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James Shoal

Coordinates: 03°58′26″N 112°20′56″E / 3.97389°N 112.34889°E / 3.97389; 112.34889
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(Redirected from Zengmu Ansha)
James Shoal
Disputed reef
James Shoal is located in Spratly Islands
James Shoal
James Shoal
Other namesBeting Serupai
Zēngmǔ Ànshā (曾母暗沙)
Geography
LocationSouth China Sea
Coordinates03°58′26″N 112°20′56″E / 3.97389°N 112.34889°E / 3.97389; 112.34889
Total islands0[1]
Administration
StateSarawak
Claimed by
 China
Prefecture-level city
Province		Sansha[3]

Hainan
 Malaysia[2]
StateSarawak
 Taiwan[4][5]

James Shoal[1][6] is a shoal (submerged bank) in the South China Sea, with a depth of 22 metres (72 ft) below the surface of the sea,[1][7] located about 45 nautical miles (83 km; 52 mi) off the Borneo coast of Malaysia. It is claimed by Malaysia, the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of China (Taiwan). The shoal and its surrounds are administered by Malaysia.

Name

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The name James Shoal first appeared in British documents as early as 1892,[8] and is possibly named after James Brooke (1803–1868), the first White Rajah of the Kingdom of Sarawak.[9]

Malaysia refers to James Shoal as Beting Serupai[10] ('Serupai Shoal'), with Serupai being a place name in Tatau District, Bintulu Division, Sarawak.[11]

Both the People's Republic of China (Mainland China) and the Republic of China (Taiwan) refer to James Shoal as Zengmu Reef[12] / Zengmu Shoal[13] / Zengmu Ansha[14]/ Tseng-mu An-sha[15] (Chinese: 曾母暗沙; pinyin: Zēngmǔ Ànshā; lit. 'James hidden-sand / James shoal').

History

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The name James Shoal first appeared in The London Gazette on November 15, 1892,[8] as well as in the same year's British seafaring magazine The Nautical Magazine and Journal of the Royal Naval Reserve.[16] The article reported findings from a survey conducted by Commander A. M. Field of the British naval survey ship HMS Egeria, confirming the existence of a shoal lying off the northwestern coast of Borneo. The shoal has a depth of 12 fathoms (22 m), with surrounding waters ranging from 22–31 fathoms (40–57 m), and is located approximately 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Acis Shoals, at latitude 4°0' N, longitude 112°18' E. The origin of the name James Shoal is probably derived from James Brooke (1803–1868), the first White Rajah of the Kingdom of Sarawak.[9]

In 1935, the Land and Water Maps Review Committee of the Republic of China (ROC) produced a list of Chinese names for the rocks and reefs of the South China Sea, most of which were simply direct translations or transliterations of English names found on British maps.[17] In this list, James Shoal was transliterated as Zengmu Tan (Chinese: 曾姆灘; pinyin: Zēngmǔ Tān; lit. 'James sandbank') and claimed as the southernmost territory of China.[18] The term “zengmu” (曾姆) is a phonetic transliteration of "James", and “tan” (灘) means beach or sandbank. A beach or a sandbank is something that emerge above water, while a shoal is an underwater feature. James Shoal is 22 metres below the surface. It would appear that in 1935 the Chinese committee was unfamiliar with the area when it declared it to be a land feature, and based its territorial claims on a piece of territory that doesn’t exist.[19][20]

In October 1947, the ROC Ministry of the Interior revised the names of the islands in the South China Sea to make them sound more Chinese. The name of James Shoal was changed to Zengmu Ansha (Chinese: 曾母暗沙; pinyin: Zēngmǔ Ànshā; lit. 'James hidden-sand').[21] At this time, the Chinese government appeared to have recognized its earlier misinterpretation of the term "shoal", because it coined the new word "ansha" (暗沙), literally “hidden sand”, as a neologism to use instead of "tan" in the name.[22] Additionally, the transliteration of "James" was changed from 曾姆 to 曾母. Although both are pronounced "Zēngmǔ", the latter is a more Sinicized form as it can be interpreted as "the mother of Zeng". The change might have been made to give the name a more Chinese cultural resonance, potentially leading some to associate it with Zengzi's mother, a well-known figure in Confucian teachings, even though there is no actual historical connection.[23]

In 1949, after winning the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Communist Party established the People’s Republic of China (PRC), replacing the Republic of China (ROC) as the ruling government on the mainland and asserting its inheritance of the ROC’s territorial claims in the South China Sea. The PRC government kept the name Zengmu Ansha for James Shoal and has continued to declare it as the southernmost territory of China to this day.[24]

Location

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Map including the James Shoal area (in the general area labeled with '22' in the upper center of the map, meaning 22 meters below sea level) (AMS, 1959)
Extract from US Dept of State map showing James Shoal (lower left) and also showing Louisa Reef and Luconia Shoals.

Lying about 45 nautical miles (83 km; 52 mi) northwest of Bintulu, Malaysia on the Continental shelf of Borneo, the reef is 80 kilometres (50 mi) from the Malaysian coast and about 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) from the Chinese mainland. Geographically, it sits south of the Spratly Islands, but is sometimes grouped with them as part of international disputes over sovereignty in the South China Sea.

The reef is embedded in the continental shelf of Malaysia and well within its 200 nautical mile EEZ.[25]

Nearby reefs are Parsons' Shoal and Lydie Shoal,[2] and the Luconia Shoals, the latter 97 to 223 km to the north.

Territorial dispute

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Malaysia's claim

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Malaysia's claim on the reef is based on the continental shelf principle, on the basis that Malaysia is the only country whose continental shelf covers James Shoal. International law defines continental shelf as a natural extension of a country's landmass to a distance of 200 nautical miles (maximum 350 nautical miles). Drawn from the mainland or any of its islands in the South China Sea, the continental shelf of China is well short of James Shoal. Similarly, James Shoal is also not part of the extended continental shelf of Vietnam, the Philippines or Republic of China (Taiwan).[2]

In May 2009, Vietnam and Malaysia put up a Joint submission on the Extended Continental Shelf to the UN Committee on the Limit of Continental Shelf (CLCS) whereby Vietnam acknowledged that James Shoal is not part of its extended continental shelf.[25][2]

James Shoal is 500 nautical miles (930 km; 580 mi) from Thitu Island (Pagasa) in the Spratlys that the Philippines has occupied since 1971, and more than 400 nautical miles (740 km; 460 mi) from Itu Aba, an island that Republic of China (Taiwan) has occupied since 1956. It is also outside Brunei's extended maritime zone which the 2009 Letter of Exchange that Brunei has with Malaysia attests to. In 1969, Malaysia and Indonesia signed a Treaty on the continental shelf, off Tanjung Datu, Sarawak, which has placed James Shoal on the Malaysian side.[2]

Malaysian jurisdiction

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Malaysia has also effectively asserted its jurisdiction over its continental shelf including the areas in and around James Shoal, Parson's Shoal and the Lydie Shoal. The activities of the Malaysian authorities include the construction and maintenance of a light-buoy on nearby Parson's Shoal on a 24/7 basis, daily patrolling and policing of the area by the Royal Malaysian Navy and the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency and undertaking economic activities like exploration for and production of hydrocarbon resources on a sustained basis.[2]

Under international law, such display of peaceful and continuous activities over a long period is tantamount to establishing a titre de souverain (acts of the sovereign).[2]

China's claim

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Map including James Shoal shown within the nine-dash line (above the fourth dash from the left)

The reef is claimed to be the southernmost territory[6][12][26] of China by the People's Republic of China and Republic of China (Taiwan). China transliterated the British name as Zengmu Tan in 1935, and renamed it Zengmu Ansha in 1947. The People's Liberation Army Navy visited the reef in May 1981, again in 1994, and on 26 March 2013.[27][28] China Marine Surveillance ships visited the reef and placed a sovereignty stele in the maritime area of the reef to mark it as Chinese territory on 26 March 1990, again in January 1992, on 15 January 1995, on 20 April 2010 and in 2012.[29][30]

On 29 January 2014, Chinese state news agency Xinhua reported that three Chinese warships (one amphibious landing craft and two destroyers) returned to James Shoal to conduct military drills and perform an oath swearing ceremony.[31] The Royal Malaysian Navy chief Tan Sri Abdul Aziz Jaafar denied the report, saying that the Chinese exercise took place hundreds of miles to the north in international waters.[32]

Chinese students are taught and tested in schools that James Shoal is the southernmost point of Chinese territory, and that territory within the nine-dash line has always belonged to China, without any reference to the disputes over the islands and surrounding waters by neighbouring countries.[33]

In July 2020, U.S. Secretary of State Michael Pompeo wrote concerning the claim:

The PRC has no lawful territorial or maritime claim to (or derived from) James Shoal, an entirely submerged feature only 50 nautical miles from Malaysia and some 1,000 nautical miles from China’s coast. James Shoal is often cited in PRC propaganda as the “southernmost territory of China.” International law is clear: An underwater feature like James Shoal cannot be claimed by any state and is incapable of generating maritime zones. James Shoal (roughly 20 meters below the surface) is not and never was PRC territory, nor can Beijing assert any lawful maritime rights from it.[1][34][35][36][37]

As of September 2020, Chinese ships regularly patrolled near James Shoal.[38]

Oil and gas reserves

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Active exploration and development of oil and gas fields by Malaysia has been taking place around the James Shoal since 2014, with several production facilities erected in the surrounding area. Malaysia has also been undertaking exploration for and production of hydrocarbon resources on a sustained basis in the area, effectively asserting jurisdiction over the area.[2][39]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Michael Pompeo (13 July 2020). "U.S. Position on Maritime Claims in the South China Sea". State Department. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "China's James Shoal Claim: Malaysia the Undisputed Owner". RSIS (Rajaratnam School of International Studies), Nanyang Technology University, Singapore. 1 July 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  3. ^ "Announcement by the PRC Ministry of Civil Affairs regarding State Council's establishment of Sansha City (民政部关于国务院批准设立地级三沙市的公告-中华人民共和国民政部)". Archived from the original on June 25, 2012.
  4. ^ "Peace in the South China Sea, National Territory Secure Forever Position Paper on ROC South China Sea Policy" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan). p. 14. Zengmu Shoal in the south
  5. ^ Lung Tsun-Ni 龍村倪 (1998). 東沙群島-東沙島紀事集錦 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: 臺灣綜合研究院. p. 6. ISBN 957-98189-0-8. 南海諸島圖{...}中華民國{...}曾母暗沙{...}《中華民國全圖》內政部/台北/民87.3.1998 (Note: In the map on this page, James Shoal is shown within what appears to be a close variant of the Nine-dash line or a similar dashed line. The area inside the dashed line is labeled 'Republic of China'.)
  6. ^ a b "SOUTH CHINA SEA: UP FOR GRABS" (PDF). Bureau of Intelligence and Research. 14 September 1971. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2017. 2) James Shoal (Tseng-mu An-sha) 4°N., 112°15'E., marks the southern extent;
  7. ^ "Sector 11 - Borneo Northwest Coast" (PDF). Sailing Directions pub. 163. US NGA. p. 305. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-22. Retrieved 2007-05-24. Parsons Shoal (Beting Tugau) (3˚54'N., 112˚15'E.), with a depth of 20m, lies 12.32 miles ENE of Lydie Shoal. James Shoal (Beting Serupai), Beting Serupai, with a depth of 22m, lies 15 miles NE of the same shoal. During the Northeast Monsoon (October to March), a distinct line of tide rips may be seen in the vicinity, particularly W of these shoals. Beting Tugau is marked by Beting Tugau Lighted Buoy. A shoal, with two heads having depths of 21m and 22m, lies 13 miles SSE of Parsons Shoal.
  8. ^ a b "No. 488.—CAPE, EAST INDIES, CHINA, AND AUSTRALIA STATIONS. CHINA SEA.—BORNEO—NORTH-WEST AND NORTH COASTS" (PDF). The London Gazette. 1892-11-15. p. 6407. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-18. Retrieved 2025-02-25.
  9. ^ a b Bill Hayton (2020). The Invention of China. Yale University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-300-23482-4. Its claim becomes even more surreal 120 kilometres to the southwest at a place called the James Shoal, probably named after one of the 'White Rajahs' of Sarawak, Sir James Brooke.
  10. ^ Sumathy Permal (23 January 2015). "South China Sea Manoeuvrings: More of the same in 2015?" (PDF). Sea Views (2). Retrieved 6 August 2020 – via Maritime Institute of Malaysia.[permanent dead link‍]
  11. ^ "Ketua Kaum Daerah Tatau". Portal Rasmi Pentadbiran Bahagian Bintulu (in Malay).
  12. ^ a b "Boundary". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020 – via Internet Archive. From north to south, theterritory of China measures some 5,500 km, stretching from the center of the Heilongjiang River north of the town of Mohe to the Zengmu Reef at the southernmost tip of the Nansha Islands.
  13. ^ "Chinese ships patrol disputed Zengmu Shoal". Taipei Times. 2014-01-27. Archived from the original on 2014-02-05. Retrieved 2025-02-25.
  14. ^ Wang, Zheng. "The Nine-Dashed Line: 'Engraved in Our Hearts'". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2025-02-25.
  15. ^ "SOUTH CHINA SEA: UP FOR GRABS" (PDF). Bureau of Intelligence and Research. 14 September 1971. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2017. 2) James Shoal (Tseng-mu An-sha) 4°N., 112°15'E., marks the southern extent;
  16. ^ The Nautical Magazine and Journal of the Royal Naval Reserve, Volume 61. Spottiswoode. 1892. p. 1144.
  17. ^ "The South China Sea: Historical and legal background". Council on Geostrategy. Archived from the original on 2024-10-02. Retrieved 2025-02-25.
  18. ^ "中国南海各岛屿华英名对照表". 水陸地圖審查委員會會刊 1935年1期 [Comparison Table of Chinese and English Names of Islands in the South China Sea] (PDF) (in Chinese). Nanjing. 1935. p. 64.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ "Why names matter in South China Sea territorial disputes". South China Morning Post. 2018-06-01. Archived from the original on 2025-02-07. Retrieved 2025-02-25.
  20. ^ Hayton, Bill (2018-05-16). "China's Claim to the Spratly Islands is Just a Mistake". Center for International Maritime Security. Archived from the original on 2024-06-18. Retrieved 2025-02-25.
  21. ^ the ROC Ministry of the Interior (October 1947). "南海诸岛新旧名称对照表" [the Comparison Table of Old and New Names of the South China Sea Islands] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2022-06-22.
  22. ^ Hayton, Bill (2019). "The Modern Origins of China's South China Sea Claims: Maps, Misunderstandings, and the Maritime Geobody". Modern China. 45 (2): 127–170. ISSN 0097-7004.
  23. ^ "中国疆域最南端 曾母暗沙源自英国人名？" [Zengmu Ansha, the southernmost territory of China, named after a British person?]. 当代中国 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2025-02-25.
  24. ^ "Navy fleet reaches southernmost Chinese territory". People's Daily. 2013-03-26. Archived from the original on 2016-02-27. Retrieved 2025-02-25.
  25. ^ a b "Joint Submission to United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS)" (PDF). United Nations. 20 May 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  26. ^ 中華民國政府繪製南海諸島範圍線之決策過程及其意涵 - 國史館 (PDF). p. 99. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-22. Retrieved 2020-07-22.
  27. ^ "Chinese navy exercises 'surprise' neighbours". Al Jazeera English. 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  28. ^ "The Beting Serupai incident". New Straits Times. 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  29. ^ 南沙主权碑的故事 (The Story of sovereignty steles in Nansha Islands) Archived 2017-12-25 at the Wayback Machine.2015-02-25. 《中国海洋报》.作者：罗茜.
  30. ^ 我在曾母暗沙投下祖国界碑 (I dropped a boundary tablet in Zeng Mu Ansha) Archived 2017-12-24 at the Wayback Machine. 赵林如.《今日国土》. 2011年第一期.
  31. ^ "Loss of James Shoal could wipe out state's EEZ". The Borneo Post. 5 February 2014. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  32. ^ "Chinese ships patrol area contested by Malaysia". reuters.com. Thomson Reuters. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  33. ^ Zheping Huang; Echo Huang (13 July 2016). "China's citizens are livid at the South China Sea ruling because they've always been taught it is theirs". Quartz. Archived from the original on 15 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  34. ^ Lin Ching-Ping 林憬屏, ed. (14 July 2020). 蓬佩奧：中國對南海主權聲索「完全非法」. Central News Agency (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2020. 美方也在聲明中反對中國對曾母暗沙（James Shoal）聲索主權。聲明指出，北京對外宣稱曾母暗沙為「中國最南端領土」，但曾母暗沙為水下地物，依據國際法任何國家不得提出主權聲索，且其離馬來西亞僅50海里，但距離中國沿岸有1000海里遠。
  35. ^ Bill Hayton (15 July 2020). "Pompeo Draws a Line Against Beijing in the South China Sea". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2020. The United States, quite sensibly, has never taken a position on which country is the rightful owner of these territories. However, Pompeo's statement breaks new ground by asserting that China has "no lawful territorial or maritime claim to (or derived from) James Shoal."
  36. ^ Laura Zhou (14 July 2020). "'Heightened risk' of military conflict over South China Sea, observers warn". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2020. The statement also said China's claims over the submerged feature James Shoal near Malaysia were unlawful.
  37. ^ "U.S. Repudiates China's Maritime Claims in South China Sea". Voice of America. 21 July 2020. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2020. On July 13, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said in a written statement that the U.S. position on China's maritime claims in the South China Sea is aligned with key aspects of the Tribunal's decision."Beijing's claims to offshore resources across most of the South China Sea are completely unlawful, as is its campaign of bullying to control them." This means that the United States does not recognize Beijing's maritime claims to waters within the 370 kilometer [200 nautical mile] Exclusive Economic Zone of another country beyond a lawful territorial sea generated from islands it claims in the Spratlys, nor do we recognize its claims to underwater features like James Shoal or low-tide elevations like Mischief Reef and Second Thomas Shoal, which, under international law, may not be claimed by any state and are incapable of generating maritime zones of their own.
  38. ^ Tarigan, Edna (September 15, 2020). "Indonesian patrol confronts Chinese ship in economic zone". AP News. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020.
  39. ^ "IndoPacificReview". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
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