Jump to content

ZTE

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from ZTEsoft)
For other uses, see ZTE (disambiguation).

ZTE Corporation
FormerlyZhongxing Telecommunication Equipment Corporation
Company typePublic; state-owned enterprise
SZSE: 000063
SEHK: 763
ISIN
IndustryTelecommunications equipment
Networking equipment
Founded1985; 39 years ago (1985) (as Zhongxing Semiconductor Co., Ltd.)
FounderHou Weigui
Headquarters55 Hi-tech Road South
Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
518057
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Li Zixue (Chairman and Executive Director)[1]
Xu Ziyang (Executive Director and CEO)[2]
ProductsMobile phones, smartphones, tablet computers, hardware, software, all series of wireless, wireline, services, devices and professional telecommunications services and services to telecommunications service providers and enterprises[3]
RevenueIncrease CN¥122.95 billion / US $17.68 billion[4] (2022)
Increase CN¥6.16  billion[5] (2022)
Increase CN¥8.08 billion[5] (2022)
Total assetsIncrease CN¥180.95 billion[5] (2022)
Total equityIncrease CN¥58.64 billion[6] (2022)
OwnerZhongxingxin (20.29% in 2022); China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation
Number of employees
74,811[5] (2022)
SubsidiariesNubia Technology (49.9%)
ZTEsoft
Zonergy
Websitewww.zte.com.cn Edit this at Wikidata
Footnotes / references
In consolidated financial statement;[7] shareholders' equity figure are excluding perpetual capital instrument
ZTE Corporation
Simplified Chinese中兴通讯股份有限公司
Traditional Chinese中興通訊股份有限公司
Literal meaningChina-Prosperity Communications Company Limited by Shares
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngxìng tōngxùn gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingZung1hing3 tung1seun3 gu2fan6 jau6haan6 gung1si1
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese中兴通讯
Traditional Chinese中興通訊
Literal meaningChina-Prosperity Communications
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngxìng tōngxùn
Second alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese中兴
Traditional Chinese中興
Literal meaningChina-Prosperity [or the word itself: resurgence]
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinzhōngxīng

ZTE Corporation is a Chinese partially state-owned technology company that specializes in telecommunication. Founded in 1985, ZTE is listed on both the Hong Kong and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges.

ZTE's core business is wireless, exchange, optical transmission, data telecommunications gear, telecommunications software, and mobile phones. ZTE primarily sells products under its own name, but it is also an OEM.[8]

The company has faced criticism in the United States, India, and Sweden over ties to the Chinese government that could enable mass surveillance. In 2017, ZTE was fined for illegally exporting U.S. technology to Iran and North Korea in violations of economic sanctions.[9] In April 2018, after the company failed to properly reprimand the employees involved, the U.S. Department of Commerce banned U.S. companies (semiconductors) from exporting to ZTE for seven years. The ban was lifted in July 2018 after ZTE replaced its senior management, and agreed to pay additional fines and establish an internal compliance team for 10 years.[10][11] In June 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) designated ZTE a national security threat.[12][13][14][15] In 2023, the European Commission banned ZTE from providing telecommunication services.[16]

History

[edit]
Logo used until 2015
An example of a ZTE Wi-Fi router manufactured for South African telecommunications company MTN South Africa

ZTE, initially founded as Zhongxing Semiconductor Co., Ltd in Shenzhen, Guangdong province, in 1985, was incorporated by a group of investors associated with China's Ministry of Aerospace Industry.[17][18][19][20] In March 1993, Zhongxing Semiconductor changed its name to Zhongxing New Telecommunications Equipment Co., Ltd with capital of RMB 3 million, and created a new business model as a "state-owned and private-operating" economic entity. ZTE made an initial public offering (IPO) on the Shenzhen stock exchange in 1997 and another on the Hong Kong stock exchange in December 2004.[21]

While the company initially profited from domestic sales,[22] it vowed to use proceeds of its 2004 Hong Kong IPO to further expand R&D, overseas sales to developed nations, and overseas production.[23] Making headway in the international telecom market in 2006, it took 40% of new global orders for CDMA networks[24][verification needed] topping the world CDMA equipment market by number of shipments.[25][26][27] That same year also saw ZTE find a customer in the Canadian Telus[28][29] and membership in the Wi-Fi Alliance.[30][better source needed]

By 2009, the company had become the third-largest vendor of GSM telecom equipment worldwide, and about 20% of all GSM gear sold throughout the world that year was ZTE branded.[31] As of 2011, it holds around 7% of the LTE patents.[32]

In 2023, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)’s Annual PCT Review ranked ZTE's number of patent applications published under the PCT System as 11th in the world, with 1,738 patent applications being published during 2023.[33]

As of the first three quarters of 2024, ZTE reported revenues of CNY 90.04 billion (approximately $12.64 billion), reflecting a year-on-year increase of 0.7%. During this period, the company achieved a net profit of CNY 7.91 billion, up 0.8% from the previous year. Notably, ZTE allocated CNY 18.64 billion for research and development, which accounted for 20.7% of its operating revenue. This significant investment underscores ZTE's commitment to fostering innovation and enhancing its competitive edge in the rapidly evolving technology landscape. The company has prioritized R&D as a cornerstone of its strategy, focusing on advancing critical technologies, including 5G-A, all-optical networks, and full-stack intelligent computing.

In the first nine months of 2024, despite a complex and challenging external environment, ZTE maintained precise and pragmatic operations, ensuring stable management. The company actively capitalized on the development trends of the ICT industry, accelerating technological and market-driven innovation, while significantly enhancing its operational efficiency and management capabilities.[34]

U.S. sanctions and import ban

[edit]
Further information: United States sanctions against China

In March 2017, ZTE pleaded guilty to illegally exporting U.S. technology to Iran and North Korea in violation of trade sanctions, and was fined a total of US$1.19 billion by the U.S. Department of Commerce. It was the largest-ever U.S. fine for export control violations.[35][36]

ZTE was allowed to continue working with U.S. companies, provided that it properly reprimand all employees involved in the violations. However, the Department of Commerce found that ZTE had violated these terms and made false statements regarding its compliance, having fired only 4 senior officials and still providing bonuses to 35 other employees involved in the violations. On 16 April 2018, the Department of Commerce banned U.S. companies from providing exports to ZTE for seven years.[37][38][39] At least 25% of components on recent ZTE smartphones originated from the U.S., including Qualcomm processors and certified Android software with Google Mobile Services.[40][41] An analyst stated that it would take a significant amount of effort for ZTE to redesign its products as to not use U.S.-originated components.[42]

On 9 May 2018, ZTE announced that, although it was "actively communicating with the relevant U.S. government departments" to reverse the export ban, it had suspended its "major operating activities" (including manufacturing) and trading of its shares.[41][43] On 13 May 2018, U.S. president Donald Trump stated that he would be working with Chinese president Xi Jinping to reverse the ban.[44] It was argued that the export ban was being used as leverage by the United States as part of an ongoing trade dispute with China.[45][46] On 7 June 2018, ZTE agreed to a settlement with the Department of Commerce in order to lift the import ban. The company agreed to pay a US$1 billion fine, place an additional US$400 million of suspended penalty money in escrow, replace its entire senior management, and establish a compliance department selected by the department.[47]

Later that month, the U.S. Senate passed a version of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 that blocked the settlement, and banned the federal government from purchasing equipment from Huawei and ZTE (citing them as national security risks due to risks of Chinese government surveillance). The settlement was criticized by Senators as being "personal favors" between Trump and the Chinese government, as the Chinese government issued a loan for an Indonesian theme park project with a Trump golf course following the May 2018 announcement.[48][49] However, the House version of the bill, signed by Trump, did not include the provision blocking the settlement, but still included the ban on federal purchase of Huawei and ZTE products.[50]

On 13 July 2018, the denial order was officially lifted.[10][11][51][52]

In January 2019, it became public that ZTE has retained the services of former senator Joe Lieberman as a lobbyist.[53]

In June 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) designated ZTE as a threat to U.S. communications networks.[12][54] In July 2020, the U.S. government banned companies that use ZTE from receiving federal contracts.[13][15] The FCC denied the company's appeal of the decision in November 2020.[55]

In September 2020, the U.S. Department of Justice filed a criminal complaint against ZTE accusing it of using two shell companies named Ryer International Trading and Rensy International Trading to violate sanctions against North Korea.[56] In December 2020, the U.S. Congress included $1.9 billion to help telecom carriers in rural areas of the U.S. to remove ZTE equipment and networks they had previously purchased.[57]

In January 2021, Gina Raimondo, President Joe Biden's nominee for United States Secretary of Commerce, said in her confirmation hearings that she would protect U.S. networks from interference by Chinese companies including ZTE.[58] In June 2021, the FCC voted unanimously to prohibit approvals of ZTE gear in U.S. telecommunication networks on national security grounds.[59]

In March 2022, ZTE was accused of violating its probation from its guilty plea for sanctions violations.[60] After President Joe Biden signed into law the Secure Equipment Act of 2021, in November 2022, the FCC banned sales or import of equipment made by ZTE for national security reasons.[61]

Bribery investigation

[edit]

In 2020, it was disclosed that the United States Department of Justice opened an investigation into ZTE for potential violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.[62][63]

Ownership

[edit]

As of 30 June 2019, Zhongxing Xin (Chinese: 中興新; lit. 'Zhongxing New'; aka ZTE Holdings), an intermediate holding company, owned 27.40% stake of ZTE.[64][65] The shareholders of ZTE Holdings were Xi'an Microelectronics (Chinese: 西安微电子技术研究所; a subsidiary of the state-owned China Academy of Aerospace Electronics Technology) with 34%, Aerospace Guangyu (Chinese: 深圳航天广宇工业有限公司; a subsidiary of the state-owned China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation Shenzhen Group) with 14.5%, Zhongxing WXT (Chinese: 深圳市中兴维先通设备有限公司; aka Zhongxing Weixiantong) with 49%, and a private equity fund Guoxing Ruike (Chinese: 國興睿科) with 2.5%.[66] The first two shareholders are state-owned enterprises, nominating 5 out 9 directors of ZTE Holdings, while Zhongxing WXT was owned by the founders of ZTE, including Hou Weigui, which Zhongxing WXT nominated the rest of the directors (4 out 9) of ZTE Holdings.[7]: 110–112 

The mixed ownership model of ZTE was described as "a firm is an SOE from the standpoint of ownership, but a POE [privately owned enterprises] from the standpoint of management" by an article in The Georgetown Law Journal.[67] ZTE described itself as "state-owned and private-run".[68] The South China Morning Post and the Financial Times have both described ZTE as state-owned.[69][70] Other scholars have noted the links between ZTE's state-owned shareholders and the People's Liberation Army.[71]

Subsidiaries

[edit]
ZTE in Shenzhen Nanshan Science Park

ZTE has several international subsidiaries in countries including Indonesia, Australia,[72][73] Germany,[74] the United States,[75][76] India,[77] Brazil,[78][79] Sri Lanka,[80] Myanmar,[81] Singapore,[82] and Romania.[83]

ZTEsoft engages in ICT industry and specializes in providing BSS/OSS, big data products and services to telecom operators, and ICT, smart city and industry products and services to enterprises and governments.[citation needed]

ZTE Office Building SZ1

Nubia Technology was a fully owned subsidiary of ZTE Corporation. The company has subsequently disposed of the majority of its equity in the company. In 2017 it reduced its stake to 49.9%.[84]

Zonergy is a renewables company with interests in electricity generation through solar parks in China and Pakistan and palm oil cultivation in Indonesia to produce biofuels. ZTE is a major shareholder and was instrumental in the creation of the company in 2007 but holds a minority of the shares in the entity.[85]

ZTE agreed to take over a 48% stake in Turkish company Netaş Telekomünikasyon A.Ş. for $101.3 million from the American private equity firm One Equity Partners in December 2016.[86][87][88] Following the acquisition in August 2017, ZTE has become its largest shareholder while Netaş remains an independent company.[89]

Products

[edit]
ZTE Axon 10 Pro

ZTE operates in three business segments: carrier networks, government and corporate business, and consumer business.[90] In October 2010, ZTE's unified encryption module received U.S./Canada FIPS140-2 security certification.[91][92]

ZTE was also reported to have developed identification cards for Venezuela that were allegedly used for tracking and social control.[93]

Customers

[edit]
ZTE booth at Mobile World Congress 2015 in Barcelona

During the 2000s, the majority of ZTE's customers were mobile network operators that came from the developing world, but ZTE products also saw use in developed countries as well. Among ZTE's clients from the first world included Britain's Vodafone, Canada's Telus and Fido, Australia's Telstra, as well as France Telecom have all purchased equipment from ZTE.[94]

Many Chinese telecommunications operators are also clients of ZTE, including China Netcom,[95] China Mobile,[96] China Satcom,[97] China Telecom,[98] and China Unicom.[99][100]

ZTE began to offer smartphones in the United States in 2011. The company elected to focus its efforts on low-cost products for discount and prepaid wireless carriers, including devices with premium features typically associated with high-end products, such as large high-resolution screens and fingerprint readers.[43]

Sponsorship

[edit]

In May 2016, ZTE became the co-sponsor of German soccer term, Borussia Mönchengladbach.[101]

Since 2015, several U.S.-based National Basketball Association teams have had sponsorship deals with ZTE, including the Houston Rockets, Golden State Warriors, and New York Knicks.[102][103]

Controversies

[edit]

Bans

[edit]

ZTE has been banned in multiple countries over national security concerns and alleged spying.[104][105][106][107][108]

Bribes for contracts

[edit]
Norway

Norwegian telecommunications giant Telenor, one of the world's largest mobile operators, banned ZTE from "participating in tenders and new business opportunities for 6 months because of an alleged breach of its code of conduct in a procurement proceeding" during a five-month time span ending in March 2009.[109]

Philippines
Main article: NBN–ZTE deal corruption scandal

Contracts with ZTE to build a broadband network for the Philippine government reportedly involved kickbacks to government officials.[110] The project was later cancelled.[110][111]

West Africa

Court documents filed in the US show that ZTE had a practice of handing over “brown paper bags” of cash to win contracts in West Africa. The company had an entire department dedicated to bribe management.[112][113]

Surveillance system sale

[edit]

In December 2010, ZTE sold systems for eavesdropping on phone and Internet communications to the government-controlled Telecommunication Company of Iran. This system may help Iran monitor and track political dissidents.[114]

Security

[edit]

At least one ZTE mobile phone (sold as the ZTE Score in the United States by Cricket and MetroPCS) can be remotely accessed by anyone with an easily obtained password.[115]

ZTE, as well as Huawei, has faced scrutiny by the U.S. federal government over allegations that Chinese government surveillance could be performed through its handsets and infrastructure equipment.[116] In 2012, the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence issued a report recommending that the government be prohibited from purchasing equipment from the firms, citing them as possible threats to national security.[20][117][118][119] A ban on government purchases of Huawei and ZTE equipment was formalized in a defense funding bill passed in August 2018.[50]

Following the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes, India announced that ZTE would be blocked from participating in the country's 5G network for national security reasons.[120] Sweden has also banned the use of ZTE telecommunications equipment in its 5G network on the advice of its military and security service, which said China is "one of the biggest threats against Sweden."[121]

Operations in Russia

[edit]
See also: China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, ZTE refused to withdraw from the Russian market. Research from Yale University published on 10 August 2022 identified ZTE among the companies defying demands to exit Russia or reduce business activities.[122]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Li Zixue". www.zte.com.cn. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  2. ^ "Xu Ziyang". www.zte.com.cn. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  3. ^ "Company Introduction". www.zte.com.cn. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  4. ^ Tomás, Juan Pedro (10 March 2023). "ZTE's 2022 revenues up 7.4% year-on-year". RCR Wireless News. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d "ZTE - Annual Report 2022" (PDF). www.zte.com.cn. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  6. ^ "2023 Interim Result Announcement" (PDF). www.zte.com.cn. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  7. ^ a b Annual Report 2017 (PDF) (Report). ZTE. 26 March 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  8. ^ Mukherjee, Supantha (26 January 2011). "UPDATE 3-LSI sees second half better than first". Reuters. Bangalore. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
  9. ^ Freifeld, Karen; Sijia, Jiang (8 March 2017). "China's ZTE pleads guilty, settles U.S. sanctions case for nearly $900 million". Reuters. New York / Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  10. ^ a b Shu, Catherine (12 July 2018). "The U.S. and ZTE reach a deal that will lift export ban". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  11. ^ a b "Commerce Department Lifts Ban After ZTE Deposits Final Tranche of $1.4 Billion Penalty". U.S. Department of Commerce (Press release). 13 July 2018. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  12. ^ a b McCabe, David (30 June 2020). "F.C.C. Designates Huawei and ZTE as National Security Threats". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  13. ^ a b Shields, Todd (30 June 2020). "FCC Calls Huawei, ZTE Security Threats as It Bars Subsidies". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  14. ^ Rapoza, Kenneth (30 June 2020). "The FCC Just Designated China's Huawei And ZTE A Security Threat". Forbes. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  15. ^ a b Shepardson, David (9 July 2020). "Exclusive: U.S. finalizing federal contract ban for companies that use Huawei, others". Reuters. Washington. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  16. ^ Chee, Foo Yun (15 June 2023). "Breton urges more EU countries to ban Huawei, ZTE from networks". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  17. ^ Kawase, Kenji (27 April 2018). "ZTE's less-known roots: Chinese tech company falls from grace". The Nikkei. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  18. ^ McKenzie, Nick; Grigg, Angus (31 May 2018). "China's ZTE was built to spy and bribe, court documents allege". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  19. ^ Doyle, Shannon (14 December 2012). "Congressional Committee Finds Huawei And ZTE To Be Threats To National Security". JD Supra. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  20. ^ a b Rogers, Mike; Ruppersberger, Dutch (8 October 2012). "Investigative Report on the U.S. National Security Issues Posed by Chinese Telecommunications Companies Huawei and ZTE" (PDF). Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  21. ^ Guo, Huang (28 March 2005). "20 Years History of ZTE Corporation by Mr. Huang Guo in 2005". ZTE Corporation. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  22. ^ Soh, Kelvin; Peters, Hans (27 January 2011). "UPDATE 1-ZTE says 2010 net profit up 32 pct on better sales". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
  23. ^ Einhorn, Bruce; Reinhardt, Andy (7 March 2005). "A Global Telecom Titan Called...ZTE?". Businessweek. Archived from the original on 14 February 2010.
  24. ^ Shen, Daniel; Shen, Steve (9 March 2007). "China-based Huawei and ZTE make headway in global telecom market". DigiTimes. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008.
  25. ^ "ZTE tops 2006 international CDMA market". Cybermedia India Online Limited. Shenzhen. 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  26. ^ "ZTE Tops 2006 International CDMA Market". ZTE. ZTE Corporation. 12 April 2007. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  27. ^ "ZTE Tops 2006 International CDMA Market" (PDF). ZTE Technologies. Vol. 9, no. 86 (IMS Special Issue ed.). ZTE. March 2007. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  28. ^ "History". ZTE Corporation. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.
  29. ^ "How ZTE started: the importance to enter China market in time". Daxue Consulting. 17 August 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  30. ^ "ZTE joins Wi-Fi Alliance - one of the first Chinese members". ZTE Corporation (Press release). 30 August 2006. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.
  31. ^ "INTERVIEW - China's ZTE aims for fifth of global GSM gear market". Reuters. 18 November 2009. Archived from the original on 21 November 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  32. ^ "China's ZTE targets 10 pct of LTE patents". Reuters. Helsinki. 11 January 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
  33. ^ "PCT Yearly Review 2024" (PDF). p. 39.
  34. ^ "ZTE reports revenues of $12.6 billion in Jan-Sep". 22 October 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  35. ^ Pettypiece, Shannon; Mayeda, Andrew (7 March 2017). "China's ZTE Pleads Guilty in U.S. on Iran Sanctions Settlement". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  36. ^ Brant, Tom (7 March 2017). "ZTE Will Pay Record Fine for Sales to Iran, North Korea". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  37. ^ "Secretary Ross Announces Activation of ZTE Denial Order in Response to Repeated False Statements to the U.S. Government". U.S. Department of Commerce (Press release). 16 April 2018. Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  38. ^ Heater, Brian (16 April 2018). "U.S. companies banned from selling components to ZTE". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  39. ^ Liao, Shannon (16 April 2018). "ZTE can no longer buy Qualcomm chips after US ban". The Verge. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  40. ^ Gurman, Mark (17 April 2018). "ZTE Seeks Fix With U.S. Ban Threatening Access to Android". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  41. ^ a b Lee, Timothy B. (10 May 2018). "The Trump administration just forced smartphone maker ZTE to shut down". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  42. ^ Kuo, Lily (10 May 2018). "China's ZTE may be first major casualty of trade war with US". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  43. ^ a b Zhong, Raymond (9 May 2018). "Chinese Tech Giant on Brink of Collapse in New U.S. Cold War". The New York Times. Shenzhen. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  44. ^ Collins, Michael (13 May 2018). "President Trump pledges to help ZTE, Chinese maker of budget-friendly phones, after ban". USA Today. Washington: Gannett Satellite Information Network, LLC. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  45. ^ Horowitz, Julia (27 May 2018). "Companies become bargaining chips in US-China trade turmoil". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  46. ^ Russolillo, Steven; Xie, Stella Yifan (28 May 2018). "ZTE's Suspended Stock: 'A Headache for All Market Participants'". Wall Street Journal. Hong Kong. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  47. ^ Lee, Timothy B. (7 June 2018). "Confirmed: ZTE to reopen after $1 billion fine, new leadership [Updated]". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  48. ^ Lee, Timothy B. (19 June 2018). "Senate rejects Trump's plan to lift ZTE export ban". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  49. ^ Crowe, Jack (14 May 2018). "China Contributing $500 Million to Trump-Linked Project in Indonesia". National Review. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  50. ^ a b Lee, Timothy B. (14 August 2018). "New law bans US gov't from buying tech from Chinese giants ZTE and Huawei". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  51. ^ Kastrenakes, Jacob (13 July 2018). "US lifts trade ban on ZTE in controversial deal with Chinese phone maker". The Verge. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  52. ^ Tao, Li (10 July 2018). "ZTE's new management vows to uphold compliance as a top priority". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  53. ^ Massoglia, Anna; Evers-Hillstrom, Karl (2 January 2019). "Joe Lieberman formally registers as lobbyist for Chinese telecom giant ZTE". OpenSecrets.org. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  54. ^ Shepardson, David (30 June 2020). "U.S. FCC issues final orders declaring Huawei, ZTE national security threats". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  55. ^ Shepardson, David (24 November 2020). "FCC affirms ZTE poses U.S. national security threat". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  56. ^ Fromer, Jacob (12 September 2020). "China-US relations: Chinese shell firms accused of helping ZTE sell American tech to North Korea". South China Morning Post. Washington. Archived from the original on 15 September 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  57. ^ Klein, Jodi Xu (23 December 2020). "US lawmakers create US$1.9 billion fund to help carriers remove Huawei and ZTE equipment from their systems". Yahoo Finance. South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  58. ^ Swanson, Ana (26 January 2021). "Biden's Commerce Pick Vows to Combat China and Climate Change". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  59. ^ Shepardson, David (17 June 2021). "U.S. FCC votes to advance proposed ban on Huawei, ZTE gear". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  60. ^ Freifeld, Karen (5 March 2022). "China's ZTE faces hearing over possible violation of U.S. probation". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  61. ^ Bartz, Diane; Alper, Alexandra (25 November 2022). "U.S. bans Huawei, ZTE equipment sales citing national security risk". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  62. ^ Morgenson, Gretchen; Winter, Tom (13 March 2020). "The U.S. is now investigating Chinese telecom giant ZTE for alleged bribery". NBC News. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  63. ^ Viswanatha, Aruna; Corinne, Ramey (13 March 2020). "U.S. Probes Chinese Telecom Giant ZTE for Possible Bribery". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  64. ^ 2019 First Quarterly Report (PDF). ZTE (Report). Shenzhen: ZTE Corporation. 29 April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  65. ^ Rohrlich, Justin (11 October 2020). "The ZTE Conundrum". The Wire China. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  66. ^ Annual Report 2018 (PDF) (Report). ZTE Corporation. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  67. ^ Milhaupt, Curtis J.; Zheng, Wentong (22 March 2014). "Beyond Ownership: State Capitalism and the Chinese Firm". The Georgetown Law Journal. 103 (665). Rochester, NY: 676. SSRN 2413019.
  68. ^ Guo, Huang (2005). "20 Years History of ZTE Corporation". ZTE Corporation. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  69. ^ Huang, Cary (15 June 2018). "China-US ZTE deal – the calm before the storm". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  70. ^ Fildes, Nic (16 April 2018). "Cyber security watchdog warns UK telcos against using equipment from Chinese supplier ZTE". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  71. ^ Balding, Christopher (19 July 2018). "ZTE's Ties to China's Military-Industrial Complex Run Deep". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  72. ^ "About ZTE Australia". ZTE Australia. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  73. ^ "Asia Pacific". ZTE Corporation. Archived from the original on 20 January 2010.
  74. ^ Ma, Margrete (18 November 2008). "ZTE opens new office in Bonn, Germany". ZTE Corporation (Press release). Shenzhen, China. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.
  75. ^ "Pocket Communications Launches ZTE's Tri-Band C79 and C78". ZTE Corporation (Press release). Las Vegas. 2 April 2009. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011.
  76. ^ "ZTE Opens LTE Laboratory in North America". ZTE Corporation (Press release). Richardson, Texas. 20 October 2009. Archived from the original on 25 November 2009.
  77. ^ Khan, Danish (24 July 2018). "ZTE resumes operations in India after US-ban lift; set for 5G deals: Sources - ET Telecom". ETTelecom. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  78. ^ "ZTE expects $1bn in Brazil sales in 2011". ZTE. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  79. ^ Kim, Yun-Hee (15 April 2011). "ZTE expects $1bn in Brazil sales in 2011". Total Telecom. Archived from the original on 21 April 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  80. ^ "Sri Lanka's Mobitel and ZTE Corporation Carry Out the First Successful 4G(LTE) Trial in South Asia". ZTE (Press release). Shenzhen. 17 May 2011. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020.
  81. ^ Nitta, Yuichi (17 May 2019). "ZTE signs deal to help launch 5G in Myanmar". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  82. ^ "ZTE opens Asia-Pacific headquarters in Singapore". ZTE (Press release). 30 August 2006. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  83. ^ "ZTE Wins COSMOTE Romania LTE Contract". Business Wire (Press release). Shenzhen, China. 25 August 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  84. ^ Disposal of 10.1% of the equity interest in Nubia Technology Limited (PDF) (Report). ZTE Corporation. 27 July 2017. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  85. ^ Brautigam, Deborah (2015). Will Africa feed China?. New York: Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-939686-3. OCLC 919921066.
  86. ^ "ZTE to acquire 48% stake in Netas to support growth in Turkey and Eurasia". ZTE (Press release). 6 December 2016. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  87. ^ "ZTE buys 48 pct Netas for $101 mln, eyes expansion in Turkey". Reuters. Hong Kong. 6 December 2016. Archived from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  88. ^ Gonultas, Bahattin (29 November 2017). "China's ZTE to increase its investments in Turkey". Anadolu Agency. Ankara. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  89. ^ "ZTE Completes Investment in Netas". ZTE (Press release). 3 August 2017. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  90. ^ Duckett, Chris (2 March 2018). "Dissecting ZTE: What it is and what it wants to be". ZDNet. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  91. ^ "ZTE Unified Platform Cryptographic Library Version 1.1" (PDF). NIST Computer Security Resource Center. ZTE Corporation and Atsec Information Security Corporation. 9 September 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  92. ^ "ZTE Unified Element Management Platform Cryptographic Module Version 4.11.10" (PDF). NIST Computer Security Resource Center. ZTE Corporation and Atsec Information Security Corporation. 5 July 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  93. ^ Berwick, Angus (14 November 2018). "How ZTE helps Venezuela create China-style social control". Reuters. London. Archived from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  94. ^ For Vodafone and France Telecom sales, see "ZTE Wins China Mobile WAP Expansion Contract". ZTE. 16 October 2007. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.
  95. ^ "China Netcom's first IPTV agreement confirms ZTE as major international IPTV network provider". ZTE. 30 August 2006. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.
  96. ^ "ZTE to Install the World's Largest Optical Transmission Network". ZTE. 30 August 2006. Archived from the original on 9 May 2011.
  97. ^ "ZTE and China Satcom to provide GoTa network for China's 10th National Games". ZTE. 30 August 2006. Archived from the original on 26 February 2010.
  98. ^ "ZTE Bags Major Value Added Services Contracts in China". ZTE. 14 November 2006. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.
  99. ^ "ZTE Secures More than Half of China Unicom GSM Value-Added Service System 2008 Tender". ZTE. 5 December 2008. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.
  100. ^ *ZTE Network Equipment Destined for World's Highest Railway ZTE, 30 August 2006[dead link]
  101. ^ Collins, Mark (22 May 2016). "Chinese brand ZTE becomes co-sponsor of Borussia Mönchengladbach". GSM Insider. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  102. ^ Zhu, Judy (28 February 2018). "NBA team goes full court for Lunar New Year". China Daily. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  103. ^ Fried, Ina (2 January 2015). "ZTE Looks to NBA Team Sponsorships for Marketing Assist". Recode. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  104. ^ Kharpal, Arjun (23 August 2018). "Huawei and ZTE banned from selling 5G equipment to Australia". CNBC. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  105. ^ casper.lundgreen (26 January 2020). "UK restricts Huawei and bans ZTE". Strand Consult. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  106. ^ "Eleven EU countries took 5G security measures to ban Huawei, ZTE". euronews. 12 August 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  107. ^ Denyer, Simon (10 December 2018). "Japan effectively bans China's Huawei and ZTE from government contracts, joining U.S." Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  108. ^ "Taiwan reinforces ban on Huawei, ZTE network parts among security concerns". Business Standard Taiwan. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018.
  109. ^ Fonbuena, Carmela (21 October 2008). "Norway's telco giant bans ZTE for 6 months". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011.
  110. ^ a b Arroyo suspends telecoms deal with Chinese firm Archived 13 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine reuters.com, 22 September 2007
  111. ^ LaFraniere, Sharon; Grobler, John (21 September 2009). "China Spreads Aid in Africa, With a Catch". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  112. ^ "Chinese telco ZTE bribed its way to greatness, now focuses on Australia". Australian Financial Review. 13 May 2018. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  113. ^ McKenzie, Nick (31 May 2018). "China's ZTE was built to spy and bribe, court documents allege". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  114. ^ Stecklow, Steve (22 March 2012). "Special Report: Chinese firm helps Iran spy on citizens". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  115. ^ Wagstaff, Jeremy; Chyen Yee, Lee (18 May 2012). "ZTE confirms security hole in U.S. phone". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  116. ^ Salinas, Sara (13 February 2018). "Six top US intelligence chiefs caution against buying Huawei phones". CNBC. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  117. ^ Schmidt, Michael S.; Bradsher, Keith; Hauser, Christine (8 October 2012). "U.S. Panel Calls Huawei and ZTE 'National Security Threat'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  118. ^ "U.S. intelligence agencies are still warning against buying Huawei and ZTE phones". TechCrunch. 14 February 2018. Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  119. ^ "A new bill would ban the US government from using Huawei and ZTE phones". The Verge. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  120. ^ Chaudhary, Archana (13 August 2020). "China's Huawei, ZTE Set To Be Shut Out of India's 5G Trials". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  121. ^ Soderpalm, Supantha Mukherjee, Helena (20 October 2020). "Sweden bans Huawei, ZTE from upcoming 5G networks". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  122. ^ "Almost 1,000 Companies Have Curtailed Operations in Russia—But Some Remain". Yale School of Management. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ZTE Corporation.


Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=ZTE&oldid=1257500141#Subsidiaries"