Wikipedia:WikiProject Timeline of spaceflight/2009Format/eg
File:Chandrayaanliftoff.jpg | |
Orbital launches | |
---|---|
First | 15 January |
Last | 25 December |
Total | 69 |
Successes | 66 |
Failures | 2 |
Partial failures | 1 |
Catalogued | 67 |
National firsts | |
Satellite | ![]() ![]() |
Rockets | |
Maiden flights | Ariane 5ES Long March 3C PSLV-XL Zenit-3SLB |
Crewed flights | |
Orbital | 7 |
Total travellers | 37 |
The year 2008 contained several significant events in spaceflight, including the first flyby of Mercury by a spacecraft since 1975, the discovery of water ice on Mars by the Phoenix spacecraft, which landed in May, the first Chinese spacewalk in September, and the launch of the first Indian Lunar probe in October.
The internationally accepted definition of a spaceflight is any flight which crosses the Kármán line, 100 kilometres above sea level. The first recorded spaceflight launch of the year occurred on 11 January, when a Black Brant was launched on a suborbital trajectory from White Sands, with the LIDOS ultraviolet astronomy payload.[1] This was followed by the first orbital launch of the year on 15 January, by a Sea Launch Zenit-3SL, with the Thuraya 3 communications satellite.[2] The launch marked the return to flight for Sea Launch following the explosion of a Zenit-3SL on the launch pad the previous January during an attempt to launch the NSS-8 satellite.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Falcon_1_Flight_4_liftoff.jpg/200px-Falcon_1_Flight_4_liftoff.jpg)
Five carrier rockets made their maiden flights in 2008; the Ariane 5ES, Long March 3C, Zenit-3SLB, PSLV-XL, and the operational version of the Falcon 1, with an uprated Merlin-1C engine.[3] These were all derived from existing systems. The Blue Sparrow and Sajjil missiles also conducted their maiden flights, and the ATK Launch Vehicle made its only flight, but was destroyed by range safety after it went off course. In November, the baseline Proton-M was retired in favour of the Enhanced variant, first launched in 2007.
The first Vietnamese and Venezuelan satellites, Vinasat-1 and Venesat-1 respectively, were launched in 2008, while a failed Iranian launch was reported to have been that country's first indigenous orbital launch attempt. In September, SpaceX conducted the first successful orbital launch of a privately developed and funded liquid-fuelled carrier rocket, when the fourth Falcon 1 launched RatSat, following previous failures in 2006, 2007, and August.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Evaporating_ice_on_Mars_Phoenix_lander_image.jpg/150px-Evaporating_ice_on_Mars_Phoenix_lander_image.jpg)
India launched its first Lunar probe, Chandraayan-1, on 22 October, with the spacecraft entering selenocentric orbit on 8 November. On 16 November, the Moon Impact Probe was released, and crashed into the Lunar surface. Although no other spacecraft were launched beyond geocentric orbit in 2008, several significant events occurred in interplanetary flights which had been launched in previous years. MESSENGER conducted flybys of Mercury in January and October, the first spacecraft to do so since Mariner 10 in 1975. Cassini continued to make flybys of the moons of Saturn, including several close passes of Enceladus, one at a distance of 25 kilometres.[4] In September Rosetta flew past the asteroid 2867 Šteins. On 25 May, the Phoenix spacecraft landed in the Green Valley on Mars, where it discovered water ice.[5] Phoenix exceeded its design life of 90 days, finally failing on 10 November. The Ulysses, launched in 1990, was also retired in 2008.[6]
Seven manned flights were launched in 2008, one by China, two by Russia and four by the United States. In April, Yi So-yeon became the first South Korean to fly in space, aboard Soyuz TMA-12. On the same flight, Sergey Volkov became the first second-generation cosmonaut. Yi returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TMA-11, which nearly ended in disaster following a separation failure between the descent and service modules, resulting in a ballistic reentry.[7] In September, China conducted its third manned mission, Shenzhou 7, from which Zhai Zhigang and Liu Boming conducted the first Chinese spacewalk.[8] Soyuz TMA-13, launched in October, was the hundredth flight of the Soyuz programme to carry a crew at some point in its mission.[9]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Iss016e034176.jpg/200px-Iss016e034176.jpg)
Assembly of the International Space Station continued, with the delivery of the Columbus module by Space Shuttle Atlantis on mission STS-122 in February. March saw the launch of the Jules Verne Automated Transfer Vehicle, an unmanned European spacecraft which was used to resupply the space station. Also in March, Space Shuttle Endeavour launched on STS-123 with the first component of the Japanese Experiment Module, the Experiment Logistics Module. STS-123 marked the final flight of the Spacelab programme, with a SpaceLab pallet used to carry the Canadian-built Dextre RMS extension. The second JEM component, the main pressurised module, was launched by STS-124, flown by Discovery in May. In November, Endeavour launched on the STS-126 logistics flight, with the Leonardo MPLM.
On 14 March, a Proton-M with a Briz-M upper stage launched AMC-14. Several hours later, on 15 March, the Briz-M engine cut off prematurely during a burn,[10] leaving the satellite in a medium Earth orbit. Following a small legal dispute,[11] the satellite was sold, and raised to a geosynchronous orbit by its manoeuvring thrusters, at the expense of a large amount of its fuel and hence operational life.
On 3 August, SpaceX launched the third Falcon 1. Due to residual thrust caused by the upgraded Merlin-1C engine which was being flown for the first time, the first stage recontacted the second during staging, resulting in the rocket failing to reach orbit. The Trailblazer, PreSat and NanoSail-D satellites were lost in the failure, as was a space burial capsual, containing the remains of several hundred people, including astronaut Gordon Cooper, actor James Doohan, writer and director John Meredyth Lucas and Apollo mission planner Mareta West.[12]
On 16 August, Iran launched a Safir, which though officially successful, was reported to have failed due to a second stage malfunction. The purpose of this launch is in doubt, as before the launch it was claimed that it would place the Omid into orbit, whilst following the launch, it was reported that a boilerplate payload had been launched.[13] Other reports indicated that the launch was only a suborbital test of the rocket.[14] If this was an orbital launch attempt, it was the first Iranian attempt to launch a satellite.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Atk_alv_x-1_pathfinder.jpg/200px-Atk_alv_x-1_pathfinder.jpg)
In total, sixty nine orbital launches were made in 2008, with sixty seven reaching orbit, and two outright failures if the Iranian launch in August is counted.[3] This is an increase of one orbital launch attempt on 2007, with two more launches reaching orbit, which continues a trend of increasing launch rates seen since 2006. The final launch of the year was conducted on 25 December, by a Proton-M with three GLONASS navigation satellites for the Russian government.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SM-3_ignition_for_a_satellite_destruction_mission.jpg/200px-SM-3_ignition_for_a_satellite_destruction_mission.jpg)
Suborbital spaceflight in 2008 saw a number of sounding rocket and missile launches. On 21 February, a RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 was used as an anti-satellite weapon to destroy the USA-193 satellite. USA-193 was a US spy satellite which had failed immediately after launch in 2006.[15][16]
China conducted twelve orbital launches of a planned fifteen. Europe had intended to conduct seven launches of Ariane 5 rockets, and the maiden flight of the Vega rocket, however payload delays pushed one of the Arianes into 2009, and the Vega was delayed due to development issues. India had originally scheduled five to seven launches, however only three of these were conducted, mostly due to delays with the launch of Chandraayan-1. Japan scheduled three launches for 2008, of which one was launched; an H-IIA with WINDS in February. Russia and the former Soviet Union conducted twenty six launches, not including the international Sea and Land launch programmes, which conducted six. Fourteen launches were conducted by the United States, which had originally announced plans to launch many more, however technical issues with several rockets, particularly the Atlas V, Delta II and Falcon 1, caused a number of delays. The Atlas problems, combined with a series of delays to the launch of USA 202 on a Delta IV, resulted in just two of ten planned EELV launches being conducted.[17][3] Two of six planned Space Shuttle launches were also delayed to 2009, one due to problems with External Tank delivery, and another due to a major systems failure on the Hubble Space Telescope, which it was to have serviced. Israel was not reported to have scheduled, or conducted an orbital launch attempt.
Launches
[edit]Date and time (UTC) | Rocket | Flight number | Launch site | LSP | |||
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Payload (⚀ = CubeSat) |
Operator | Orbit | Function | Decay (UTC) | Outcome | ||
Remarks | |||||||
January[edit] | |||||||
11 January 05:32[1] |
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JHU | Suborbital | UV Astronomy | 05:42 | Successful | ||
Apogee: 315 kilometres (196 mi) | |||||||
15 January 11:49[2] |
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Thuraya | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
17 January[18] | ![]() |
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Israeli Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 17 January | Successful | |||
18 January 07:30[19] |
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Cornell/Dartmouth | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 18 January | Successful | ||
Apogee: 1,460 kilometres (910 mi) | |||||||
21 January 03:45[2] |
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IAI | Low Earth | Radar imaging | In orbit | Operational | ||
25 January[20] | ![]() |
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Pakistan Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 25 January | Successful | |||
28 January 00:18[2] |
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RSCC | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
31 January 19:14[21] |
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Leeds | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 31 January | Successful | ||
Apogee: 380.6 kilometres (236.5 mi) | |||||||
February[edit] | |||||||
4 February[22] | ![]() |
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ISA | Suborbital | Test | 4 February | Successful | ||
5 February 13:02:54[2] |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | 7 April 11:50[23] |
Successful | ||
6 February 09:14:40[24] |
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JAXA | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 6 February | Successful | |||
7 February 11:30[25] |
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DLR/ESA | Suborbital | Microgravity | 7 February | Successful | ||
Apogee: 264 kilometres (164 mi) | |||||||
7 February 19:45:30[2] |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 20 February 14:07:10[26] |
Successful | ||
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ESA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS component | In orbit | Operational | ||
Manned flight with seven astronauts | |||||||
11 February 11:34[2] |
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Telenor | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
21 February 03:26[27] |
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MDA | Suborbital | Satellite intercept | 03:29[27] | Successful | ||
Destroyed USA-193 satellite[15] | |||||||
21 February 06:15[25] |
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DLR/ESA | Suborbital | Microgravity | 21 February | Successful | ||
23 February 08:55[2] |
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JAXA/NICT | Geosynchronous | Communication Technology |
In orbit | Operational | ||
26 February 07:28[28] |
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Indian Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 26 February | Successful | |||
March[edit] | |||||||
9 March 04:03:07[2] |
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ESA | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | 29 September 13:31 |
Successful | ||
Maiden flight of Ariane 5ES and ATV | |||||||
11 March 06:28:14[2] |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS Assembly | 27 March 00:39:08[30] |
Successful | ||
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NASA | Low Earth (STS/ISS) | Logistics | Successful | |||
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JAXA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS component | In orbit | Operational | ||
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MDA Corporation | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS component | In orbit | Operational | ||
Manned flight with seven astronauts Final flight of Spacelab programme, pallet used to transport Dextre[29] | |||||||
13 March 10:02[2] |
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NRO | Molniya[31] | ELINT[31] | In orbit | Operational | ||
NRO Launch 28 First Atlas V launch from Vandenberg | |||||||
14 March 23:18:55[2][35] |
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SES Americom | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational Partial failure[3] | ||
Upper stage malfunction during second burn left spacecraft in wrong orbit[10][32] Initial recovery attempted but abandoned due to legal issues.[11][33] Later sold and recovery efforts restarted.[34] | |||||||
15 March 06:10[36] |
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US Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
80th consecutive successful Delta II launch.[36] | |||||||
19 March 22:47:59[38] |
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DirecTV | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
23 March 04:45[39] |
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SFC/DRDO | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 March | Successful | |||
27 March 17:15[40] |
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Bundeswehr | Low Earth, polar | Radar imaging | In orbit | Operational | ||
28 March | ![]() |
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Andøya | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 28 March | Successful | ||
April[edit] | |||||||
2 April 08:01[41] |
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US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 2 April | Successful | ||
Travelled 6,759 kilometres (4,200 mi) downrange[41] | |||||||
8 April 11:16:39[23][43] |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS Expedition 17[43] | 24 October 03:37[44] |
Successful | ||
Manned flight with three cosmonauts, including first South Korean in space[23] and first second-generation cosmonaut[42] Docked on 10 April at 12:57 GMT[43] | |||||||
14 April 16:58[45] |
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UCB LASP | Suborbital | UV Astronomy[46] | 17:08[45] | Successful | ||
14 April 20:12:00[47] |
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ICO | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
Heaviest single commercial satellite to be placed in GSO. Heaviest satellite to be launched by an Atlas rocket.[47] | |||||||
15 April | ![]() |
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Israeli Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 15 April | Successful | |||
Maiden flight of Blue Sparrow | |||||||
16 April 17:01[48] |
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STP/NASA | Low Earth | Electrodynamics | In orbit | Operational | ||
18 April 22:17[49] |
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VNPT | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Star One | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
First Vietnamese satellite | |||||||
19 April[50][51] | ![]() |
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Army of Pakistan[52] | Suborbital | Missile test | 19 April | Successful | |||
21 April[53] | ![]() |
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Army of Pakistan | Suborbital | Missile test | 21 April | Successful | |||
25 April 15:35[54] |
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CNSA | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
Maiden flight of Long March 3C | |||||||
26 April 22:16:02[55] |
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ESA | Medium Earth | Navigation Technology |
In orbit | Operational | ||
28 April 03:53:51[57][58] |
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ISRO | Low Earth | Remote sensing | In orbit | Operational | ||
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ISRO | Low Earth | Remote sensing | In orbit | Operational | ||
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UTIAS | Low Earth | Technology[60] | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Tokodai | Low Earth | Technology | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Delft | Low Earth | Technology | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Aalborg | Low Earth | Radiation[63] | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Aachen | Low Earth | Remote sensing Technology |
In orbit | Operational | ||
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Nihon | Low Earth | Technology | In orbit | Operational | ||
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UTIAS/COM DEV | Low Earth | Technology | In orbit | Operational | ||
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OHB System | Low Earth | Technology | In orbit | Operational | ||
All payloads except CartoSat, TWSAT and RUBIN were CubeSats, launched under designation NSL-4, except CanX-6 which was NSL-5.[56] RUBIN-8 intentionally remained attached to upper stage | |||||||
28 April 05:00[69] |
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SCL | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
First Land Launch flight and maiden flight of Zenit-3SLB. Reached incorrect orbit due to carrier rocket underperformance.[68] Corrected by satellite through use of spare fuel, without affecting operational life. | |||||||
May[edit] | |||||||
1 May 05:30[70][71] |
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JHU | Suborbital | UV Astronomy | 05:40 | Successful | |||
7 May 04:26[72][73] |
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SFC/DRDO | Suborbital | Missile test | 04:41 | Successful | |||
8 May | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 8 May | Successful | |||
8 May | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 8 May | Successful | |||
14 May 20:22:54[74][75] |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | 8 September[76] | Successful | ||
15 May 04:00[78][79][77] |
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SSC/ESA | Suborbital | Microgravity | 15 May | Successful[77] | ||
Apogee: 252 kilometres (157 mi)[77] | |||||||
21 May 09:43[80] |
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Intelsat | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
22 May 10:04[82][83] |
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US Air Force/NNSA[82] | Suborbital | Missile test | 22 May | Successful | ||
Long range test[81] | |||||||
23 May 05:00[84] |
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Indian Army[84] | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 May | Successful | |||
User test[84] | |||||||
23 May 15:20:09[85] |
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VKS | Low Earth | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
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VKS | Low Earth | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
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VKS | Low Earth | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
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NPO PM[87] | Low Earth | Technology | In orbit | Operational | ||
27 May 03:02[88] |
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CMA | Sun-synchronous | Weather[89] | In orbit | Operational | ||
29 May | ![]() |
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PLAN | Suborbital | Missile test | 29 May | Successful | |||
31 May 21:02:12[90][91] |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS Assembly | 14 June 15:15[92] |
Successful | ||
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JAXA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS Component | In orbit | Operational | ||
Manned flight with seven astronauts | |||||||
June[edit] | |||||||
5 June 18:13 |
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MDA | Suborbital | AEGIS target | 5 June | Successful | |||
Destroyed after re-entry by endoatmospheric SM-2 missile launch | |||||||
9 June 12:15[93] |
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CNPT | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
11 June 16:05[96] |
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NASA | Low Earth | Gamma-ray astronomy | In orbit | Operational | ||
12 June 22:05:02[99] |
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MoD | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Turksat | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
13 June | ![]() |
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MDA | Suborbital | AEGIS target | 13 June | Successful | |||
Used for simulated test, not intercepted | |||||||
13 June | ![]() |
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MDA | Suborbital | AEGIS target | 13 June | Successful | |||
Used for simulated test, not intercepted | |||||||
19 June 06:36 [100][101][102] |
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Orbcomm | Low Earth | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Orbcomm | Low Earth | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Orbcomm | Low Earth | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Orbcomm | Low Earth | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Orbcomm | Low Earth | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Orbcomm | Low Earth | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
20 June 07:46:25[101] |
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NASA | Low Earth | Oceanography | In orbit | Operational | ||
26 June 02:16[103] |
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MDA | Suborbital | THAAD Target | 26 June | Successful | |||
Intercepted after re-entry by THAAD launched from KMR at 02:22 GMT.[103][104][105] | |||||||
26 June 19:57[106][107] |
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MDA[107] | Suborbital | Technology | 26 June | Successful | |||
26 June 23:59[108] |
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VKS | Geosynchronous | Missile defence[34] | In orbit | Operational | ||
30 June[109] | ![]() |
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Andøya/DLR | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 30 June | Successful | ||
July[edit] | |||||||
7 July 21:30[109] |
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Andøya/DLR | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 7 July | Successful | ||
Apogee: 125 kilometres (78 mi) | |||||||
7 July 21:47[110] |
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Arabsat | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
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ProtoStar | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
9 July[113] | ![]() |
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IRG | Suborbital | Missile test | 9 July | Successful | |||
Part of Great Prophet III exercise[112] | |||||||
9 July[113] | ![]() |
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IRG | Suborbital | Missile test | 9 July | Successful | |||
Part of Great Prophet III exercise,[112] missile type not confirmed | |||||||
9 July[113] | ![]() |
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IRG | Suborbital | Missile test | 9 July | Successful | |||
Part of Great Prophet III exercise,[112] missile type not confirmed | |||||||
10 July[115] | ![]() |
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IRG | Suborbital | Missile test | 10 July | Successful | |||
Part of Great Prophet III exercise, missile type not confirmed | |||||||
12 July 10:46[109] |
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Andøya/DLR | Suborbital | Aeronomy[109] | 12 July | Successful | ||
Apogee: 123 kilometres (76 mi)[109] | |||||||
14 July 10:10[116] |
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Andøya/DLR | Suborbital | Technology | 14 July | Successful | ||
16 July 05:20:59 [118][119] |
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Echostar | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Ongoing | ||
18 July 22:47[120] |
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MDA | Suborbital | Target | 18 July | Successful[121] | ||
Radar targeting test only, missile not intercepted | |||||||
22 July 02:40:09 [122][123][124] |
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Bundeswehr | Low Earth, polar | Radar imaging | In orbit | Operational | ||
26 July 18:31[125] |
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VKS | Sun-synchronous | Reconnaissance | In orbit | Operational | ||
August[edit] | |||||||
1 August[126] | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 1 August | Successful[126] | |||
2 August 08:30[127][128] |
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JAXA/Teikyo | Suborbital | Microgravity | 2 August | Successful | |||
Apogee: 293 kilometres (182 mi) | |||||||
3 August 03:34[130][135] |
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ORS/MDA | Intended: Low Earth | Technology | ~T+140 seconds[136] | Failed[136] | ||
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Santa Clara/NASA[137][138] | Intended: Low Earth | Biological | ||||
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Santa Clara/NASA[137][139] | Intended: Low Earth | Solar sail | ||||
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Celestis | Intended: Low Earth | Space burial | ||||
First and second stage recontact due to residual thrust[129][130]PreSat and Nanosail CubeSats, Celestis burial payload included remains of astronaut Gordon Cooper,[131] actor James Doohan,[132] writer and director John Meredyth Lucas,[133] and Apollo mission planner Mareta West[134] | |||||||
13 August 08:01[142] |
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US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 13 August | Successful[142] | ||
Travelled about 6,790 kilometres (4,220 mi) downrange.[141] | |||||||
14 August 20:44[101] |
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SCC | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
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SES Americom | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
16 August 19:32[143] |
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ISA | Intended: Low Earth[143] | Test flight | 16 August | Failed[143] | ||
Reported to have been first Iranian orbital launch attempt. Officially successful, however no objects were left in orbit.[143] Unofficial reports of a second stage malfunction.[143] Also reported to have been a suborbital test, or an attempt to launch the Omid satellite, instead of an orbital test launch. | |||||||
18 August 22:43[146][147][148] |
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Inmarsat | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
22 August 09:10[151] |
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NASA | Suborbital | Technology | T+27 seconds[151] | Failed | ||
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NASA | Suborbital | Aerodynamics | ||||
Only flight of ALV, veered off course to the South and destroyed by RSO[150] | |||||||
25 August[152] | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 25 August | Successful | |||
25 August[152] | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 25 August | Successful | |||
28 August[153] | ![]() |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 August | Successful | |||
29 August 07:15[154] |
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RapidEye | Low Earth | Imaging | In orbit | Operational | ||
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RapidEye | Low Earth | Imaging | In orbit | Operational | ||
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RapidEye | Low Earth | Imaging | In orbit | Operational | ||
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RapidEye | Low Earth | Imaging | In orbit | Operational | ||
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RapidEye | Low Earth | Imaging | In orbit | Operational | ||
September[edit] | |||||||
6 September 03:25[156] |
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CNSA | Sun-synchronous | Remote sensing | In orbit | Operational | ||
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CNSA | Sun-synchronous | Remote sensing | In orbit | Operational | ||
6 September 18:50:57[157] |
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GeoEye | Sun-synchronous | Imaging | In orbit | Operational | ||
10 September 19:50:02[76] |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | 7 December 08:48:47[158] |
Successful | ||
18 September 02:05[159] |
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MDA | Suborbital | Target | 18 September | Failed[159] | |||
Two THAAD intercept launches cancelled.[159] | |||||||
18 September 14:45[160] |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 15:05[162] | Successful | |||
19 September 21:48[155][163] |
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Telesat Canada | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
24 September 06:57[165] |
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MDA | Suborbital | Target | 24 September | Successful | ||
Tracked by NFIRE satellite | |||||||
24 September 09:28[166] |
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Intelsat | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
25 September 08:49:37 [155][167] |
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VKS | Medium Earth | Navigation[170] | In orbit | Operational | ||
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VKS | Medium Earth | Navigation[170] | In orbit | Operational | ||
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VKS | Medium Earth | Navigation[170] | In orbit | Operational | ||
25 September 13:10[155][172] |
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CNSA | Low Earth | Manned flight | 28 September 09:37:40[171] |
Successful | ||
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CNSA | Low Earth | Technology | In orbit | Operational | ||
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CNSA | Low Earth | Technology | In orbit | Operational | ||
Manned flight with three yǔhángyuán, crew conducted first Chinese EVA Ban Xing deployed from Shenzhou on 27 September at 11:27 GMT, GC separated on 28 September at 08:48 to begin independent mission[171] | |||||||
28 September 23:15[174] |
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SpaceX | Low Earth | DemoSat | In orbit | Successful[174][173] | ||
Launched boilerplate payload. First privately funded and developed liquid fuelled rocket to reach orbit[173] | |||||||
October[edit] | |||||||
1 October 06:37:16 |
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GISTDA | Low Earth | Remote sensing | In orbit | Operational | ||
11 October[175] | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 11 October | Successful | |||
Long-range test[175] | |||||||
12 October 07:01[176] |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS Expedition 18 | In orbit | Operational | ||
Manned flight with three cosmonauts, including a space tourist. 100th flight of the Soyuz programme to be manned at some point in its mission[9] | |||||||
12 October 07:24[178] |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 07:50[178] | Successful | |||
12 October[179] | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 12 October | Successful | |||
12 October[179] | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 12 October | Successful | |||
19 October 17:47:23[180] |
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IBEX | NASA | High Earth | Solar | In orbit | Operational | ||
20 October 08:39[181] |
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NRL | Suborbital | UV Astronomy[182] | 08:49[181] | Successful | |||
22 October 00:52:11[184] |
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ISRO | Selenocentric | Lunar orbiter | In orbit | Operational | ||
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ISRO | Selenocentric | Lunar impactor | 14 November | Successful | ||
First Indian lunar spacecraft,[183] Maiden flight of PSLV-XL | |||||||
22 October 09:10[186] |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 22 October | Successful | |||
22 October 12:30[187] |
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SSC/DLR | Suborbital | Student research | 22 October | Successful | ||
Apogee: 175 kilometres (109 mi) | |||||||
25 October 01:15[189] |
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CNSA | Low Earth | Scientific | In orbit | Operational | ||
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CNSA | Low Earth | Scientific | In orbit | Operational | ||
First launch from Taiyuan LC-2[188] | |||||||
25 October 02:28[190] |
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Italian government, ASI, CONAE[191] | Sun-synchronous | Reconnaissance | In orbit | Operational | ||
29 October 16:53:53[192] |
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VMoST | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
First Venezuelan satellite[192] | |||||||
November[edit] | |||||||
1 November[193] | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Target | 1 November | Successful | |||
Intercepted by SM-3 missile, part of Pacific Blitz exercise[193] | |||||||
1 November[193] | ![]() |
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US Navy[193] | Suborbital | Intercept test | 1 November | Successful | |||
Intercepted target missile, part of Pacific Blitz exercise[193] | |||||||
1 November[193] | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Target | 1 November | Successful | |||
Intercept by SM-3 missile failed. Part of Pacific Blitz exercise[193] | |||||||
1 November[193] | ![]() |
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US Navy[193] | Suborbital | Intercept test | 1 November | Failed | |||
Sensor fault resulted in failure to intercept target missile.[193] Part of Pacific Blitz exercise[193] | |||||||
5 November 00:15[194] |
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CNSA | Low Earth | Weather | In orbit | Operational | ||
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CNSA | Low Earth | Technology | In orbit | Operational | ||
5 November 09:00[197] |
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US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 5 November | Successful | ||
Travelled 6,740 kilometres (4,190 mi) downrange[197] | |||||||
5 November 20:44 |
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SES Astra | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
Final flight of standard Proton-M | |||||||
12 November 05:56[198] |
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Indian Army | Suborbital | Missile test | 12 November | Successful | |||
12 November[201] | ![]() |
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IRGC AF | Suborbital | Missile test | 12 November | Successful | |||
Maiden flight of Sajjil missile | |||||||
13 November 09:06[202] |
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FOST | Suborbital | Missile test | 13 November | Successful | |||
14 November 15:50[203] |
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Kosmos 2445 (Kobal't-M) | VKS | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | In orbit | Operational | ||
14 November | ![]() |
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NRL[204] | Suborbital | Solar[204] | 14 November | Successful | |||
15 November 00:55:39[205] |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS Assembly | 30 November 21:25:06[208] |
Successful | ||
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ASI/NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | Successful | |||
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US Air Force | Low Earth | Technology | In orbit | Operational | ||
Manned flight with seven astronauts, PSSC deployed from Shuttle at 20:33 GMT on 29 November | |||||||
19 November 02:18[209][210] |
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US Navy/JMSDF | Suborbital | Target | 19 November | Successful | |||
Intercept by SM-3 missile failed | |||||||
19 November 02:21[210] |
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JMSDF | Suborbital | Interceptor | 19 November | Failed | |||
Infrared sensor fault, failed to intercept target[211] | |||||||
26 November 12:38:27[212] |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | In orbit | Operational | ||
First flight of modernised Progress spacecraft Kurs anomaly necessitated manual docking. | |||||||
26 November 13:24[213] |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 26 November | Successful | |||
26 November[214] | ![]() |
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Kavoshgar-2 | ISA | Suborbital | Test flight | 26 November | Successful | ||
Payload recovered by parachute | |||||||
28 November[215] | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 November | Successful | |||
December[edit] | |||||||
1 December 04:42[217] |
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CNSA | Sun-synchronous | Remote sensing | In orbit | Operational | ||
2 December 05:00[218] |
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VKS | Molniya | Missile defence | In orbit | Operational | ||
5 December 10:35:10[220] |
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Oslo | Suborbital | Auroral | 10:45[220] | Successful | ||
Apogee: 330 kilometres (210 mi)[220] | |||||||
5 December 20:04[223] |
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MDA | Suborbital | Target | 20:29[224] | Partial failure | ||
Decoy target failed to deploy[222], intercepted by GBI | |||||||
5 December 20:21[223] |
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MDA | Suborbital | Target | 20:29[224] | Successful | ||
Intercepted Polaris | |||||||
10 December 13:43:00[225] |
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Ciel[226] | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
15 December 03:22[227] |
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CNSA | Sun-synchronous | Remote sensing | In orbit | Operational | ||
20 December 22:35[228] |
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Eutelsat | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Eutelsat | Geosynchronous | Communication | In orbit | Operational | ||
23 December 00:54[229] |
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CMA | Geosynchronous | Weather | In orbit | Operational | ||
23 December 03:00[231] |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 December | Failed | |||
Self-destruct system activated after missile went off course[230] | |||||||
25 December 10:43[233] |
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VKS | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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VKS | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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VKS | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
First flight of Proton-M Enhanced with DM-2 upper stage, last orbital launch from Baikonur to be conducted by the Russian military |
Deep Space Rendezvous in 2008
[edit]Date (GMT) | Spacecraft | Event | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
5 January | Cassini | 40th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,010 kilometres (630 mi) |
14 January | MESSENGER | 1st flyby of Mercury | Closest approach: 200 kilometres (120 mi) at 19:04 GMT[234] |
22 February | Cassini | 41st flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) |
12 March | Cassini | Flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: 52 kilometres (32 mi) |
25 March | Cassini | 42nd flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) |
12 May | Cassini | 43rd flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) |
25 May | Phoenix | Landing on Mars | Region D, Arctic area - Green Valley, near the Heimdall crater: 68°N, 236°E. Touchdown at 23:38 GMT. Successful[235] |
28 May | Cassini | 44th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) |
31 July | Cassini | 45th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,613 kilometres (1,002 mi) |
11 August | Cassini | Flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: 54 kilometres (34 mi) |
5 September | Rosetta | Flyby of 2867 Šteins |
Closest approach: 800 kilometres (500 mi) |
6 October | MESSENGER | 2nd flyby of Mercury | |
9 October | Cassini | Flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: 25 kilometres (16 mi) |
31 October | Cassini | Flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: 200 kilometres (120 mi) |
3 November | Cassini | 46th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) |
8 November | Chandrayaan-1 | Injection into Selenocentric orbit | Periselene: 504 kilometres (313 mi), Aposelene: 7,502 kilometres (4,662 mi)[236] |
14 November | MIP | Landing on the Moon | Lunar Impactor |
19 November | Cassini | 47th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,023 kilometres (636 mi) |
5 December | Cassini | 48th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 960 kilometres (600 mi) |
21 December | Cassini | 49th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 970 kilometres (600 mi) |
- Distant, non-targeted flybys of Dione, Enceladus, Mimas, Tethys and Titan by Cassini occurred throughout the year.
EVAs
[edit]Start Date/Time | Duration | End Time | Spacecraft | Crew | Function | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 January 09:56[237] |
7 hours 10 minutes |
17:06[238] | Expedition 16 (ISS Quest) |
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Replace motor and bearing in solar array joint | |
11 February 14:13[239] |
7 hours 58 minutes |
22:11[239] | STS-122 (ISS Quest) |
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Install RMS grapple point on Columbus | Originally to have been conducted by Walheim and Hans Schlegel, Love replaced Schlegel on medical grounds.[240] |
13 February 14:27[241] |
6 hours 45 minutes |
21:12[241] | STS-122 (ISS Quest) |
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Replace depleted nitrogen tank | |
15 February 12:07[241] |
7 hours 25 minutes |
20:32[241] | STS-122 (ISS Quest) |
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Install experiments on Columbus, load failed gyroscope onto Shuttle for return to Earth | |
14 March 01:18[242] |
7 hours 1 minute |
08:19[242] | STS-123 (ISS Quest) |
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Install Kibo ELM-PS and start Dextre assembly | |
15 March 23:49[243] |
7 hours 8 minutes |
16 March 06:57[243] |
STS-123 (ISS Quest) |
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Dextre assembly | |
17 March 22:52[243] |
6 hours 53 minutes |
18 March 05:44[243] |
STS-123 (ISS Quest) |
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Dextre assembly, install MISSE-6 experiment, and store spare parts outside the ISS | MISSE installation failed[243] |
20 March 22:04[243] |
6 hours 24 minutes |
21 March 04:08[243] |
STS-123 (ISS Quest) |
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Test heat shield repair techniques | |
22 March 20:34[243] |
6 hours 2 minutes |
23 March 02:36[243] |
STS-123 (ISS Quest) |
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Store OBSS on ISS, retry MISSE-6 installation[244] | |
3 June 16:22[245] |
6 hours 48 minutes[91] |
23:10[91] | STS-124 (ISS Quest) |
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Install JEM Pressurised Module, Inspect SARJ, retrieve OBSS.[245] | |
5 June 15:04[91] |
7 hours 11 minutes[91] |
22:15[91] | STS-124 (ISS Quest) |
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Adjust covers on JEM, Inspect SARJ.[246] | |
8 June 13:55[91] |
6 hours 33 minutes[91] |
20:28[91] | STS-124 (ISS Quest) |
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Replace nitrogen tank, inspect SARJ.[247] | |
10 July 18:48[248] |
6 hours 18 minutes[248] |
11 July 01:06[248] |
Expedition 17 (ISS Pirs)[248] |
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Remove pyrotechnic bolt from Soyuz TMA-12 for inspection.[249] | |
15 July 17:08[248] |
5 hours 54 minutes[248] |
23:02[248] | Expedition 17 (ISS Pirs)[248] |
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Install docking targeting equipment, rotate exposed experiments[250] | |
27 September 08:38 |
22 minutes | 09:00 | Shenzhou 7 | ![]() ![]() |
Test spacesuit, collect experiment | First Chinese EVA |
18 November 18:09 |
6 hours 52 minutes |
19 November 01:01 |
STS-126 (ISS Quest) |
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Transferred an empty nitrogen tank assembly from ESP3 to the shuttle’s cargo bay, transferred a new flex hose rotary coupler to ESP3 for future use, removed an insulation cover on the Kibo Exposed Facility berthing mechanism, began cleaning and lubrication of the starboard SARJ, and replacement of its 11 trundle bearing assemblies.[251][252] | |
20 November 17:58 |
6 hours 45 minutes |
21 November 00:43 |
STS-126 (ISS Quest) |
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Relocated the two CETA carts from the starboard side of the Mobile Transporter to the port side, lubricated the station robotic arm’s latching end effector A snare bearings, continued cleaning and lubrication of the starboard SARJ[253][254][255] | Conducted on tenth anniversary of the launch of the ISS[253] |
22 November 18:01 |
6 hours 57 minutes |
23 November 00:58 |
STS-126 (ISS Quest) |
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Completed cleaning and lubrication of all but one of the trundle bearing assemblies (TBA) on the starboard SARJ.[256][257] | |
24 November 18:24 |
6 hours 7 minutes |
25 November 00:31 |
STS-126 (ISS Quest) |
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Completed replacement of trundle bearing assemblies on starboard SARJ, lubricated the port SARJ, installed a video camera, re‐installed insulation covers on the Kibo External Facility berthing mechanism, performed Kibo robotic arm grounding tab maintenance, installed spacewalk handrails on Kibo, installed Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) antennae on Kibo, photographed radiators, and photographed trailing umbilical system cables.[258] | |
23 December 00:51 |
5 hours 38 minutes |
06:29 | Expedition 18 (ISS Pirs) |
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Install Langmuir probe, EXPOSE-R and IPI-SM experiments.[259] | EXPOSE-R installation failed[259] |
Orbital launch summary
[edit]By country
[edit]![]() |
| |||||||||||||||||
Orbital launch attempts by country in 2008 |
Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures |
Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
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3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
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6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | Sea Launch, Land Launch |
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1 | 0 | 1[143] | 0 | First orbital launch attempt |
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1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
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11 | 11 | 0 | 0 | |
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26 | 25 | 0 | 1 | |
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14 | 13 | 1 | 0 |
By rocket
[edit]By orbit
[edit]Orbital regime | Launches | Successes | Failures | Accidentally Achieved |
Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low Earth orbit | 36 | 34 | 2 | 0 | |
Medium Earth orbit | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | |
Geosynchronous/transfer | 25 | 24 | 1 | 0 | |
High Earth orbit | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | Including lunar transfer and Molniya orbits |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
- Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
- Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.[dead link]
- Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
- Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 2009-10-05. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
- McDowell, Jonathan. "GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
- Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
- Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
- Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
- Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
- "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
- "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
- "Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[dead link]
- "Space Information Center". JAXA.[dead link]
- "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ a b "36.243 UG McCandliss/Johns Hopkins University". NASA Sounding Rockets Office. 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l McDowell, Dr. Jonathan (2008-03-14). "Issue 593". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- ^ a b c d Krebs, Gunter (2008-03-15). "Orbital Launches of 2008". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
- ^ Baldwin, Emily (2008-10-08). "Cassini prepares for double flyby of Enceladus". Astronomy Now. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ "NASA Phoenix Mars Lander Confirms Frozen Water". NASA. 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ "Ulysses". Science and Technology. ESA. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ Harwood, William (2008-05-02). "Whitson describes rough Soyuz entry and landing". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ Clark, Stephen (2008-09-27). "China accomplishes its first spacewalk". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ a b Pearlman, Robert Z. "The 100th Soyuz flight that (maybe) isn't". collectSPACE. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ a b Slimmer, Fran (2008-03-14). "ILS Declares Proton Launch Anomaly". International Launch Services. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- ^ a b "Boeing Patent Shuts Down AMC-14 Lunar Flyby Salvage Attempt". Space-Travel.com. 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
- ^ "Participants". The Explorers Flight. Celestis. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ "US concern over Iran rocket launch". Perth Now. 2008-08-18. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ "Iran tests rocket for future launch of satellite". Fox News. 2008-08-17. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ a b "U.S. to launch missile at broken satellite". MSNBC. 2008-02-14. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- ^ "US Missile hits 'toxic satellite'". BBC News. 2008-02-21. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- ^ Halvorson, Todd (2008-01-02). "Lofty Launch Goals Set for 2008". Space.com. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
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