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List of generals

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Entries in the following list of four-star generals are indexed by the numerical order in which each officer was promoted to that rank while on active duty, or by an asterisk (*) if the officer did not serve in that rank while on active duty. Each entry lists the general's name, date of rank,[a] active-duty positions held while serving at four-star rank,[b] number of years of active-duty service at four-star rank (Yrs),[c] year commissioned and source of commission,[d] number of years in commission when promoted to four-star rank (YC),[e] and other biographical notes.[f]

List of United States Marine Corps four-star generals
# Name Photo Date of rank[a] Position Yrs[c] Commission[d] YC[e] Notes[f]
1 Alexander A. Vandegrift 21 Mar 1945   2 1909 (OCS) 36 (1887–1973) Awarded Medal of Honor, 1942.[1]
* Roy S. Geiger 23 Jan 1947  
  • (posthumous)
 0 1909 (OCS) 38 (1885–1947)[g]
2 Clifton B. Cates 1 Jan 1948   4 1917 (OCS) 31 (1893–1970)[h]
3 Lemuel C. Shepherd Jr. 1 Jan 1952   7 1917 (VMI) 35 (1896–1990)[i]
4 Randolph M. Pate 1 Jan 1956   4 1921 (VMI) 35 (1898–1961)
5 David M. Shoup 1 Jan 1960   4 1926 (ROTC) 34 (1904–1983) Awarded Medal of Honor, 1943.[2]
6 Wallace M. Greene Jr. 1 Jan 1964   4 1930 (USNA) 34 (1907–2003)
7 Leonard F. Chapman Jr. 1 Jan 1968   4 1935 (NROTC) 33 (1913–2000) U.S. Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization, 1973–1977.[3]
8 Lewis W. Walt 2 Jun 1969   2 1936 (ROTC) 33 (1913–1989)
9 Raymond G. Davis 12 Mar 1971   1 1938 (ROTC) 33 (1915–2003) Awarded Medal of Honor, 1950.[4]
10 Keith B. McCutcheon 1 Jul 1971   0 1937 (ROTC) 34 (1915–1971)[j]
11 Robert E. Cushman Jr. 1 Jan 1972   4 1935 (USNA) 37 (1914–1985) Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, 1969–1971.[5]
12 Earl E. Anderson 31 Mar 1972   3 1940 (NROTC) 32 (1919–2015)
13 Louis H. Wilson Jr. 1 Jul 1975   4 1941 (OCS) 34 (1920–2005) Awarded Medal of Honor, 1944.[6]
14 Samuel Jaskilka 4 Mar 1976   3 1942 (OCS) 34 (1919–2012)
15 Robert H. Barrow 1 Jul 1978   5 1942 (OCS) 36 (1922–2008)
16 Kenneth McLennan 2 Jul 1979   3 1945 (OCS) 34 (1925–2005)
17 Paul X. Kelley 1 Jul 1981   6 1950 (NROTC) 31 (1928–2019) Chairman, American Battle Monuments Commission, 1991–1994, 2001–2005.[7]
18 John K. Davis 1 Jul 1983   3 1950 (NROTC) 33 (1927–2019)
19 George B. Crist 22 Nov 1985   3 1952 (NROTC) 33 (1931–2024)
20 Thomas R. Morgan 1 Jun 1986   2 1952 (NROTC) 34 (1930–        )
21 Alfred M. Gray Jr. 1 Jul 1987   4 1952 (OCS) 35 (1928–2024)
22 Joseph J. Went 1 Jul 1988   2 1952 (NROTC) 36 (1930–        )
23 John R. Dailey 1 Aug 1990   3 1956 (NROTC) 34 (1934–        ) Associate Deputy Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992–1999; Director, National Air and Space Museum, 2000–2018.[8]
24 Carl E. Mundy Jr. 1 Jul 1991   4 1957 (NROTC) 34 (1935–2014) President, United Service Organizations, 1996–2000.
25 Joseph P. Hoar 1 Sep 1991   3 1957 (NROTC) 34 (1934–2022)
26 Walter E. Boomer 1 Sep 1992   2 1960 (NROTC) 32 (1938–        )
27 Richard D. Hearney 15 Jul 1994   2 1962 (OCS) 32 (1939–        )
28 John J. Sheehan 31 Oct 1994   3 1962 (NROTC) 32 (1940–        )
29 Charles C. Krulak 29 Jun 1995   4 1964 (USNA) 31 (1942–        ) President, Birmingham–Southern College, 2011–2015.[9]
30 Richard I. Neal 19 Sep 1996   2 1965 (NROTC) 31 (1942–2022)
31 Anthony C. Zinni 8 Aug 1997   3 1965 (NROTC) 32 (1943–        ) U.S. Special Envoy to the Middle East, 2002–2003; U.S. Special Envoy to Qatar, 2017–2019.[10]
32 Charles E. Wilhelm 25 Sep 1997   3 1964 (NROTC) 33 (1941–        )
33 Terrence R. Dake 5 Sep 1998   2 1966 (OCS) 32 (1944–        )
34 James L. Jones 30 Jun 1999   7 1967 (NROTC) 32 (1943–        ) National Security Advisor, 2009–2010.[11]
35 Peter Pace 8 Sep 2000   7 1967 (USNA) 33 (1945–        ) Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2008.[12]
36 Carlton W. Fulford Jr. 1 Oct 2000   2 1966 (USNA) 34 (1944–        )
37 Michael J. Williams 1 Nov 2000   2 1967 (USNA) 33 (1943–        )
38 William L. Nyland 4 Sep 2002   3 1968 (NROTC) 34 (1946–        )
39 Michael W. Hagee 14 Jan 2003   3 1968 (USNA) 35 (1944–        )
40 James E. Cartwright 1 Sep 2004   7 1971 (NROTC) 33 (1949–        )
41 Robert Magnus 1 Nov 2005   3 1969 (NROTC) 36 (1947–        )
42 James T. Conway 13 Nov 2006   4 1970 (OCS) 36 (1947–        )
43 James N. Mattis 9 Nov 2007   6 1972 (ROTC) 35 (1950–        ) U.S. Secretary of Defense, 2017–2019.[13]
44 James F. Amos 2 Jul 2008   6 1970 (NROTC) 38 (1946–        ) First naval aviator to become commandant.[14]
45 Joseph F. Dunford Jr. 23 Oct 2010   9 1977 (OCS) 33 (1955–        )
46 John R. Allen 18 Jul 2011   2 1976 (USNA) 35 (1953–        ) Special Presidential Envoy for the Global Coalition to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, 2014–2015; President, Brookings Institution, 2017–2022.[15]
47 John F. Kelly 19 Nov 2012   3 1976 (OCS) 36 (1950–        ) U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security, 2017; White House Chief of Staff, 2017–2019.[16]
48 John M. Paxton Jr. 15 Dec 2012   4 1974 (OCS) 38 (1951–        )
49 Robert B. Neller 24 Sep 2015   4 1975 (OCS) 40 (1953–        )
50 Thomas D. Waldhauser 18 Jul 2016   3 1976 (OCS) 40 (1953–        )
51 Glenn M. Walters 2 Aug 2016   2 1979 (Citadel) 37 (1957–        ) President, The Citadel, 2018–present.[17]
52 Gary L. Thomas 4 Oct 2018   3 1984 (NROTC) 34 (1962–        )
53 Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr. 28 Mar 2019   3 1979 (Citadel) 40 (1957–        )
54 David H. Berger 11 Jul 2019   4 1981 (NROTC) 38 (1959–        )
55 Eric M. Smith 8 Oct 2021   3 1987 (Texas A&M) 34 (c. 1965–        )
56 Michael E. Langley 6 Aug 2022   2 1985 (OCS) 37 (c. 1963–        ) First African-American to achieve the rank of general in the Marine Corps.[18]
57 Christopher J. Mahoney 2 Nov 2023   1 1987 (NROTC) 36

Tombstone generals

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The Act of Congress of March 4, 1925, allowed officers in the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard to be promoted one grade upon retirement if they had been specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat. Combat citation promotions were colloquially known as "tombstone promotions" because they conferred all the perks and prestige of the higher rank including the loftier title on their tombstones but no additional retirement pay. The Act of Congress of February 23, 1942, enabled tombstone promotions to three- and four-star grades. Tombstone promotions were subsequently restricted to citations issued before January 1, 1947, and finally eliminated altogether effective November 1, 1959. The practice was terminated in an effort to encourage senior officer retirements prior to the effective date of the change to relieve an overstrength in the senior ranks.

Any general who actually served in a grade while on active duty receives precedence on the retirement list over any tombstone general holding the same retired grade. Tombstone generals rank among each other according to the dates of their highest active duty grade.

List of United States Marine Corps tombstone four-star generals
# Name Photo Date of rank (LtGen) Date retired Commission[d] Notes
1 Thomas Holcomb 20 Jan 1942   Jan 1944   1900 (OCS) (1879–1965) Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps, 1936–1943; U.S. Minister to South Africa, 1944–1948.
2 Holland M. Smith 28 Feb 1944   May 1946   1905 (OCS) (1882–1967) Assistant to the Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps, 1939.
3 Harry Schmidt 1 Mar 1946   Jul 1948   1909 (OCS) (1886–1968) Assistant to the Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps, 1942–1943.
4 Allen H. Turnage 4 Oct 1946   Jan 1948   1913 (OCS) (1891–1971) Assistant to the Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps, 1945–1946.
5 LeRoy P. Hunt 1 Jul 1949   Jul 1951   1917 (OCS) (1892–1968)
6 Franklin A. Hart 22 Feb 1951   Aug 1952   1917 (OCS) (1894–1967)
7 Graves B. Erskine 2 Jul 1951   Jul 1953   1917 (OCS) (1897–1973) Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Special Operations, 1953–1961.
8 Gerald C. Thomas 8 Mar 1952   Jan 1956   1917 (OCS) (1894–1984) Assistant Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps, 1952–1954.
9 Oliver P. Smith 23 Jul 1953   Sep 1955   1917 (OCS) (1893–1977) Assistant Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps, 1948–1950.
10 William O. Brice 28 Aug 1953   1956   1921 (Citadel) (1898–1972)
11 Christian F. Schilt 1 Aug 1955   Apr 1957   1919 (OCS) (1895–1987) Awarded Medal of Honor, 1928.[19]
12 Alfred H. Noble 1 Aug 1955   Nov 1956   1917 (OCS) (1894–1983)
13 Vernon E. Megee 1 Jan 1956   Nov 1959   1922 (OCS) (1900–1992) Assistant Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps, 1956–1957.
14 Edwin A. Pollock 1 Jan 1956   Nov 1959   1921 (Citadel) (1899–1982)
15 Merrill B. Twining 12 Sep 1956   Oct 1959   1923 (USNA) (1902–1996) Brother of Air Force four-star general Nathan F. Twining.
16 Ray A. Robinson 1 Nov 1956   Nov 1957   1917 (OCS) (1896–1976)
17 Robert E. Hogaboom 1 Dec 1957   Oct 1959   1925 (USNA) (1902–1993)

History

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Four-star positions

[edit]
Structure of the United States Marine Corpsfederal government of the United Statescombined operationsUnified combatant commandUnified combatant commandUnified combatant commandJoint Chiefs of StaffIraq WarWar in Afghanistan (2001–2021)Gulf WarVietnam WarKorean WarCold WarWorld War II

1945–present

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Commandant

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The first four-star Marine Corps general was outgoing commandant Thomas Holcomb, who received a tombstone promotion upon retirement in January 1944.[20][21] His successor, Alexander Vandegrift, was the first Marine to hold that grade while on active duty, the commandant having been authorized as such until six months after the end of World War II.[k] The commandant was permanently fixed at the grade of general in the same law that created the modern incarnation of the grade, the Officer Personnel Act of 1947, among the peacetime cap of 15 officers (including service chiefs).[23]


under authority of the Act of August 7, 1947. All Commandants since that date have been entitled by law to serve in the grade of general and, in accordance with the provisions of 10 U.S.C. § 5201, to retire in that grade.


  • Congress occasionally gave a posthumous fourth star to a three-star officer who died before a scheduled promotion to that rank. Special legislation promoted Marine Corps lieutenant general Roy S. Geiger and Navy vice admiral John S. McCain, who were entitled to retire with a tombstone promotion but died of illness first,[24][25] and Army lieutenant general Walton H. Walker, who died in a traffic accident in the Korean War combat theater.[26]
  • In 1938, Congress authorized any Navy and Marine Corps line officer who had been specially commended for performance in duty in actual combat to retire with the rank but not the pay of the next highest grade, a privilege extended to the Coast Guard in 1942. Such tombstone promotions for combat citations allowed dozens of three-star officers in the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard to retire with four stars, including the first four-star general in the Marine Corps, Thomas Holcomb. Eligibility was limited in 1947 to duty performed before the end of World War II, and combat citation promotions were halted entirely in 1959.[21]

Assistant commandant

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In April 1969, the Senate passed and sent a bill to the White House that makes the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps a four-star general when the active duty strength of the Marine Corps exceeds 200,000. On May 5, 1969, President Richard Nixon signed the bill, and Lieutenant General Lewis William Walt was promoted to that rank on June 2, 1969, thus becoming the first Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps to attain four-star rank. Legislation allowing the Assistant Commandant to wear the four-star insignia regardless of the strength of the Marine Corps was approved by President Gerald Ford on March 4, 1976.

  • Tombstone promotions were not authorized for the Army and Air Force, so Congress enacted special legislation in 1954 to promote in retirement or posthumously any Army lieutenant general who during World War II had commanded a field army in a combat theater, or equivalent. In 1971, Congress authorized Marine Corps lieutenant general Keith B. McCutcheon to retire for disability with the equivalent of a tombstone promotion to general, after he was confirmed for a four-star appointment as assistant commandant of the Marine Corps but was too ill to take office.[27]
  • In 1969, Marine Corps assistant commandant Lewis W. Walt became the first Marine to hold a four-star appointment on the active list other than commandant.[28] Walt had narrowly lost the race for commandant the previous year, when President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Leonard F. Chapman Jr. despite what Chapman believed to be Johnson's personal preference for Walt. Once in office, Chapman engineered a fourth star for Walt by submitting his name to the Joint Chiefs of Staff for nomination as commander in chief of U.S. Southern Command, a command that had always belonged to the Army. Suspecting that Johnson would pick Walt for that four-star appointment over any competing Army general if given the opportunity, the Joint Chiefs of Staff instead accepted Chapman's fallback proposal to promote Walt in his current job.[29] At the request of the Department of Defense, a House bill was submitted to increase the grade of assistant commandant to general so long as Walt personally held the office. The House Armed Services Committee amended the bill to authorize any assistant commandant to be appointed as a second Marine four-star general if the total active-duty strength of the Marine Corps exceeded 200,000, giving the Marines a similar proportion of four-star officers as the other services. Since Marine Corps strength exceeded 300,000 at the time, Walt received his fourth star when the bill became law in May 1969.[30][31]
  • When the United States withdrew from Vietnam, Marine Corps strength dropped below the 200,000 needed for a new assistant commandant to receive a fourth star. The House voted to remove the strength requirement in 1971 but the Senate declined to act. A momentary fluctuation lifted strength above the threshold on the day Samuel Jaskilka became assistant commandant on July 1, 1975, but commandant Louis H. Wilson Jr. refused to recommend Jaskilka for a fourth star until Congress permanently authorized the grade of general for the assistant commandant regardless of Marine Corps strength.[32] Congress removed the strength requirement on March 4, 1976, and Jaskilka was nominated for promotion two weeks later.[31]

On November 22, 1985, General George B. Crist was promoted to four-star rank and on November 27, he assumed the position of Commander in Chief of U.S. Central Command at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. His appointment marked the first time a Marine headed a unified command and the first time the Corps had three four-star generals on active duty at the same time. Since 1985, a number of Marines have served in joint positions holding four-star rank, and it is no longer uncommon for the Corps to have four or five four-star generals on active duty at the same time.

  • The defense authorization act for 1986 added a second four-star exemption for Marine Corps general George B. Crist to serve in that grade as commander in chief of U.S. Central Command.[33]
  • Initially the exemptions did little to increase rotation of joint four-star positions. U.S. Central Command continued to alternate between the Army and Marine Corps, and the new U.S. Strategic Command between the Air Force and Navy. The Navy lost its monopoly on U.S. Atlantic Command when Marine Corps general John J. Sheehan was selected over an Air Force candidate in 1994.[34] The Army lock on U.S. Southern Command broke when Marine Corps general Charles E. Wilhelm succeeded Clark in 1997. The traditional Army post of Supreme Allied Commander Europe went to Air Force general Joseph Ralston in 2000, again in succession to Clark. Other joint four-star positions did not start rotating until 2001, when a new defense secretary, Donald Rumsfeld, made it a policy to appoint combatant commanders from nontraditional services.[35]
  • In April 1981, the Marine Corps was authorized up to 9 three- or four-star officers by the DOPMA grade cap formula, of which it employed 2 as four-star generals: the commandant and assistant commandant of the Marine Corps (CMC/ACMC).[36][37] When General George B. Crist was selected as commander in chief of U.S. Central Command in 1985, the annual defense authorization act exempted his four-star position from the Marine Corps grade caps.[33] The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 authorized the Marine Corps 2 four-star generals for positions within the service, corresponding to the CMC and ACMC.[38]
  • Starting in 1991, the Marine Corps typically had at least one four-star combatant commander at any given time, and occasionally had as many as 5 four-star generals on active duty, including the CMC and ACMC, two combatant commanders, and one other joint position such as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) or commander of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. In 2013, the Marine Corps briefly had 6 four-star generals on active duty before outgoing ISAF commander John R. Allen declined a follow-on assignment as Supreme Allied Commander Europe and retired.[39]

In 2005, General Peter Pace became the first Marine to be appointed as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the chief military advisor to the President of the United States and most senior appointment in the United States armed forces. Previously, in 2001, General Pace was the first Marine officer to be appointed as Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (VJCS).

The standard tour length for the commandant (CMC) is four years; two years for the assistant commandant (ACMC); for a combatant commander, three years; and a total of four years served in consecutive two-year terms for the chairman and vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS/VJCS).

  • The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (2010 NDAA) set numerical caps on the number of four-star officers, with dedicated allocations for each service—7 Army generals, 6 Navy admirals, 9 Air Force generals, 2 Marine Corps generals—and a separate pool of 20 joint-duty four-star officers.[40][41] When the Army asked to restore a fourth star to its component commander in Europe and Africa in 2020, Congress raised the Army allocation to 8 but lowered the joint-duty allocation to 19, keeping the total number of four-star authorizations constant.[42]
  • Effective December 31, 2022, the 2017 NDAA cut the total number of general and flag officers in joint-duty positions that were exempted from grade caps by 25 percent, but deleted the grade distribution restrictions for those positions, which previously had been limited to 19 joint-duty four-star officers.[43][44][45] The 2023 NDAA allocated 2 generals to the Space Force, corresponding to the chief and vice chief of space operations.[46]
  • The Navy had been authorized 6 four-star admirals for positions within the service by the 2010 NDAA, corresponding in 2017 to the chief and vice chief of naval operations (CNO, VCNO), the commander of Fleet Forces Command (USFFC), the Navy component commanders in Europe (USNAVEUR) and the Pacific (USPACFLT), and the director of naval nuclear propulsion (NAVSEA-08). The Marine Corps was authorized 2 institutional four-star generals, corresponding to the commandant and assistant commandant (CMC, ACMC).[40][47]
  • The Senate version of the 2025 NDAA proposed giving the three-star commander of Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) a statutory eight-year term like the four-star director of naval nuclear propulsion, with possible promotion to admiral for the last three years.[48]

update four-year term CJCS

Christopher J. MahoneyMichael LangleyEric Smith (general)David H. BergerKenneth F. McKenzie Jr.Gary L. Thomas (general)Glenn M. WaltersThomas D. WaldhauserRobert NellerJohn M. Paxton, Jr.John F. Kelly (Marine)John R. AllenJoseph F. Dunford Jr.James F. AmosJames N. MattisJames T. ConwayRobert MagnusJames E. CartwrightMichael W. HageeWilliam L. NylandMichael J. WilliamsCarlton W. Fulford Jr.Peter PaceJames L. JonesTerrence R. DakeCharles E. WilhelmAnthony C. ZinniRichard I. NealCharles C. KrulakJohn J. SheehanRichard D. HearneyWalter E. BoomerJoseph P. HoarCarl E. Mundy Jr.John R. DaileyJoseph J. WentAlfred M. Gray, Jr.Thomas R. MorganGeorge B. CristJohn K. DavisPaul X. KelleyKenneth McLennanRobert H. BarrowSamuel JaskilkaLouis H. Wilson Jr.Earl E. AndersonRobert E. Cushman Jr.Raymond G. DavisKeith B. McCutcheonLewis W. WaltLeonard F. Chapman Jr.Wallace M. Greene Jr.David M. ShoupGerald C. ThomasRandolph M. PateLemuel C. Shepherd Jr.Clifton B. CatesAlexander A. VandegriftIraq WarWar in Afghanistan (2001–2021)Gulf WarVietnam WarKorean WarCold WarWorld War II

Legislation

[edit]
Further information: Legislative history of United States four-star officers

The following list of Congressional legislation includes major acts of Congress pertaining to appointments to the grade of general in the United States Marine Corps.

Legislation Citation Summary
Act of March 21, 1945  59 Stat. 36
  • Authorized one grade of general, appointed from officers serving now or hereafter as commandant of the Marine Corps, until six months after the end of World War II (Alexander A. Vandegrift) [made permanent in 1946 (60 Stat. 59)].
Act of August 7, 1947

[Officer Personnel Act of 1947]

 61 Stat. 874
 61 Stat. 880
  • Increased rank of commandant to general.
  • Authorized all Marine Corps officers to retire with the rank but not the pay of the next higher grade if specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat on or before December 31, 1946 [repealed in 1959 (73 Stat. 337)].
Act of May 2, 1969  83 Stat. 8
  • Authorized grade of general for assistant commandant of the Marine Corps if total active duty strength of Marine Corps exceeds 200,000 at time of appointment [strength requirement repealed in 1976 (90 Stat. 202)].
Act of December 12, 1980

[Defense Officer Personnel Management Act]

 94 Stat. 2844
 94 Stat. 2849
 94 Stat. 2876
  • Authorized president to designate positions of importance and responsibility to carry the grade of general, to be assigned from officers on active duty in any grade above colonel, subject to Senate confirmation, who revert to their permanent grade at the end of their assignment unless it was terminated by
    1. assignment to another position designated to carry the same grade,
    2. up to 180 days of hospitalization, or
    3. up to 90 days prior to retirement [reduced to 60 days in 1991 (105 Stat. 1354)].
  • Capped, except during war or national emergency, Marine Corps officers in grades above major general at 15 percent of all general officers on active duty.
  • Authorized three- and four-star officers to retire in the highest grade held on active duty, at the discretion of the president and subject to confirmation by the Senate, with no time-in-grade requirement [changed in 1996 to certification by secretary of defense and three-year time-in-grade requirement (110 Stat. 292)].
Act of October 28, 2009  123 Stat. 2273
 123 Stat. 2276
  • Capped Marine Corps officers in the grade of general at 2, exempting up to 20 generals assigned to joint duty [joint-duty cap repealed in 2016, effective December 31, 2022 (130 Stat. 2100), and lowered in 2021 to 19 (134 Stat. 3563)].

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Generals of the United States Marine Corps.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Alexander Archer Vandegrift | World War II | U.S. Marine Corps". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  2. ^ "David Monroe Shoup | World War II | U.S. Marine Corps". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  3. ^ "Leonard Chapman – Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization, November 29, 1973 - May 12, 1977". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  4. ^ "Raymond Gilbert Davis | Korean War | U.S. Marine Corps". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  5. ^ "Employee Bulletin No. 1209" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. 3 January 1985. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  6. ^ "Louis Hugh Wilson Jr. | World War II | U.S. Marine Corps". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  7. ^ "History | American Battle Monuments Commission". American Battle Monuments Commission. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  8. ^ "J.R. "Jack" Dailey". National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  9. ^ Garrison, Greg (2 December 2014). "General Krulak says he's retiring as president of Birmingham-Southern College". AL.com. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  10. ^ Augier, Mie; Barrett, Sean F.X. (7 September 2021). "A Conversation with General Anthony Zinni (Ret.) on Leaders and Strategic Thinking". Center for International Maritime Security. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  11. ^ Good, Chris (8 October 2010). "National Security Advisor James Jones Stepping Down". The Atlantic. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  12. ^ Leubsdorf 2024, p. 12.
  13. ^ Cooper, Helene; Rogers, Katie (23 December 2018). "Trump, Angry Over Mattis's Rebuke, Removes Him 2 Months Early". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  14. ^ Seck, Hope Hodge (14 October 2014). "The Amos legacy: How the first aviator commandant will be remembered". Marine Corps Times. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  15. ^ "Statement on the Resignation of General John R. Allen, USMC (Ret.), as Special Presidential Envoy for the Global Coalition To Counter ISIL and the Appointment of Brett H. McGurk as Special Presidential Envoy for the Global Coalition To Counter ISIL". The American Presidency Project. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2024. Kirkpatrick, David (12 June 2022). "John R. Allen Resigns as Brookings President After Qatar Revelations". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  16. ^ Lapan, David (28 July 2017). "Statement from Press Secretary Dave Lapan on Homeland Security Leadership". United States Department of Homeland Security (Press release). Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017. Karni, Annie; Haberman, Maggie (8 December 2018). "John Kelly to Step Down as Trump, Facing New Perils, Shakes Up Staff". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  17. ^ "Citadel selects Marine Corps general as next president". Red Bluff Daily News. Charleston, South Carolina. Associated Press. 13 April 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  18. ^ Cooper, Helene (6 August 2022). "After 246 Years, Marine Corps Gives 4 Stars to a Black Officer". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  19. ^ "Christian Franklin Schilt | Second Nicaraguan Campaign | U.S. Marine Corps". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  20. ^ Schuon 1963, pp. 106–108.
  21. ^ a b Act of June 22, 1938 (52 Stat. 951). Cite error: The named reference "52_Stat_951" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  22. ^ Acts of December 14, 1944 (58 Stat. 802) and March 21, 1945 (59 Stat. 36). "Appendix 1: Five-Star Generals and Admirals". Report No. 1408, House of Representatives, 86th Congress, 2d Session: Employment of Retired Commissioned Officers by Contractors of the Department of Defense and the Armed Forces. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1960. p. 10 – via Google Books.
  23. ^ Act of August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947] (61 Stat. 872).
  24. ^ Full Committee Hearings on H.R. 3049, H.R. 3251, H.R. 3053, H.R. 3056, H.R. 3252, H.R. 1845, H.R. 3191, H.R. 3057, H.R. 2314, H.R. 1380, H.J. Res. 96, H.R. 3055, H.R. 3394, H.R. 3484. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1947. p. 3011 – via Google Books.
  25. ^ "Report No. 941: Posthumous Promotion of the Late Vice Adm. John Sidney McCain, United States Navy". Senate Reports, 81st Congress, 1st Session. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1949 – via Google Books.
  26. ^ Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 81st Congress, Second Session. Vol. 96. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2 January 1951. p. 17077 – via Google Books.
  27. ^ House Armed Services Committee Report No. 92-5: Subcommittee No. 2 Hearings on H.R. 6483; and Subcommittee No. 2 Hearings and Full Committee Consideration of H.R. 7500. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1971. pp. 2239–2243 – via Google Books.
  28. ^ Halloran, Richard (28 March 1989). "Lewis E. Walt, Marine Corps General, Dies at 76". The New York Times. p. B6. Retired Marines had been recalled to active duty in four-star appointments outside the Marine Corps: Lemuel C. Shepherd Jr. as chairman of the Inter-American Defense Board, and Gerald C. Thomas as director of the Net Evaluation Subcommittee of the National Security Council.
  29. ^ "Session IX". Oral History Transcript: General Leonard F. Chapman Jr., United States Marine Corps (Retired) (PDF). Washington, D.C.: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. 13 May 1983. pp. 485–487.
  30. ^ House Armed Services Committee Report No. 91-2: Full Committee Consideration of H.R. 3832, to Provide the Grade of General for the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps so Long as Such Office is Held by the Present Incumbent. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 3 February 1969. p. 17 – via Google Books.
  31. ^ a b Prina, L. Edgar (31 March 1976). "Congress displeased about Marine's promotion". News-Pilot. p. B5 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ^ Hearings on Military Posture and H.R. 11500 [H.R. 12438], Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1977, Before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, Ninety-Fourth Congress, Second Session, Part 1. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1976. pp. 825–826 – via Google Books.
  33. ^ a b Act of November 8, 1985 [Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1986] (99 Stat. 630).
  34. ^ Milton, T.R. (10 December 1994). "Air Force Losing Game of Washington Politics". Saturday Oklahoman & Times. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ^ Rumbaugh, R. Russell (October 2014). "The Best Man for the Job? Combatant Commanders and the Politics of Jointness". Joint Forces Quarterly (75): 91–97.
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference Salt_Lake_Tribune_1981-04-11 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ Cite error: The named reference Proceedings_1988-05 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  38. ^ Cite error: The named reference NDAA_FY2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ Chandrasekaran, Rajiv (19 February 2013). "Gen. John Allen intends to retire, decline military's top post in Europe". The Washington Post. Eckstein, Megan (6 May 2015). "Who Will Follow Dunford as Next Marine Corps Commandant?". USNI News.
  40. ^ a b Act of October 28, 2009 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010] (123 Stat. 2273).
  41. ^ Harrington et al. (2018), pp. 13–17.
  42. ^ Act of January 1, 2021 [William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021] (134 Stat. 3563). "House Report 116-617: William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act For Fiscal Year 2021". House Reports, 116th Congress, 2d Session. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 3 December 2020. p. 1591.
  43. ^ Act of December 23, 2016 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017] (130 Stat. 2100). Harrington et al. (2018), pp. 17–20.
  44. ^ Kapp, Lawrence (1 February 2019). CRS Report R44389: General and Flag Officers in the U.S. Armed Forces: Background and Considerations for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. pp. 9–13.
  45. ^ Vassalotti, Michael J.; Plagakis, Sofia; Salazar Torreon, Barbara (8 March 2024). CRS Report R44389: General and Flag Officers in the U.S. Armed Forces: Background and Considerations for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. pp. 3–7.
  46. ^ Act of December 23, 2022 [James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023] (136 Stat. 2557).
  47. ^ Harrington et al. (2018), pp. 52–53, 229, 232, 237, 240–241, 247.
  48. ^ "Senate Report No. 118-188: National Defense Authorization Act For Fiscal Year 2025". Senate Reports, 118th Congress, 2d Session. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 8 July 2024. pp. 125–127, 138, 159.

Notes

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  1. ^ a b Dates of rank are taken, where available, from the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps register of active and retired commissioned officers, or from the World Almanac and Book of Facts.
  2. ^ Positions listed are those held by the officer when promoted to general. Dates listed are for the officer's full tenure, which may predate promotion to four-star rank or postdate retirement from active duty.
  3. ^ a b The number of years of active-duty service at four-star rank is approximated by subtracting the year in the "Date of rank" column from the last year in the "Position" column.
  4. ^ a b c Sources of commission are listed in parentheses after the year of commission and include: the Officer Candidates School (OCS); the United States Naval Academy (USNA); Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) at a civilian university; Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) at a civilian university; and ROTC at a senior military college such as the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) or The Citadel (Citadel).
  5. ^ a b The number of years in commission before being promoted to four-star rank is approximated by subtracting the year in the "Commission" column from the year in the "Date of rank" column.
  6. ^ a b Notes include years of birth and death; awards of the Medal of Honor, Congressional Gold Medal, Presidential Medal of Freedom, or honors of similar significance; major government appointments; university presidencies or equivalents; familial relationships with other four-star officers or significant government officials such as U.S. Presidents, cabinet secretaries, U.S. Senators, or state governors; and unusual career events such as premature relief or death in office.
  7. ^ Posthumously promoted to general by Act of Congress, Jun 1947, with date of rank 23 Jan 1947.
  8. ^ Reverted to lieutenant general, Jan 1952; retired as general, Jun 1954.
  9. ^ Retired as general, Jan 1956; recalled as general, Mar 1956.
  10. ^ Unable to assume post due to ill health; promoted and placed on retired list as general by Act of Congress, 1 Jul 1971; died 13 Jul 1971.
  11. ^ Vandegrift's promotion was part of a deal that, in separate legislation, also authorized the five-star grades of general of the Army and fleet admiral.[22]

Bibliography

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Books and papers

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Journals and magazines

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Online publications

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Marine Corps

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Other

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Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.


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