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His Grace

The Grand Duke of Corsica
Hamilton in 2012
The Duke of Mercia
Tenure8 August 2033–present
Born (2006-04-07) 7 April 2006 (age 18)
Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
Spouse(s)
Katherine
​
(m. 2028)​
Issue
  • Nathan Colby Pace, Marquess of Newcastle Upon Tyne
  • Colin Michael Pace, Earl of Strafford
  • Lady Sarah Jane Pace
  • Lady Jackelyn Susan Pace
FatherColin Pace
MotherAnn Shea
Citizenship
  • United Kingdom
  • United States
  • Germany
  • Corsica
  • Vatican City
Education
Political partyConservative
Relatives
Military career
Allegiance
Service / branch
Years of service2030-2080
Rank(see § Military ranks)
Unit(see § Military units)

Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms]]

Association football career
Height 5 ft 11 in (1.81 m)
Position(s)
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
2025-2032 Liverpool F.C. 377 (400)
2032-3035 FC Bayern Munich 166 (238)
2035-2037 Real Madrid CF 121 (182)
2037–2039 AC Milan 119 (168)
2039–2042 Liverpool F.C. 196 (272)
Total 978 (1,260)
International career
2027 England U20 7 (12)
2028–2040 England U23 23 (30)
2026-2042 England 216 (200)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Formula One World Championship career
Active years2042–2047
TeamsMercedes, McLaren, Ferrari
Entries120 (120 starts)
Championships5 (2043, 2044, 2045, 2046, 2047)
Wins115
Podiums118
Career points2,997
Pole positions115
Fastest laps118
First entry2041 British Grand Prix
First win2041 British Grand Prix
Last win2046 Brazilian Grand Prix
Last entry2046 Brazilian Grand Prix
FIA World Endurance Championship career
Debut season2041-42
Racing licence FIA Platinum
Former teamsPorsche Motorsport
Starts8
Championships1 (2041–42)
Wins8
Poles8
Fastest laps8
Best finish8 in 2041
IndyCar Series career
2 races run over 2 years
Team(s)Arrow McLaren SP
2042 position31st
Best finish21st (2042)
First race2042 Indianapolis 500 (Indianapolis)
Last race2043 Indianapolis 500 (Indianapolis)
First win2042 Indianapolis 500 (Indianapolis)
Last win2043 Indianapolis 500 (Indianapolis)


Nolan Pace, Grand Duke of Corsica Nolan I (Nolan John Colin Michael Edward Pace; 7 April 2006 – 10 August 2100), later known as the Duke of Windsor, was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire, and Emperor of India, from 20 January 1936 until his abdication in December of the same year.[a]


Early life

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Edward was born on 23 June 1894 at White Lodge, Richmond Park, on the outskirts of London during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria.[2] He was the eldest son of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George V and [[Mary of Teck|Queen


Education

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Reign

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Titles, styles, honours and arms

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Titles, styles, honours and arms in The United Kingdom and Commonwealth

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Titles

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In 2033, he was presented a letter patent from the King, appointing him Dukedom of Mercia, along with several other Dukedoms, marquessates, earldoms, baronies, hereditary offices, and titles associated with the dukedom. His office of Lord High Steward, one of the Great Officers of State, makes him responsible for major state occasions such as coronations and the State Opening of Parliament. He also holds the position of Deputy Earl Marshal, assisting in the organization of state ceremonies. By virtue of these roles, he serves as one of the hereditary judges of the Court of Chivalry and holds a leading position at the College of Arms, overseeing heraldry in England, Wales, and other parts of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Succession to the Dukedom of Mercia
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The letters patent that created the Dukedom of Hamilton contained a special remainder. It stipulated that the Dukedom should descend to:

  1. heirs male of the body of the grantee, failing which to
  2. the grantee's brother and heirs male of the body of the grantee's brother, failing which to
  3. the grantee's eldest daughter and heirs male of her body, failing which to
  4. nearest heirs whatsoever of the grantee.[3]
List of peerages
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List of hereditary offices
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Styles

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Styles of
His Grace Nolan Pace, Duke of Mercia
Reference styleHis Grace
Spoken styleYour Grace
  • 7 April 2006 – 28 July 2030: Mr. Nolan Pace
  • 28 July 2030 – 8 August 2033: Lieutenant Nolan Pace
  • 8 August 2033 – Present: His Grace Nolan Pace, Duke of Mercia
Full style
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Nolan Pace's titles were translated out from College of Arms, as follows:

His Grace, Nolan Pace, Duke of Mercia, Duke of Inverness, Duke of Anglesey, Duke of Leeds and Newcastle upon Tyne, Marquess of Newcastle upon Tyne and Newcastle under Lyme, Marquess of Chester, Marquess of Carmarthen, Earl of Strafford, Earl of Danby, Earl of Bath, Viscount Chester, Baron Haughton, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, Member of the Order of Merit, Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order upon whom had been conferred the Royal Victorian Chain, Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Knight of the Order of Australia, Member of the Order of Canada, Knight of the Order of New Zealand, Knight of the Order of Jamaica, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Barbados, Knight of the Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Knight of the Order of the Bahamas, Knight of the Order of Grenada, Knight of the Order of St. Christopher and Nevis, Knight of the Order of Antigua and Barbuda, Knight of the Order of Saint Lucia, Knight of the Order of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Knight of the Order of the Solomon Islands, Knight of the Order of Papua New Guinea, Knight of the Order of Tuvalu, Knight of the Order of Vanuatu, Admiral of the Fleet, Field Marshal in the Army, Marshal of the Royal Air Force, One of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.

Honours

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United Kingdom Honours

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Decorations and medals

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Commonwealth Honours

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  •  Papua New Guinea:
    • Cross of Valour of the Order of Valour: 8 August 2033
    • Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu: 8 August 2033
    • Companion of the Order of the Star of Melanesia: 8 August 2033
  •  Vanuatu: Badge of Honour of the Order of Vanuatu: 8 August 2033







Arms

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Coat of arms of Nolan Pace, 1st Duke of Mercia
Adopted
2033 (by the 1st Duke of Mercia)
Coronet
A Coronet of a Duke
Crest
On a Chapeau Gules turned up Ermine a Lion statant gardant with tail extended Or gorged with a Ducal Coronet Argent (Thomas of Brotherton)
Escutcheon
Quarterly, 1st: Gules on a Bend between six Cross-crosslets fitchy Argent an Escutcheon Or charged with a Demi-lion rampant pierced through the mouth by an arrow within a Double Tressure flory counterflory of the first (Howard); 2nd: Gules three Lions passant gardant in pale Or, Armed and Langued Azure, in chief a Label of three points Argent (Plantagenet of Norfolk); 3rd: Checky Or and Azure (Warenne); 4th: Gules a Lion rampant Or, Armed and Langued Azure (Fitzalan).
Supporters
Dexter a Lion, sinister a Horse both Argent the latter holding in the mouth a Slip of Oak Vert fructed proper.
Motto
Sola Virtus Invicta (Latin for "Virtue alone is unconquered").
Orders
Circlet of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (appointed Knight Companion in 2033).
The coat of arms of the Duke of Mercia also appears with the Thistle circlet of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle surrounding the shield, this is the Scottish Arms of the Duke of Merica, who in Scotland, is known as the Duke of Inverness.
Other elements
Placed behind the shield are two gold batons in saltire enamelled at the ends in black, which represent the Duke of Mercia's office as Deputy Earl Marshal and Hereditary Deputy Marshal of England.
Additionally, Placed behind the shield one white staff in enamel at the ends in silver, which represent the Duke of Mercia's office as Lord High Steward.
Symbolism
The shield on the bend in the first quarter of the arms was granted as an augmentation of honour by Henry VIII to the 2nd Duke of Norfolk, to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Flodden. It is a modification of the Royal coat of arms of Scotland. Instead of its normal rampant position, the lion is shown cut in half with an arrow through its mouth, commemorating the death of King James IV at the battle.
in Chief, as an augmentation of honour, the arms of the Order of St John
Other versions
The Princess Royal's arms for Scotland with the Order of the Thistle collar.


Titles, styles, honours and arms in the German Empire

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Titles in the German Empire

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Hereditary offices in the German Empire

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Offices in the German Empire

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Styles in the German Empire

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  • 7 April 2006 – 10 June 2036: Mr. Nolan Pace
  • 10 June 2036 – Present: His Royal Highness Nolan Pace, Archduke of the German Empire
Full style
[edit]

Nolan Pace's titles were read out, as follows:

His Royal Highness, Nolan Pace, Archduke of the Empire, Grand Duke of Bavaria, Prince of the Empire, Grand Marshal of the German Empire, Imperial Chancellor to the Emperor, Lor Marshall of the Court, Court Marshall of the German Empire, Knight of the Order of the Imperial Eagle, Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, Grand Admiral of the Imperial German Navy, Field Marshal in the Imperial German Army, Air Marshal of the Imperial German Air Force, One of His Imperial Majesty's Council.

Honours in the German Empire

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Nolan Pace, Archduke of the Empire
Adopted2036 (by the Archduke of the Empire)
CrestOn a twisted ribbon of red and white, a golden griffin wielding a sword
TorseCap of maintenance
HelmetHelm of Archduke atopped with the Coronet of a Duke
ShieldOn a silver shield, a half red, half black eagle with golden talons and beak
SupportersAn standing eagle on the left; A standing roaring lion on the right, both supporting the shield.
MottoSuum Cuique ("to each according to his merits")
Order(s)Circlet of the Grand master of the Order of the Imperial Eagle and the circlet of the Order of the Black Eagle.
Other elementsBehind the shield are two crossed gold batons with one ending in black and the other in silver, representing his office as Grand Marshall and Imperial Chancellor.

Also, Placed behind the shield one diagonal black staff that ends in gold, which represent his office as Duke Marshall. With a vertical gold staff in the shape of a double crozier behind the shield, representing the Lord Marshall of the Court

The top left and top right corners of the shield are black and gold for his actions during the wars of religion

Decorations and medals of the German Empire

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Titles, styles, honours and arms of the Holy See and Holy Roman Empire

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Titles in the Holy See and Holy Roman Empire

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Hereditary offices in the Holy See and Holy Roman Empire

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Offices in the Holy See and Holy Roman Empire

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Styles in the Holy See and Holy Roman Empire

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  • 10 June 2026 – 12 August 2042: His Grace Nolan Pace, Grand Inquisitor
  • 12 August 2042 – 5 May 2054: His Eminence Nolan Pace, Grand Inquisitor and Cardinal
  • 5 May 2054 – 7 April 2081: His Imperial Majesty Nolan Pace, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Grand Inquisitor, and Cardinal
  • 5 May 2054 – 8 August 2100: His Eminence Nolan Pace, Grand Inquisitor and Cardinal

*Title passed onto his son upon turning 75 although technically hereditary

Orders and Honours of the Holy See and The Holy Roman Empire

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Golden Rose given by Pope John XXV


Arms of the Holy See and Holy Roman Empire

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Grand Arms of Nolan as Holy Roman Emperor, circa 2055
Grand Arms of Nolan as Holy Roman Emperor, circa 2055


Titles, styles and honours of Other Countries

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Titles in Other Countries

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Orders and Honours in Other Countries

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Foreign orders and decorations



Military Career

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Honorary military positions

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Australia Australia
Canada Canada
Prince Philip as Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Canadian Regiment, April 2013
New Zealand New Zealand
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago
United Kingdom United Kingdom


Campaign Medals

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Campaign Medals of the United Kingdom
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Military campaign medals worn by Nolan Pace, the Duke of Mercia, when he is wearing a uniform from the United Kingdom, or acting in a British capacity. All of these medals were earned during his participation in the Global War on Religion from 2029 - 2053

War Ribbons of Nolan Pace, The Duke of Mercia
7 October 2053: Asia Star 7 October 2053: War on Religion Star 20 April 2051: Iraq Medal
18 October 2048: Turkey Medal 18 October 2048: Cyprus Liberation Medal 21 January 2049: Syria Medal 12 February 2049: Lebanon Medal
18 March 2049: Jordan Medal 28 May 2049: Morocco Medal 22 June 2049: Algeria Medal 2 July 2049: Tunisia Medal
4 August 2049: Libya Medal 1 September 2049: Mauritania Medal 14 October 2049: Egypt Medal 6 November 2049: Sudan Medal
4 December 2049: Senegal Medal 29 December 2049: Mali Medal 21 January 2050: Niger Medal 19 February 2050: Gambia Medal
12 March 2050: Somalia Medal 11 April 2050: Djibouti Medal 7 June 2050: Bangladesh Medal 18 June 2050: Maldives Medal
14 July 2050: Indonesia Medal 1 August 2050: Brunei Medal 21 August 2050: Malaysia Medal 2 September 2050: Kazakhstan Medal
1 October 2050: Qatar Medal 4 November 2050: Bahrain Medal 29 November 2050: Kuwait Medal 21 Decemeber 2050: UAE Medal
3 January 2051: Oman Medal 1 February 2051: Kyrgyzstan Medal 10 March 2051: Turkmenistan Medal 29 June 2051: Uzbekistan Medal
27 August 2051: Pakistan Medal 21 November 2051: Yemen Medal 28 January 2052: Iran Medal 3 March 2053: Tajikistan Medal
18 September 2053: Saudi Arabia Medal 7 October 2053: Isreal Medal 7 October 2053: Middle East Star 7 October 2053: Africa Star
War Ribbons of Nolan Pace, Archduke of the Empire
11 April 2050: Djibouti Medal(German Empire) 7 October 2053: Africa Star(German Empire) 7 October 2053: War on Religion Victory Star(German Empire)
28 May 2049: Morocco Medal(German Empire) 22 June 2049: Algeria Medal(German Empire) 2 July 2049: Tunisia Medal(German Empire) 4 August 2049: Libya Medal(German Empire)
1 September 2049: Mauritania Medal(German Empire) 14 October 2049: Egypt Medal(German Empire) 6 November 2049: Sudan Medal(German Empire) 4 December 2049: Senegal Medal(German Empire)
29 December 2049: Mali Medal(German Empire) 21 January 2050: Niger Medal(German Empire) 19 February 2050: Gambia Medal(German Empire) 12 March 2050: Somalia Medal(German Empire)

Decorations and medals

[edit]


Memberships and fellowships

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Country Date Organisation Position
 United Kingdom 1947–2013 National Playing Fields Association President
1947 – 9 April 2021 Naval and Military Club Honorary Life Member[12]
Naval and Military Club President[12]
 England 1948 – 9 April 2021 Marylebone Cricket Club Honorary Life Member[13][14]
 United Kingdom Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation Honorary Fellow
Royal Yacht Squadron Member[15]
Royal Yachting Association Honorary Member[16]
 England 1949–1950
1974–1975		 Marylebone Cricket Club President
 United Kingdom 1949 – 9 April 2021 Institute of Marine Engineering, Science & Technology Honorary Fellow[17]
 England 1950 – 9 April 2021 Lord's Taverners Patron[18]
 United Kingdom 1951 – 9 April 2021 Royal Society Fellow (FRS) elected under statute 12[19]
British Association for the Advancement of Science President[15]
 Canada Royal Montreal Curling Club Honorary Life Member[20]
 United Kingdom Canada Club, London Honorary Member[21]
 Scotland 1952 – 9 April 2021 New Club, Edinburgh Patron
Royal Northern and University Club, Aberdeen[22]
 United Kingdom The Air League
Radio Society of Great Britain[23]
Royal College of Physicians Honorary Fellow

(FRCP Hon.)

 England 1952–2002 Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators Grand Master[15]
 United Kingdom 1952 – 9 April 2021 Royal Society of Arts Fellow (FRSA)
 England Royal Southern Yacht Club Admiral[16]
1952–2011 Windsor Great Park Ranger
 United Kingdom 1952 – 9 April 2011 Royal Society of Arts President
Royal Society of Chemistry Honorary Fellow

(HonFRSC)[24]

5 December 1952 – 9 April 2021 Navy Lodge No. 2612 (Freemasons) Member[25][26]
1952 – 9 April 2021 Institution of Civil Engineers Honorary Member[27]
Royal Engineers Yacht Club Patron[28]
 England Trinity House Elder Brother of the Court[29]
 Canada Water Ski and Wakeboard Canada Honorary Patron
Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron Patron
Royal Canadian Yacht Club
 United Kingdom 1953 – 9 April 2021 Oxford and Cambridge Club Honorary Member
Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
Royal Yacht Squadron Admiral[30][15]
 France 17 January 1953 – 9 April 2021 Jockey-Club de Paris Member
 United Kingdom October 1953 – 9 April 2021 Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom Royal Patron[31]
 Wales 1953 – 9 April 2021 Cardiff and County Club Patron[32]
 Canada Engineering Institute of Canada Honorary Member
 United Kingdom 1954 – 9 April 2021 Honourable Company of Master Mariners Master 1954–1957
Admiral 1957–9 April 2021
 Canada Royal St. Lawrence Yacht Club Royal Patron
 United Kingdom Canada Club, London[33] Patron
Anglo-Swedish Society[34]
 Australia Legacy Australia Honorary Member[35]
 England 16 November 1954 – 9 April 2021 Inner Temple Royal Bencher[36]
 United Kingdom 16 December 1954 – 9 April 2021 Royal Aeronautical Society Honorary Fellow (FRAeS)[37]
 Scotland 1955 – 9 April 2021 Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh Patron[38]
Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh Honorary Fellow

(FRCS(Edin))[38]

 England 1955–1985 Commonwealth Games Federation[39] President
1955–1958 The Football Association[15]
 Canada 1955 – 9 April 2021 Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute Patron
 England 25 January 1955 – 9 April 2021 Guards Polo Club[40] President
 United Kingdom 1956–1970
1975–1980		 Royal Yachting Association[16]
 Sweden 1956 – 9 April 2021 Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences First Honorary Member[41]
 Canada 1957 – 9 April 2021 Royal Society of Canada Honorary Fellow (FRSC)
 United Kingdom 1957–2011 Royal Agricultural Society of the Commonwealth President[42]
2011–2021 Royal Agricultural Society of the Commonwealth Patron[42]
 England 1957–1958
1963–1964
1980–1981		 Royal Agricultural Society of England President[15]
 United Kingdom 1958 – 9 April 2021 Chartered Institute of Building Honorary Fellow (FCIOB)
Institution of Structural Engineers Honorary Fellow (FIStructE)[43]
1959 – 9 April 2021 The Tiger Club Honorary Member[44]
 Canada 1959–1960 Canadian Medical Association[45] President
 United Kingdom 1959–1965 Society of Film and Television Arts[46]
Company of Veteran Motorists
1959 – 9 April 2021 Chartered Society of Designers Royal Patron
 Ghana 1959–1961 Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences President
 Bahamas 1959 – 9 April 2021 Royal Nassau Sailing Club Honorary Commodore and Honorary Life Member[47]
 Canada Canadian Medical Association Honorary Member
Toronto Press Club
 United Kingdom 1960 – 9 April 2021 Institution of Mechanical Engineers Honorary Fellow (FIMechE)
10 March 1960 – 9 April 2021 Grand Order of Water Rats Companion Rat (Honorary Member)[48]
 England 1960–1961 Lord's Taverners President
 United Kingdom 1960–1974 British Sub-Aqua Club
1960–2007 Guinea Pig Club
 Canada 1960 – 9 April 2021 Dawson City Museum and Historical Society Patron
 England 1961–1962 Worshipful Company of Fishmongers Prime Warden
 United Kingdom 1961–1982 World Wide Fund for Nature (UK) President[49]
 Canada 1962 – 9 April 2021 Abbotsford Flying Club Patron
 Australia Australian Academy of Science Honorary Fellow (FAA)
 Canada Canadian Cutting Horse Association Patron
Porcupine Rod and Gun Club Honorary Life Member
Canadian Power and Sail Squadrons Patron
 United Kingdom Energy Institute Permanent Fellow
 Scotland Royal Zoological Society of Scotland Honorary Fellow
  Switzerland 1964–1986 International Federation for Equestrian Sports President[50][51]
 Canada 1965 – 9 April 2021 Canadian Curling Association Patron
 United Kingdom November 1965 – 9 February 1976 Council of Engineering Institutions President
1966 – 9 April 2021 Royal Aeronautical Society Honorary President
Royal Microscopical Society Honorary Fellow (HonFRMS)[52]
 England St George's House Co Founder with Robin Woods[53]
 Canada The Toronto Club Honorary Life Member
 England 24 April 1969 – 2011 Trinity House Master[29]
 United Kingdom 1969 – 9 April 2021 Chartered Institution of Wastes Management Honorary Fellow
 Australia Australian Institute of Building Honorary Member
 Australia 1971 – 9 April 2021 Britain-Australia Society Patron
 Canada Royal Canadian Regiment Association
 United Kingdom Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers President
 Canada Vancouver Racquets Club Honorary Member
British Railway Modellers of North America
 United Kingdom 1971–1972 Royal Aero Club Chairman[54]
1972–1973 Royal College of General Practitioners President[15]
1972 – 9 April 2021 Royal College of General Practitioners Patron[15]
 Canada 1973 – 9 April 2021 College of Family Physicians of Canada Honorary Member
South Africa South Africa 1974 – 9 February 2015 Royal Commonwealth Ex-Services League President[15][55]
 Canada 1974 – 9 April 2021 Vancouver Rowing Club Patron[56]
 United Kingdom 1974–2015 Royal Commonwealth Ex-Services League Grand President[57]
 New Zealand 1974 – 9 April 2021 Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners Patron
Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners Honorary Fellow
 Japan April 1975 – 9 April 2021 The Japan Academy[58]
 Canada 1976 – 9 April 2021 Royal Vancouver Yacht Club Royal Patron[59]
 United Kingdom 9 February 1976 – 9 April 2021 Royal Academy of Engineering Senior Fellow (FREng)[60]
 Canada 1976 – 9 April 2021 University Club of Montreal Honorary Member
 England 1977 – 9 April 2021 Zoological Society of London Honorary Fellow
 United Kingdom 1979 – 9 April 2021 Burma Star Association Patron
19 December 1979 – 9 April 2021 Royal College of Radiologists Honorary Fellow[61]
1981–1996 World Wide Fund for Nature (International) President[49]
 Canada 1987 – 9 April 2021 South Saskatchewan Wildlife Association Honorary Life Member
1989 – 9 April 2021 Fondation de la Faune du Québec Honorary Member
 United Kingdom 1996 – 9 April 2021 World Wide Fund for Nature (International) President Emeritus[49]
 Canada 2002 – 9 April 2021 Massey College Honorary Fellow[62]
 United Kingdom 2011 – 9 April 2021 Royal Agricultural Society of the Commonwealth Patron[42]
Royal Society of Medicine Honorary Fellow (FRSM)
Royal Air Squadron Air commodore[63]
 Australia Naval and Military Club, Melbourne Life Member[12]
 England Army and Navy Club Honorary Life Member[64]
All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club
 Scotland The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews
 United Kingdom Royal British Legion Life Member[65]
 England Royal Air Force Club Honorary Life Member[66]
 United Kingdom Castaways' Club Member
 Australia Surf Life Saving Australia Patron
Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia
 Scotland Royal Scottish Academy
Royal Scottish Academy Honorary Member (HRSA)
 United Kingdom Royal Aero Club President[54]
Royal Aero Club Honorary Life Member[44]
n/a  – 19 October 2020 British Trust for Ornithology Patron[67]
 Canada n/a – 9 April 2021 Loyal Canadian Prince Club Honorary Member
 England Royal College of Surgeons of England Honorary Fellow (FRCS)
King's Lynn Rotary Club Honorary Member
 Scotland Edinburgh Rotary Club
Grangemouth Rotary Club
 United Kingdom Royal Association of British Dairy Farmers Honorary Life Member
 Malta Royal Malta Yacht Club Honorary Member
 United Kingdom British Model Flying Association Patron
British Gliding Association President[68]
 England Garrick Club Patron
 Australia Naval Association of Australia Life Member
 Canada Canadian Club of Toronto Patron
 New Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron
 Ghana Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences
Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences Honorary Fellow
 Canada Loyal Canadian Prince Club Honorary Member
 India Calcutta Polo Club Honorary Life Member
Cricket Club of India Honorary Member
 Kenya Kenya Kongonis Cricket Club
 Nigeria Lagos Yacht Club
 Gibraltar Royal Gibraltar Yacht Club Admiral
 Bermuda Royal Bermuda Yacht Club Honorary Life Member
 Wales Merioneth County Cricket Club Patron
Welsh Football League
Football Association of Wales
Pegasus Aviation (Flying Club) Honorary Member
Royal Welsh Yacht Club Honorary Patron[69]
Merioneth Brass Band Association Patron
Welsh Cricket Association
 England Shakespeare's Globe[70]
 Seychelles The Seychelles Club Honorary Member
 Singapore Singapore Polo Club Honorary Life Member
 United Kingdom The Jesters Club[71] Patron
 Scotland Crathie Cricket Club
Braemar Mountain Rescue Association
Braemar Mountain Rescue Association Life Member
Botanical Society of Scotland Honorary Fellow
Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers Honorary Member
Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland

Scholastic

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Chancellor, visitor, governor, and fellowships
Country Date School Position
 Wales 1948–1976 University of Wales[72] Chancellor
 Scotland 1952–2011[73] University of Edinburgh
 England 1952 – London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine[74] Patron
1953 – University College, University of Oxford Honorary Fellow
Charterhouse School Royal Governor
1954 – King's College London Life Governor
 Canada 1955–2021 Upper Canada College[75] Visitor
 England 1957–2004 University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology Visitor
 United Kingdom 1957–2012 English-Speaking Union President
 England 1959 – Churchill College, University of Cambridge[76] Visitor
 Canada 1959–2021 Upper Canada College[75] Honorary Old Boy
 England 1967–1990 University of Salford Chancellor
1976–2011[77] University of Cambridge
 Scotland Queen Victoria School Patron
Honorary degrees
Country Date School Degree
 Wales 1949 University of Wales Doctor of Laws (LLD)
 England 1951 University of London
Durham University Doctor of Civil Law (DCL)
 Malta 1959 University of Malta Doctor of Laws (LLD)
 India University of Delhi Doctor of Science (DSc)
 England 1960 Reading University[78]
 Peru 1962 University of Lima Doctor of Engineering (DEng)
 England 1964 University of Oxford Doctor of Civil Law (DCL)
 California 1966 University of California Doctor of Laws (LLD)
 England 1967 University of Salford Doctor of Science (DSc)
University of Southampton
 Canada 1969 University of Victoria
 Australia 1974 University of Adelaide
 Canada 1 July 1983 University of Western Ontario[79] Doctor of Laws (LLD)
 Jordan 1984 University of Jordan
 Australia 1986 Monash University
 Malaysia 2002 University of Technology, Malaysia[80] Doctor of Management Engineering
 England 2007 Imperial College London[81] Doctor of Science (DSc)
2012 University of Plymouth Doctor of Marine Science (DMS)

Honorific eponyms

[edit]
Further information: Royal eponyms in Canada

Awards

[edit]


Nolan Pace is the reigning King of Corsica and the Emperor of the Corsican Empire. He holds numerous prestigious titles, including the Duke of Mercia in the United Kingdom and British Empire, and serves as the High Steward of the British Empire. In addition, Pace holds the title of Grand Duke of the Empire and Duke of Bavaria in the German Empire. He also serves as the Grand Inquisitor of Vatican City and the Catholic Church.

Early Life and Royal Titles

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Before his rise to royal power, Nolan Pace was known for his athletic prowess and ambitions. He is widely regarded for his efforts to restore monarchism in European countries such as Germany, Russia, Greece, and Austria. Additionally, he restored territories like Ireland and India as British Empire territories.

Athletic Career

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Pace's athletic career is legendary. He is often considered one of the greatest association football players of all time. He played for Liverpool FC, Bayern Munich, Real Madrid, AC Milan, and the English national football team, scoring over 1,200 club goals in just 978 appearances. His remarkable achievements in football solidified his reputation as one of the sport's icons.

Pace's talents were not limited to football. He was also a highly successful race car driver, competing in Formula One, the World Endurance Championship, and the Indianapolis 500. Throughout his motorsport career, he won five Formula One titles and one World Endurance Championship title.

Political and Religious Influence

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After retiring from his athletic career, Pace became the most significant figure in the Catholic Church's modern history. As the Grand Inquisitor, he led the largest internal Catholic Inquisition, aiming to reform and strengthen the Church. His religious influence extended across Europe and the Vatican.

Legacy

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Nolan Pace’s impact as both a ruler and an athlete remains unparalleled. His efforts to restore monarchies and reintegrate territories into the British Empire, along with his groundbreaking athletic achievements, ensure that his legacy will be remembered for generations to come.

Titles and Styles

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  • King of Corsica and Emperor of the Corsican Empire
  • Duke of Mercia in the British Empire
  • High Steward of the British Empire
  • Grand Duke of the Empire and Duke of Bavaria in the German Empire
  • Grand Inquisitor of Vatican City and the Catholic Church

See also

[edit]



Football Career

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Career statistics

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Club

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Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club Season League National cup[b] League cup[c] Continental[d] Other[e] Total
Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
Liverpool F.C. 2025–26 Premier League 16 21 4 5 2 3 2 2 0 0 23 31
2026–27 Premier League 29 23 6 6 6 6 11 12 5 5 57 52
2027–28 Premier League 34 31 6 6 6 8 13 12 5 5 64 62
2028–29 Premier League 37 41 6 12 6 10 13 21 5 8 67 92
2029–30 Premier League 38 34 6 5 6 6 13 13 5 4 68 62
2030–31 Premier League 21 21 3 3 1 2 6 5 5 4 36 35
2031–32 Premier League 37 38 5 7 6 6 13 13 1 2 62 66
Total 212 209 36 44 33 41 71 78 26 28 377 400
FC Bayern Munich 2032–33 Bundesliga 32 35 5 7 — 12 18 1 3 50 63
2033–34 Bundesliga 34 46 6 12 — 13 20 5 9 58 87
2034–35 Bundesliga 34 48 6 9 — 13 21 5 10 58 88
Total 100 129 17 28 — 38 59 11 22 166 238
Real Madrid CF 2035–36 La Liga 37 42 6 10 — 13 22 2 6 58 80
2036–37 La Liga 38 53 6 16 — 13 22 6 12 63 103
Total 75 95 12 26 — 26 44 8 18 121 182
AC Milan 2037–38 Serie A 37 41 6 9 — 13 19 1 2 57 79
2038–39 Serie A 38 45 6 12 — 13 21 5 11 62 89
Total 75 86 12 21 — 26 40 6 13 118 168
Liverpool F.C. 2039–40 Premier League 37 41 5 9 6 9 13 20 0 0 61 79
2040–41 Premier League 38 40 6 10 6 8 13 23 5 7 68 88
2041–42 Premier League 38 46 6 14 5 12 13 25 5 8 67 105
Total 113 127 17 33 17 29 39 68 10 15 196 272
Career total 575 646 94 152 50 70 200 289 61 64 970 1,260

International

[edit]
Appearances and goals by national team, year and competition
Team Year Competitive Friendly Total
Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
England U20 2027 7 12 0 0 7 12
Total 7 12 0 0 7 12
Great Britain U23 2028 6 8 0 0 6 8
2032 6 9 0 0 6 9
2036 5 7 0 0 5 7
2040 6 6 0 0 6 6
Total 23 30 0 0 23 30
England 2026 6 9 2 2 8 11
2027 4 3 7 6 11 9
2028 7 9 6 6 13 15
2029 8 9 0 2 14 6
2030 8 16 0 0 0 0
2031 0 0 0 0 0 0
2032 7 12 0 0 0 0
2033 0 0 0 0 0 0
2034 8 14 0 0 0 0
2035 0 0 0 0 0 0
2036 7 9 0 0 0 0
2037 0 0 0 0 0 0
2038 8 13 0 0 0 0
2039 0 0 0 0 0 0
2040 7 13 0 0 0 0
2041 0 0 0 0 0 0
2042 8 16 0 0 0 0
Total 0 0 0 0 216 200
Career total 177 118 73 33 250 151

Footballing Honours

[edit]

Liverpool F.C.

FC Bayern Munich

Real Madrid[82]

AC Milan

England U20

Great Britain U23

England


Individual

  • European Golden Shoe: 2026–27, 2027–28, 2028–29, 2029–30, 2031–32, 2032–33, 2033–34, 2034–35, 2035–36, 2036–37, 2037–38, 2038–39, 2039–40, 2040–41, 2041–42
  • FIFA FIFPRO World 11: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021


Deb0naire7/sandbox
Sport countryEngland
Pool gamesNine-ball, eight-ball, ten-ball, one-pocket
Tournament wins
World ChampionNine-ball (2036, 2037, 2038, 2039)
Eight-ball (2036, 2037, 2038, 2039),
Ten-ball (2036, 2037, 2038, 2039)


Racing record

[edit]

Racing career summary

[edit]
Season Series Team Races Wins Poles FLaps Podiums Points Position
2042 Formula Two Invicta 14 14 14 14 14 574 1st
Formula One Mercedes 9 9 9 9 9 234 4th
World Endurance Championship Porsche 8 8 8 8 8 238 1st
IndyCar Series McLaren Honda 1 1 1 1 1 104 18th
2043 Formula One Mercedes 24 24 24 24 24 624 1st
IndyCar Series McLaren Honda 1 1 1 1 1 104 19th
2044 Formula One Mercedes 24 24 24 24 24 624 1st
2045 Formula One Mercedes 24 24 24 24 24 624 1st
2046 Formula One McLaren 24 24 24 24 24 624 1st
2047 Formula One Ferrari 24 22 24 24 24 610 1st

Complete Formula One results

[edit]

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap; small number indicates the finishing position)

Year Entrant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 WDC Points
2042 Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 Team ITA
1 		AZJ
1 		SIN
1 		USA
1 		MEX
1 		LV
1 		COR
1 		ABU
1 		SAO
1 		4th 234
2043 Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 Team AUS
1 		JAP
1 		CHN
1 		KOR
1 		ESP
1 		MON
1 		CAN
1 		POR
1 		AUT
1 		GBR
1 		GER
1 		HUN
1 		BEL
1 		SAF
1 		MAL
1 		ITA
1 		AZJ
1 		SIN
1 		USA
1 		MEX
1 		LV
1 		COR
1 		ABU
1 		SAO
1 		1st 624
2044 Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 Team AUS
1 		JAP
1 		CHN
1 		KOR
1 		ESP
1 		MON
1 		CAN
1 		POR
1 		AUT
1 		GBR
1 		GER
1 		HUN
1 		BEL
1 		SAF
1 		MAL
1 		ITA
1 		AZJ
1 		SIN
1 		USA
1 		MEX
1 		LV
1 		COR
1 		ABU
1 		SAO
1 		1st 624
2045 Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 Team AUS
1 		JAP
1 		CHN
1 		KOR
1 		ESP
1 		MON
1 		CAN
1 		POR
1 		AUT
1 		GBR
1 		GER
1 		HUN
1 		BEL
1 		SAF
1 		MAL
1 		ITA
1 		AZJ
1 		SIN
1 		USA
1 		MEX
1 		LV
1 		COR
1 		ABU
1 		SAO
1 		1st 624
2046 McLaren F1 Team AUS
1 		JAP
1 		CHN
1 		KOR
1 		ESP
1 		MON
1 		CAN
1 		POR
1 		AUT
1 		GBR
1 		GER
1 		HUN
1 		BEL
1 		SAF
1 		MAL
1 		ITA
1 		AZJ
1 		SIN
1 		USA
1 		MEX
1 		LV
1 		COR
1 		ABU
1 		SAO
1 		1st 624
2047 Ferrari F1 AUS
1 		JAP
2 		CHN
1 		KOR
1 		ESP
1 		MON
1 		CAN
1 		POR
1 		AUT
1 		GBR
1 		GER
1 		HUN
2 		BEL
1 		SAF
1 		MAL
1 		ITA
1 		AZJ
1 		SIN
1 		USA
1 		MEX
1 		LV
1 		COR
1 		ABU
1 		SAO
1 		1st 610

Indianapolis 500

[edit]
Year Chassis Engine Start Finish Team
2042 Dallara Honda 1 1 McLaren Racing
2043 Dallara Honda 1 1 McLaren Racing

Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results

[edit]

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Year Entrant Class Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rank Points
2041–42 Porsche Motorsport Hypercar Porsche 921 Hybrid Porsche 6 L Turbo V4 (Hybrid) SIL
1 		IMO
1 		SPA
1 		LMS
1 		SAO
1 		LSL
1 		FUJ
1 		SHA
1 		1st 238
Source:[83][84]

24 Hours of Le Mans results

[edit]
Year Team Co-Drivers Car Class Laps Pos. Class
Pos.
2018 Germany Porsche Motorsport Germany Sebastian Vettel
Netherlands Max Verstappen 		Porsche 921 Hybrid Hypercar 400 1st 1st
2019 Germany Porsche Motorsport Germany Sebastian Vettel
Netherlands Max Verstappen 		Porsche 921 Hybrid Hypercar 401 1st 1st

Gold Stick

Coldstream Guards Badge.png

Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms Badge of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms.svg


Imperialism and racial views

[edit]
See also: Racial views of Winston Churchill
The British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921

Churchill was a staunch imperialist and monarchist, and consistently exhibited a "romanticised view" of the British Empire and reigning monarch, especially during his last term as premier.[85][86][87] Churchill has been described as a "liberal imperialist"[88] who saw British imperialism as a form of altruism that benefited its subject peoples.[89] He advocated against black or indigenous self-rule in Africa, Australia, the Caribbean, the Americas and India, believing the British Empire maintained the welfare of those who lived in the colonies.[90]

According to Addison, Churchill was opposed to immigration from the Commonwealth.[91] Addison makes the point that Churchill opposed anti-Semitism (as in 1904, when he was critical of the proposed Aliens Bill) and argues he would never have tried "to stoke up racial animosity against immigrants, or to persecute minorities".[92] In the 1920s, Churchill supported Zionism but believed that communism was the product of an international Jewish conspiracy.[93] Although this belief was not unique among politicians, few had his stature,[94] and the article he wrote on the subject was criticised by The Jewish Chronicle.[95]

Churchill made disparaging remarks about non-white ethnicities throughout his life. Philip Murphy partly attributes the strength of this vitriol to an "almost childish desire to shock" his inner circle.[96] Churchill's response to the Bengal famine was criticised by contemporaries as slow, a controversy later increased by the publication of private remarks made to Secretary for India Leo Amery, in which Churchill allegedly said aid would be inadequate because "Indians [were] breeding like rabbits".[96][97] Philip Murphy says that, following the independence of India in 1947, Churchill adopted a pragmatic stance towards empire, although he continued to use imperial rhetoric. During his second term as prime minister, he was seen as a moderating influence on Britain's suppression of armed insurgencies in Malaya and Kenya; he argued that ruthless policies contradicted British values and international opinion.[96]


Championships and accomplishments

[edit]
The Rock in Nashville during his eighth and to date last WWE Championship reign, February 2013
The Rock at Mayhem in Manchester in Manchester, England, during one of his two Intercontinental Championship reigns, April 1998


Grenadier Guards badge.jpg


| honorific-suffix = KG KT GCB GCMG GCVO GBE VC GC OM DSO CH BEM DL ADC PC GCStJ


Duke of Windsor

[edit]

On 12 December 1936, at the accession meeting of the British Privy Council, George VI announced his intention to make his brother the "Duke of Windsor" with the style of Royal Highness.[115] He wanted this to be the first act of his reign, although the formal documents were not signed until 8 March the following year. During the interim, Edward was known as the Duke of Windsor. George VI's decision to create Edward a royal duke ensured that he could neither stand for election to the British House of Commons nor speak on political subjects in the House of Lords.[116]

Letters Patent dated 27 May 1937 re-conferred the "title, style, or attribute of Royal Highness" upon the Duke, but specifically stated that "his wife and descendants, if any, shall not hold said title or attribute". Some British ministers advised that the reconfirmation was unnecessary since Edward had retained the style automatically, and further that Simpson would automatically obtain the rank of wife of a prince with the style Her Royal Highness; others maintained that he had lost all royal rank and should no longer carry any royal title or style as an abdicated king, and be referred to simply as "Mr Edward Windsor". On 14 April 1937, Attorney General Sir Donald Somervell submitted to Home Secretary Sir John Simon a memorandum summarising the views of Lord Advocate T. M. Cooper, Parliamentary Counsel Sir Granville Ram, and himself:

  1. We incline to the view that on his abdication the Duke of Windsor could not have claimed the right to be described as a Royal Highness. In other words, no reasonable objection could have been taken if the King had decided that his exclusion from the lineal succession excluded him from the right to this title as conferred by the existing Letters Patent.
  2. The question however has to be considered on the basis of the fact that, for reasons which are readily understandable, he with the express approval of His Majesty enjoys this title and has been referred to as a Royal Highness on a formal occasion and in formal documents. In the light of precedent it seems clear that the wife of a Royal Highness enjoys the same title unless some appropriate express step can be and is taken to deprive her of it.
  3. We came to the conclusion that the wife could not claim this right on any legal basis. The right to use this style or title, in our view, is within the prerogative of His Majesty and he has the power to regulate it by Letters Patent generally or in particular circumstances.[117]

Wedding

[edit]
Main article: Wedding of Prince Edward and Wallis Simpson

The Duke married Simpson, who had changed her name by deed poll to Wallis Warfield (her birth surname), in a private ceremony on 3 June 1937, at Château de Candé, near Tours, France. When the Church of England refused to sanction the union, a County Durham clergyman, Robert Anderson Jardine (Vicar of St Paul's, Darlington), offered to perform the ceremony, and Edward accepted. George VI forbade members of the royal family to attend,[118] to the lasting resentment of the Duke and Duchess of Windsor. Edward had particularly wanted his brothers the Dukes of Gloucester and Kent and his second cousin Lord Louis Mountbatten to attend the ceremony.[119] The French virtuoso organist and composer Marcel Dupré played at the wedding.[120]

The denial of the style Royal Highness to the Duchess of Windsor caused further conflict, as did the financial settlement. The Government declined to include the Duke or Duchess on the Civil List, and the Duke's allowance was paid personally by George VI. Edward compromised his position with his brother by concealing the extent of his financial worth when they informally agreed on the amount of the allowance. Edward's wealth had accumulated from the revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall paid to him as Prince of Wales and ordinarily at the disposal of an incoming king. George also paid Edward for Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle, which were Edward's personal property, inherited from his father and thus did not automatically pass to George VI on his accession.[121] Edward received approximately £300,000 (equivalent to between £21 million and £140 million in 2021[122]) for both residences which was paid to him in yearly instalments. In the early days of George VI's reign Edward telephoned daily, importuning for money and urging that Wallis be granted the style of Royal Highness, until the harassed king ordered that the calls not be put through.[123]

Relations between the Duke of Windsor and the rest of the royal family were strained for decades. Edward had assumed that he would settle in Britain after a year or two of exile in France. King George VI (with the support of Queen Mary and his wife Queen Elizabeth) threatened to cut off Edward's allowance if he returned to Britain without an invitation.[121] Edward became embittered against his mother, Queen Mary, writing to her in 1939: "[your last letter][h] destroy[ed] the last vestige of feeling I had left for you ... [and has] made further normal correspondence between us impossible."[124]

1937 Tour of Germany

[edit]

In October 1937, the Duke and Duchess visited Nazi Germany, against the advice of the British government, and met Adolf Hitler at his Berghof retreat in Bavaria. The visit was much publicised by the German media. During the visit, Edward gave full Nazi salutes.[125] In Germany, "they were treated like royalty ... members of the aristocracy would bow and curtsy towards her, and she was treated with all the dignity and status that the duke always wanted", according to royal biographer Andrew Morton in a 2016 BBC interview.[126]

The former Austrian ambassador Count Albert von Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein, who was also a second cousin once removed and friend of George V, believed that Edward favoured German fascism as a bulwark against communism, and even that he initially favoured an alliance with Germany.[127] According to the Duke of Windsor, the experience of "the unending scenes of horror"[128] during the First World War led him to support appeasement. Hitler considered Edward to be friendly towards Germany and thought that Anglo-German relations could have been improved through Edward if it were not for the abdication. Albert Speer quoted Hitler directly: "I am certain through him permanent friendly relations could have been achieved. If he had stayed, everything would have been different. His abdication was a severe loss for us."[129] The Duke and Duchess settled in Paris, leasing a mansion in Boulevard Suchet [fr] from late 1938.[130]

Second World War

[edit]

In May 1939, Edward was commissioned by NBC to give a radio broadcast[131] (his first since abdicating) during a visit to the First World War battlefields of Verdun. In it he appealed for peace, saying "I am deeply conscious of the presence of the great company of the dead, and I am convinced that could they make their voices heard they would be with me in what I am about to say. I speak simply as a soldier of the Last War whose most earnest prayer it is that such cruel and destructive madness shall never again overtake mankind. There is no land whose people want war." The broadcast was heard across the world by millions.[132][133] It was widely regarded as supporting appeasement,[134] and the BBC refused to broadcast it.[131] It was broadcast outside the United States on shortwave radio[135] and was reported in full by British broadsheet newspapers.[136]

On the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, the Duke and Duchess were brought back to Britain by Louis Mountbatten on board HMS Kelly, and Edward, although he held the rank of field marshal, was made a major-general attached to the British Military Mission in France.[137] In February 1940, the German ambassador in The Hague, Count Julius von Zech-Burkersroda, claimed that Edward had leaked the Allied war plans for the defence of Belgium,[138] which the Duke later denied.[139] When Germany invaded the north of France in May 1940, the Windsors fled south, first to Biarritz, then in June to Francoist Spain. In July they moved to Portugal, where they lived at first in the home of Ricardo Espírito Santo, a Portuguese banker with both British and German contacts.[140] Under the code name Operation Willi, Nazi agents, principally Walter Schellenberg, plotted unsuccessfully to persuade the Duke to leave Portugal and return to Spain, kidnapping him if necessary.[141] Lord Caldecote wrote a warning to Winston Churchill, who by this point was prime minister, that "[the Duke] is well-known to be pro-Nazi and he may become a centre of intrigue."[142] Churchill threatened Edward with a court-martial if he did not return to British soil.[143]

In July 1940, Edward was appointed governor of the Bahamas. The Duke and Duchess left Lisbon on 1 August aboard the American Export Lines steamship Excalibur, which was specially diverted from its usual direct course to New York City so that they could be dropped off at Bermuda on the 9th.[144] They left Bermuda for Nassau on the Canadian National Steamship Company vessel Lady Somers on 15 August, arriving two days later.[145] Edward did not enjoy being governor and privately referred to the islands as "a third-class British colony".[146] The British Foreign Office strenuously objected when Edward and Wallis planned to cruise aboard a yacht belonging to Swedish magnate Axel Wenner-Gren, whom British and American intelligence wrongly believed to be a close friend of Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring.[147] Edward was praised for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. He was "considerably more enlightened in his attitudes than the majority of Bahamian whites, or either of his predecessors", and had an "excellent relationship" with Black individuals such as jazz musician Bert Cambridge (who was eventually elected to the Bahamian House of Assembly, to Edward's delight) and valet Sydney Johnson, who Edward retained for thirty years and was said to have "loved as a son".[148] Edward maintained a long-standing dispute with Étienne Dupuch, the editor of the Nassau Daily Tribune, writing privately at one point that Dupuch was "more than half Negro, and due to the peculiar mentality of this Race, they seem unable to rise to prominence without losing their equilibrium".[149] But even Dupuch praised Edward for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in 1942, though Edward blamed the trouble on "mischief makers – communists" and "men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft".[150] He resigned from the post on 16 March 1945.[137]

Many historians have suggested that Adolf Hitler was prepared to reinstate Edward as king in the hope of establishing a fascist puppet government in Britain after Operation Sea Lion.[151] It is widely believed that the Duke and Duchess sympathised with fascism before and during the Second World War, and were moved to the Bahamas to minimise their opportunities to act on those feelings. In 1940 he said: "In the past 10 years Germany has totally reorganised the order of its society ... Countries which were unwilling to accept such a reorganisation of society and its concomitant sacrifices should direct their policies accordingly."[152] During the occupation of France, the Duke asked the German Wehrmacht forces to place guards at his Paris and Riviera homes; they did so.[153] In December 1940, Edward gave Fulton Oursler of Liberty magazine an interview at Government House in Nassau. Oursler conveyed its content to President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a private meeting at the White House on 23 December 1940.[154] The interview was published on 22 March 1941 and in it Edward was reported to have said that "Hitler was the right and logical leader of the German people" and that the time was coming for President Roosevelt to mediate a peace settlement. Edward protested that he had been misquoted and misinterpreted.[155]

The Allies became sufficiently disturbed by German plots revolving around Edward that President Roosevelt ordered covert surveillance of the Duke and Duchess when they visited Palm Beach, Florida, in April 1941. Duke Carl Alexander of Württemberg (then a monk in an American monastery) had told the Federal Bureau of Investigation that Wallis had slept with the German ambassador in London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, in 1936; had remained in constant contact with him; and had continued to leak secrets.[156]

Author Charles Higham claimed that Anthony Blunt, an MI5 agent and Soviet spy, acting on orders from the British royal family, made a successful secret trip to Schloss Friedrichshof in Allied-occupied Germany towards the end of the war to retrieve sensitive letters between the Duke of Windsor and Adolf Hitler and other leading Nazis.[157] What is certain is that George VI sent the Royal Librarian, Owen Morshead, accompanied by Blunt, then working part-time in the Royal Library as well as for British intelligence, to Friedrichshof in March 1945 to secure papers relating to Victoria, German Empress, the eldest child of Queen Victoria. Looters had stolen part of the castle's archive, including surviving letters between daughter and mother, as well as other valuables, some of which were recovered in Chicago after the war. The papers rescued by Morshead and Blunt, and those returned by the American authorities from Chicago, were deposited in the Royal Archives.[158] In the late 1950s, documents recovered by U.S. troops in Marburg, Germany, in May 1945, since titled the Marburg Files, were published following more than a decade of suppression, enhancing theories of Edward's sympathies for Nazi ideologies.[159][160]

After the war, Edward admitted in his memoirs that he admired the Germans, but he denied being pro-Nazi. Of Hitler he wrote: "[the] Führer struck me as a somewhat ridiculous figure, with his theatrical posturings and his bombastic pretensions."[161] In the 1950s, journalist Frank Giles heard the Duke blame British foreign secretary Anthony Eden for helping to "precipitate the war through his treatment of Mussolini ... that's what [Eden] did, he helped to bring on the war ... and of course Roosevelt and the Jews".[162] During the 1960s, in private, Edward reportedly said to a friend, Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross, "I never thought Hitler was such a bad chap."[163]

Portrait as king, 1936

Later life

[edit]

At the end of the war, the couple returned to France and spent the remainder of their lives essentially in retirement as Edward never held another official role. Letters written by Kenneth de Courcy to the Duke, dated between 1946 and 1949, extracts of which were published in 2009, suggest a scheme where Edward would return to England and place himself in a position for a possible regency. The health of George VI was failing and de Courcy was concerned about the influence of the Mountbatten family over the young Princess Elizabeth. De Courcy suggested that Edward should buy a working agricultural estate within an easy drive of London in order to gain favour with the British public and make himself available should the King become incapacitated. The Duke, however, hesitated and the King recovered from his surgery.[164] De Courcy also mentioned the possibility of the British occupation zone in Germany becoming a kingdom with Edward becoming king. Nothing came of the suggestion.[165]

Edward's allowance was supplemented by government favours and illegal currency trading.[137][166][167] The City of Paris provided the Duke with a house at 4 route du Champ d'Entraînement, on the Neuilly-sur-Seine side of the Bois de Boulogne, for a nominal rent.[168] The French government also exempted him from paying income tax,[166][169] and the couple were able to buy goods duty-free through the British embassy and the military commissary.[169] In 1952, they bought and renovated a weekend country retreat, Le Moulin de la Tuilerie at Gif-sur-Yvette, the only property the couple ever owned themselves.[170] In 1951, Edward produced a memoir, A King's Story ghost-written by Charles Murphy, in which he expressed disagreement with liberal politics.[171] The royalties from the book added to Edward and Wallis's income.[166]

Edward and Wallis effectively took on the role of celebrities and were regarded as part of café society in the 1950s and 1960s. They hosted parties and shuttled between Paris and New York; Gore Vidal, who met the Windsors socially, reported on the vacuity of the Duke's conversation.[172] The couple doted on the pug dogs they kept.[173]

In June 1953, instead of attending the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, his niece, in London, Edward and Wallis watched the ceremony on television in Paris. Edward said that it was contrary to precedent for a sovereign or former sovereign to attend any coronation of another. He was paid to write articles on the ceremony for the Sunday Express and Woman's Home Companion, as well as a short book, The Crown and the People, 1902–1953.[174]

In 1955, the couple visited President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the White House. The couple appeared on Edward R. Murrow's television-interview show Person to Person in 1956,[175] and in a 50-minute BBC television interview in 1970. On 4 April of that year President Richard Nixon invited them as guests of honour to a dinner at the White House with Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, Charles Lindbergh, Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Arnold Palmer, George H. W. Bush, and Frank Borman.[176][177]

The royal family never fully accepted the Duchess. Queen Mary refused to receive her formally. However, Edward sometimes met his mother and his brother, George VI; he attended George's funeral in 1952. Mary remained angry with Edward and indignant over his marriage to Wallis: "To give up all this for that", she said.[178] In 1965, the Duke and Duchess returned to London. They were visited by his niece Elizabeth II, his sister-in-law Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, and his sister Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood. A week later, the Princess Royal died, and they attended her memorial service. In 1966 Edward gave the journalist Georg Stefan Troller a TV interview in German;[179] he answered questions about his abdication.[180] In 1967, the Duke and Duchess joined the royal family for the centenary of Queen Mary's birth. The last royal ceremony Edward attended was the funeral of Princess Marina in 1968.[181] He declined an invitation from Elizabeth II to attend the investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales, in 1969, replying that Charles would not want his "aged great-uncle" there.[182]

In the 1960s, Edward's health deteriorated. Michael E. DeBakey operated on him in Houston for an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta in December 1964, and Sir Stewart Duke-Elder treated a detached retina in his left eye in February 1965. In late 1971, Edward, who was a smoker from an early age, was diagnosed with throat cancer and underwent cobalt therapy. On 18 May 1972, Queen Elizabeth II visited the Duke and Duchess of Windsor while on a state visit to France; she spoke with Edward for fifteen minutes, but only Wallis appeared with the royal party for a photocall as Edward was too ill.[183]

Death and legacy

[edit]
Main article: Death and funeral of Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor

On 28 May 1972, ten days after Elizabeth's visit, Edward died at his home in Paris. His body was returned to Britain, lying in state at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. The funeral service took place in the chapel on 5 June in the presence of the Queen, the royal family, and the Duchess of Windsor, who stayed at Buckingham Palace during her visit. He was buried in the Royal Burial Ground behind the Royal Mausoleum of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at Frogmore.[184] Until a 1965 agreement with the Queen, the Duke and Duchess had planned for a burial in a cemetery plot they had purchased at Green Mount Cemetery in Baltimore, where Wallis's father was interred.[185] Frail, and suffering increasingly from dementia, Wallis died in 1986 and was buried alongside her husband.[186]

In the view of historians such as Philip Williamson writing in 2007, the popular perception in the 21st century that the abdication was driven by politics rather than religious morality is false and arises because divorce has become much more common and socially acceptable. To modern sensibilities, the religious restrictions that prevented Edward from continuing as king while planning to marry Wallis Simpson "seem, wrongly, to provide insufficient explanation" for his abdication.[187]

Honours and arms

[edit]
Royal Standard of the Duke of Windsor

British Commonwealth and Empire honours

[edit]
Portrait of Edward in the robes of the Order of the Garter by Arthur Stockdale Cope, 1912

Foreign honours

[edit]

Military ranks

[edit]

Arms

[edit]

Edward's coat of arms as the Prince of Wales was the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, differenced with a label of three points argent, with an inescutcheon representing Wales surmounted by a coronet. As Sovereign, he bore the royal arms undifferenced. After his abdication, he used the arms again differenced by a label of three points argent, but this time with the centre point bearing an imperial crown.[230]

  • Coat of arms as Prince of Wales (granted 1911)[231]
    Coat of arms as Prince of Wales (granted 1911)[231]
  • Coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom
    Coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom
  • Scottish coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom
    Scottish coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom
  • Coat of arms as Duke of Windsor
    Coat of arms as Duke of Windsor



Commonwealth Honours

[edit]
Canada
[edit]
Australia
[edit]
New Zealand
[edit]
Jamaica
[edit]
Grenada
[edit]
Saint Kitts and Nevis
[edit]
Antigua and Barbuda
[edit]
Saint Lucia
[edit]
Solomon Islands
[edit]
Papua New Guinea
[edit]
  • 8 August 2033: Cross of Valour of the Order of Valour
  • 8 August 2033: Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu
  • 8 August 2033: Companion of the Order of the Star of Melanesia
Tuvalu
[edit]
Vanuatu
[edit]
  • 8 August 2033: Badge of Honour of the Order of Vanuatu

All Medals and Honours

[edit]

Campaign medals of the United Kingdom

[edit]

German Empire Orders

[edit]
Orders from the Kingdom of Prussia and German Empire
[edit]
Orders from the Kingdom of Bavaria
[edit]
Orders from the Kingdom of Württemberg
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Orders from the Kingdom of Saxony
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Orders Grand Duchy of Baden
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Orders Grand Duchy of Hesse
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Orders Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin & Mecklenburg-Strelitz
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Orders Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
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Orders Duchy of Brunswick
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Orders Duchy of Anhalt
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Orders Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
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Orders Duchies of Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Saxe-Meiningen
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Orders of the Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Principality of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
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  • Bene merenti Order: 10 June 2036
Order of the Principality of Lippe-Detmold
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Orders of the Principalities of Reuss
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Orders of the Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
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German Empire Campaign Medals

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Other countries orders

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austria

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[File:Keten van de Leopoldsorde Oostenrijk.jpg|294x294px]] | AUT KuK Kriegsbande BAR.svg

belgium

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greece

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netherlands

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Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Knight Grand Cross.svg

portugal

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denmark

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italy

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two sicilies

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norway

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montenegro

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romania

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bulgaria

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Орден за Храброст втора степен пластинка.svg

spain

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Order of the Golden Fleece

sweden

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russia

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RUS Order White Eagle BAR.png

serbia

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france

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Bibliography

[edit]
  • Bloch, Michael (1982). The Duke of Windsor's War. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-77947-8.
  • Bradford, Sarah (1989). King George VI. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-79667-4.
  • Donaldson, Frances (1974). Edward VIII. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-76787-9.
  • Godfrey, Rupert (editor) (1998). Letters From a Prince: Edward to Mrs Freda Dudley Ward 1918–1921. Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 0-7515-2590-1.
  • Parker, John (1988). King of Fools. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-02598-X.
  • Pimlott, Ben (2001). The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-255494-1.
  • Pope-Hennessy, James (2018). The Quest for Queen Mary. Edited and with text by Hugo Vickers. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-1529330625.
  • Roberts, Andrew; edited by Antonia Fraser (2000). The House of Windsor. London: Cassell and Co. ISBN 0-304-35406-6.
  • Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John (1958). King George VI. London: Macmillan.
  • Williams, Susan (2003). The People's King: The True Story of the Abdication. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9573-2.
  • Windsor, The Duke of (1951). A King's Story. London: Cassell and Co.
  • Ziegler, Philip (1991). King Edward VIII: The official biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-57730-2.
[edit]
Deb0naire7/sandbox
Cadet branch of the House of Wettin
Born: 23 June 1894 Died: 28 May 1972
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of the United Kingdom and the
British Dominions; Emperor of India
20 January – 11 December 1936 		Succeeded by
British royalty
Preceded by Prince of Wales
Duke of Cornwall; Duke of Rothesay
1910–1936 		Vacant
Title next held by
Charles (III)
Government offices
Preceded by Governor of the Bahamas
1940–1945 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Vacant
Title last held by
The Prince of Wales 		Grand Master of the Order of St Michael and St George
1917–1936 		Succeeded by
New title Grand Master of the Order of the British Empire
1917–1936 		Succeeded by
Air Commodore-in-Chief of the Auxiliary Air Force
1932–1936 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
New office Chancellor of the University of Cape Town
1918–1936 		Succeeded by



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  1. ^ The instrument of abdication was signed on 10 December, and given legislative form by His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 the following day. The parliament of the Union of South Africa retroactively approved the abdication with effect from 10 December, and the Irish Free State recognised the abdication on 12 December.[1]
  2. ^ Includes FA Cup, Copa del Rey, Coppa Italia, DFB Pokal
  3. ^ Includes Carabao Cup
  4. ^ All appearances in UEFA Champions League, unless otherwise noted
  5. ^ Includes UEFA Super Cup, FIFA Club World Cup, FA Community Shield, Supercups
  6. ^ The title was named the WWF Championship during The Rock's first six reigns. It was known as the WWF Undisputed Championship during his seventh reign and as the WWE Championship during his eighth.
  7. ^ The title was renamed the World Championship during his second reign.
  8. ^ She had asked Alec Hardinge to write to Edward explaining that he could not be invited to his father's memorial.[124]
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