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Prehistoric sites in Serbia

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Main article: Prehistory of Southeastern Europe
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The best known cultural archaeological discoveries from the prehistoric period on the territory of modern-day Serbia are the Starčevo and Vinča cultures[1] dating back to 6400–6200 BC.

Serbia's strategic location between two continents has subjected it to invasions by many nations.

History

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The territory of present-day Serbia is situated in the central region of Balkan peninsula. It lies on one of the major migration routes connecting the Middle East with central Europe. Traces of human population in this area go back to at least to 400 000 (see Sićevo Gorge). Morava-Vardar corridor has seen regular waves of migrations throughout its history. It is one of the probable paths of original human expansion into Europe.

This region was home to several important Mesolithic and Paleolithic cultures. Some of the oldest traces of agriculture in Europe are found in this area. Its fertile river valleys are the probable conduit through which agriculture has spread from the Middle East and Asia minor to central Europe.

Archeological sites in present-day Serbia contain some of the earliest examples of metallurgy, especially copper processing.

During the Bronze Age this area has seen several large migrations of various Indo-European groups, some of whom become permanently settled. During the Iron Age lower Morava valley become a Celto-Thraco-Illyrian interaction zone.

The period of prehistory in this area ends with the advance of reliable Greek and later Roman written sources, especially after the area was incorporated into Roman empire as the province of Moesia.

Paleolithic

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Paleolithic archeological evidence from the territory of present-day Serbia remain surprisingly scarce.

Two skeletons of Mammoths have been found in Serbia, the first in Kikinda in 1996, the second in Viminacium (Kostolac), June 2009, 1,5 million year old (mammuthus meridionalis)[2][3] thus one of the oldest mammoths of Europe.

A fragment of a human jaw, was found in Sićevo (Mala Balanica) and believed to be up to 525,000–397,000 years old.[4][5][6] Many archaeological sites have been destroyed because of floodings.

Mesolithic

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Main article: Iron Gates culture

Lepenski Vir is a mesolithic archaeological site of the Iron Gates culture, near Donji Milanovac, dating to 7000 BC with the peak of culture in 5300–4800 BC. Numerous piscine sculptures and peculiar architecture are testimony to a rich social and religious life led by the inhabitants and the high cultural level of these early Europeans. It is assumed that the people of Lepenski Vir culture represent the descendants of the early European population of the Brno-Předmost hunter gatherer culture from the end of the last ice age. Archeological evidence of human habitation of the surrounding caves dates back to around 20,000 BC. The first settlement on the low plateau dates back to 7000 BC, a time when the climate became significantly warmer. Seven successive settlements were discovered on the Lepenski Vir site, with the remains of 136 residential and sacral buildings dating from 6500 to 5500 BC. Among other finds are the many characteristic sculptures, The sculptures can be separated into two distinct categories, one with simple geometric patterns and the other representing humanoid figures. The latter are the most interesting. All of these figural sculptures were modelled in a naturalistic and strongly expressionistic manner. Only the head and face of the human figures were modelled realistically, with strong brow arches, an elongated nose, and a wide, fish-like mouth. Hair, beard, arms and hands can be seen on some of the figures in a stylized form. Many fish-like features can be noticed. Along with the position which these sculptures had in the house shrine, they suggest a connection with river gods.

Neolithic

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Main articles: Starčevo culture, Körös culture, and Vinča culture
4500–4000 BC Vinča Household deity in clay

The Neolithic Starčevo and Vinča cultures existed in or near Belgrade and dominated the Balkans (as well as parts of Central Europe and Asia Minor) about 8,500 years ago.[7][8] Some scholars believe that the prehistoric Vinča signs represent one of the earliest known forms of Writing systems (dating to 6000–4000 BC).[9]

Some of the first evidence of human metallurgy was found, dated to the 5th and 6th millennium BC, in the Vinča culture archaeological sites such as Majdanpek, Jarmovac, Pločnik and Rudna Glava.[10]

The oldest copper axe in Europe was found at Prokuplje, that indicated that human use of metals (Metallurgy) started in Europe around 7,500 years ago (~5,500 BC in the Vincha culture) millennia earlier than Ötzi's axe (previously oldest metalworking)[11][12]

Bronze Age

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Main articles: Vučedol culture, Vatin culture, Coțofeni culture, and Brnjica culture

The start of Bronze Age in northern Serbia is marked by the Indo-European invasion, represented by Vučedol culture centered in the region of Syrmia. This culture has been linked with Proto-Illyrian and Mycenaean Greece.

Iron Age

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This period spans over a time from the end of the Bronze Age (start of the Iron Age) until the conquering of the Balkans in 168–75 BC (Roman Serbia). The Thracians, most notably Triballi dominated Serbia before the Illyrian migration in the southwest.[13] Greeks colonized the south in the 4th century BC, the northernmost point of the empire of Alexander the Great being the town of Kale.[14]

The tribes of Autariatae and the Celtic Scordisci are thought to have merged into one in the Lower Morava valley, Serbia, after 313 BC, since excavations show that the two groups made burials at the same exact grave field in Pecine, near Kostolac.[15] Nine graves of Autariatae dating to 4th century BC and scattered Autariatae and Celtic graves around these earlier graves show that the two groups mixed rather than made war[16] and this resulted in the lower Morava valley becoming a Celto-Thraco-Illyrian interaction zone.[17]

Tribal State of the Scordisci (Vatin culture).

In 279 BC, after the Gallic invasion of the Balkans, the Scordisci tribal state[18] was formed in Serbia. They took the strategic hill fort of Singidunum, modern Belgrade and built Taurunum (Zemun). They subjugated most of the tribes that came in their way, Illyrians, West Thracians and Paeonians and were at one time the most powerful tribe of the Balkans. From 141 BC and onwards they are fighting with the Romans, they are defeated in 135 BC, victorious in 118 BC against Sextus Pompey and again in 114 BC against Gaius Porcius Cato and then defeated in 107 BC, but are still holding a significant part of Pannonia. They invade Macedonia with the Dardani and Maedi, coming as far as Delphi, plundering the temple but are eventually defeated and driven across the Danube in 88 BC. There they are subjugated by the Dacians under Burebista in 56–50 BC, and finally, in 15 BC they are Roman subjects, beginning their Romanization.

In parts of Moesia (northeast Serbia) the Celtic Scordisci and Thracians lived besides each other, evident in the archeological findings of pits and treasures, spanning from 3rd to 1st centuries BC.[19]

Ancient tribes

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Pre-Roman

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Romanization

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Sites

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References

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  1. ^ "Seals, contracts and tokens in the Balkans Early Neolithic: where in the puzzle" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
  2. ^ "Blic Online in English | Culture & Showbiz | Vika is five million years old". Archived from the original on 2009-06-21. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
  3. ^ "Mammoth skeleton unearthed in Serbia". NBC News. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
  4. ^ Roksandic 2011, p. 186-196.
  5. ^ "Photo from Reuters Pictures - News, photos, topics, and quotes". Archived from the original on 2009-09-11. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
  6. ^ "B92 - News - Society - Million-year-old mammoth skeleton found". Archived from the original on 2009-06-07. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  7. ^ Nikola Tasić; Dragoslav Srejović; Bratislav Stojanović (1990). "Vinča and its Culture". In Vladislav Popović (ed.). Vinča: Centre of the Neolithic culture of the Danubian region. Smiljka Kjurin (translator). Archived from the original on 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2006-10-28.
  8. ^ "History (Ancient Period)". Official website. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
  9. ^ Kitson, Peter (1999). Year's Work in English Studies Volume 77. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-631-21293-5. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  10. ^ Radivojević, Miljana; Roberts, Benjamin W. (2021). "Early Balkan Metallurgy: Origins, Evolution and Society, 6200–3700 BC". Journal of World Prehistory. 34 (2): 195–278. doi:10.1007/s10963-021-09155-7. S2CID 237005605.
  11. ^ "Malachite finds in Vinča culture: evidence of early copper metallurgy in Serbia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-21. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  12. ^ "Ancient axe find suggests Copper Age began earlier than believed". Archived from the original on 2019-02-06. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  13. ^ IWilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, Page 85, "...the area [South Serbia] was originally populated with Thracians..."
  14. ^ Blic Online Kultura | Najseverniji grad Aleksandrovog carstva Archived 2009-08-21 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Jovanović 1984, 1985, 1991; Theodossiev 2000: 120-121, cat. no. 113 with full bibliography
  16. ^ Jovanović 1985, 1992
  17. ^ "CAORC | Programs" (PDF).
  18. ^ Skordisci: istorija i kultura, Jovan Todorović, Institut za izučavanje istorije Vojvodine, 1974, page 268.
  19. ^ "Funerary Practices in Europe, before and after the Roman Conquest (3 rd century BC-3rd century AD)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
  20. ^ "Prehistoric Serbia". Archived from the original on 2009-09-11. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
  21. ^ Vitezović, Selena (2013). "Bone manufacturing in the neolithic: the problems of reconstructing the chaîne opératoire and identifying workshops". Archeometriai Műhely. X (3). ISSN 1786-271X.
  22. ^ Karmanski, S. (2005). "Donja Branjevina: A Neolithic Settlement near Deronje in the Vojvodina (Serbia)". Società per la Preistoria e Protostoria della Regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Quaderno 10.
  23. ^ Borić, Dušan (2 November 2006). "Ribari s Đerdapa". Vreme.
  24. ^ "Arheologija". Narodni muzej Pančevo. Archived from the original on 2016-02-15. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
  25. ^ Zotović, Radmila (2007). "Social and cultural aspects of the burial "Krajčinovići-Slana voda" (south-west of Serbia, middle of II c. b.c." (PDF). Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis. VI (1).

Sources

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Books
Journals
Symposia
Other
  • Filipović, V. M., 2015. Naoružanje i ratnička oprema u kulturama poznog bronzanog i starijeg gvozdenog doba na teritoriji Srbije, Makedonije, Crne Gore i Albanije (Doctoral dissertation, Univerzitet u Beogradu-Filozofski fakultet).
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