Portal:Astronomy

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The Astronomy Portal

Introduction

Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and their overall evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies, meteoroids, asteroids, and comets. Relevant phenomena include supernova explosions, gamma ray bursts, quasars, blazars, pulsars, and cosmic microwave background radiation. More generally, astronomy studies everything that originates beyond Earth's atmosphere. Cosmology is a branch of astronomy that studies the universe as a whole.

Astronomy is one of the oldest natural sciences. The early civilizations in recorded history made methodical observations of the night sky. These include the Egyptians, Babylonians, Greeks, Indians, Chinese, Maya, and many ancient indigenous peoples of the Americas. In the past, astronomy included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy, and the making of calendars.

Professional astronomy is split into observational and theoretical branches. Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of astronomical objects. This data is then analyzed using basic principles of physics. Theoretical astronomy is oriented toward the development of computer or analytical models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena. These two fields complement each other. Theoretical astronomy seeks to explain observational results and observations are used to confirm theoretical results.

Astronomy is one of the few sciences in which amateurs play an active role. This is especially true for the discovery and observation of transient events. Amateur astronomers have helped with many important discoveries, such as finding new comets. (Full article...)

General images - load new batch

The following are images from various astronomy-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Arabic astrolabe from 1079 to 1080 AD (from History of astronomy)
Image 2Mayall telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory (from Observational astronomy)
Image 3Amateur astronomy groups are often involved in outreach to introduce astronomy to the general public (from Amateur astronomy)
Image 4"El Caracol" observatory temple at Chichen Itza, Mexico (from History of astronomy)
Image 5Southern Hemisphere (from History of astronomy)
Image 6The main platform at La Silla hosts a huge range of telescopes with which astronomers can explore the Universe. (from Observational astronomy)
Image 7Babylonian tablet in the British Museum recording Halley's Comet in 164 BC (from History of astronomy)
Image 8The Hubble Space Telescope (from History of astronomy)
Image 9Amateur astronomer recording observations of the sun. (from Amateur astronomy)
Image 10The Northern Hemisphere page from Johann Bayer's 1661 edition of Uranometria - the first atlas to have star charts covering the entire celestial sphere (from History of astronomy)
Image 11Historical accuracy of atomic clocks from NIST. (from Theoretical astronomy)
Image 12Portrait of the Flemish astronomer Ferdinand Verbiest who became head of the Mathematical Board and director of the Observatory of the Chinese emperor in 1669 (from Astronomer)
Image 13A voting session is conducted in 2006 International Astronomical Union's general assembly for determining a new definition of a planet (from Astronomer)
$Image 1450 cm refracting telescope at Nice Observatory (from Observational astronomy)$

Image 1450 cm refracting telescope at Nice Observatory (from Observational astronomy)
Image 15An assembly in Estonia to observe meteors (from Observational astronomy)
Image 16One of the Oldest Observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory, founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School. (from Observational astronomy)
Image 17The inflationary theory as an augmentation to the Big Bang theory was first proposed by Alan Guth of MIT. Inflation solves the 'horizon problem' by making the early universe much more compact than was assumed in the standard model. Given such smaller size, causal contact (i.e., thermal communication) would have been possible among all regions of the early universe. The image was an adaptation from various generic charts depicting the growth of the size of the observable universe, for both the standard model and inflationary model respectively, of the Big Bang theory. (from Physical cosmology)
Image 18Calendrical functions of the Berlin Gold Hat c. 1000 BC (from History of astronomy)
Image 19Historical Jantar Mantar observatory in Jaipur, India (from History of astronomy)
Image 20The Oort cloud, one of the most successful theoretical models about the Solar System (from Theoretical astronomy)
Image 21Places like Paranal Observatory offer crystal clear skies for observing astronomical objects with or without instruments. (from Amateur astronomy)
Image 22An amateur astrophotography setup with an automated guide system connected to a laptop (from Observational astronomy)
Image 23The Antikythera Mechanism was an analog computer from 150 to 100 BC designed to calculate the positions of astronomical objects. (from History of astronomy)
Image 24Ultra HD photography taken at La Silla Observatory (from Observational astronomy)
Image 25An example of a gravitational lens found in the DESI Legacy Surveys data. There are four sets of lensed images in DESI-090.9854-35.9683, corresponding to four distinct background galaxies—from the outermost giant red arc to the innermost bright blue arc, arranged in four concentric circles. All of them are gravitationally warped—or lensed—by the orange galaxy at the very center. Dark matter is expected to produce gravitational lensing also. (from Physical cosmology)
Image 26An image of the Cat's Paw Nebula created combining the work of professional and amateur astronomers. The image is the combination of the 2.2-metre MPG/ESO telescope of the La Silla Observatory in Chile and a 0.4-meter amateur telescope. (from Amateur astronomy)
Image 27The Nebra sky disk, Germany, 1800–1600 BC (from History of astronomy)
Image 28ALMA is the world's most powerful telescope for studying the Universe at submillimeter and millimeter wavelengths. (from Observational astronomy)
Image 29Artist conception of the Big Bang cosmological model, the most widely accepted out of all in physical cosmology (neither time nor size to scale) (from Physical cosmology)
Image 30Overview of types of observational astronomy by observed wavelengths and their observability. (from Observational astronomy)
Image 31The Crab Nebula as seen in various wavelengths (from Observational astronomy)
Image 32Map of the Milky Way Galaxy, with the constellations that cross the galactic plane in each direction and the known prominent components annotated including main arms, spurs, bar, nucleus/bulge, notable nebulae and globular clusters (from History of astronomy)
Image 33Sir Patrick Moore was one of the world's leading popularisers of astronomy. (from Amateur astronomy)
Image 34Sunset at the equinox from the prehistoric site of Pizzo Vento at Fondachelli Fantina, Sicily (from History of astronomy)
Image 35Comparison of CMB (Cosmic microwave background) results from satellites COBE, WMAP and Planck documenting a progress in 1989–2013 (from History of astronomy)
Image 36Segment of the astronomical ceiling of Senenmut's Tomb (circa 1479–1458 BC), depicting constellations, protective deities, and twenty-four segmented wheels for the hours of the day and the months of the year (from History of astronomy)
Image 379th-century diagram of the positions of the seven planets on 18 March 816, from the Leiden Aratea (from History of astronomy)
Image 38History of the Universe – gravitational waves are hypothesized to arise from cosmic inflation, a rapidly accelerated expansion just after the Big Bang (from Physical cosmology)

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Featured article - show another

This is a Featured article, which represents some of the best content on English Wikipedia.

Earthrise
Taken from Apollo 8 by William Anders

Apollo 8 (December 21–27, 1968) was the first crewed spacecraft to leave Earth's gravitational sphere of influence, and the first human spaceflight to reach the Moon. The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing and then returned to Earth. The three astronauts—Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders—were the first humans to see and photograph the far side of the Moon and an Earthrise.

Apollo 8 launched on December 21, 1968, and was the second crewed spaceflight mission flown in the United States Apollo space program (the first, Apollo 7, stayed in Earth orbit). Apollo 8 was the third flight and the first crewed launch of the Saturn V rocket. It was the first human spaceflight from the Kennedy Space Center, adjacent to Cape Kennedy Air Force Station in Florida. (Full article...)

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Did you know - show different entries

... that the new Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey lays out a roadmap for exploring extrasolar planetary systems and investigating the nature of dark energy?
... that the constellation of Microscopium can't be seen from locations affected by light pollution?
... that the atmosphere of Triton produces a surface pressure only 1/70,000th of that on Earth?
... that in May 2008, an amateur astronomer discovered an unusual supernova-like object in the galaxy NGC 300?
... that the "Beethoven Burst" was a powerful gamma-ray burst which occurred on the birthday of Ludwig van Beethoven?

More Did you know facts

More Did you know (auto generated)

... that examples of artificial planets in science fiction include Riverworld, the Well World, and the Death Star?
... that Michael Collins has been called "one of the best clarinettists walking the planet" by The Times?
... that in early depictions of Uranus in fiction, the planet was portrayed as solid
... that Kim Ye-ji's performance in the 10 meter air pistol at the 2024 Summer Olympics led her to be dubbed the "coolest person on the planet"?
... that the star TRAPPIST-1 has seven planets, several of which may have temperatures that would allow the existence of liquid water (artist's impression depicted)?
... that Susan Murabana created Africa's first permanent planetarium?

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WikiProjects

WikiProject Astronomy	WikiProject Solar System



WikiProject Cosmology	WikiProject Spaceflight

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Selected image - show another

Credit: ESA / Hubble / NASA

Antennae Galaxies (also known as NGC 4038/NGC 4039 or Caldwell 60/Caldwell 61) are a pair of interacting galaxies in the constellation Corvus. The Hubble Space Telescope image of NGC 4038 (top) and NGC 4039 (bottom) undergoing a galactic collision.

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Astronomy News

21 November 2024 –: The European Southern Observatory announces that its astronomers in Chile capture the first close-up image of a star outside the Milky Way. (The New York Times)
20 November 2024 – Discoveries of exoplanets: In a study published by the Nature journal, astronomers announce the discovery of IRAS 04125+2902 b, a newborn exoplanet. The discovery was made by Madyson Barber, a graduate student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. (Nature) (ABC News)
15 July 2024 – Mare Tranquillitatis pit: In the journal Nature Astronomy, American and Italian scientists announce the discovery of a lunar cave, approximately 250 miles (400 km) from the landing site of Apollo 11. (AP) (Nature Astronomy)

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December anniversaries

7 December 1972 – The Blue Marble photograph is taken by the Apollo 17 crew
8 December 1992 – Galileo completes the second Earth flyby
14 December 1962 – Mariner 2 becomes the first space probe to perform a flyby of a planet, when it passes within 35,000 kilometers of Venus
17 December 1917 – 2001: A Space Odyssey science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke is born
19 December 2013 – Gaia is launched for the mission to study billions of stars in the Milky Way
21 December 1968 – Apollo 8, is launched with the first crewed spacecraft to leave Earth orbit, reach the Moon, orbit it, and return safely to Earth
27 December 1571 – Astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer Johannes Kepler is born

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Space-related Portals

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Astronomical events

All times UT unless otherwise specified.

1 December, 06:21	New moon
6 December, 02:11	Mercury at inferior conjunction
7 December, 20:19	Jupiter at opposition
8 December, 08:56	Moon occults Saturn
9 December, 09:19	Moon occults Neptune
12 December, 13:18	Moon at perigee
14 December, 01:12	Geminids peak
15 December, 09:02	Full moon
18 December, 08:49	Moon occults Mars
21 December, 09:20	Earth southern solstice
22 December, 10:00	Ursids peak
24 December, 07:25	Moon at apogee
25 December, 01:59	Mercury at greatest western elongation
30 December, 22:27	New moon