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Order of the Golden Fleece

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Not to be confused with the Golden Fleece Award.
For the French attempt to unify both branches of the Order of the Golden Fleece, see Order of the Three Golden Fleeces.
For a modern Georgian award, see Order of the Golden Fleece (Georgia).

  • Distinguished Order of the Golden Fleece
  • Insigne Orden del Toisón de Oro
  • Insigne Ordre de la Toison d'Or
  • Orden vom Goldenen Vlies
  • Insignes Ordo Velleris Aurei

Full set of Insignia of a knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece of Spain
Awarded by the King of Spain and
the Head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Established10 January 1430; 594 years ago (1430-01-10)
Motto
  • Pretium Laborum Non Vile
  • Non Aliud
StatusCurrently constituted
FounderPhilip III, Duke of Burgundy
Grand Masters
GradesKnight
Precedence
Next (higher)None
Next (lower)

Ribbon of the order

Philip III, Duke of Burgundy, with the collar of the order (portrait in c. 1450 by Rogier van der Weyden)

The Distinguished Order of the Golden Fleece (Spanish: Insigne Orden del Toisón de Oro,[1] German: Orden vom Goldenen Vlies) is a Catholic order of chivalry founded in 1430 in Bruges by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy,[2] to celebrate his marriage to Isabella of Portugal. Today, two branches of the order exist, namely the Spanish Fleece and the Austrian Fleece; the current grand masters are King Felipe VI of Spain and Karl von Habsburg, head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, respectively. The Grand Chaplain of the Austrian branch is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, Archbishop of Vienna.

The separation of the two existing branches took place as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession of 1701–1714. The grand master of the order, Charles II of Spain (a Habsburg), had died childless in 1700, and so the right to succeed to the throne of Spain (and thus to become the Sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece) initiated a global conflict. On one hand, Charles, brother of the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I, claimed the Spanish crown as an agnatic member of the House of Habsburg, which had inherited the Burgundian titles and had held the Spanish throne for almost two centuries. However, the late king of Spain had named Philip of Bourbon, his sister's grandchild, as his successor in his will. After the conclusion of the war in 1714, the European powers recognized Philip of Bourbon as King of Spain, and the old Burgundian Habsburg territories became part of the Austrian Netherlands (1714–1797). Thus the two dynasties, namely the Bourbons of Spain and the Habsburgs of Austria, have ever since continued heading the separate orders of the Golden Fleece.

The Golden Fleece, particularly the Spanish branch, became one of the most prestigious and historic orders of chivalry in the world.[3][4][5] De Bourgoing wrote in 1789 that "the number of knights of the Golden Fleece is very limited in Spain, and this is the order, which of all those in Europe, has best preserved its ancient splendour".[6] Each collar is solid gold and is estimated to be worth around €50,000 as of 2018, making it the most expensive chivalrous order.[7] Current knights of the Spanish order include Emperor Akihito of Japan, former Tsar Simeon of Bulgaria, and Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, amongst 13 others. Knights of the Austrian branch include 33 noblemen and princes of small territories in Central Europe, most of them of German or Austrian origin.

Origin

The order was founded by Philip the Good to celebrate his marriage to Portuguese princess Isabella of Avis.

The Order of the Golden Fleece was established on 10 January 1430, by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (on the occasion of his wedding to Isabella of Portugal), in celebration of the prosperous and wealthy domains united in his person that ran from Flanders to Switzerland.[8] The jester and dwarf Madame d'Or performed at the creation of the order of the Golden Fleece in Bruges.[9] It is restricted to a limited number of knights, initially 24 but increased to 30 in 1433, and 50 in 1516, plus the sovereign.[10] The order's first king of arms was Jean Le Fèvre de Saint-Remy.[11] It received further privileges unusual to any order of knighthood: the sovereign undertook to consult the order before going to war; all disputes between the knights were to be settled by the order; at each chapter the deeds of each knight were held in review, and punishments and admonitions were dealt out to offenders, and to this the sovereign was expressly subject; the knights could claim as of right to be tried by their fellows on charges of rebellion, heresy and treason, and Charles V conferred on the order exclusive jurisdiction over all crimes committed by the knights; the arrest of the offender had to be by warrant signed by at least six knights, and during the process of charge and trial he remained not in prison but in the gentle custody of his fellow knights.[2] The order, conceived in an ecclesiastical spirit in which mass and obsequies were prominent and the knights were seated in choirstalls like canons,[12] was explicitly denied to heretics, and so became an exclusively Catholic honour during the Reformation. The officers of the order were the chancellor, the treasurer, the registrar, and the king of arms (herald, toison d'or).

Baudouin de Lannoy, c. 1435, one of the first knights of the Golden Fleece, inducted in 1430
The Marquis of Trazengnies with the Insignia, funeral of Albert VII of Austria

The Duke's stated reason for founding this institution had been given in a proclamation issued following his marriage, in which he wrote that he had done so "for the reverence of God and the maintenance of our Christian Faith, and to honor and exalt the noble order of knighthood, and also ... to do honor to old knights; ... so that those who are at present still capable and strong of body and do each day the deeds pertaining to chivalry shall have cause to continue from good to better; and ... so that those knights and gentlemen who shall see worn the order ... should honor those who wear it, and be encouraged to employ themselves in noble deeds ...".[13]

The Order of the Golden Fleece was defended from possible accusations of prideful pomp by the Burgundian court poet Michault Taillevent, who asserted that it was instituted:

Non point pour jeu ne pour esbatement,
Mais à la fin que soit attribuée
Loenge à Dieu trestout premièrement
Et aux bons gloire et haulte renommée.

Translated into English:[14]

Not for amusement nor for recreation,
But for the purpose that praise shall be given
To God, in the very first place,
And to the good, glory and high renown.

The choice of the Golden Fleece of Colchis as the symbol of a Christian order caused some controversy, not so much because of its pagan context, which could be incorporated in chivalric ideals, as in the Nine Worthies, but because the feats of Jason, familiar to all, were not without causes of reproach, expressed in anti-Burgundian terms by Alain Chartier in his Ballade de Fougères referring to Jason as "Who, to carry off the fleece of Colchis, was willing to commit perjury."[15] The bishop of Châlons, chancellor of the order, identified it instead with the fleece of Gideon that received the dew of Heaven (Judges 6:37).[16]

The badge of the order, in the form of a sheepskin, was suspended from a jewelled collar of firesteels in the shape of the letter B, for Burgundy, linked by flints; with the motto Pretium Laborum Non Vile ('No Mean Reward for Labours')[17] engraved on the front of the central link, and Philip's motto Non Aliud ('I will have no other') on the back (non-royal knights of the Golden Fleece were forbidden to belong to any other order of knighthood).

Choir at the Cathedral of Barcelona with the arms of the knights of the order in the 1519 chapter. From left to right, Fadrique Enríquez de Velasco, the dukes of Cardona, Béjar, Infantado and Alba followed by others[18]

During this time, the Burgundian court was culturally leading in Europe and so the new order, with its festivals, ceremonies, rituals and constitution, was seen by many as a role model in the sense of a princely order based on the ideals of Christian chivalry. Aid to the Byzantine Empire or the pushing back of the Ottomans was repeatedly promoted by the Burgundian dukes in connection with their order. The Burgundian fleet actually crossed Rhodes and the Black Sea, but all of the ideas came from an extended planning phase that was not yet complete.[19][20] After the death of Charles the Bold in an attempt to conquer the Duchy of Lorraine caused the extinction of the House of Burgundy in 1477, the order passed to the House of Habsburg.[21] A few months after his marriage to the heiress Mary of Burgundy, Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg was knighted in Bruges on April 30, 1478, and then appointed sovereign (grand master) of the order. All renegade or disloyal knights of the order in the course of the subsequent War of the Burgundian Succession were expelled from the order by Maximilian. The memory of the dead was erased and their coats of arms were broken.[22]

Roll of arms of the knights of the Golden Fleece. Made in the first half of the 16th century.[23]

From Emperor Charles V or King Philip II of Spain, the sovereign was on the one hand the head of the Spanish line of the Habsburgs and on the other hand also king of Spain. Charles V was appointed head of the order at the age of 9 and identified himself strongly with this community throughout his life. The ideal of chivalrous and brave living was brought to him by William de Croÿ.[24] When in 1700 Charles II of Spain died childless, both the Habsburgs from the Habsburg lands and the Bourbons, as the new kings of Spain, claimed sovereignty of the order. Both noble houses basically invoked their claims regarding the Spanish crown. The House of Habsburg's claim relied on Article 65 of the Statutes.[25] Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI was able to claim sovereignty of the Netherlands, the Burgundian heartland, during the War of the Spanish Succession and thus he could celebrate the order's festival in Vienna in 1713. As with Maximilian I or Charles V, the order was again closely associated with the Holy Roman Empire. Regardless of this, the order was divided into two lines. The Habsburg order owns the archive and the old insignia and adheres more to the original statutes.[26]

Spanish order

The Duke of Wellington wearing the Spanish Fleece in 1820
Prince Albert wearing the Spanish Fleece in 1842 (portrait by Franz Xaver Winterhalter)

With the absorption of the Burgundian lands into the Spanish Habsburg empire, the sovereignty of the order passed to the Habsburg kings of Spain, where it remained until the death of the last of the Spanish Habsburgs, Charles II, in 1700. He was succeeded as king by Philip V, a Bourbon. The dispute between Philip and the Habsburg pretender to the Spanish throne, the Archduke Charles, led to the War of the Spanish Succession, and also resulted in the division of the order into Spanish and Austrian branches. In either case the sovereign, as Duke of Burgundy, writes the letter of appointment in French.

The controversial conferral of the Fleece on Napoleon and his brother Joseph, while Spain was occupied by French troops, angered the exiled king of France, Louis XVIII, and caused him to return his collar in protest. These, and other awards by Joseph, were revoked by King Ferdinand on the restoration of Bourbon rule in 1813. Napoleon created by Order of 15 August 1809 the Order of the Three Golden Fleeces, in view of his sovereignty over Austria, Spain and Burgundy. This was opposed by Joseph I of Spain and appointments to the new order were never made.[27]

In 1812, the acting government of Spain conferred the Fleece upon the Duke of Wellington, an act confirmed by Ferdinand on his resumption of power, with the approval of Pope Pius VII. Wellington therefore became the first Protestant to be honoured with the Golden Fleece. It has subsequently also been conferred upon non-Christians, such as Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand.

There was another crisis in 1833 when Isabella II became Queen of Spain in defiance of Salic Law that did not allow women to become heads of state. Her right to confer the Fleece was challenged by Spanish Carlists.[citation needed]

Sovereignty remained with the head of the Spanish House of Bourbon during the republican (1931–1939) and Francoist (1939–1975) periods, and is held today by the present king of Spain, Felipe VI. There is confusion towards the conferral of the Fleece on Francisco Franco in 1972. The order was illegally offered by Infante Jaime to him on the occasion of his son's wedding to the dictator's granddaughter, Carmen. Franco kindly refused the order on the basis of legitimacy and primogeniture, stating that the Golden Fleece could only be granted by the reigning king of Spain. Moreover, the right of conferral was in any case a prerogative of Jaime's younger brother, Infante Juan, as designated heir to the throne of Spain by his father Alfonso XIII.[28][29][30]

Knights of the order are entitled to be addressed with the style His/Her Excellency in front of their name.[31]

Emperor Pedro II of Brazil wearing the Spanish Fleece in 1838

Grand Masters of the Order

Louis XV of France wearing the Spanish Fleece in 1773

Living members

Below a list of the names of the living knights and ladies, in chronologic order and, within parentheses, the year when they were inducted into the order:

  1. Juan Carlos I of Spain (1941) – former sovereign of the order as king of Spain from 1975 to 2014.
  2. Felipe VI of Spain (1981) – as reigning king of Spain, sovereign of the order since 2014 after his father abdicated his rights to him.
  3. Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden (1983)[32]
  4. Akihito (1985),[33] as Crown Prince, later Emperor (1989-2019), and since 2019 Emperor Emeritus of Japan
  5. Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands (1985),[34] as Queen of the Netherlands (1980-2013)
  6. Margrethe II of Denmark (1985),[35] former Queen of Denmark (1972-2024)
  7. Albert II of Belgium (1994),[36] former King of the Belgians (1993-2013)
  8. Harald V of Norway (1995)[37]
  9. Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (2004), former Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria, 1943–1946, and former prime minister of the Republic of Bulgaria, 2001–2005 [38]
  10. Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (2007)[39]
  11. Javier Solana (2010)[40]
  12. Víctor García de la Concha (2010)[41]
  13. Nicolas Sarkozy, former president of the French Republic and Co-Prince of Andorra, 2007–2012 (2011) [42][43]
  14. Enrique V. Iglesias (2014)[44]
  15. Leonor, Princess of Asturias (2015,[45] presented 2018[46])

Armorial of the Spanish Golden Fleece

Austrian (Habsburg) order

Imperial Coat of Arms of the Austro-Hungarian Empire with the Golden Fleece
Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, as grand master of the Austrian branch
Gala uniform of Emperor Franz Joseph, with the insigna around the neck
Potence or neck collar of the king of arms to the order

The Austrian order did not suffer from the political difficulties of the Spanish, remaining (with the exception of the British prince regent, later George IV) an honour solely for Catholic royalty and nobility. The problem of female inheritance was avoided on the accession of Maria Theresa in 1740, as sovereignty of the order passed not to herself but to her husband, Francis.

The entire treasure of the order, which also includes the "Ainkhürn sword" of the last duke of Burgundy and the centuries-old oath cross, which contains a cross splinter of the True Cross, is located in the Vienna Treasury and, like the archive and the old insignia, is the property of the Habsburg branch.[47]

Upon the collapse of the Austrian monarchy after the First World War, King Albert I of Belgium requested that the sovereignty and treasure of the order be transferred to him as the ruler of the former Habsburg lands of Burgundy. This claim was seriously considered by the victorious Allies at Versailles but was eventually rejected due to the intervention of King Alfonso XIII of Spain, who took possession of the property of the order on behalf of the dethroned emperor, Charles I of Austria.

Nazi Germany classified the order as hostile to the state and tried to confiscate the entire treasure of the order including the archive. Hitler categorically rejected the centuries-old Habsburg principles of "live and let live" in relation to ethnic groups, peoples, minorities, religions, cultures and languages, and also wanted to seize significant works of art that are unique worldwide. Hitler intended to decide on the use of the assets after they had been confiscated.[48][49][50] After the annexation of Austria in 1938, Max von Hohenberg, Habsburg representative in the affairs of the order, was immediately sent to a concentration camp.[51]

After the Second World War in 1953, the Republic of Austria continued to confirm to the House of Habsburg the right to the Order on its territory, in particular that the Order has its own legal personality. As a result, the order itself remains the owner of the treasure and the archive.[52] The historically and artistically extremely valuable treasure from the early days of the order includes the oath cross from 1401/02, the golden collar of office for the herald (1517), collars of the order (approx. 1560), vestments and historical relics.[53]

Sovereignty of the Austrian branch remains with the head of the House of Habsburg, which was handed over on 20 November 2000 by Otto von Habsburg to his elder son, Karl von Habsburg.[54]

November 30 (feast day of St. Andrew the Apostle, patron saint of Burgundy) is the day of the order, when new members are accepted into the order. The extremely valuable treasures are in the Vienna Treasury and in the Austrian State Archives. To date, the new knights and officers take the oath in front of the so-called "oath cross", which is kept in the treasury in Vienna. It is a simply designed golden cross set with precious stones (sapphires, rubies and pearls). In the central part of the cross there is a splinter of the Holy Cross, which makes it a relic cross.[55]

Grand Masters of the Order

Living members

Below a list of the names of the known living knights, followed in parentheses by the date, when known, of their induction into the order:

Officers

Chapters of the order

Number Date City Temple Sovereign/Grand Master
I 30 November 1431 Lille Saint-Pierre's Collegiate Church Philip III of Burgundy
II 30 November 1432 Bruges St. Donatian's Cathedral Philip III of Burgundy
III 30 November 1433 Dijon Sainte-Chapelle Philip III of Burgundy
IV 30 November 1435 Brussels Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula Philip III of Burgundy
V 30 November 1436 Lille Saint-Pierre's Collegiate Church Philip III of Burgundy
VI 30 November 1440 Saint-Omer Abbey of Saint Bertin Philip III of Burgundy
VII 30 November 1445 Ghent Saint Bavo Cathedral Philip III of Burgundy
VIII 2 May 1451 Mons Sainte-Waudru's Collegiate Church Philip III of Burgundy
IX 2 May 1456 The Hague Grote of Sint-Jacobskerk Philip III of Burgundy
X 2 May 1461 Saint-Omer Abbey of Saint Bertin Philip III of Burgundy
XI 2 May 1468 Bruges Church of Our Lady Charles I of Burgundy
XII 2 May 1473 Valenciennes St. Paul 's Church Charles I of Burgundy
XIII 30 April 1478 Bruges St. Salvator's Cathedral Maximilian of Austria (regent of the order)
XIV 6 May 1481 's-Hertogenbosch St. John's Cathedral Maximilian of Austria
XV 24 May 1491 Mechelen St. Rumbold's Cathedral Philip I of Castile
XVI 17 January 1501 Brussels Chapel of the Carmelite Convent Philip I of Castile
XVII 17 December 1505 Middelburg Philip I of Castile
XVIII October 1516 Brussels Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula Charles I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor)
XIX 5–8 March 1519 Barcelona Cathedral of the Holy Cross and St. Eulalia Charles I of Spain
XX 3 December 1531 Tournai Cathedral of Our Lady Charles I of Spain
XXI 2 January 1546 Utrecht St. Martin's Cathedral Charles I of Spain
XXII 26 January 1555 Antwerp Cathedral of Our Lady Philip II of Spain
XXIII 29 July 1559 Ghent Saint Bavo Cathedral Philip II of Spain

Source: Livre du toison d'or, online, fols. 4r-66r

Insignia

  • Collar (Spanish and Austrian branches)
    Collar (Spanish and Austrian branches)
Spanish branch Austrian branch
Sovereign's Neck Insignia Neck and Lapel Insignia Neck Insignia

Privileges

Knights of the order enjoy a variation of privileges. Some privileges are shared, while others differ due to split of the order in 1700 and they henceforth developed their own characteristic. The Spanish order has developed into a state order of merit, while the Austrian order has remained a Catholic order of knighthood with a strong bond of brotherhood.

Heraldry

Jean-Baptiste Christyn (1630 - 1690) records and codifies the heraldic privilege of golden helmets during his time as Chancellor of Brabant (1687 - 1690). He was considered a leading authority on heraldic law in the Habsburg Netherlands by contemporaries. In his work Jurisprudentia heroica (part 2, page 19) he remarks:

Latin English
§4 §4
De aurea quoque galea, quæ undequaque auro illinita eft, & gemmis nitens, ut Cæfarum Regumque capita obtegere folet, quorum non eſt ——— PLEBEIA conectus CASSIDE vultus. fupra ad primum hujus Edicti articulum §. 82. differuimus, eumque folis fupremis Principibus, aut fi non fit recto obtutu, Aurei Velleris Equitibus, & iis, qui titulo particulari eatenus muniti ſunt, propriam effe afferuimus. Et hocitidem in Gallia obtinere vult Moreau Traité des Armoiries de France cap. 5. Philib. Monet Origine & Pratique des Armoiries, quod & affirmat Silveſter à Petra Sancta d.l. cap.70. Also of the golden helmet, which is on every side gilded with gold, and glittering with jewels, to cover the heads of Caepha and Kings, whose countenance is not ——— in accordance with the first article of this Edict § 82. We postponed it, and with the folly of the noblest princes, or if it was not done properly, the Knights of the Golden Fleece, and to those who had hitherto been protected by a particular title, we brought a proper one. And immediately Moreau wishes to obtain in France the Traité des Armoiries de France chap. 5. Phil. He mentions the Origin and Practice of Armories, which Silvester at Petra Sancta d.l. chapter 70
§5 §5
Licet itaque Principi, quando ei vifum fuerit, jus aureæ galeæ alicui concedere, atque ita Honorati à defenfione hujus Articuli excipiuntur in Claufula, sonder daer toe eenighen tittel oft recht te hebben: ita ut ii, quibus ea de re titulo vel jure proviſum eft, impunè hoc honore gaudeant, cujus rei unicum & recens exemplum fubnecto: It is therefore permissible for a prince, when he is alive, to grant the right of a golden helmet to someone, and thus those honored in the defense of this article are received in Claufula, without having any title or right to do so: so that those to whom it is provided by title or right may enjoy this honor without impunity, of which I have furnished a unique and recent example:
Mon Cousin. M‘ayant de la part des Roys, Heraults, & Pursuivants d‘armes esté presenté la Requeste cy-jointe, touchant les excés, qui se font au port & usage des armoiries, tymbres, titres, & autres marques d'honneur & de noblesse. J’ay bien voulu vous la remettre, afm d'y pourvoir, en conformité de vos instructions, pour le gouvernement de mes pays de par de là, & selon les Placcarts sur ce emanez, lesquels n'operent pas au regard de ceux, estants munis de titres suffisants, ainsi que j'ay accordé nouvellement à Messire SIMON FIERLANTS en confideration de ses services, & de la qualité de sa charge de Conseiller d'Estat pres de ma personne de pouvoir porter luy Sa posterité, L'HEAUME de ses armoiries D'OR, & autres marques d'honneur, comme par sa patente. Atant mon Cousin nostre Seigneur vous ait en sa fainte garde. De Madrid le 11. de May 1665. paraphé V. V. Signé Philippe: plus bas, Vecquer. A mon Cousin le Marquis de Castel-Rodrigo Gentilhomme de nostre Chambre, de nostre Conseil d'Estat, nostre Conseil d'Estat, nostre Lieutenant, Gouverneur & Capitaine General de nos Pays-bas & de de Bourgogne.Sp My cousin. Having been presented to me on behalf of the Kings, Heraults, & Pursuivants of arms the attached Request, concerning the excesses, which are made in the wearing & use of coats of arms, stamps, titles, & other marks of honor & of nobility. I was kind enough to give it to you, in order to provide for it, in accordance with your instructions, for the government of my countries from there, & according to the Placcarts on this issue, which do not operate with regard to those, being provided with sufficient titles, as I have recently granted to Messire SIMON FIERLANTS in confidence of his services, & of the quality of his office of State Councilor near my person to be able to bring him His posterity, THE HELMET of his GOLD coat of arms, & other marks of honor, as by his patent. As my cousin, our Lord has you in his gentle guard. From Madrid on May 11, 1665. initialed V. V. Signed Philippe: below, Vecquer. To my Cousin the Marquis of Castel-Rodrigo Gentleman of our Chamber, of our Council of State, our Council of State, our Lieutenant, Governor & Captain General of our Netherlands & of Burgundy.Sp

The privilege of the golden helmets was based on the practices observed at the chapters of the order.

Coat of Arms with Golden Helmets
  • Escutcheon of Philip III, Philip The Good
    Escutcheon of Philip III, Philip The Good
  • Escutcheon of Claude de Vergy (1495-1560?)
    Escutcheon of Claude de Vergy (1495-1560?)
  • Escutcheon of Fernando Alvarez de Toledo
    Escutcheon of Fernando Alvarez de Toledo
  • Duc de Medina de Ryo Seco
    Duc de Medina de Ryo Seco
Selection of CoAs at the Sint-Baafskathedraal, Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium.

Form of Address

The bond of knights within the brotherhood was enforced with the privilege to address each other in writing and when greeting one and another in person with “Mon Cousin”.

Holy Mass and Altar

Pope Pius X reestablished in 1913 the privilege that Knights of the Austrian Order of the Golden Fleece have the right to deem a location as worthy for holding a Holy Mass. The celebration of a Holy Mass on non sacred ground, e.g. at home, is usually only possible with the permission of the local bishop. Knights may do so without asking for permission.

A derivative privilege from the above mentioned right is the possibility to posses and use a personal, portable altar. This enables a knight to raise an altar wherever he deems it suitable in order to hold a Holy Mass.

The origin of this privilege stems from the middle-age and annulled right to hold the Holy Mass at the sick-bed of a knight.

See also

References

  1. ^ Vellus aureum Burgundo-Austriacum sive Augusti et ordinis torquatorum aurei velleris equitum ... relatio historiaca. Ed.I., Antonius Kaschutnig, Paulus-Antonius Gundl
  2. ^ a b Weatherly, Cecil (1911). "Knighthood and Chivalry" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 851–867.
  3. ^ Boulton, D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre (2000) [1987]. "The Order of the Golden Fleece: Burgundy and the Netherlands 1430/1–present". The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe, 1325-1520 (2 ed.). Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 395–396. ISBN 9780851157955. Retrieved 15 August 2024. The very limitation on membership [...] combined with the policy of promoting the election of counts, princes, and even kings [...] gave the Order an immense international prestige [...] membership of the Order of the Golden Fleece came to be coveted and sought after by many princes of middle rank, and far from despised even by kings and emperors. The succession of the Orders fifth sovereign, Duke Charles II, to the thrones of the Spains and the Sicilies in 1516 removed the difficulties that had inevitably arisen from the fact that the head of the Order was a mere duke, for thenceforth its Sovereigns were not only kings but kings of many rich kingdoms. That Charles even as Emperor Charles V continued to regard membership in the Order as one of the highest dignities within his disposal is surely an indication of the esteem in which the [...] Order had come to be held by the time of his accession, as well as a sign of the continuing usefulness of the Order as a political instrument.
  4. ^ D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton (2000) [February 1987]. The knights of the crown: the monarchical orders of knighthood in later medieval Europe. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-45842-8.
  5. ^ Méndez, Daniel (18 February 2012). "Toisón de oro: el collar de los poderosos". XLSemanal.
  6. ^ Jean-François de Bourgoing, Travels in Spain: Containing a New, Accurate, and Comprehensive View of the Present State of that Country, G.G.J. and J. Robinson (London, 1789), p. 110
  7. ^ "Bandera, María: ¿Qué es el Toisón de Oro y quiénes lo han merecido?". COPE. 30 January 2018. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  8. ^ Gibbons, Rachel (2013). Exploring history 1400–1900: An anthology of primary sources. Manchester University Press. p. 65. ISBN 9781847792587. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  9. ^ The Anglo American. 1844. p. 610.
  10. ^ "Origins of the Golden Fleece". Antiquesatoz.com. September 8, 1953. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  11. ^ Buchon, Jean Alexandre (1838). Choix de chroniques et mémoires sur l'histoire de France: avec notices [Selection of chronicles and memoirs on the history of France: with notices] (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Auguste Desrez. pp. xi–xvi (11–16).
  12. ^ Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919) 1924:75.
  13. ^ Doulton, op. cit., pp. 360–361
  14. ^ Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (1924 [1919]), p. 75).
  15. ^ "qui pour emportrer la toison De Colcos se veult parjurer."
  16. ^ Huizinga 1924:77.
  17. ^ "Search object details". British Museum. February 22, 1994. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  18. ^ Ernest Berenguer Cebriá, De la Unión de Coronas al Imperio de Carlos V, Sociedad Estatal para la Conmemoración de los Centenarios de Felipe II y Carlos V, Universitat de Barcelona, Congreso Internacional (Madrid, 2001), p. 128
  19. ^ Hermann Kamp „Burgund – Geschichte und Kultur“ (2011), p. 82.
  20. ^ Johannes Fried „Das Mittelalter. Geschichte und Kultur.“ (2011), pp. 460, 512.
  21. ^ Johannes Fried „Das Mittelalter. Geschichte und Kultur“ (The middle age. History and culture. - German), 2011, p. 524.
  22. ^ Manfred Hollegger "Maximilian I." (2005), p. 59.
  23. ^ "Wapenrol van de ridders van het Gulden Vlies (fragment)". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 2020-08-27.
  24. ^ Luise Schorn-Schütte "Karl V." (2006), p. 12.
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Literature

  • Weltliche und Geistliche Schatzkammer. Bildführer. Kunsthistorischen Museum, Vienna. 1987. ISBN 3-7017-0499-6
  • Fillitz, Hermann. Die Schatzkammer in Wien: Symbole abendländischen Kaisertums. Vienna, 1986. ISBN 3-7017-0443-0
  • Fillitz, Hermann. Der Schatz des Ordens vom Goldenen Vlies. Vienna, 1988. ISBN 3-7017-0541-0
  • Boulton, D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre, 1987. The Knights of The Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe, 1325–1520, Woodbridge, Suffolk (Boydell Press), (revised edition 2000)
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