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Vía Verde pipeline
Location
CountryPuerto Rico
General directionsouth–north
FromPeñuelas (removed)
Passes throughGuayanilla,(removed)
Adjuntas,(removed)
Utuado,(removed)
Arecibo,
Barceloneta,
Manati,
Vega Baja,
Vega Alta,
Dorado,
Toa Baja,
Bayamon,
Cataño,
Guaynabo[1]
ToSan Juan
General information
TypeNatural gas
OwnerGovernment of Puerto Rico
OperatorAutoridad de Energía Eléctrica (AEE)
ContractorsSkanska
Construction startedProject halted due to popular environmental opposition
Expected2011
Technical information
Length100 mi (160 km)
Diameter24 in (610 mm)

The Vía Verde project (English: Green Way project), also known as Gasoducto del Norte[2] (English: Northern Gas Pipeline), was a pipeline project proposed by the administration of Governor Luis Fortuño intended to supply natural gas to northern Puerto Rico from Puerto Rico's southern region. The pipeline would have run from Peñuelas, on Puerto Rico's southern coast,[3] to electricity-generating plants in Arecibo, Cataño and San Juan, crossing the island's Cordillera Central.[4] The project aimed to supply 71% of Puerto Rico's electrical energy needs,[5] while lowering the cost of electricity in the island. A project of Governor Luis Fortuño,[6][7][8][9][10] it was called the "crown jewel" project of his administration.[11] The project was also supported by former governor of Puerto Rico Rafael Hernández Colón.[12] The pipeline was called "the centerpiece of [Governor Fortuño]'s efforts to kick-start Puerto Rico's dormant economy."[13]

The Gasoducto del Norte project faced stiff opposition from the public, environmentalists – including Casa Pueblo and Bill McKibben – and members of the United States Congress, including Congressman Luis Gutierrez. A Puerto Rico newspaper poll taken in March 2011 showed that 70% of the residents opposed the gas pipeline.[14]

As of 21 March 2012, the government of Puerto Rico was still awaiting permission from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers before commencing construction of the projected pipeline.[4][15][16] If construction was started, the government estimated the project would take 12 months to complete,[17] but the time estimate was called "fiction" even by members if his own political party.[18]

On 15 June 2012, the government of Puerto Rico removed from the project the section of the pipeline that would have traversed from Peñuelas to Arecibo. The decision was based on data that indicated there would not be enough gas at Peñuelas to feed into the pipeline.[19] This pipeline section would have cut through the Cordillera Central and was the primary focus of environmentalists' objections.

After much opposition, on 11 October 2012, the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (AEE) withdrew the entire Vía Verde permit application from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers evaluation process, thereby stalling approval of the proposed pipeline indefinitely.[20]

History

[edit]

1993–2009

[edit]

In 1993, the chairman of the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (AEE), Miguel Cordero, proposed a natural gas pipeline as part of the Government of Puerto Rico's plan to diversify Puerto Rico's energy sources. However, the proposal was not proceeded during the administration of the Partido Nuevo Progresista (PNP) governor Pedro Rosselló (1993–2000).[21] In 2001, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PPD) won the gubernatorial elections, put Sila Calderon in La Fortaleza from 2001 to 2004, and appointed Héctor Rosario as executive director of the AEE. The pipeline plan proposed by Cordero was shelved. In 2005, a natural gas pipeline project named Gasoducto del Sur (English: Southern Gas Pipeline) started construction under the PPD administration of Aníbal Acevedo Vilá.[21] The Gasoducto del Sur pipeline would have transported natural gas from the EcoEléctrica facilities in Peñuelas to the power plant at Aguirre in Salinas.[22][23] Acevedo Vilá managed to complete about 25% of the Gasoducto del Sur project before being defeated by the opposing party, the PNP, in the 2008 elections. When the PNP took back La Fortaleza in 2009 via Luis Fortuño as governor, Miguel Cordero was reappointed executive director of the AEE, and the Gasoducto del Sur project, though a quarter of its way completed, was abruptly cancelled.[24] The cancellation left the Government of Puerto Rico with a US$59 million debt to the contractor, Skanska, and opened the way for the PNP's alternative project, Gasoducto del Norte.[21][25]

2010

[edit]

On 19 September 2010, Casa Pueblo held a peaceful march against the Gasoducto project.[26] Another march took place on 1 May 2011, where the governor's opposition party, the PPD, showed their opposition to the project.[27] More than 30,000 people marched the 1 May March.[14]

In December, 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recommended the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers not to issue a permit for the construction of the Via Verde project.[28][29]

2011

[edit]

On 11 June 2011, a group of environmentalists from Casa Pueblo, National Puerto Rican Coalition, Sierra Club, Earth Justice and Greenpeace presented their opposition to the project in Washington, DC.[30]

On 29 September 2011, Illinois Congressman Luis Gutierrez formally requested that President Barack Obama investigate the project citing "serious concerns over the existence of a 'close relationship' between the [Request for Comments|RFC] solicitor and its agents and the consultants who review and present formal comments about the Via Verde permit applications" to the Government, as well as an over concerns that Governor Luis Fortuño was using his influence to intervene in favor of the project when he asked to speak to the U.S. Secretary of the Department of the Interior, Ken Salazar, about Via Verde "in a process that its already following its course and which did not correspond him to intervene."[31]

On 5 October 2011, AEE started the process of land expropriation, "even though the Puerto Rico government does not yet possess the necessary permits [from the Federal authorities] for the construction of the Gasoducto."[32]

2012

[edit]

On 19 February 2012, a crowd numbering about 6,000 persons held a march in the capital city of San Juan, Puerto Rico, to protest the construction of Gasoducto del Norte, a.k.a. Via Verde.[33][34] Simultaneous with the demonstration in San Juan, another demonstration was held in New York City with the same purposes.[35]

On 11 March 2012, a block of concerned citizens set up a permanent encampment in front of the northern electric generating plant at Palo Seco, one of those that would receive gas from the planned Gasoducto, to protest the planned gas pipeline.[36]

On 30 May 2012, the Puerto Rico Senate started hearings on the Gasoducto del Norte and claims that it is not "the only alternative" to reduce the cost of electricity in Puerto Rico.[11]

On 11 October 2012 AEE officially withdrew the entire Vía Verde permit application from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers evaluation process, thereby stalling approval of the proposed pipeline indefinitely.[20]

Route

[edit]

The proposed pipeline would distribute natural gas from the Costa Sur Sugar Plantation (Peñuelas/Guayanilla area) north to the Arecibo Cambalache plant, and on to the Palo Seco and San Juan areas.[37] The proposed route would cut through Puerto Rico's Cordillera Central and the northern Karst region. It would cross 13 municipalities.[1]

Technical features

[edit]

The pipeline was to be operated by AEE.[38] The gas to be transported by the pipeline will be supplied by a single supplier, EcoElectrica.[39]

The pipeline will have a diameter of 24 inches (610 mm).[40] Its original length was planned to be 92 miles (148 km), but an October 2011 plan revision shows it may be changed to run closer to 100 miles.[41][42] The Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica plans to convert several oil-fired plants to natural gas, starting with Costa Sur's units 5 and 6, which should be up and running December 2011. Subsequently, AEE plants at Cambalache, Palo Seco (units 3 and 4), and San Juan (units 5 through 10), will convert to natural gas, in phases that, as of August 2010, were scheduled to be completed by the end of 2011.[43] According to documents from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the proposed route for the Gasoducto del Norte crosses 235 rivers and brooks, in addition to 1.4 million square meters of wetlands.[18] Dr. Arturo Massol González,[42] professor at the University of Puerto Rico,[13] winner of the 2003 Goldman Environmental Prize,[44][45] and director of Casa Pueblo,[46] a community-based environmental watchdog organization in Puerto Rico, estimated that construction of the project would require the alteration of 8.2 million cubic meters of land.[39]

Controversies

[edit]

A number of controversies surround this project. The administration of governor Luis G. Fortuño maintains that the Vía Verde Pipeline will supply the island with a cleaner energy source while at the same time reducing the cost of generating electricity by up to 30%. It has also estimated that Via Verde will reduce gas emissions by 60% while creating 5,000 direct and indirect jobs.[43][47] Puerto Rico uses 36,000 GWh of electricity annually. Current cost for 1 million British thermal units (1.1 GJ) with petroleum burning is $12.25. With Vía Verde, the cost would be reduced to $5.15, according to government figures.[48] But some have argued that politicians baptized the project as "Via Verde" (Green Way) to give the appearance that it is a good thing.[40] Others, like Casa Pueblo founder Alexis Massol, have made reacted to the Via Verde (Green Way) name as a misnomer: "Vía Verde ... was rumored to be a gas pipeline, nothing green and nothing ecological"[49] And some add that "everything about the project is wrong, beginning with Gov. Fortuño's Orwellian name for the pipeline – the 'Green Way' [Via Verde]."[50] A 5 October 2011 report in La Perla del Sur, a Ponce, Puerto Rico, weekly, stated that high-ranking member of the political party that governor Luis Fortuno presides have broken ranks with the governor in favor of energy alternatives that are more efficient, less costly, and less intrusive on the environment.[51]

Environmental impact

[edit]

Some argue that "Via Verde" will negatively impact forest areas, hydrographic basins, lands fit for agriculture, and the all-important and endangered karstic region of northern Puerto Rico.[52][53] It will also represent further dependence on another form of fossil fuel that, while less polluting than the current oil-based system of electricity generation, will still contribute to global warming.[54][55] In January 2012, environmentalist Bill McKibben presented his support against the Via Verde project and compared it to the halted Keystone XL pipeline project. He stated, "Around the world, the fossil-fuel industry is carrying out its last desperate attempt to avoid the arrival of renewable energy and to ensure the existence of its dirty fuels. They seem to be using their standard strategy in Puerto Rico as well: to act quickly and with a minimum amount of review before the opposition has time to organize and bring out the truth."[56]

The Government, on the other hand, contends that the only forest affected will be the Bosque de Vega Baja (English: Vega Baja Forest) where a 3.9-mile long trench will be carved.[57] It also stated that the project will require the removal of 1.1 million cubic meters of land.[58] The ex-head of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources, Daniel Pagan Rosa, added that only one endangered species, the guabairo, will be affect by the construction of the pipeline.[57] Pagan Rosa also added that the use of a Horizontal Directional Drilling will allow the construction of the pipeline "60 feet below the bottom of rivers."[57] However, during an official interview in Ponce on 22 March 2011, the Government admitted it did not have an erosion and landslide control plan.[57]

Cost of electricity

[edit]

The government's projections of cost reduction for consumers are also under fire. AEE claims that there will be a 30% reduction in costs for electricity consumption. However, independent analysts estimate that this figure has been grossly exaggerated and that the real reduction in cost will be close to 18%, much, if not all of which, will be cancelled out by market fluctuations in the price of gas and by the government's need to cover the cost of construction of the project.[53]

Some opponents, such as Puerto Rican PNP Senator Larry Seilhamer Rodríguez, argue that the project will not meet its primary objective of reducing electric rates to the Puerto Rican consumer: "One of the arguments of the Autoridad [de Energia Electrica] is that the cost of a kWh in Puerto Rico is 22 cents compared to the 22 coents cost in the United States. But if we consider what they plan to offer in the electric bill, we will see a reduction of 15 percent, which means that – instead of paying 22 cents per kWh – we will be paying 18 or 19 cents and that is totally ineffective, it is not competitive."[18] The government's own data, from reports to the Puerto Rico electric company's to its stockholders, have confirmed that the pipeline will not reduce consumers electric bills.[59]

Still, the government defends the project stating that "with today's technology, the cost to produce a kWh using renewable energy sources [such as solar or wind] is considerably more expensive than using traditional energy sources".[57] However, on 21 December 2011, Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, the government's Via Verde customer, admitted that Via Verde will not lower consumers' energy costs.[60]

Cost of the project

[edit]

The financing for the project is also under fire. Those opposing the project ask, "If the project will be so good financially, why is it that the Republican capitalistic administration of Governor Fortuño has not found a private investor to finance it?" And add that "the so-called capitalistic republicans now want to socialize the costs and privatize the profits."[3] Pedro Jiménez, retired engineering professor at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, argued that "in the long run, the project will cost from two and a half to three times the currently project cost of the AEE of $445 millions."[61] In January 2012, Casa Pueblo estimated that the cost of the project, considering payments to contractors of $800 million plus amortization over 30 years, will be $3 billion USD.[62]

Proper infrastructure

[edit]

According to officials at EcoEléctrica, gas output at their facilities will not provide enough natural gas to power generators beyond Costa Sur,[63][64] the first gas-to-electric conversion unit in the path of the pipeline and located in the municipality of Penuelas.

Opponents argue that "building a pipeline when there is no gas, makes no sense" and are demanding that the government abandon the project altogether: the admission by a high-ranking officer of EcoEléctrica to La Perla del Sur is a decisive and unequivocal confirmation that what we have been stating for months.[65]

Social effect

[edit]

It has been estimated that construction of the pipeline will affect 51 communities, the campus of the University of Puerto Rico at Utuado, and church and gas station entrances potentially affecting some 22,000 families. The Government, however, states that the pipeline will be built at a prudent distance from communities. Yet community leaders at Casa Pueblo explain that the pipeline will be run alongside roads, including alongside the road in front of Levittown, a community of 30,000 residents, and the pipeline will run above ground in sections of PR-10, a road used by over 13,000 vehicles daily.[66]

Safety concerns

[edit]

In defense of the project, its senior environmental advisor, Daniel Pagan Rosa, stated that the pipeline's safety system will be more sophisticated than those traditionally built in the United States. He added that there will be two monitoring centers, one in Ponce, and one in San Juan's Monancillo area. He also maintained that the system will be built to permit switching back to petroleum should a major disaster affect the pipeline.[57]

University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez engineering professor Pedro Jiménez, expressed concerns over the safety of the project and its cost: "The pipeline will not be built to withstand a large earthquake, let alone [a tsunami] like Japan's."[61] Commenting in the aftermath of the effects of Hurricane Irene in Puerto Rico, Jiménez said that "the project represents a time bomb."[67] The Puerto Rico College of Surgeons, a professional organization covering all physicians licensed to practice in Puerto Rico, approved a motion of support for a report by its Committee on Environmental Resources which pointed at the Gasoducto del Norte as "a grave danger to public health."[68] Also, the Puerto Rico director of the Caribbean Tsunami Alert Program, Crista Von Hillebrant, confirmed to a local news weekly that EcoElectrica – the only point of entry for the natural gas to be injected into the Gasoducto – was located in a tsunami risk zone.[57]

Reportedly, the Governor was quoted as saying that in case of an earthquake in Puerto Rico, he would flee Old San Juan with his family and head to fort El Morro, to stay clear of potential explosions in the gas pipelines of Old San Juan.[69]

Ethical issues

[edit]

The Government's motivations with the project have been questioned by several prominent individuals and organizations. These revolve around accusations of governmental secrecy, maneuvering, manipulation, and conflict of interests. There have been accusations that Governor Luis Fortuño approved the projects to take place via a "fast-track" and that government agencies are charging forward with the project without the proper involvement of non-governmental parties. Nevertheless, the executive director of Puerto Rico's Office of Energy Affairs argues that "AEE has been very open with the people in discussing the project and that within the available alternatives the gas pipeline is the one that makes most sense.[4]

In April 2012, Congressman Luis Gutiérrez Olmedo qualified the actions of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE) as corruption and asked that any evaluation related to the Gasoducto project be immediately halted: "[The USACOE] does not have the moral capacity to supervise any permit for the Gasoducto...they contaminated the process when the Government of Puerto Rico hired as an advisor BC Peabody, a firm whose director is the former director of the Jacksonville Office of the Corps of Engineers". He charged the Jacksonville Office with unethical practices and challenged the Office to react to the accusations.[70]

[edit]

Despite the government's statements that the Gasoducto planning process is being done in a transparent manner, there are those who feel the Government of Puerto Rico is not being totally open when it comes to revealing exactly what it is doing to inform the public about the Gasoducto. Alexis Massol, director of Casa Pueblo, stated that "Mr. [Alfred A.] Pantano [head of the Jacksonville, Florida, U.S. Corps of Engineers office in change of reviewing the permit application from the Government of Puerto Rico,] ordered the transfer of the [U.S. Corps of Engineers] reviewing office from Puerto Rico to Florida [USA], provoking mistrust. When Mr. Pantano told the press that [constructing a] building has a greater impact than building a gas pipeline, such comment provoked suspicion. When Mr. Pantano hides information from other federal agencies regarding the [planned] existence of 20 other hidden valves for [the addition of] other branch pipelines, then he raises more suspicion, greater mistrust, and gives the appearance of a total fabrication."[71] On 6 November 2011, Congressman Luis Gutierrez expressed having knowledge of contradictory statements coming out of Mr. Pantano's office which "raised great concern."[72] On 11 November 2011, an investigation by the Ponce, Puerto Rico-based La Perla del Sur newsweekly found that allegations made to Noticentro by Governor Fortuño on 27 October (2011) which stated that it was necessary for his government to appropriate lands before qualifying for the permit by the U.S. Corps of Engineers (USCE) were denied by Barry Vorse, the spokesperson for the USCE. The director of Casa Pueblo complained that project consultants such as its head consultant Daniel Pagan Rosa, "continue lying about the permit process to save their [$30] million dollar contracts."[73]

Governmental maneuvering

[edit]

In May 2011, the regional Jacksonville, Florida, office of the U.S. Corps of Engineers took over from the local San Juan Corps of Engineers office the permits application for construction of the gas pipeline. The action was received with suspicion and criticized as having set a precedent in the way how the USACOE works, where local permits are always managed by the office closest to where the application for permit if to be granted.[74]

Possible political manipulation

[edit]

With the completion of the project initially set to occur just two months prior to Governor Fortuño's re-election bid in November 2012, National Public Radio has also wondered if the project may be politically motivated.[13]

Alternatives

[edit]

There have also been accusations that the government has not been forthcoming in its evaluations of alternatives to the gas pipeline. In February 2012, a marine engineer from Excelerate Energy stated that "there isn't a single impediment of significance, be it structural or economic, that would make it impossible for the electrical units on the north [shore of Puerto Rico] to connect to barges to receive natural gas...and anyone stating the opposite doesn't know what he is talking about."[75] This is contrary to what government spokesmen Miguel Cordero López, ex-executive director of Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, and Daniel Pagán Rosa, the government's lead advisor of the Vía Verde project, had been reporting "for the last 17 months."[75] The fact that Excelerate Energy signed a contract to supply liquid-to-gas natural gas conversion barges to the Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica's southern unit at Aguirre, says Casa Pueblo founder Alexis Massol González, defeats the government's efforts to sell this "absurd" Gasoducto idea to the people.[76] The government had claimed that off-shore barges were not a viable alternative. In an article titled Barcazas pueden sustituir Gasoducto del Norte (Barges can substitute Gasoducto del Norte) it was reported that barges are a viable alternative to the Gasoducto.[77]

On 30 May 2012, the Puerto Rico Senate held hearings on the project and found that "the temporary transition to propane gas and the future delivery of natural gas via offshore vessels and submarine gas pipelines are viable alternatives, both from the technical as well as the financial perspectives", to the Gasoducto del Norte.[78]

Conflict of interests

[edit]

Congressman Luis Gutierrez has stated that the main contract for designing the pipeline has gone to a company which has admitted having no experience in designing gas pipelines and which is owned by "the skiing partner of the [sitting] governor of Puerto Rico, Luis Fortuño."[79]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Al relieve tras explosión: Bajo fuego regulador de la Vía Verde. Reinaldo Millán. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 22 September 2010. Page 17. Vol. 28 No. 1399. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  2. ^ Nueva trama ensombrece la Vía Verde. Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  3. ^ a b Cepeda, José Raúl (2 May 2011). "Si en Puerto Rico existiera la democracia..." [If democracy existed in Puerto Rico]. El Sur a la Vista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. ^ a b c Se reafirma a favor del Gasoducto. Jason Rodríguez Grafal. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  5. ^ Casa Pueblo: Prueba inconsistencias de la Vía Verde. Reinaldo Millán. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 15 September 2010. Year 28. No. 1398. Page 18. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  6. ^ Entierra Barack Obama el oleoducto. Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  7. ^ Vía Verde: "no en el futuro cercano". Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 30 November 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  8. ^ Se disuelve el apoyo PNP al gasoducto. Reinaldo Millán and Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 5 October 2011. Page 6. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  9. ^ A Casa Blanca polémica por el gasoducto. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 5 October 2011. Page 4. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  10. ^ Revés de Vía Verde: Se funde plan para gasificar a Costa Sur. Jason Rodríguez and Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  11. ^ a b Cae el miércoles otro pilar de Vía Verde. Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Year 30. Issue 1487. Page 11. 29 May 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  12. ^ Energy Transition. Rafael Hernandez Colon. Caribbean Business. 19 August 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  13. ^ a b c Puerto Rican Governor Faces Opposition To Pipeline. Greg Allen and Marisa Peñaloza. National Public Radio (NPR) News. 25 August 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  14. ^ a b "El Gasoducto / Via Verde: The governor of Puerto Rico has proposed a natural gas pipeline project worth USD 450 million that would cut through the territory's most sensitive habitats.", The Hispanic Coalition NY, Inc. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  15. ^ Sin fecha para dictamen de Vía Verde. Jason Rodríguez Grafal. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Year 30, Issue 1477. Page 8. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  16. ^ AAA paga $14,200 mensuales por almacenar tubos no usados de Gasoducto del Sur. Perla Franco. Claridad. San Juan Puerto Rico. 18 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  17. ^ Admite ejecutivo de la AEE: Inicia la cuenta regresiva del gasoducto. Jason Rodríguez and Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  18. ^ a b c Advierte Seilhamer: ‘Ficción’ hacer el gasoducto en 12 meses. Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  19. ^ Fortuño y Comité descartan la VíaVerde. Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Year 30. Issue 1490. Page 4. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  20. ^ a b Items of Interest: Via Verde Natural Gas Pipeline U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Jacksonville, Florida. Website. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  21. ^ a b c Los hombres del gasoducto. Gerardo E. Alvarado León. El Nuevo Dia, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  22. ^ A todo Vapor el Cambio a Gas Natural. Yanira Hernández Cabiya. El Nuevo Dia. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  23. ^ No ayuda el gasoducto a una política energética saludable para Puerto Rico. Perla Franco. Claridad. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 16 July 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  24. ^ Lo llaman "Vía Verde": De Peñuelas a Cataño el nuevo gasoducto. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Retrieved 20 October 2011. (Includes the 27-page presentation by Gov. Luis Fortuño titled "Via Verde: Una nueva era energetica" and 7 images of visuals that include two charts by Daniel Pagan Rosa, principal project consultant, from a presentation made to the Penuelas Municipal Assembly.)
  25. ^ AAA paga $14,200 mensuales por almacenar tubos no usados de Gasoducto del Sur. Perla Franco.Claridad. San Juan Puerto Rico. 18 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  26. ^ Convocan a marcha contra la Vía Verde Gasoducto del Norte. Primera Hora. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 8 September 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  27. ^ Populares unidos para la marcha contra Vía Verde.[usurped] El Sur a la Vista. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  28. ^ Agencias federales: Objetan al proyecto “Vía Verde” Jason Rodríguez Grafal. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 27 December 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  29. ^ Recomienda EPA que no se apruebe el permiso al Gasoducto del Norte. Jason Rodriguez and Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 2 November 2011. Page 6. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  30. ^ Ven “peligroso e innecesario” el gasoducto desde Washington DC.[usurped] Omar Alfonso. El Sur a la Vista. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 7 June 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  31. ^ A Casa Blanca polémica por el gasoducto. Omar Alfonso. El Sur a la Vista. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 5 October 2011. Page 4. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  32. ^ En 14 días expropiaciones del gasoducto. Omar Alfonso and Jason Rodríguez. El Sur a la Vista. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  33. ^ Masiva marcha contra el gasoducto en San Juan. Leysa Caro González. Primera Hora. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 19 February 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  34. ^ Culmina la marcha en contra del gasoducto. Daniel Rivera Vargas. El Nuevo Dia. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 19 February 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  35. ^ Contagia a NY protesta contra Vía Verde. Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  36. ^ Redobla el norte lucha contra Vía Verde. Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  37. ^ "Two towns support Via Verde project". Puerto Rico Daily Sun. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  38. ^ Se reafirma a favor del Gasoducto. Jason Rodríguez Grafal. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  39. ^ a b Bosques en la ruta del gasoducto: Casa Pueblo realiza un análisis técnico del proyecto. Gerardo E. Alvarado León. El Nuevo Dia. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 18 August 2010. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  40. ^ a b Oculta el gasoducto su avance en Utuado. Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  41. ^ Más largo y caro el Gasoducto del Norte. Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 16 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  42. ^ a b Crece en tamaño y factura el Gasoducto. Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 19 October 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2011. Page 6.
  43. ^ a b PR Gov. Fortuño Green Lights Natural Gas Pipeline. Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration. 10 August 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  44. ^ Massol: 'El país necesita este sacrificio'. Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 7 September 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  45. ^ Ilegales los emplazamientos de Vía Verde. Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  46. ^ Conmueven amigos a Alexis Massol. Sandra Torres Guzmán. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Volume 30. Issue 1482. Page 28. 25 April 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  47. ^ Energy Transition. Rafael Hernández-Colón. Caribbean Business. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  48. ^ Colón, Raul. "Natural gas proposal has pros and cons". Puerto Rico Daily Sun. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  49. ^ La muerte de la serpiente. Vivien Mattei Colón. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  50. ^ Green Party supports protesters opposing massive 'Via Verde' gas pipeline through Puerto Rico. Scott McLarty and Starlene Rankin. The Green Party. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  51. ^ Se disuelve el apoyo PNP al gasoducto. Reinaldo Millán and Omar Alfonso. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 5 October 2011. Page 6. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  52. ^ Proposed Puerto Rican pipeline a threat to mountains and rainforests. Congressional Record Volume 157, Number 59 (Wednesday, 4 May 2011)] U. S. House of Representatives. pp. H3003-H3008. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
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  56. ^ Más presión de Keystone a Vía Verde. (English: Greater pressure from Keystone on Vía Verde.) La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Published 19 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
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  63. ^ El Gasoducto / Via Verde: The governor of Puerto Rico has proposed a natural gas pipeline project worth $450 million that would cut through the territory's most sensitive habitats. The Hispanic Coalition NY, Inc. Retrieved 6 September 2011. (Includes a news video strip from WAPA-TV.)
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