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3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine

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3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine
INN: Tenamfetamine
Clinical data
Other namesMDA; Tenamfetamine; Amphedoxamine; Sally; Sassafras; Sass-a-frass; Sass; Mellow Drug of America; Hug drug; Love; 3,4-Methylenedioxy-α-methylphenethylamine; 5-(2-Aminopropyl)-1,3-benzodioxole; EA-1298; NSC-9978; NSC-27106; SKF-5
Routes of
administration		By mouth, sublingual, insufflation, intravenous
Drug classEmpathogen–entactogen; Stimulant
ATC code
  • None
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
MetabolismHepatic (CYP extensively involved)
Duration of action6–8 hours
ExcretionRenal
Identifiers
  • 1-(2H-1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)propan-2-amine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.230.706 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC10H13NO2
Molar mass179.219 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • NC(C)CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)OCO2
  • InChI=1S/C10H13NO2/c1-7(11)4-8-2-3-9-10(5-8)13-6-12-9/h2-3,5,7H,4,6,11H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:NGBBVGZWCFBOGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), sometimes referred to as “sass,” is an empathogen-entactogen, stimulant, and psychedelic drug of the amphetamine family that is encountered mainly as a recreational drug. In its pharmacology, MDA is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). In most countries, the drug is a controlled substance and its possession and sale are illegal.

MDA is rarely sought as a recreational drug compared to other amphetamines; however, it remains widely used due to it being a primary metabolite,[2] the product of hepatic N-dealkylation,[3] of MDMA. It is also a common adulterant of illicitly produced MDMA.[4][5]

Uses

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Medical

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MDA currently has no accepted medical use.

Recreational

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MDA is bought, sold, and used as a recreational drug due to its enhancement of mood and empathy.[6] A recreational dose of MDA is sometimes cited as being between 100 and 160 mg.[7]

Overdose

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Symptoms of acute toxicity may include agitation, sweating, increased blood pressure and heart rate, dramatic increase in body temperature, convulsions, and death. Death is usually caused by cardiac effects and subsequent hemorrhaging in the brain (stroke).[8][medical citation needed]

Pharmacology

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Pharmacodynamics

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Activities of MDA
Target Affinity (Ki, nM)
SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter 5,600–>10,000 (Ki)
478–4,900 (IC50Tooltip half-maximal inhibitory concentration)
160–162 (EC50Tooltip Half-maximal effective concentration) (rat)
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter 13,000 (Ki)
150–420 (IC50)
47–108 (EC50) (rat)
DATTooltip Dopamine transporter >26,000 (Ki)
890–20,500 (IC50)
106–190 (EC50) (rat)
5-HT1A 3,762–>10,000
5-HT1B >10,000
5-HT1D >10,000
5-HT1E >10,000
5-HT1F ND
5-HT2A 3,200–>10,000 (Ki)
630–1,767 (EC50)
57–99% (EmaxTooltip maximal efficacy)
5-HT2B 91–100 (Ki)
190–850 (EC50)
51–80% (Emax)
5-HT2C 3,000–6,418 (Ki)
98–4,800 (EC50)
79–118% (Emax)
5-HT3 >10,000
5-HT4 ND
5-HT5A >10,000
5-HT6 >10,000
5-HT7 3,548
α1A 8,700–>10,000
α1B >10,000
α1D ND
α2A 1,100–2,600
α2B 690
α2C 229
β1, β2 >10,000
D1–D5 >10,000–>20,000
H1–H4 >10,000–>13,000
M1–M5 ND
nACh ND
TAAR1 220–250 (Ki) (rat)
160–180 (Ki) (mouse)
3,600 (EC50) (human)
11% (Emax) (human)
I1 >10,000
σ1, σ2 ND
Notes: The smaller the value, the more avidly the drug binds to the site. Proteins are human unless otherwise specified. Refs: [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

MDA is a substrate of the serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and vesicular monoamine transporters, as well as a TAAR1 agonist,[19] and for these reasons acts as a reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine (that is, it is an SNDRATooltip serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent).[20] It is also an agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A,[21] 5-HT2B,[22] and 5-HT2C receptors[23] and shows affinity for the α2A-, α2B-, and α2C-adrenergic receptors and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptors.[24]

The (S)-optical isomer of MDA is more potent than the (R)-optical isomer as a psychostimulant, possessing greater affinity for the three monoamine transporters.

In terms of the subjective and behavioral effects of MDA, it is thought that serotonin release is required for its empathogenic effects, dopamine release is required for its euphoriant (rewarding and addictive) effects, dopamine and norepinephrine release is required for its psychostimulant effects, and direct agonism of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor is required for its mild psychedelic effects.[medical citation needed]

Activities of MDMA, its enantiomers, and related compounds
Compound Monoamine release (EC50Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration, nM)
Serotonin Norepinephrine Dopamine
Amphetamine ND ND ND
  (S)-Amphetamine (d) 698–1,765 6.6–7.2 5.8–24.8
  (R)-Amphetamine (l) ND 9.5 27.7
Methamphetamine ND ND ND
  (S)-Methamphetamine (d) 736–1,292 12.3–13.8 8.5–24.5
  (R)-Methamphetamine (l) 4,640 28.5 416
MDA 160 108 190
  (S)-MDA (d) 100 50 98
  (R)-MDA (l) 310 290 900
MDMA 49.6–72 54.1–110 51.2–278
  (S)-MDMA (d) 74 136 142
  (R)-MDMA (l) 340 560 3,700
MDEA 47 2,608 622
MBDB 540 3,300 >100,000
MDAI 114 117 1,334
Notes: The smaller the value, the more strongly the compound produces the effect. Refs: [25][15][26][27][28][29][30][16]

Pharmacokinetics

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The duration of the drug has been reported to be about 6 to 8 hours.[7]

Chemistry

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MDA is a substituted methylenedioxylated phenethylamine and amphetamine derivative. In relation to other phenethylamines and amphetamines, it is the 3,4-methylenedioxy, α-methyl derivative of β-phenylethylamine, the 3,4-methylenedioxy derivative of amphetamine, and the N-desmethyl derivative of MDMA.

Synonyms

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In addition to 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, MDA is also known by other chemical synonyms such as the following:

  • α-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-β-phenylethylamine
  • 1-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propanamine
  • 1-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-propanamine

Synthesis

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MDA is typically synthesized from essential oils such as safrole or piperonal. Common approaches from these precursors include:

Synthesis of MDA and related analogs from safrole

Detection in body fluids

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MDA may be quantitated in blood, plasma or urine to monitor for use, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or a sudden death. Some drug abuse screening programs rely on hair, saliva, or sweat as specimens. Most commercial amphetamine immunoassay screening tests cross-react significantly with MDA and major metabolites of MDMA, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and separately measure each of these substances. The concentrations of MDA in the blood or urine of a person who has taken only MDMA are, in general, less than 10% those of the parent drug.[41][42][43]

Derivatives

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MDA constitutes part of the core structure of the β-adrenergic receptor agonist protokylol.

History

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MDA was first synthesized by Carl Mannich and W. Jacobsohn in 1910.[34] It was first ingested in July 1930 by Gordon Alles who later licensed the drug to Smith, Kline & French.[44] MDA was first used in animal tests in 1939, and human trials began in 1941 in the exploration of possible therapies for Parkinson's disease. From 1949 to 1957, more than five hundred human subjects were given MDA in an investigation of its potential use as an antidepressant and/or anorectic by Smith, Kline & French. The United States Army also experimented with the drug, code named EA-1298, while working to develop a truth drug or incapacitating agent. Harold Blauer died in January 1953 after being intravenously injected, without his knowledge or consent, with 450 mg of the drug as part of Project MKUltra. MDA was patented as an ataractic by Smith, Kline & French in 1960, and as an anorectic under the trade name "Amphedoxamine" in 1961. MDA began to appear on the recreational drug scene around 1963 to 1964. It was then inexpensive and readily available as a research chemical from several scientific supply houses. Several researchers, including Claudio Naranjo and Richard Yensen, have explored MDA in the field of psychotherapy.[45][46]

The International Nonproprietary Name (INN) tenamfetamine was recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1986.[47] It was recommended in the same published list in which the INN of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB), brolamfetamine, was recommended.[47] These events suggest that MDA and DOB were under development as potential pharmaceutical drugs at the time.[47]

Society and culture

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MDA as prepared for recreational use

Name

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When MDA was under development as a potential pharmaceutical drug, it was given the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) of tenamfetamine.[48]

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Australia

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MDA is schedule 9 prohibited substance under the Poisons Standards.[49] A schedule 9 substance is listed as a "Substances which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities."[49]

United States

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MDA is a Schedule I controlled substance in the US.

Research

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In 2010, the ability of MDA to invoke mystical experiences and alter vision in healthy volunteers was studied. The study concluded that MDA is a "potential tool to investigate mystical experiences and visual perception".[7]

A 2019 double-blind study administered both MDA and MDMA to healthy volunteers. The study found that MDA shared many properties with MDMA including entactogenic and stimulant effects, but generally lasted longer and produced greater increases in psychedelic-like effects like complex imagery, synesthesia, and spiritual experiences.[50]

Adverse effects

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MDA can produce serotonergic neurotoxic effects in rodents,[51][52] thought to be activated by initial metabolism of MDA.[3] In addition, MDA activates a response of the neuroglia, though this subsides after use.[51]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control]. Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 25 July 2023). 24 July 2023. Archived from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  2. ^ Crean RD, Davis SA, Von Huben SN, Lay CC, Katner SN, Taffe MA (October 2006). "Effects of (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and methamphetamine on temperature and activity in rhesus macaques". Neuroscience. 142 (2): 515–525. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.06.033. PMC 1853374. PMID 16876329.
  3. ^ a b de la Torre R, Farré M, Roset PN, Pizarro N, Abanades S, Segura M, et al. (April 2004). "Human pharmacology of MDMA: pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and disposition". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 26 (2): 137–144. doi:10.1097/00007691-200404000-00009. PMID 15228154.
  4. ^ "EcstasyData.org: Test Result Statistics: Substances by Year". EcstasyData.org. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  5. ^ "Trans European Drug Information". idpc.net. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  6. ^ Monte AP, Marona-Lewicka D, Cozzi NV, Nichols DE (November 1993). "Synthesis and pharmacological examination of benzofuran, indan, and tetralin analogues of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 36 (23): 3700–3706. doi:10.1021/jm00075a027. PMID 8246240.
  7. ^ a b c Baggott MJ, Siegrist JD, Galloway GP, Robertson LC, Coyle JR, Mendelson JE (December 2010). "Investigating the mechanisms of hallucinogen-induced visions using 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA): a randomized controlled trial in humans". PLOS ONE. 5 (12): e14074. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...514074B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014074. PMC 2996283. PMID 21152030.
  8. ^ Diaz J (1996). How Drugs Influence Behavior. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
  9. ^ "PDSP Database". UNC (in Zulu). Retrieved 13 December 2024.
  10. ^ Liu T. "BindingDB BDBM50005247 (+/-)2-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-1-methyl-ethylamine::(-)2-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-1-methyl-ethylamine::(R)-(-)-2-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-1-methyl-ethylamine::(S)-(+)-2-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-1-methyl-ethylamine::2-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-1-methyl-ethylamine::2-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-1-methyl-ethylamine((R)-(-)-MDA)::3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine::CHEMBL6731::MDA::MDA, (R,S)::MDA,R(-)::Tenamfetamine::methylenedioxyamphetamine". BindingDB. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
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