User:Valgall/sandbox

Selecting Possible Articles

Area

Buenos Aires

Health care in Argentina

Latin America

South America

General Pacheco

Sector

Health care

Health campaign

Preventive healthcare

Public health

Evaluating Two Articles

Area

General Pacheco

I found it interesting how three major motor companies are found within this city and believe that this can further my preparation for my PE by exploring the effect of these major industries compared to other cities. Does this have a negative or positive impact on jobs? Are there informal sectors supporting this formal sector? These are questions I can delve into.

This article seems more of a simple informative article without any claims or arguments, I believe it should stay this way since it is an article on a city. Sole facts should be presented with proper sources.

I don't understand why only the industry is mentioned on the page, and think that a simple background history of what General Pacheco is and a reason as to why it is the home of major car industries would definitely give the reader more insight into the significance of this city.

A heading on economy should definitely be added, along with the culture of the city. I believe a lot of important aspects of the city are underrepresented.

There is a link titled "Municipal Information," which directs you to a page of contact numbers and when I read the link, I expected a page on information about the municipal not simply a contact page so I think this link is a bit misleading and should be changed to a page with relevant information about the municipal instead of a contact page since I would believe that the reader is interested in knowing about the municipal and not worried about contacting them.

There isn't any activity occurring on the Talk Page and I was caught by surprise when it states that the article is part of the WikiProject Argentina with the main goal being to inform viewers about the geography of Pacheco when indeed the article itself does not have a section on geography. I believe this definitely needs to be added onto the page.

Additional Contributions:

List and explore services provided in the city of General Pacheco, not just health but also education and transportation. Education and transportation have an affect on the accessibility to health, so a section on these services would be useful in analyzing health care in the city of General Pacheco.

Sector

Health campaign

A section on preventative health can be incorporated into this article along with a section on public health. Although the overall article is made to inform people about what it is to advocate for health, I think it is important to have a good understanding of what public health is and infectious diseases are prevented, in order to fully understand the concept of health campaigns.

It is mentioned that organizations are oftentimes a form of health campaigns, which relates to my PE because participating in campaigns will be one of my main roles as a volunteer.

A key component that seems to be missing and should be of essence is a critical analysis of health campaign's and NGO's contribution to healthcare.

The sections on this article definitely need more content, so I will do my best in filling the blanks.

This article is part of the WikiProject Media and is considered under the scope of WikiProject Medicine. Given that it is of high importance in the WikiProject Media, a lot more content needs to be added.

Additional Contributions:

After reading Marketing Democracy, I would like to add a section under Health Campaigns that touch upon the challenges of participation through the act of campaigning.

Bibliography

Area

Latin America

Health-care decision-making processes in Latin America: Problems and prospects for the use of economic evaluation

This article identifies obstacles, opportunities and changes faced by Latin American countries in terms of decision-making processes in healthcare. The study conducted found that health decisions in the nine Latin American countries that participated in the study were made based on the price of health technologies of interest. I will implement this article to analyze how decision making can be either positively or negatively affected by economic evaluations.

Decision-making and the Health Sector in Argentina CEA and the Use of Nitrous Oxide in Anesthesia

This article implements both demographic and socioeconomic data in analyzing Argentina’s health sector. This article demonstrates  the complexity of the health sector in Argentina. I believe this article will be useful in unpacking the various players found in the health care sector of Argentina to better understand the limits and effectiveness of the healthcare system found in in my PE’s area (Buenos Aires).

Research on Health Inequalities in Latin America and the Caribbean: Bibliometric Analysis (1971–2000) and Descriptive Content Analysis (1971–1995)

This article discusses the inequalities found among Latin America. In this study, Argentina provided a conceptual framework, in which social inequity is the main factor that prevents the population from accessing adequate healthcare. In this article, it was found that Argentina does not have many research papers about their healthcare, I believe this is super important to consider when writing my wiki article, given that a lot of important information could be undocumented. I will implement this article as a foundation to further investigate why Argentina is lacking in research output.

Strategic policy revisited: The origins of mass production in the motor industry of Argentina, Korea and Spain

This article focuses on the motor industry and the implications it brings with it. I will use the information in this article to talk about the effects of the motor industry on overall income and power dynamics. Th automobile industry has the capacity to create significant externalities for long-term structural change. The Ford Falcon produces a new plant in Pacheco and since then, Argentina at one point was the world's thirteenth largest exporter of automobiles. I believe this fact is important when analyzing the income distribution among General Pacheco, Buenos Aires and Argentina in general.

Developing Difference: Social Organization and the Rise of the Auto Industries of South Korea, Taiwan and Argentina

This article also touches upon effects that the motor industry has on the rest of the population. Within this article, it is visible how the rise of the motor industry wasn't possible without the help of indigenous populations and even then these populations are the ones who put the most work and often go unnoticed. This notion can also be applied to the role of NGO's and how often times the cultural and social organization provides different values and ideas than the ones acted out. This article is also useful when discussing the importance of automobiles as a strategy for development.

The Falcon Remembered

This piece is an interesting article that describes how the automobile Ford Falcon was a symbol of terrorism. During the time that the Ford Falcon was first made, working families were tortured and suffered from unjust work. Families pursued criminal charges for the previous injustices. It was interesting to see how car model impacted the population to the point where individuals felt fear when a car like this would come around the area.

Kraft Foods' 2009 Conflict in Argentina: Turning-Point Analysis of a Labor-Management Negotiation

Kraft Food's Argentina (KFTA) was established in 2000, in General Pacheco. I will be using this article to show how this big food corporation has impacted the lives of the impoverished within this community. Most of the workers that help keep this company running, are the same people that experience the most injustices. These injustices lead to worker unions, in specific to the H1N1 influenza in trying to stay healthy, this lead to the most prominent labor-management conflict in Argentina. Therefore, this article is helpful when analyzing the direct impact of big corporations on marginalized communities.

Sector

Health care in Argentina

Health Care Services Utilization and Health Insurance Coverage: Evidence from Argentina

The correlation between health care services and health insurance within Argentina are discussed in this study. This article is of great importance in discussing the timeline of Argentina’s health sector to better understand the actual impact insurance has on health accessibility to healthcare by studying the institutional background of Argentina’s health sector.

Mitos y realidades de las obras sociales en la Argentina

La “Obras Sociales” is the private health insurers and providers. This book goes into depth about the realities and myths about the Obras Sociales. I will implement information found in this book to analyze how beneficial the health insurance in Argentina really is or is not and/or see if there are any loopholes in which these programs simply perpetuate poverty and create health disparities rather than improve accessibility to healthcare.

El sector salud en la república Argentina: su estructura y comportamiento

This book explores the fact that people in Argentina are unaware of how their health sector functions. This book provides an analysis of Argentina’s health sector by comparing it to other global health sectors, deciphering the areas that need to be improved upon or simply remain the same. I will be volunteering at a health center, Centro de Atencion Primaria, located in Jose Leon Suarez, Buenos Aires, where I will use the research found in this book to critically think about the role that this health center plays within the bigger framework of Argentina’s health system.

Summarizing and Synthesizing

Notes:

Area

Article General Pacheco:

Source 1:

• Use the following information to talk about the effect of the motor industry on overall income and power dynamics
• automobile industry has the capacity to create significant externalities for long-term structural change
• policies matter more than social structures
• Ford Falcon, produced at the new plant (at the time - 1965) in Pacheco
• Argentina at one point (1986) had become the world's thirteenth largest exporter of automobiles

Source 2:

• I will use this information to provide the reader with insight into the affects of the motor industry
• The take off of the motor industry wouldn't have been possible without indigenous institutional arrangements
• social-organization logic are of essence in determining outcomes

The following will be used when thinking about my sector in reference to the role of NGOs and the contributions they have

• the author states: "organizations are 'sites of situated social' in the process of being socially constructed rather than realist structures with fixed properties."
• culture and social organization provide ideas and values and also strategies of action
• orgs should be framed n a way that inform action and meaning
• think about the larger society
• development scholar like to highlight 'critical factors'
• need to think about the role of the state in orgs

The following are concepts specific to Argentina's auto industry:

• the assembly sector includes Volkswagen, CIADEA (will provide link to this), Sevel (and this), Ford, General Motors, FIAT and Toyota
• government incentives benefited vertically integrated assemblers, rather than small and medium-sized firms
• the auto components sector includes 400 firms and 35,700 employees, contributes to .45 percent to GDP, exports account for 16% of the industry's output, but represent only 4.4% of total Argentine exports (1997)
  • --> look up current info
• policy makers in Argentina have recognized the manufacturing of automobiles as an important strategy for development

Source 3:

• Working families are tortured
• families pursue criminal charges
• unjust work

Source 4:

• 2000 - KFTA was created - main production plant located in Pacheco, a suburb 38 km north of downtown Buenos Aires, the nation's capital, just a few blocks away form the Pan American Highway
• labor dispute in Argentina b/w Kraft Foods Argentina's managements and its workers' union in regards to 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic outbreak - started in Mexico in late March 2009
  • labor management relations in Argentina
  • 150 workers were laid off
    • most prominent labor-management conflict in Argentina over at least the past decade - spanned from mid-April to mid-October 2009
    • Argentina's performance was measure through labor dispute intensity (measured by the number of Days not Worked per 1k workers, over a 9 yr period) - proved the worst compared to other countries
  • picket on the Pan American Highway (link to this)
  • asked for a 70% salary hike for the industrial workers for their partake in the wealth accumulated by the company
  • tried to avoid flu contagion by requesting a 1 month paid leave, was denied (3,300 employees) because it was considered unnecessary and excessive, thought that the public health measures being taken: cancellation of school, isolation or quarantine of the sick and other social-distancing precautions were enough
  • management wanted to prevent the workers from benefiting from future collective bargains, which would put them worse working conditions
• 40 workers experienced violent eviction by the police force
• big businesses hinger labor-management interactions
• Argentina's Health Ministry reported that 26 people had died
  • nearly 86% of the 1,373 people diagnosed with A(H1N1) resided in Buenos Aires
• suspension of workers
• employment relations have a dark side: both desirable and undesirable results
  • disregards interaction consequences
  • hinders positive labor-management relations
  • elicits undesirable outcomes that workers and managers perspectives contradict on
  • unitarism
    • business orgs as well-defined commonalities of values, interests, and purposes - fixed by managers
  • pluralism
    • improvement of profits or performance
  • radicalism
    • conflict is constant and inevitable - social unrest
  • 5 ways to engage with conflict
    • intergrating
      • open exchange of info
    • obliging
      • following orders
    • dominating
      • one party seeks to fulfill their interests at the cost of the other party
    • avoiding
      • procrastinating a solution by setting aside parties' interests
    • compromising
      • exchange of reciprocal concessions
• organizations need cooperative conflict management to bring about positive conflict, rather than to mitigate or prevent workplace conflict to hurt too much - disputes are important for growth - but no direct shutting down of ideas
• immediate effects need to be considered

Source 5:

• Argentinian industry has scarce resources in terms of competitiveness
• is achieving world-class economies of scale in the production of transmissions
• Sevel in General Pacheco is highly inefficient and disorganized
• Autolatina is the third largest auto producer in Argentina after Sevel and Ciadea
• Ford produced the Falcon from 1961 to 1991
• These plants rely on young and highly educated workers often with little industrial experience
• combination of schooling and training become central to the plant's operation and an important criteria for location decisions
• According to information provided by Autolatina (located in General Pacheco)
  • 49% of the workers in these plants have completed elementary school
  • 19% have completed secondary school
  • only 6% have a university degree
• workers come into the auto industry at the age of 23, who have been working in agriculture prior
  • Ford hired a workforce in which over 90% had a high school education and only 1/3 had a college degree or technical training
• Argentina went from 1% to 9% within a year
• New plants in Argentina rely on younger, some form of education, without industrial experience workers
• location of schools and large numbers of educated workers becomes a new component influencing geographical reorganization of the industry
• Henry Ford Technical School, also located in General Pacheco

Source 6:

According to OEC, Argentina's export is 2.6% cars and 1.2% vehicle parts. As of 2016

Source 7:

• thousands of wage-workers face the possibility of unemployment and threatened livelihoods
• in General Pacheco 161 occupied factories, with a workforce of 7135 (ADD THIS ONTO LEAD OF ECONOMY)
• social movement and collective action
• build new social values, new organizations forms and new modes of mobilization
• self-management on workers' sujbectivity
• radical agenda arises from workers' practical needs over the process of occupations
• limits imposed on workers by the markets dynamics in the realm of production
• need to separate the worker from her labor-work and labor-activity
• the ability of workers to individually engage in their own reproduction
  • they are not simply machines
• market competition impedes workers' democratic achievements in both decision-making and work restructuring
• issues of democracy and participation in assemblies
• relation between production and management work
• distribution of tasks within the collective of workers
• distribution of income
• opportunity for personal development
• market competition places multiple limitations on the workers' experiences of self-management
• workers' self-management produces a series of changes and adaptations in the sphere of production
• absence of capitalist, hierarchy and intermediate managerial layers and forms of direct control produce a new space for workers' intervention --> more democratic and participatory decision-making process at all levels
  • redistribution of income generated in equal parts
• Argentinean's react to structural conditions by occupying the plants and revolutionizing the former system of control and decision
• workers are forced to compromise

SECTOR

Source 1:

• fear appeals motivate adaptive danger control actions such as message acceptance and maladaptive fear control actions such as defensive avoidance
• strong fear appeals and high efficacy messages produce the greatest behavior change
• fear appeals: persuasive messages that arouse fear
  • motivate behavior change across a variety of behaviors
• there are certain outcomes related to acceptance of the message's recommendations
• there are certain outcomes related to the rejection of the message
• fear offered the most reliable influence on intentions
• if threat is perceived as irrelevant or insignificant then there is no motivation to process the message further causing ignorance of the fear appeal
• fear appeals are used by doctors and parents as an effort to get an individual to think or act a certain way
• fear appears to be a great motivator as long as individuals feel like they can protect themselves

Source 2:

• health promotion campaigns are based on the simple strategy of getting people to act in a desired direction
• mass media health promotion is in danger of becoming a misapplication
• use of fear in health promotions
• ultimate goal is behavior change
• attitude change is only relevant insofar as it predicts relevant behavior change or helps in the analysis of behavior change in future campaigns
• learning principles are often oversimplified and misapplied
• the tendency to view health promotion as the removal of unhealthy behavior should be resisted and viewed instead as the promotion through shaping and reinforcement of healthy alternative behaviors

Source 3:

• appeals to personal responsibility are highly prevalent in health communication campaigns, but their use entails both moral and strategic considerations
• public health concerns regarding "blaming the victim"
• illness and disease have been attributed to people's deeds and even thoughts
• each individual is responsible for their health
• the public appears to accept presumed necessities using appeals to personal responsibility
• campaign rhetoric on responsibility spans from appeals regarding prescribed medications, alcoholic beverages, food consumption, automobile driving, physical exercise and sexual activity
• health campaigns explicate what it means to be a responsible individual
• personal responsibility coincided with social and political climates in which the individual is viewed as the appropriate focus for interventions to control health risk factors
• application of notion of personal responsibility messages in health campaigns requires a careful analysis
• attribution of causation, obligation, and agency
• ex: one needs to lose weight to prevent cardiovascular disease implies a causal connection between excessive food consumption and illness
• when personal responsiblity is linked to causality one possible implication is that individualds should be held morally and perhaps legally accountable for their behaviors
• this notion of accountability serves as the basis for the argument that society could be exempt from paying for health care costs resulting from behaviors considered irresponsible
  • i.e. smoking - pay higher health insurance rates
• attribution of responsibility
• one needs to appeal to personal responsibility in a way that recognizes complexities of its manifestations and conflicting demands it elicis
• CONSTRUCT interventional approaches that avoid these feeling of guilt, blame or shame and instead reinforce the notion of agency

Source 4:

• health care reforms are taking place to analyze social construction at the economic and ideological level
• consultant reports on health care organization in Argentina presented by experts of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) present clear examples of policy positions
• restructure starting in decentralization of administrative authority
• training healthcare personnel to use techniques of cost analysis and related administrative principles
• achieve more efficient institutions that could maintain adequate cost/benefit relationship
• reorganization of health systems include a conception of health as a public good and state responsibility
• Argentina has an advanced transnational health sector
• to apply for free care at public institutions, indigent patients need to undergo lengthy testing and at some hospitals even be rejected
  • rejection rate: 30-40%
• Public hospitals in Argentina have not yet converted to managed care principles are facing an influx of patients covered by privatized social security funds
• public hospitals in the city of Buenos Aires reported approximately 1.25 million outpatient visits by patients who were covered by the privately administered social security fund for retired person
• elderly people face barriers to access due to copayments, private practictioners' refusal to see them and b/c of nonpayment by the social security fund
• professional associations and unions have organized campaigns against the entry of managed care organizations into public systems
• health professionals have collaborated with a national confederation of labor unions - Central de Trabajadores Argentinos, CTA
  • education efforts to publicize a more critical appraisal and debate concerning proposals to privatize public-sector services
• crisis in health stems from financial causes
• deregulation of social security allows the user freedom of choice, to be able to opt for the best administrator of his/her funds
• quality is assured by guaranteeing the client's satisfaction
• reform is not the best option in perspective of a population's health
• articulations are emerging from groups linked to NGO's and workers' associations
• in Argentina, the national coalition of labor unions, Central de los Trabajadores Argentinos, CTA. Is trying to unite groups that question the official reform and is working to offer alternatives

Source 5:

• Argentina has taken profound reform in their health-care system
• due to the need to establish a mechanism that ensures a more efficient allocation of scarce resources, as well as guaranteeing a wider provision of health-care services on the basis of local population needs and equity
• within the social security sector in Argentina, there is a body: "The Superintendence of Health Services" La Superintendencia de Servicios de Salud which is in charge of defining a compulsory minimum coverage package to include in the health insurance plan of every single health-care institution (Obras Sociales).
  • allows for a more transparent and ojective set of criteria for decision-making process within a sector of the Argentinean health-care system

• In Argentina, the Provincial and Municipal Health Secretariats and Social works through the Superintendence of Health Services are in charge of allocation of resources and setting priorities
• the Ministry of Health through its Sub-secretariat of Promotion and Prevention are in charge of Public Health Interventions
• Local Health Secretariats in the provinces and municipalities through the department of purchases in the public sub-sector and individual social works are in charge of the reimbursement of new drugs

Drafting

General Pacheco

Notes: This page has a section titled "Industry," where it states the important automotive assembly plants located in the city.

I'm thinking of changing the heading "Industry" to "Economy" and under that put information about the Motor Industry and Food Industry. I want to incorporate history of each of these industries and touch upon the affects on overall income and power dynamics in relation to poverty.

ADD: General Pacheco is a suburb 38 km north of downtown Buenos Aires, the nation's capital. It is just a few blocks away from the Pan American Highway.

Industry - Change to 'Economy'

LEAD: In General Pacheco, there are 161 occupied factories with a total of 7,135 workers.

Motor Industry

General Pacheco is home to Ford Motor Argentina and Volkswagen. Argentina's assembly sector includes these two along with CIADEA, Sevel, General Motors, FIAT, Toyota and Autolatina. Autolatina is the third largest autor producer in Argentina after Sevel and CIADEA. This sector is composed of 400 firms and 35,700 employees and contributes to .45 percent to GDP, accounting for 16% of the industry's output.

The Ford Falcon plant was produced in Argentina in 1965 in the city of General Pacheco. Ford produced the Ford Falcon From 1961 to 1991. Once this plant was established in Argentina and got up and running, through modifications in indigenous institutional arrangements, Argentina soon became the the thirteenth largest exporter of automobiles nationwide. These big industries have direct impacts on the population that usually go unrecognized. This population that goes unrecognized is also the population that does most of the work for the industry. Ford hired a workforce in which 90% had a high school education and only one third had a university degree. Plants like this rely on young and educated workers with often little industrial experience. Workers come into the motor industry at around the age of 23, after working in the agriculture industry prior to the motor industry. When establishing a huge industry, policies with the intent of progression for the assembly sector matter more than the social structure of the country, let alone the population of one city. A combination of school and training became central to the plant's operation in order to continue to manufacture cars.

According to information provided by Autolatina, 49% of the workers in these plants have completed elementary school, 19% have completed secondary school and only 6% have a university degree. Location of school and large numbers of educated workers become a new component in defining the geographical organization of the motor industry. For example, Henry Ford Technical School is located in General Pacheco and strives to educate their students in excellent technical skills to prepare them for the motor industry.

The Argentinean motor industry has scarce resources in terms of competitiveness but it is an achieving world-class economy of scale in the production of transmissions.

Food Industry

The main production plant of Kraft Foods Argentina (KFTA) is located in General Pacheco. In 2009, there was a major H1N1 influenza pandemic outbreak, which started in Mexico late March and made its way to Argentina that same year. This outbreak had a direct effect on the workers of the company. 150 workers were laid off, making it the most prominent labor-management conflict in Argentina in 2009. This lead to a picket on the Pan American Highway. The workers asked for a raise in salary of 70% and requested a one month paid leave in quest of avoiding the flu. Both of these requests were rejected by the company. Management wanted to prevent the workers from benefiting from future collective bargains. 40 workers experienced violent eviction by the police force.

Thousands of wage-workers face the possibility of unemployment and threatened livelihoods due to dominating employment relations.Therefore, workers get together and create a social movement in hopes of obtaining a progressive collective action. The goal is to build new social values, new organization forms and new modes of mobilization among food factories. However, this may be difficult due to limits imposed by the markets dynamics and realm of production. In most cases, this leads to self-management allowing for the distribution of tasks within the collective of workers and equal distribution of income. This opportunity for personal development is unseen among a company where the workers do not take initiative. In most cases, the workers are forced to simply compromise and their needs and interests go unrecognized. Social organization is of essence when determining the outcome and success of an industry.

Health Policies

Patients need to apply for free care at public institutions and undergo a lengthy test in which they may be rejected at some hospitals. The rejection rate is usually 30-40%. Public hospitals in Argentina who have not converted to managed care principles are facing an influx of patients covered by privatized social security funds. Public hospitals in the city of Buenos Aires reported about 1.25 million outpatient visits by patients covered by the privately administered social security fund for retired person. The Provincial and Municipal Health Secretariats and Social works through the Superintendence of Health Services are in charge of allocation of resources and setting priorities. The Ministry of Health through its Sub-secretariat of Promotion and Prevention are in charge of Public Health Interventions. Local Health Secretariats in the provinces and municipalities throug hthe department of purchases in the public sub-sector and individual social works are in chargee of the reimbursement of new drugs.

Elderly people face barriers due to copayments, private practitioners' refusal to see them and also because of nonpayment by the social security fund.

Under Social Obras:

There is a body within the social security sector in Argentina called "The Superintendence of Health Services" La Superintendencia de Servicios de Salud, which is in charge of setting the minimum coverage package that is included in the health insurance of every single health-care institution. This allows for a more transparent set of criteria for decision-making process within a sector of the Argentinean health-care system.

Non-Governmental Organization

Under 'Campaigning'

Make a heading titled: 'Health Campaigns'

An individual's health stems from a personal responsibility. A Healthcare Campaign provides information and tools to help health care professionals and the general public to make informed decisions about their health. Health campaigns usually focus on prescribed medications, alcohol consumption, food consumption, physical exercise and sexual activity. Health promotion campaigns are a way of getting people to act in a desired direction.

The ultimate goal in a health campaign is behavior change in regards to health. Many health campaigns promote the removal of unhealthy behavior. The most successful health campaigns promote tis through the shaping and reinforcement of alternative healthy behaviors. Therefore, personal responsibility is highly prevalent in communicating health through campaigns. The public appears to accept presumed necessities using appeals to personal responsibility and the campaign rhetoric is to put the responsibility on the individual level.

Health campaigns apply the attribution of causation, obligation and agency on the individual level. Health campaigns appeal to personal responsibility by recognizing complexities of an individual. A constructive interventional approach avoids the feelings of guilt, blame and or shame by reinforcing the notion of agency among an individual's health.

My Contributions

General Pacheco

• Added to the lead of General Pacheco
• Changed 'Industry' to 'Economy' on General Pacheco
  • Added a sentence to the lead of Economy
  • Added an entire section titled Motor Industry and Food Industry

Healthcare in Argentina

• Added a section about "The Superintendence of Health Services" under the section on Social Obras
• Added a subheading and entire section on Health Policies

Non-governmental Organizations

• Added a section under Campaigning titled Health Campaigning and added a whole section of 3 paragraphs to describe what a health campaign is

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