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Foreign relations of Serbia

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Foreign relations of Serbia are formulated and executed by the Government of Serbia through its Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Serbia established diplomatic relations with most world nations – 188 states in total – starting with the United Kingdom (1837) and ending most recently with Guyana (2024). Serbia has friendly relations with following neighboring countries: Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, and Hungary. It maintains colder, more tense relations with Albania and Croatia and to a lesser degree with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria due to historic nation-building conflict and differing political ideologies.

Former President of Serbia Boris Tadić referred to relations with the European Union (EU), United States, Russia, and China as the four pillars of Serbian foreign policy.[1]

Serbia is a member of the United Nations (UN), the International Criminal Court (ICC), the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Central European Initiative (CEI), the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank Group (WB), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the World Customs Organization (WCO), the Interpol, the International Organization for Standardization (IOS), International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRC), the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and a number of other international organizations.

History

Medieval Serbia

In the centuries prior to Ottoman rule in the country, medieval Serbian states established diplomatic relations with a number of states in Europe and the Mediterranean, particularly under the Nemanjić dynasty, during which time the Serbian Empire reached its greatest extent. Serbian envoys regularly embarked on missions to states near and far, typically in large entourages bearing gifts for the foreign courts. One such embassy to the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt arrived in Cairo bearing gifts including five hawks, five falcons, four silver cups, and an extravagantly ornamental sword. Serbian diplomats of the time were mostly drawn from two groups; those sent to the Catholic West primarily hailed from noble families from the coastal cities of the Adriatic Sea, such as Kotor, Dubrovnik, and Bar, and those sent to the Orthodox East were frequently members of the clergy, like Saint Sava. Typically the rulers of these states would provide dwellings for the envoys and their entourages, as well as transportation.[2]

Serbian Revolution and Autonomous Principality (1804–1878)

Main articles: Serbian Revolution and Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876-1878)

Serbia gained its partial independence from the Ottoman Empire in two uprisings in 1804 (led by Đorđe Petrović – Karađorđe) and 1815 (led by Miloš Obrenović), although Turkish troops continued to garrison the capital, Belgrade, until 1867. In 1817 the Principality of Serbia was granted de facto independence from the Ottoman Empire.[3] High officials in the Austro-Hungarian Empire lobbied for Ottoman approval of the liberal 1869 constitution for Serbia, which depended on the Porte for final approval. Vienna's strategy was that a liberal political system in Serbia would divert its impulse to foment nationalist unrest within its neighbors, and also delay its efforts to gain territory at the expense of the Ottoman Empire.[4]

Principality of Serbia (1878-1882) and Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918)

Main articles: Principality of Serbia and Kingdom of Serbia
Southern and Northern Serbia (Vojvodina) in 1848

The Autonomous Principality became an internationally recognized independent country following the Russo-Turkish War in 1878. Serbia remained a principality or kneževina (knjaževina) until 1882 when it became a Kingdom, during which the internal politics revolved largely around dynastic rivalry between the Obrenović and Karađorđević families.

In 1885, Serbia protested against the unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. The Serbian king, Milan Obrenovic´ (1854–1901), who needed to divert attention away from his domestic problems, demanded that Bulgaria cede some of its territory to Serbia. The Great Powers discouraged him, but he declared war on Bulgaria on November 13, 1885. The Serbo-Bulgarian War ended on March 3, 1886. The Serbian army crossed the lightly defended northwest border of Bulgaria aiming to seize Sofia, the Bulgarian capital. The Bulgarian defenders defeated the invaders and then invaded Serbia. Vienna brokered a peace that restored the old status quo. Serbian casualties totaled 6,800, about triple the 2,300 Bulgarian total. The defeat forced Obrenovic to abdicate in March 1889, and the Serbian crown passed to a regency in the name of his son Alexander (1876–1903).[5]

Serbia in late 19th and eraly 20th century had multiple national goals.[6][7][8] Serbian intellectuals dreamed of a South Slavic state—which in the 1920s became Yugoslavia. The large number of Serbs living in Bosnia looked to Serbia as the focus of their nationalism, but they were ruled by the Germans of the Austrian Empire. Austria's annexation of Bosnia in 1908 deeply alienated the Serbian peoples. Plotters swore revenge, which they achieved in 1914 by assassination of the Austrian heir.[9] Serbia was landlocked, and strongly felt the need for access to the Mediterranean, preferably through the Adriatic Sea. Austria worked hard to block Serbian access to the sea, for example by helping with the creation of Albania in 1912. Montenegro, Serbia's main ally, did have a small port, but Austrian territory intervened, blocking access until Serbia acquired Novi Pazar and part of Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire in 1913. To the south, Bulgaria blocked Serbian access to the Aegean Sea.[10] Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and Bulgaria formed the Balkan League and went to war with the Ottomans in 1912–1913. They won decisively and expelled that Empire from almost all of the Balkans.[11] The main remaining foe was Austria, which strongly rejected Pan-Slavism and Serbian nationalism and was ready to make war to end those threats.[12] Ethnic nationalism would doom the multicultural Austro-Hungarian Empire. Expansion of Serbia would block Austrian and German aspirations for direct rail connections to Constantinople and the Middle East. Serbia relied primarily on Russia for Great Power support but Russia was very hesitant at first to support Pan-Slavism, and counselled caution. However, in 1914 it reversed positions and promised military support to Serbia.[13]

World War I

Main article: Serbian campaign

The 28 June 1914 assassination of Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, by Gavrilo Princip, a pro-Serbian member of Young Bosnia served as the basis for the Austrian declaration of war on Serbia on 28 July 1914. Vienna acted despite Serbia's acceptance three days earlier of nearly all of Vienna's demands. Vienna was convinced that Serbia was behind the plot in an effort to destabilize the multi-nation empire.[14] The Austro-Hungarian army invaded Serbia capturing Belgrade on 2 December 1914, however the Serbian Army successfully defended the country, won several victories, and on 15 December 1914 recaptured Belgrade.[15]

On 28 July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Within days, long-standing mobilization plans went into effect to initiate invasions or guard against them and Russia, France and Britain stood arrayed against Austria and Germany. Austria-Hungary thought in terms of one small limited war involving just the two countries. It did not plan a wider war such as exploded in a matter of days and became the World War I.

British historian John Zametica argued that Austria-Hungary was primarily responsible for starting the war, as its leaders believed that a successful war against Serbia was the only way it could remain a Great Power, solve deep internal disputes caused by Hungarian demands, and regain influence in the Balkan states.[16] Others, most notably prof. Christopher Clark, have argued that Austria-Hungary, confronted with a Serbia that seemed determined to incite continual unrest and ultimately acquire all of the "Serb" inhabited lands of the Monarchy (which, according to the Pan-Serb point of view included all of Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Hercegovina and some of the southern counties of the Hungary (roughly corresponding to today's Vojvodina), and whose military and government was intertwined with the irredentist terrorist group known as "The Black Hand", saw no practical alternative to the use of force in ending what amounted to subversion from Serbia directed at a large chunk of its territories. In this perspective, Austria-Hungary had little choice but to credibly threaten war and force Serbian submission if it wished to remain a Great Power.[17]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Serbia maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date[18]
1  United Kingdom 30 January 1837[19]
2  Russia 23 February 1838
3  France 18 January 1839[20]
4  Austria 1874
5  Bulgaria 18 January 1879
6  Greece 18 January 1879
7  Italy 18 January 1879
8  Romania 26 April 1879[21]
9  Turkey 1879
10  United States 14 October 1881
11  Japan 15 June 1882[22]
12  Portugal 14 November 1882[23]
13  Paraguay 17 February 1883
14  Belgium 15 March 1886[24]
15  Netherlands 26 April 1899[25]
16  Cuba 4 November 1902
17  Uruguay 19 February 1904
18  Honduras 20 February 1904
19  Nicaragua 23 February 1904
20  Egypt 1 February 1908[26]
21  Dominican Republic 1 March 1912
22  Albania 25 April 1914
23  Spain 14 October 1916[27][28]
24   Switzerland 1916
25  Norway 9 March 1917[29]
26  Denmark 19 October 1917[30]
27  Sweden 1 November 1917[31]
28  Czech Republic 9 January 1919[32]
29  Poland 19 September 1919[33]
–  Holy See 13 March 1920
30  Hungary June 1921
31  Argentina 29 February 1928
32  Finland 7 August 1929[34]
33  Iran 30 April 1937
34  Brazil 15 June 1938
35  Canada 30 May 1941
36  Lebanon 18 May 1946[35]
37  Mexico 28 May 1946
38  Syria 1946
39  Pakistan 15 May 1948
40  Israel 25 November 1948[36]
41  India 5 December 1948
42  North Korea 30 October 1950
43  Chile 2 November 1950
44  Myanmar 29 December 1950
45  Germany 8 December 1951[37]
46  Jordan 1951
47  New Zealand 1951
48  Venezuela 1 June 1951[38]
49  Ethiopia 4 March 1952[39]
50  Bolivia 1952
51  Costa Rica 1952[40]
52  Iceland 27 February 1953[41]
53  Panama 26 March 1953[42]
54  Indonesia 4 November 1954
55  Thailand 12 November 1954[43]
56  Afghanistan 30 December 1954
57  China 2 January 1955
58  Libya 2 October 1955[44]
59  Ecuador 10 January 1956[45]
60  Cambodia 15 July 1956
61  Sudan 13 September 1956[46]
62  Mongolia 20 November 1956
63  Luxembourg 1956
64  Vietnam 10 March 1957
65  Morocco 1 May 1957
66  Sri Lanka 14 October 1957
67  Yemen 28 December 1957[47]
68  Tunisia December 1957[48]
69  Iraq 23 July 1958[49]
70  Ghana 10 January 1959[50]
71  Liberia 15 September 1959[51]
72    Nepal 7 October 1959
73  Guinea 10 November 1959[52]
74  Central African Republic 1960[53]
75  Cyprus 7 October 1960
76  Somalia 8 September 1960[54]
77  Mali 4 November 1960[55]
78  Togo 7 November 1960[56]
79  Nigeria March 1961[57]
80  Senegal 31 May 1961[58]
81  Democratic Republic of the Congo 1961
82  Tanzania 9 December 1961[59]
83  Algeria 2 July 1962[26]
84  Benin 3 July 1962[60]
85  Laos 25 November 1962
86  Burundi 1962
87  Kuwait 7 May 1963
88  Uganda 31 July 1963[61]
89  Sierra Leone 25 September 1963[62]
90  Kenya 12 December 1963[63]
91  Republic of the Congo 28 March 1964
92  Mauritania 12 June 1964[64]
93  Zambia 23 October 1964[65]
94  Cameroon 1965
95  Gambia 1965
96  Chad 1966[66]
97  Australia 25 April 1966
98  Colombia 20 December 1966
99  Malaysia 4 May 1967[67]
100  Singapore 22 August 1967
101  Jamaica 13 October 1968[68]
102  Ivory Coast 15 June 1968[69]
103  Burkina Faso 8 July 1968[70]
104  Malta 6 January 1969
105  Peru 12 December 1969[71]
106  Equatorial Guinea 18 May 1970
107  Botswana 5 September 1970[72]
108  Mauritius 6 October 1970[73]
109  Madagascar 4 June 1971[74]
110  Rwanda 15 June 1971[75]
111  Bangladesh 22 January 1972[76]
112  Philippines 10 March 1972[77]
113  Niger 17 March 1972[78]
114  Lesotho 1972
115  Gabon 4 October 1973
116  Trinidad and Tobago 25 March 1974[79]
117  Oman 4 May 1974[80]
118  Guinea-Bissau 10 May 1974[81]
119  Maldives 1 March 1975
120  Mozambique 10 June 1975[82]
121  Angola 12 November 1975
122  Fiji 1976[83]
123  Papua New Guinea 21 May 1976
124  Suriname 9 July 1976
125  Seychelles 1 August 1976[84]
126  Comoros 24 November 1976
127  Cape Verde 1976
128  Barbados 15 November 1977[85]
129  Ireland 1977
130  Grenada 29 June 1978
131  Djibouti 11 July 1978
132  São Tomé and Príncipe 4 February 1979[86]
133  El Salvador 16 December 1979
134  Zimbabwe 1980
135  Haiti 20 January 1984[68]
136  Guatemala 4 February 1987[87]
137  Bahamas July 1988[88]
–  State of Palestine 5 April 1989[89]
138  Bahrain 18 August 1989[90]
139  Qatar 25 August 1989[91]
140  South Korea 27 December 1989
141  Namibia 21 March 1990[92]
142  Eswatini 1 June 1990
143  South Africa 2 April 1992[93]
144  Slovakia 1 January 1993[94]
145  Ukraine 15 April 1994
146  Armenia 8 July 1994
147  Belarus 15 November 1994
148  Uzbekistan 18 January 1995
149  Moldova 15 March 1995
150  Georgia 26 June 1995
151  Tajikistan 9 September 1995
152  North Macedonia 8 April 1996
153  Turkmenistan 26 August 1996
154  Croatia 9 September 1996
155  Kazakhstan 10 December 1996
156  Azerbaijan 21 August 1997
157  Malawi 13 February 1998
158  Kyrgyzstan 25 June 1998
159  Bosnia and Herzegovina 15 December 2000
160  Lithuania 22 December 2000[95]
161  Latvia 19 January 2001[40]
162  Estonia 9 February 2001[96]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 11 May 2001
163  Slovenia 9 December 2001[40]
164  San Marino 14 February 2002
165  Liechtenstein 4 April 2003
166  Montenegro 22 June 2006
167  United Arab Emirates 21 March 2007[40]
168  Andorra 1 June 2007
169  Monaco 12 June 2007[97]
170  Dominica 22 April 2010[40]
171  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 26 May 2011[40]
172  Brunei 5 December 2011[40]
173  Bhutan 9 December 2011[40]
174  South Sudan 3 January 2012
175  Eritrea 19 October 2012
176  Tonga 22 February 2013[98]
177  Saudi Arabia 17 April 2013[40]
178  Vanuatu 27 August 2018
179  Antigua and Barbuda 28 September 2018[40]
180  Saint Kitts and Nevis 6 November 2018
181  Palau 7 December 2018
182  Tuvalu 4 April 2019[40]
183  Belize 24 September 2019[40]
184  Nauru 25 September 2019
185  Saint Lucia 13 November 2019
186  Solomon Islands 20 December 2021
187  East Timor 20 December 2021[40]
188  Guyana 22 September 2024[99]
189  Marshall Islands 26 September 2024[100]

Serbia has not established diplomatic relations with  Federated States of Micronesia,  Kiribati, and  Samoa.

Multilateral relations

European Union

See also: Accession of Serbia to the European Union

Serbian foreign policy is focused on achieving the strategic goal of becoming a member state of the European Union (EU). Serbia officially applied for membership in the European Union in 2009, received a full candidate status in 2012 and started accession talks in 2014.[101][102][103] The European Commission considers accession possible by 2030. After initial popular support for country's entry, it has held unfavorable domestic approval with support weakening since 2014.[104] International support for their accession is similarly mixed with concerns over Serbia's claim over Kosovo, regional geopolitical tensions, foreign policy alignment with Russia, and domestic policies.[105][23]

NATO

See also: Serbia–NATO relations

Serbia proclaimed military neutrality in 2007.[106] The relationship between Serbia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has been regulated in the context of an Individual Partnership Action Plan. Serbia is the only state in the Southeastern Europe that is not seeking NATO membership, having been the target of a 1999 NATO bombing, but also due to the ensuing secession of and territorial dispute with Kosovo, as well as a close relationship with Russia.[107][108]

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Algeria 1962[109] See Algeria–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Algeria and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1962.
  • Algeria has an embassy in Belgrade.[110]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Algiers.[111]
 Angola 1975[112]

See Angola–Serbia relations

  • Angola has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Luanda.
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1961[113]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • The Minister of Foreign Affairs of DR Congo visited Belgrade in 2011 while the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Serbia visited Kinshasa in 2009.
 Republic of the Congo 1964[114]
  • Diplomatic relations between Republic of the Congo and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1964.
 Côte d'Ivoire 1968
  • Diplomatic relations between Côte d'Ivoire and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1968.
 Egypt 1908[115] See Egypt–Serbia relations
 Eswatini 1990[117]
  • Diplomatic relations between Eswatini and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1990, with a number of bilateral agreements being concluded and in force.[118]
 Ethiopia 1952 See Ethiopia–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Ethiopia and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1952.
  • Ethiopia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
  • Serbia has an embassy in Adis Abeba.
 Guinea 1958[119]
  • Guinea has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia is represented in Guinea through its embassy in Accra (Ghana).
 Guinea-Bissau 1975[120]
  • Diplomatic relations between Guinea-Bissau and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1975.
  • Guinea-Bissau supports Serbia's position regarding Kosovo, and prime minister Umaro Sissoco Embaló visited Belgrade in 2017.[121]
 Kenya 1963[122]
  • Kenya has the honorary consul in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Nairobi.
 Libya 1955[123] See Libya–Serbia relations
 Madagascar 1960[126]
  • Diplomatic relations between Madagascar and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1960, with a number of bilateral agreements being concluded and in force.[118]
 Mauritania 1966[127]
  • Mauritania is not represented in Serbia.
  • Serbia is represented in Mauritania through its embassy in Rabat (Morocco).[128]
 Morocco
  • Morocco has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Rabat.
 Nigeria 1960[129]
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Abuja as well as honorary consuls in Kano and Lagos.
 Seychelles 1977[130]
  • Diplomatic relations between Seychelles and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1977, with a number of bilateral agreements being concluded and in force.[131]
 Somalia 1960[132]

See Serbia–Somalia relations

  • Serbia is represented in Mauritania through its embassy in Nairobi (Kenya).
  • Somalia has an embassy in Belgrade.
 South Africa 1992[133]

See Serbia–South Africa relations

 Zambia 1964[135]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia is not represented in Serbia.
 Zimbabwe 1980[136]

See Serbia–Zimbabwe relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Harare.
  • Zimbabwe has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Zimbabwe sided with Serbia during the breakup of Yugoslavia. [137] President of Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe, who visited Belgrade in 1996, described Serbia in 2014 as Zimbabwe's only foreign ally.[138]

Americas

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Argentina 1928[139] See Argentina–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Argentina and Serbia (then part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) were established in 1928.
  • Argentina has an embassy in Belgrade.[140]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
 Bahamas 1988[141]
  • Diplomatic relations between Bahamas and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1988, with a number of bilateral agreements being concluded and in force.[142]
 Brazil 1938[143] See Brazil–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Brazil and Serbia (then as part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) were established in 1938.
  • Brazil has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Brasília.
 Canada 1941[144] See Canada–Serbia relations
 Chile 1935[149]
  • Diplomatic relations between Chile and Serbia (then as part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) were established in 1935; they were broken off on two occasions, in 1947 and 1973, and renewed in 1990; with a number of bilateral agreements concluded and in force.[150]
 Colombia 1966[151]
  • Diplomatic relations between Colombia and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1966 with a number of bilateral agreements concluded and in force.[152]
 Costa Rica 1952[153]
  • Diplomatic relations between Costa Rica and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1952 with a number of bilateral agreements concluded and in force.[154]
 Cuba 1902[155] See Cuba–Serbia relations
 Guyana 2024[158]
  • Diplomatic relations between Guyana and Serbia were established in 2024.
  • Serbia is represented in Guyana through its embassy in Washington, D.C. (United States).[159]
 Mexico 1946[160] See Mexico–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Mexico and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1946.
  • Mexico has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Mexico City.
 Panama 1953[161]
  • Diplomatic relations between Panama and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1953 with a number of bilateral agreements concluded and in force.[162]
 Peru 1967[163] See Peru–Serbia relations
 Trinidad and Tobago 1974[164]
  • Diplomatic relations between Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) and Trinidad and Tobago were established in 1974 with a number of bilateral agreements concluded and in force.[165]
 United States 1881[166] See Serbia–United States relations
 Uruguay 1950[170]
  • Diplomatic relations between Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) and Uruguay were established in 1950 with a number of bilateral agreements concluded and in force.[171]
 Venezuela 1951[172] See Serbia–Venezuela relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) and Venezuela were established in 1951 with a number of bilateral agreements concluded and in force.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Caracas.[173]
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • After the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez announced that Venezuela does not recognise Kosovo's independence on the grounds that it has been achieved through U.S. pressure and "that cannot be accepted - it's a very dangerous precedent for the entire world."[174]

Asia

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Afghanistan 1954[175]
  • Afghan foreign minister Zalmai Rassoul visited Belgrade in September 2011.
  • Bilateral trade between Serbia and Afghanistan reached 7.3 million euros during 2011.
 Armenia 1994[176] See Armenia–Serbia relations
  • Armenia and Serbia established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1994.
 Azerbaijan 1997[177] See Azerbaijan–Serbia relations
  • Azerbaijan and Serbia established diplomatic relations in 1997.
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Baku.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
 Brunei 2011[178]
  • Pengiran Muda Mohamed Bolkiah paid a visit to Belgrade in September 2011.
 Cambodia 1956[179]

See Cambodia–Serbia relations

 China 1955[180] See China–Serbia relations
  • Serbia has an embassy in Beijing and a general consulate in Shanghai.
  • China has an embassy in Belgrade and also maintains an office in Priština based on consent of the Government of Serbia from November 2006.

China has always traditionally had very warm and close relations with Belgrade since the establishing of diplomatic relations in 1955.[181]

 East Timor 2012[182]

Serbia is represented in Timor by its embassy in Jakarta.[183]

 Georgia 1995[184] [185]
  • Serbia is represented in Georgia through its embassy in Moscow
  • Georgia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Athens
  • Georgia strongly supports Serbia's stance on Kosovo[186]
  • Serbia supports Georgia's stance on South Ossetia[187]
 India 1948[188] See India–Serbia relations
 Indonesia 1954[191] See Indonesia–Serbia relations

Indonesia has very close relations with Serbia, especially within the fields of trade, culture and tourism. Indonesia has also voiced support for Serbia's territorial integrity over the Kosovo issue.[192]

 Iran 1937[193]

See Iran–Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Tehran and Iran has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has strong relations with Iran.
  • Serbia and Iran maintained a visa free regime from 2 September 2017 until 17 October 2018. This led to an increase in travel of Iranians to Serbia. The visa regime was reinstated by Serbia following complaints from European Union after a large number of Iranian visitors used visa free regime to come to Serbia and cross over to European Union countries illegally. Serbian citizens can still enter Iran obtaining a visa on arrival.
 Iraq 1958[194]

See Iraq–Serbia relations

  • Iraq has an embassy in Belgrade.[195]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Baghdad.[196]
 Israel 1948[197]

See Israel–Serbia relations

 Japan 1882[200] See Japan–Serbia relations
 Kazakhstan 1996[206]

See Kazakhstan–Serbia relations

 Kuwait 1963[208]
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Belgrade and Serbia has an embassy in Kuwait City.
  • Serbian companies have long had a presence in Kuwait. The iconic Kuwait Towers were commissioned by Energoprojekt, based in Belgrade.
  • Kuwait recently approved a 25 million Euro loan to Serbia to fund the construction of the Prokop railway station.[209]
  • Kuwait also received support from Serbia, under the former Yugoslavia, during the Iraqi invasion in 1990.
 Kyrgyzstan 1998[210]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1998.
  • In 2011, the total trade value amounted EUR 3,5 million.[211]
 Malaysia 1967[212]
  • Malaysia has an embassy in Belgrade and Serbia is represented in Malaysia by the embassy in Jakarta.
  • During the period January 2012 – September 2012, bilateral trade reached 27.5 million euros.
  • Dato' Sri Anifah Hj. Aman paid a visit to Belgrade in September 2011
  • According to the Embassy of Malaysia in Belgrade, there are 25 Malaysians living in Serbia.[213]
 Myanmar 1950[214] See Myanmar-Serbia relations
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1950.
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[215]
   Nepal 1959[216]

See Nepal–Serbia relations

  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1959.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[217]
 North Korea 1948[218] See North Korea–Serbia relations

Serbia maintains friendly relations with North Korea. Relations between the two countries started in 1948 under the Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito. Relations between the two countries are still strong in both political and military terms. The North Korean embassy to Serbia is accredited to Sofia, Bulgaria.

 Oman 1974[219]
  • Serbian foreign minister Vuk Jeremic paid a visit to Muscat in 2010.
 Pakistan 1948[220] See Pakistan–Serbia relations

Pakistan considers Serbia to be a very important country and that the relations between the two states are warm and friendly.[221]

 Palestine 1989[222] See Palestine–Serbia relations

Relations between Serbia and the State of Palestine have been very close and friendly. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was one of the first countries to recognize the State of Palestine on November 16, 1988, and its successor Serbia maintained close relations, favoring a Two-State solution. The Palestinian Authority for its part, has refused to recognize the independence of Kosovo.[223][224]

 Philippines 1972[225]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1972.
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[226]
  • Philippines has a consulate in Belgrade[227]
 Qatar 1989[228]
  • Qatar has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Doha.
 Saudi Arabia 2013[229]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Riyadh.
 Singapore 1967[230]

Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1967.

 South Korea 1989[231] See Serbia–South Korea relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between Република Србија Serbia and the Republic of Korea began on 27 December 1989.

  • Serbian embassy in Seoul.[232]
  • South Korean embassy in Belgrade.[233]
 Sri Lanka 1957[234]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1957.
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[235]
 Syria 1946[236]

See Serbia–Syria relations

 Tajikistan 1995[238]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1995.
  • In 2011, the total trade value amounted EUR 5,64 million.[239]
 Thailand 1954[240]
 Turkey 1879[242] See Serbia–Turkey relations
 United Arab Emirates 2007[243]

See Serbia–United Arab Emirates relations

 Vietnam 1957[245]

Europe

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Albania 1914[246] See Albania–Serbia relations
 Austria 1874[249] See Austria–Serbia relations
 Belarus 1994[254] See Belarus–Serbia relations
  • Serbia recognised Belarus in December 1991 and both countries established diplomatic relations in November 1994 and at the ambassadorial level in 1996.
  • Belarus has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Minsk.
 Belgium 1886[255]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2000[257] See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Serbia relations

Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Sarajevo and a consulate-general in Banja Luka. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA). Serbia is an official candidate and Bosnia-Herzegovina is recognized as potential candidate country by the European Union.

 Bulgaria 1879[258] See Bulgaria–Serbia relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Sofia.
 Croatia 1996[259] See Croatia–Serbia relations

The two countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1996. Croatia has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica. Serbia has an embassy in Zagreb and two general consulates (in Rijeka and Vukovar). There are around 200,000 people of Serbian descent living in Croatia and around 70,000 people of Croatian descent living in Serbia.

 Cyprus 1960[260] See Cyprus–Serbia relations
 Czech Republic 1918[262] See Czech Republic – Serbia relations
 Denmark 1917[264] See Denmark–Serbia relations
 Estonia 2001[265]
 Finland 1929[266] See Finland–Serbia relations
 France 1839[269] See France–Serbia relations
 Germany 1951[272] See Germany–Serbia relations
 Greece 1879[275] See Greece–Serbia relations
  • Greece has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Athens.

Friendly relations have played an important role in bilateral relations between the two nations, especially during the wars of the 1990s and the Balkans Campaign[276] in World War I. Due to the strong historical friendship and the deep cultural and religious ties between the two nations, Greece and Serbia enjoy historically, religiously and culturally close ties which are confirmed by a regular political dialogue. Greece is the top investor in Serbian economy[277] and during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Greece openly expressed its disapproval and polls revealed that 94% of the Greek population were completely opposed to the bombing.[278] The more dramatic event was a People's Tribunal of over a 10.000 people in Athens, Greece, where the Greek Supreme Court declared president Clinton and NATO leaders guilty of war crimes.[279]

 Holy See 1920[280] See Holy See–Serbia relations
 Hungary 1921[281] See Hungary–Serbia relations
 Iceland 2000[285]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 2000.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[286]
 Ireland 1977[287]
  • Diplomatic relations between Ireland and Yugoslavia were established in 1977.
  • Relations continued with Serbia since 2006.
 Italy 1879[288] See Italy–Serbia relations and Italy-Yugoslavia relations
Kosovo No diplomatic relations or recognition. See Kosovo–Serbia relations and International recognition of Kosovo

On 17 February 2008, representatives of the Assembly of Kosovo unilaterally declared Kosovo independence. Serbia, Russia, China, India, Greece, Mexico, Romania, Spain, Brazil, South Africa, and many others do not recognize Kosovo as an independent state. Serbia considers the declaration of Kosovo's independence illegal and has vowed to fight Kosovo's admission to international organizations. The Republic of Kosovo does not have membership status in the United Nations. As of 4 September 2020, 114 United Nations member states and some non UN members like the Republic of China, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Niue and the Cook Islands recognize Kosovo as an independent state, while the rest do not.

Serbia, in response to nations which have recognized Kosovo as an independent nation, has consistently recalled its ambassadors to these nations.[290]

 Latvia 1917[291]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1917.
  • Both countries have agreements on International Transport by Road and on Avoidance of Double Taxation with Respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital.[292]
 Lithuania 2000[293]
 Malta 1969[295] See Malta–Serbia relations
 Moldova 1995[297]
 Montenegro 2006[298] See Montenegro–Serbia relations

Montenegro has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Podgorica and a Consulate-General in Herceg Novi.

 Netherlands 1891[299] See Netherlands–Serbia relations
 North Macedonia 1996[302] See North Macedonia–Serbia relations

The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that was formed in 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics Montenegro and Serbia established diplomatic relations with the Republic of North Macedonia on 8 April 1996.[303] The establishment of bilateral relations has been done under North Macedonia's former constitutional name – Republic of Macedonia.[304] Serbia therefore was one of 125 countries in the world recognizing Macedonia under the former constitutional name.[305] North Macedonia has an embassy in Belgrade, while Serbia's embassy is located in Skopje.

 Norway 1917[306] See Norway–Serbia relations
 Poland 1919[310] See Poland–Serbia relations
 Portugal 1882[311] See Portugal–Serbia relations
 Romania 1879[312] See Romania–Serbia relations
  • Romania has an embassy in Belgrade, a general consulate in Vršac.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Bucharest, a general consulate in Timișoara.
 Russia 1838[313] See Russia–Serbia relations

Diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union were established on 24 June 1940, and Serbia and the Russian Federation recognize the continuity of all inter-State documents signed between the two countries. There are about 70 bilateral treaties, agreements and protocols signed in the past. Serbia and the Russian Federation have signed and ratified 43 bilateral agreements and treaties in diverse areas of mutual cooperation so far.[314]

 San Marino 2002[315] See San Marino–Serbia relations
 Slovakia 1918[316] See Serbia–Slovakia relations
 Slovenia 2000[319] See Serbia–Slovenia relations
 Spain 1916[322] See Serbia–Spain relations
 Sweden 1917[325] See Serbia–Sweden relations
  Switzerland 1916[327] See Serbia–Switzerland relations
 Ukraine 1994[332] See Serbia–Ukraine relations
  • Serbia recognized Ukraine in December 1991 by the decision on the recognition of the former republics of the Soviet Union.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Kyiv.
 United Kingdom 1837[333] See Serbia–United Kingdom relations

Oceania

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Australia 1966[336] See Australia–Serbia relations
 New Zealand 1951[339]
  • New Zealand is represented in Serbia through its embassy in The Hague (Netherlands).
  • Serbia is represented in New Zealand through its embassy in Canberra (Australia).
  • New Zealand and Serbia have four bilateral treaties in force including the most favoured nation treaty from 1960.[340]
  • According to the 2018 Census there were 1,284 people of Serbian descent living in New Zealand.[341]
 Palau 2018[342]

See also

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Further reading

  • Schevill, Ferdinand. History of the Balkans (1922) online
  • Stavrianos, L. S. The Balkans Since 1453 (1958), a comprehensive scholarly history
  • Trivanovitch, Vaso. "Serbia, Russia, and Austria during the Rule of Milan Obrenovich, 1868-78" Journal of Modern History (1931) 3#3 pp. 414–440 online
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