,%20Lantau%20Island.pdf|title= Archaeological Investigation at San Tau, Lantau Island (Oct.-Dec. 2011).|date=March 2012|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Mick Atha|publisher= Hong Kong Archaeological Society|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:01, 12 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://www.ecns.cn/m/news/culture/2018-07-21/detail-ifywhfmh2716118.shtml
  • <ref name="ECNS-Henan-Spade-Money-Hoard-2018">{{cite web|url= http://www.ecns.cn/m/news/culture/2018-07-21/detail-ifywhfmh2716118.shtml|title= 504 ancient Chinese coins found in Henan.|date=21 July 2018|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Zhang Shiyu ([[Xinhua News Agency]])|publisher= [[China News Service|China News]] (中国新闻网)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:56, 9 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-06/12/content_8279807.htm
  • <ref name="China-Daily-Liquan-Coin-Hoard-2009">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-06/12/content_8279807.htm|title= Ancient coins discovered in Shaanxi.|date=12 June 2009|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Ma Lie (chinadaily.com.cn)|publisher= [[China Daily]] ([[Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China|Chinese Communist Party Central Propaganda Department]])|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 11:52, 10 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/photo/2006-07/12/content_639485.htm
  • <ref name="China-Daily-Shijiazhuang-Hoard-2006">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/photo/2006-07/12/content_639485.htm|title= Qing dynasty coins unearthed in Shijiazhuang.|date=12 July 2006|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= [[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]]|publisher= [[China Daily]] ([[Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China|Chinese Communist Party Central Propaganda Department]])|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 05:48, 10 April 2020 (UTC) .

Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (1)

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201012/t20101201_3920338.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Hexagonal-Cash-Coin-Jiangsu-Hoard">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201012/t20101201_3920338.shtml|title= Rare ancient silver coin with hexagonal holes found in Jiangsu.|date=1 December 2010|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 09:57, 12 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/international_exchange/academic_activities_conferences/201509/t20150911_3934738.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Yukon-Cash-Coin">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/international_exchange/academic_activities_conferences/201509/t20150911_3934738.shtml|title= Chinese coin presents riddle in Yukon bush.|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[Yukon News]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:17, 10 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/academic_activities/201309/t20130916_3927197.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Renhezhai-Coin-Hoard-2013">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/academic_activities/201309/t20130916_3927197.shtml|title= Villagers dig up ancient coins in Henan.|date=16 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[China Daily|ChinaDaily]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 05:32, 11 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/200708/t20070830_3911631.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Qianwanhu-Village-Hoard-2007">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/200708/t20070830_3911631.shtml|title= 1.5 tons of ancient coins discovered in N China.|date=3 August 2007|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 08:24, 11 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201106/t20110607_3921484.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Suzhou-Hoard-2011">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201106/t20110607_3921484.shtml|title= 200,000 ancient coins unearthed in east China, weighing 4 tonnes.|date=7 June 2011|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 11:38, 11 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201301/t20130104_3925336.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Huoluodaicheng">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201301/t20130104_3925336.shtml|title= 3,500 kg of ancient coins excavated in N China.|date=4 January 2013|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua News]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 11:49, 11 April 2020 (UTC) .
• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201710/t20171027_3943445.shtml & http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2017-10/26/content_33725846.htm
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Jingdezhen-Hoard-2017">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201710/t20171027_3943445.shtml|title= 5.6 tons of ancient coins unearthed under house in Jiangxi.|date=27 October 2017|accessdate=10 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[China Daily]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="China-Daily-Jingdezhen-Hoard-2017">{{cite web|url= http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2017-10/26/content_33725846.htm|title= 5.6 tons of ancient coins unearthed under house in Jiangxi.|date=26 October 2017|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= chinadaily.com.cn |publisher= [[China Daily]] USA ([[Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China|Chinese Communist Party Central Committee Propaganda Department]])|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:46, 11 April 2020 (UTC) .

Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2)

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201108/t20110824_3922033.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Inner-Mongolia-Hoard-2011">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201108/t20110824_3922033.shtml|title= 1,000-year-old coins unearthed in Inner Mongolia.|date=24 August 2011|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua News]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 10:26, 12 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/200607/t20060721_3910600.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Yellow-River-Delta-Hoard-2006">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/200607/t20060721_3910600.shtml|title= Rare Cultural Relics Discovered on the Yellow River Delta.|date=21 July 2006|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 10:03, 12 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201012/t20101221_3920464.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Qing-Dynasty-Hoard-2010">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201012/t20101221_3920464.shtml|title= QING DYNASTY COINS DISCOVERED IN WEST CHINA.|date=21 December 2010|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua News]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 16:34, 12 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/200604/t20060412_3909957.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Shaanxi-Coin-Hoard-2006">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/200604/t20060412_3909957.shtml|title= Ancient Coins Found at Construction Site in Shaanxi.|date=12 May 2006|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua News]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 16:56, 12 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201101/t20110110_3920577.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Qianjiang-Hoard-2010">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201101/t20110110_3920577.shtml|title= Two tons of ancient coins unearthed in Zhejiang.|date=10 January 2011|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 17:24, 12 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201701/t20170113_3940227.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Haihunhou-Tomb-Hoard-2017">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201701/t20170113_3940227.shtml|title= Incorrectly printed coin found in Haihunhou tomb.|date=13 January 2017|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[People's Daily]] NetWriter : Zhang Huan".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 17:32, 12 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/academic_activities/201603/t20160303_3936624.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Nanzuo-Village-Hoard-2016">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/academic_activities/201603/t20160303_3936624.shtml|title= Chinese villager unearths 2,000-year-old coins.|date=3 March 2016|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[China Internet Information Center|China.org.cn]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 18:38, 12 April 2020 (UTC) .

Useful websites (Non-Primaltrek)

• http://www.kaogu.cn/en/ - Xianping Zhongbao, test complete, it does work.

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/was5/web/search?token=40.1524472645054.40&channelid=230914

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201301/t20130104_3925336.shtml

• https://www.archaeology.org/index.php/search-page?q=Coins+China&search=Go

• https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/05/treasure-hunting-villagers-dig-500kg-qing-dynasty-coins-near/

1996 Hoards

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/publication/new_books/200911/t20091113_3917804.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Yuanzhou-Archaeological-Joint-Excavation-in-1996">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/publication/new_books/200911/t20091113_3917804.shtml|title= The Tomb of Tian Hong of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. (By The Yuanzhou Archaeological Joint Excavation in 1996).|date=13 November 2009|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Credited as "Chinese Archaeology NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:56, 12 April 2020 (UTC) .

2010 Hoards

• http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/2010-12/22/content_11741064.htm , And I actually managed to find another coin hoard.
  • <ref name="China-Daily-Shaanxi-2010">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/2010-12/22/content_11741064.htm|title= Tons of coins found in Shaanxi - (chinadaily.com.cn) - Updated: 2010-12-22 16:28.|date=22 December 2010|accessdate=14 April 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= [[China Daily]] (中国日报)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 08:34, 14 April 2020 (UTC) .

2011 Hoards

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201108/t20110804_3921897.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-North-Hebei-Iron-Cash-Coins-2011">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news_history/history_new_discoveries/201108/t20110804_3921897.shtml|title= Vault of Iron Coins Throws New Light on Financial History.|date=4 August 2011|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua News]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:37, 12 April 2020 (UTC) .

2013 Hoards

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201304/t20130406_3925968.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Zhangqiu-Shandong-2013">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201304/t20130406_3925968.shtml|title= Archaeological Achievements at the Yujiabu Cemetery in Zhangqiu, Shandong Province.|date=6 April 2013|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Credited as "Chinese Archaeology NetWriter". (Translator: Tong Tao).|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 06:57, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

2015 Hoards

• https://www.kitco.com/news/2015-12-28/Chinese-Archeologists-Discovery-Largest-Cache-Of-Han-Dynasty-Gold-Coins.html
  • <ref name="Kitco-Han-Dynasty-Gold-2015">{{cite web|url= https://www.kitco.com/news/2015-12-28/Chinese-Archeologists-Discovery-Largest-Cache-Of-Han-Dynasty-Gold-Coins.html|title= Chinese Archeologists Discovery Largest Cache Of Han Dynasty Gold Coins.|date=28 December 2015|accessdate=15 April 2020|author= Neils Christensen|publisher= Kitco News|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 19:15, 15 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://www.china.org.cn/china/2015-11/17/content_37093227.htm - China Internet Information Center (State Council Information Office and China International Publishing Group).
  • <ref name="Haihunhou-Gold-Hoard-2015">{{cite web|url= http://www.china.org.cn/china/2015-11/17/content_37093227.htm|title= Gold coins found in ancient tomb.|date=17 November 2015|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= [[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]]|publisher= [[China Internet Information Center]] ([[State Council Information Office]] and [[China International Publishing Group]])|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 07:24, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201511/t20151120_3935511.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Haihunhou-Gold-Hoard-2015">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201511/t20151120_3935511.shtml|title= Gold coins, hoofs found in 2,000-yr-old Chinese tomb.|date=20 November 2015|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua Net]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 07:24, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201509/t20150924_3934919.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Zhaojiazhuang-Cemetery-Shandong-2015">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201509/t20150924_3934919.shtml|title= Song and Yuan dynasty graves found in Zhaojiazhuang Cemetery, Shandong.|date=24 September 2015|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Credited as "Chinese Archaeology NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 07:51, 13 April 2020 (UTC)

2017 Hoards

• https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/05/treasure-hunting-villagers-dig-500kg-qing-dynasty-coins-near/
  • <ref name="The-Telegraph-Qing-Dynasty-Hoard-2017">{{cite web|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/05/treasure-hunting-villagers-dig-500kg-qing-dynasty-coins-near/|title= Treasure hunting villagers 'dig up 500kg of Qing dynasty coins' near river in China.|date=5 January 2017|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Louise Moon|publisher= [[The Telegraph]]|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 09:15, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

• https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/staggering-56-tons-coins-are-unearthed-china-and-archaeologists-struggle-021684 & https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2117117/mystery-over-tonnes-ancient-coins-found-buried-chinese-village
  • <ref name="Ancient-Origins-Jingdezhen">{{cite web|url= https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/staggering-56-tons-coins-are-unearthed-china-and-archaeologists-struggle-021684|title= A Staggering 5.6 Tons of Coins Are Unearthed in China and Archaeologists Struggle to Fathom Who Hid Them.|date=27 October 2017|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Alicia McDermott |publisher= Ancient-Origins|language=en}}</ref><ref name="South-China-Morning-Post-Jingdezhen">{{cite web|url= https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2117117/mystery-over-tonnes-ancient-coins-found-buried-chinese-village|title= Mystery over tonnes of ancient coins found buried in Chinese village - Experts try to solve puzzle of why hundreds of thousands of pieces of everyday money were hidden several centuries ago.|date=26 October 2017|accessdate=13 April 2020|author= Alice Shen|publisher= [[South China Morning Post]] (SCMP)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 08:06, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-03/20/c_136143370_2.htm
  • <ref name="Xinhua-gold-sycee-2017">{{cite web|url= http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-03/20/c_136143370_2.htm|title= China Focus: Legendary sunken treasure discovered in SW China.|date=20 March 2017|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Xinhua|publisher= [[Xinhua News Agency]]|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 09:02, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

• https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/archaeology/chinese-discover-legendary-treasure-buried-in-river-bank/news-story/020d5e022bea4f6c9447be6214254b0d
  • <ref name="News-Corp-Australia-Network-Sichuan-2017">{{cite web|url= https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/archaeology/chinese-discover-legendary-treasure-buried-in-river-bank/news-story/020d5e022bea4f6c9447be6214254b0d|title= Chinese discover legendary treasure buried in river bank.|date=22 March 2017|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Jamie Seidel|publisher= [[News Corp Australia|News Corp Australia Network]]|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 09:02, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201707/t20170714_3942340.shtml
  • <ref name="Kaogu-Lu-Chou-Hoard-2017">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201707/t20170714_3942340.shtml|title= Eastern Roman gold coins found in Shaanxi.|date=14 July 2017|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[China Daily]] NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 07:33, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

2018 Hoards

• https://www.ichongqing.info/2018/11/05/wansheng-finds-3000-ancient-coins-from-the-southern-song-dynasty/
  • <ref name="Chongqing-Hoard-2018-English">{{cite web|url= https://www.ichongqing.info/2018/11/05/wansheng-finds-3000-ancient-coins-from-the-southern-song-dynasty/|title= Wansheng Finds 3,000 Ancient Coins from the Southern Song Dynasty.|date=5 November 2018|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Xinyi Li|publisher= ICHONGQING (Chongqing International Media Center)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 15:03, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

• https://www.cqcb.com/hot/2018-10-30/1194019.html
  • <ref name="Chongqing-Hoard-2018-Mandarin-Chinese">{{cite web|url= https://www.cqcb.com/hot/2018-10-30/1194019.html|title= 万盛岩缝中发现三千枚古钱币，或为南宋铁钱.|date=30 October 2018|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Long Danmei (龙丹梅) and Zhou Yaoyao (周瑶瑶)|publisher= CQCB (重庆日报客户端)|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 15:02, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

2020 Hoards

• https://www.tellerreport.com/life/2020-03-17---more-than-a-thousand-song-dynasty-copper-coins-unearthed-in-weixian--hebei-.H1Icm1ATHU.html
  • <ref name="Teller-Report-Weixian-Hoard-2020">{{cite web|url= https://www.tellerreport.com/life/2020-03-17---more-than-a-thousand-song-dynasty-copper-coins-unearthed-in-weixian--hebei-.H1Icm1ATHU.html|title= More than a thousand Song Dynasty copper coins unearthed in Weixian, Hebei.|date=17 March 2020|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= [[China News|Chinanews.com]] Xingtai, March 17 (Zhang Pengxiang, Liu Fei)|publisher= The Teller Report (Now you can see non-English news)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 13:48, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

• https://m.chinanews.com/wap/detail/zw/cul/2020/03-17/9127921.shtml
  • <ref name="China-News-Weixian-Hoard-2020">{{cite web|url= https://m.chinanews.com/wap/detail/zw/cul/2020/03-17/9127921.shtml|title= 河北威县在一瓮中发掘出千余枚宋代铜钱币.|date=17 March 2020|accessdate=12 April 2020|author= Zhang Pengxiang (张鹏翔) and Liu Fei (刘飞)|publisher= [[China News]] (中国新闻网)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 13:48, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

Tangut hoards

• https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Blog/2007/01/tangut-coins.html
  • <ref name="BabelStone-Tangut-cash-coins">{{cite web|url= https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Blog/2007/01/tangut-coins.html|title= Tangut Coins.|date=29 January 2007|accessdate=13 April 2020|author= [[Andrew West (linguist)|Andrew Christopher West (魏安)]]|publisher= BabelStone.co.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CCTV-1999-Tangut-cash-coin">{{cite web|url= http://www.cctv.com/program/jb/20051008/101307.shtml|title= 西夏 崇宗正德年“正德宝钱”.|date=8 October 2005|accessdate=13 April 2020|author= Hong Li (红立)|publisher= [[China Central Television|www.CCTV.com]] (中国中央电视台)|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 19:57, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

• www.cctv.com/program/jb/20051008/101307.shtml
  • <ref name="CCTV-1999-Tangut-cash-coin">{{cite web|url= http://www.cctv.com/program/jb/20051008/101307.shtml|title= 西夏 崇宗正德年“正德宝钱”.|date=8 October 2005|accessdate=13 April 2020|author= www.CCTV.com|publisher= [[China Central Television]] (中国中央电视台)|language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=13 April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 19:57, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://www.cctv.com/program/jb/20051008/101307.shtml
  • <ref name="CCTV-1999-Tangut-cash-coin">{{cite web|url= http://www.cctv.com/program/jb/20051008/101307.shtml|title= 西夏 崇宗正德年“正德宝钱”.|date=8 October 2005|accessdate=13 April 2020|author= www.CCTV.com|publisher= [[China Central Television]] (中国中央电视台)|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 19:57, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

• https://www.jstor.org/stable/42668213?seq=1

Khitan hoards

• https://www.babelstone.co.uk/BabelDiary/2017/10/liao-superior-capital-revisited.html
  • <ref name="BabelStone-Diary-Khitan-cash-coins">{{cite web|url= https://www.babelstone.co.uk/BabelDiary/2017/10/liao-superior-capital-revisited.html|title= Diary of a Rambling Antiquarian - Sunday, 1 October 2017 - Liao Superior Capital Revisited.|date=1 October 2017|accessdate=13 April 2020|author= [[Andrew West (linguist)|Andrew Christopher West (魏安)]]|publisher= BabelStone|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:58, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

• http://charm.ru/coins/misc/kidanscriptcash.shtml
  • <ref name="Charm.ru-Khitan-cash-coin">{{cite web|url= http://charm.ru/coins/misc/kidanscriptcash.shtml|title= The Liao Dynasty Cash Coin with Kidan Inscription.|date=3 June 2002|accessdate=13 April 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev|publisher= Zeno.ru (Chinese Coinage Web Site)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:12, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

Spin-off projects

• User:Donald Trung/Wadōkaichin hoards.
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:02, 6 April 2020 (UTC) .

• User:Donald Trung/Five Emperor coins.
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 09:57, 9 April 2020 (UTC) .

• User:Donald Trung/List of coin hoards in Vietnam.
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 23:48, 17 April 2020 (UTC) .
  • http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/international_exchange/co_operation_projects/200711/t20071114_3911867.shtml
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 23:48, 17 April 2020 (UTC) .
  • http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/international_exchange/academic_activities_conferences/200709/t20070908_3911657.shtml
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 23:48, 17 April 2020 (UTC) .

• User:Donald Trung/Sycee hoards.
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 09:08, 13 April 2020 (UTC) .

Accidental duplicate

Draft: "Suzhou.2. "

"It was reported on Tuesday June 7, 2011 by the Xinhua News Agency that a hoard of around 200,000 ancient Chinese cash coins weighing about 4 tonnes had been uncovered by archaeologists in Suzhou, Jiangsu. The coin hoard was dug up at a construction site inside of a well on Wednesday June 1, 2011. It took a full day of digging by the archaeologists to dig up all the coins and the cash coins are all believed to have been issued during the Northern Song dynasty period. While the source of the cash coins has te to bed uncovered, the archaeologists working at the site speculated that the large amount of cash coins they had unearthed might have been hidden by some rich local family during the Northern Song dynasty period, when the relatively-prosperous city of Suzhou became the theatre of a war. "

Format alteration

• User:Donald Trung/List of coin hoards in China (Wikitable version), deliberately make a separate page for this, as if this format is less good for the readers then I can simply launch the version on this page, plus this page is easier to copy from for "hoard sections" in other articles like Wu Zhu, Kaiyuan Tongbao, Tieqian, Etc.

Redirects

• #REDIRECT [[List of coin hoards in China]]

1. List of numismatic hoards in China.