User:Sophbonn/Environmental issues in Thailand
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Mangroves and beach erosion
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Deforestation creates a host of environmental problems: soil erosion, sedimentation of rivers, and loss of natural habitat. Mangrove wetlands are among the leading habitats in carbon sequestration, and degradation of these habitats poses risks to global carbon accumulation.[1] They are hypothesized to dampen the intensity of tsunami force, which would protect both human and biodiversity interests.[2] Wetlands and mangroves in coastal areas have been seriously degraded by expansion of commercial fishing, shrimp aquaculture, industry, and tourism, causing much of Thailand's biodiversity losses.[3] It is estimated that Thailand in 1961 had 3,500 km2 of mangrove forests. By 2004 that number was less than 2,000 km2 according to the Thai government.[4]
According to Thailand's deputy transport minister, some of Thailand's attractive beaches may be lost within ten years. "If we don't do anything, there will be no attractive beaches left", he said.[5] The marine department, part of the transport ministry, manages Thailand's 3,000 km of shoreline in 23 coastal provinces. Some 670 km of shoreline exhibits severe erosion, with land being lost to the sea at a rate of more than five metres per year. To combat erosion, sections of Pattaya Beach in Chonburi Province are being topped up with more than 300,000 m3 of sand at a cost of 429 million baht. A two kilometer stretch of Chalatat Beach in Songkhla is being restored at a cost of 300 million baht.[5]
Thailand had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.00/10, ranking it 88th globally out of 172 countries.[6]
While conservationists have advocated for creation of marine protected areas in mangrove forests, coastal communities in Thailand are concerned these protections may interfere with their economic growth.[7] Mangroves provide these communities with profit opportunities, mainly through agriculture and tourism practices including the operation of rubber plantations, aquaculture, and fishing. [8] The Thailand central government has enacted stricter, community-based mangrove restoration laws which shift emphasis from regulating mangrove removal to promoting mangrove conservation. This initiative provides flexibility for local government to approach mangrove conservation efforts as they see fit, which has proved successful for communities in the Phuket, Phang Nga, and Trang provinces. [9] Communities without the financial means to enact these recent policy changes rely on private entities to fund restoration efforts.[10] Another solution to satisfy environmental and economic concerns may be payment for ecosystem services (PES), a method of conservation that incentivizes sustainable environmental practices. PES helps support communities in transitioning to sustainable practices, however a lack of funds challenges wide scale support for PES and its implementation.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ Alongi, Daniel M. (2020). "Global Significance of Mangrove Blue Carbon in Climate Change Mitigation". Sci. 2 (3): 67. doi:10.3390/sci2030067. ISSN 2413-4155.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Alongi, Daniel M. (2008-01-01). "Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to global climate change". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 76 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2007.08.024. ISSN 0272-7714.
- ^ "Thailand Environment". The World Bank. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
- ^ Ping, Xu. "Environmental Problems and Green Lifestyles in Thailand" (PDF). Nanzan University. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- ^ a b Mahitthirook, Amornrat (17 November 2016). "Thailand's beaches losing sand". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
- ^ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
- ^ Bennett, Nathan James; Dearden, Philip (2014-02-01). "Why local people do not support conservation: Community perceptions of marine protected area livelihood impacts, governance and management in Thailand". Marine Policy. 44: 107–116. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2013.08.017. ISSN 0308-597X.
- ^ Bennett, Nathan J.; Dearden, Philip; Murray, Grant; Kadfak, Alin (2014). "The capacity to adapt?: communities in a changing climate, environment, and economy on the northern Andaman coast of Thailand". Ecology and Society. 19 (2). ISSN 1708-3087.
- ^ Kongkeaw, Chaturong; Kittitornkool, Jawanit; Vandergeest, Peter; Kittiwatanawong, Kongkiat (2019-08-01). "Explaining success in community based mangrove management: Four coastal communities along the Andaman Sea, Thailand". Ocean & Coastal Management. 178: 104822. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104822. ISSN 0964-5691.
- ^ Thompson, Benjamin S. (2018-11-01). "The political ecology of mangrove forest restoration in Thailand: Institutional arrangements and power dynamics". Land Use Policy. 78: 503–514. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.07.016. ISSN 0264-8377.
- ^ Thompson, Benjamin S.; Friess, Daniel A. (2019-03-01). "Stakeholder preferences for payments for ecosystem services (PES) versus other environmental management approaches for mangrove forests". Journal of Environmental Management. 233: 636–648. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.032. ISSN 0301-4797.