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Kullervo
Symphonic work by Jean Sibelius
The young composer (c. 1891)
Catalogue	Op. 7
Text	Kalevala (Runos XXXV–VI)
Language	Finnish
Composed	1891–92
Publisher	Breitkopf & Härtel (1966, 2005)
Duration	Approx. 70–75 minutes
Movements	5
Premiere
Date	28 April 1892 (1892-04-28)
Location	Helsinki, Grand Duchy of Finland
Conductor	Jean Sibelius
Performers	Helsinki Orchestral Society

Kullervo (sometimes referred to as the Kullervo Symphony), Op. 7, is a five-movement symphonic work for soprano, baritone, male choir, and orchestra written from 1891–1892 by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. Movements I, II, and IV are instrumental, whereas III and V feature sung text from Runos XXXV–VI of the Kalevala, Finland's national epic. The piece tells the story of the tragic hero Kullervo, with each movement depicting an episode from his ill-fated life: first, an introduction that establishes the psychology of the titular character; second, a haunting "lullaby with variations" that portrays his unhappy childhood; third, a dramatic dialogue between soloists and chorus in which the hero unknowingly seduces his long-lost sister; fourth, a lively scherzo in which Kullervo seeks redemption on the battlefield; and fifth, a funereal choral finale in which he returns to the spot of his incestuous crime and, guilt-ridden, takes his life by falling on his sword.

The piece premiered on 28 April 1892 in Helsinki with Sibelius conducting the Helsinki Orchestral Society and an amateur choir; the baritone Abraham Ojanperä and the mezzo-soprano Emmy Achté sang the parts of Kullervo and his sister, respectively. The premiere was a resounding success—indeed, the definitive breakthrough of Sibelius's nascent career and the moment at which orchestral music became his chosen medium. The critics praised the confidence and inventiveness of his writing and heralded Kullervo as the dawn of art music that was distinctly Finnish. Sibelius's triumph, however, was due in part to extra-musical considerations: by setting the Finnish-language Kalevala and evoking—but not directly quoting—the melody and rhythm of Finnic rune singing, he had given voice to the political struggle for Finland's independence from Imperial Russia.

After four additional performances—and increasingly tepid reviews—Sibelius withdrew Kullervo in March 1893, saying he wanted to revise it. He never did, and as his idiom evolved beyond national romanticism, he suppressed the work. (However, individual movements were played a few times during his lifetime, most notably the third on 1 March 1935 for the Kalevala's centenary.) Kullervo would not receive its next complete performance until 12 June 1958, nine months after Sibelius's death, when his son-in-law Jussi Jalas resurrected it for a recorded, private concert in Helsinki.

Kullervo eschews obvious categorization, in part because of Sibelius's indecision. At the premiere, program and score each listed the piece as a symphonic poem; nevertheless, Sibelius referred to Kullervo as a symphony both while composing the piece and again in retirement when reflecting on his career. Today, many commentators prefer to view Kullervo as a choral symphony, due to its deployment of sonata form in the first movement, its thematic unity, and the presence of recurring material across movements. Such a perspective conceptualizes Kullervo as Sibelius's "Symphony No. 0" and thereby expands his completed contributions to the symphonic canon from seven to eight.

Kullervo has been recorded many times, with Paavo Berglund and the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra having made the world premiere studio recording in 1970. A typical performance lasts about 70–75 minutes, making it the longest composition in Sibelius's œuvre.

History

The title page (left) to the 1849 2nd edition of the Kalevala; as a student in Berlin, Sibelius (right) began to realize the "rich possibilities that the Kalevala offered for musical setting".

In May 1889, Sibelius graduated from the Helsinki Music Institute, the star pupil of the director Martin Wegelius; although he had mastered chamber music, he remained inexperienced writing for orchestra, having attempted neither a symphony nor concerto. With the aid of state scholarships, he continued his schooling abroad: first in Berlin (1889–1890) to study counterpoint with Albert Becker, and second in Vienna (1890–1891) to study orchestration under Robert Fuchs and to consult periodically with Karl Goldmark.

Composition

As a postgraduate student, Sibelius frequented the music scenes of Berlin and Vienna with regularity. First, during his time in Imperial Germany, Sibelius's compatriot Robert Kajanus conducted the Berlin Philharmonic in a 11 February 1890 performance of his symphonic poem Aino, for male choir and orchestra. For Sibelius this was, as he told his biographer Karl Ekman in the 1930s, a formative experience "of thrilling importance to me. It opened my eyes to the wonderful opportunities the Kalevala offered for musical expression".

later that year, Sibelius's interest in the Kalevala, as well as the "musical qualities" of the Finnish language (Swedish was his native tongue), deepened; in a 26 December letter to his fiancé Aino Järnefelt, he wrote: "I am reading the Kalevala a lot and am already beginning to understand much more Finnish. The Kalevala strikes me as extraordinarily modern and to my ears is pure music, themes and variations; its story is far less important than the moods and atmosphere conveyed." Sibelius's budding "musical identity" increasingly became intwined with national romanticism, even if

This time, however, the new symphonic project would be based on the national epic: "All my moods derive from the Kalevala", he wrote to Aino. "I am now getting a clearer idea of my symphony. It is completely unlike anything else I have written up to now ... everyone thinks I am so strange and original, unnatural and highly strung". After a few highs (upon seeing the beginning of the new symphony, Fuchs had praised his pupil) and lows (gallstone surgery), Sibelius left Vienna on 8 June for his grandmother's home in Loviisa, his student years complete. He made very little progress on Kullervo during the summer, but by autumn, he was again at work on it, motivated in part by the realization that, as he wrote to Aino, "There is no other way of hastening our wedding than having a new composition ready"—a success would demonstrate to the Järnefelt patriarch (a general who was the governor of Vaasa Province) that Sibelius was a worthy suitor with a promising future.

Sibelius detailed his plans for Kullervo to his fiancé, Aino Järnefelt (left); an ad from Päivälehti (right) announcing Kullervo's 1892 premiere.

Sibelius had no interest the type of national art music that directly borrowed from folk song; instead, he aimed for a symphony dominated by his personal idiom that would nonetheless capture indirectly the essence of the ancient Finnic runes. Seeking authenticity, he visited the famous Izhorian runic singer and folklorist Larin Paraske, who in late 1891 appeared in Porvoo (Borgå); according to an eyewitness account, he took notes on her inflections and rhythm. (Sibelius disputed this timeline, claiming he had met Paraske for the first time in 1892, after Kullervo premiered; for more, see: Relationship to Finnish folk song and nationalism.) Inevitably, Sibelius's choice of a Finnish text drew him into Finland's language strife. For example, as a Svecoman, Wegelius was disappointed that his one-time pupil had made common cause with the Fennomans—such as the nationalist Päivälehti circle of liberal artists and writers, which included Wegelius's "arch-rival", Kajanus—by setting the Kalevala. (Nevertheless, no break between the two occurred and, later in March 1892 when Sibelius showed Wegelius the third movement of Kullervo, his former teacher told him that he had "caught the epic character of the poem superbly".)

As the new year arrived, Sibelius poured himself into Kullervo with alacrity. His letters to Aino detail the many ways in which his plans continued to evolve. At the end of January, he was still considering using a narrator in the third movement to supplement the soloists; by 16 February, however, he had abandoned this idea and opted instead to give the narrative to the choral accompaniment. At this time he also expanded the choir's role to the finale, having abandoned as "banal" his initial plan for an entirely orchestral ending.

• By November, he still had not decided whether the choir in Kullervo would be mixed (as in Beethoven's Ninth) or male; but by 4 March 1892, he settles on male only after an exchange with Wegelius: "He thinks the women will be embarrassed and won't sing ... In case the ladies are troubled by this I shall give it to the male choir".

• He was also considering a narrator

• Racing for a spring deadline (Sibelius mentions May), and is "writing day and night now; otherwise I won't have the work ready in time". By 23 March, is "I have been at my wits end over my work—have entertained suicidal thoughts and such like". But, 27 March: "At the moment I'm very pleased with my work and think it splendid. Not that it is finished yet. But everything is wonderfully clear in my head. Oh, how I long to get on the podium and show everybody what I have done".

, then in ⁶
₄ time,

though his plans continued to evolve; as he wrote to Aino, "My work progresses, albeit very slowly. I do not want to strike a false or artificial note in art and hence I write and then tear up what I have written".

Although the earlier movements have their share of rogue slurs, drunkenly tilted note heads, and bizarre symbols, the pages of the last two movements nearly sink beneath a flood of reckless errors, testimony to the part ecstasy, part panic in which they were written. Continuations of parts vanish after page turns; wrongly transposed woodwind melodies generate grinding clashes with the strings; slurs zoom bewilderingly across the staff; clefs perch blithely on the wrong line; and dozens of necessary instructions from dynamic markings to crucial performance directions must have remained "wonderfully clear" only in Sibelius's head, since they appear nowhere on the page.

Premiere

Preparations for a work as massive as Sibelius's Kullervo stretched Helsinki's musical resources to the limit: the copyists labored tirelessly to write out the parts, while organizers had to hire extra musicians because the Helsinki Orchestral Society (which Kajanus had founded in 1882) consisted of just thirty-eight permanent members. Moreover, the city had no professional chorus, and so about forty amateur vocalists were cobbled together from the University Chorus and the Helsinki Parish Clerk and Organ School's student choir. The rehearsals, too, were a challenge: the musicians, the majority of whom were Germans, not only viewed Sibelius as a neophyte but also had little understanding of the national heritage upon which Kullervo drew—some of them even laughed derisively when they saw their parts and when the soloists sang. Speaking a mix of Finnish, Swedish, and German as needed, Sibelius gradually won over his performers through the force of his personality—as one vocalist recalled, "We doubted that we could learn our parts ... [but] the young composer himself would come and hold special rehearsals with us. This raised our self-esteem. And he came. His eyes were ablaze! It was that inspirational fire of which the poets speak".

The baritone Abraham Ojanperä (left) and mezzo-soprano Emmy Achté (right) sang the parts of Kullervo and his sister, respectively, at all five of the 1892–93 performances.

Kullervo premiered on 28 April 1892 to a capacity audience (the major newspapers had carried front-page advertisements) at the Ceremonial Hall of the Imperial Alexander's University of Finland, Sibelius—initially pale and trembling—conducting. The soloists were the Finnish mezzo-soprano Emmy Achté and baritone Abraham Ojanperä. The audience—a mix of the regular concert-going public and patriots there for the nationalist spectacle—received two leaflets: first, a program (in Swedish) that described Kullervo as a "symphonic poem" ("symfonisk dikt"; for more, see: Categorizing Kullervo – Is it a symphony?); and second, text (in Finnish, with Swedish translation) from the Kalevala for Movements III and V, as well as a "motto" that helped it to contextualize the instrumental Movement IV. Notably, this was the first time in history that a concert audience had been given a Finnish-language text. Although the orchestra overpowered Ojanperä and Achté, the performance was a success: enthusiastic applause erupted after each movement and, at the end, Kajanus presented Sibelius with a blue-and-white-ribboned laurel wreath that quoted prophetically lines 615–16 of Runo L of the Kalevala: "That way now will run the future / On the new course, cleared and ready". The next day, Kullervo received its second performance—again under Sibelius's baton—at a matinée concert, and on 30 April, Kajanus conducted the fourth movement at a popular concert that concluded the season.

The critics praised Sibelius... Karl Flodin ("K.") in Nya Pressen, Karl Wasenius ("Bis") in Hufvudstadsbladet, and Oskar Merikanto ("O.") in Päivälehti...

He will take us to completely uncharted territory, to unknown music halls, he will bring before our eyes the most beautiful gems of our national epic, he will caress our ears with divine chords, which we recognize as our own, even though we have never heard them as such. Great torrents of musical floods will send shivers down our spines; we feel like we are in a different world when strange harmonies and odd melodies weave around us. Amazed, we shall look at one another and whisper: "magnificent!". And indeed: we have never heard music like that before. Finnish music definitely has a future in Mr. Sibelius. O.

Jean Sibelius is an artist who occupies his own space and has his own freedoms. He does not consider how others have interpreted one feeling or another, rather, he knows how he himself will interpret it, and he will accomplish it whether he has to break old conventions and appear as a "mister better than you" or not. In addition to this originality - a gift that cannot be praised highly enough -, Sibelius has such an abundance of emotions and ideas that when they take hold they race each other to reach the surface, bouncing off each other, leaving one behind here and another one there, and when it's time to produce a whole from these elements - in the sense that a whole is understood e.g. in a work of music - this "whole" feels like puzzling together small pieces that have little to do with each other. Sibelius music, you see, is full of anxiety, restlessness. No wonder then that we do not always find a conventional and systematic whole in his compositions even though we must always find the original and impressive music of a genius in them. Perhaps Sibelius wants to free from everything that we are otherwise accustomed to and be a pioneer traversing toward a new direction.

Its portrayal is vivid and so very Finnish that every part of the work breathes the ancient, convinced and sorrowful Finnish spirit.

The second part "Youth of Kullervo" is a beautiful and impressive orchestral number.

The third part is a most exciting work of music.

Kullervo and his sister getting together, which is to ruin them both later, is wonderfully and most realistically conveyed by the orchestra.

Kullervo's lament. Guilt and bitterness have verily not been depicted better or in a more shattering way than here. It is truly to be considered Mr. Sibelius' greatest flash of genius until now.

This is what the first truly Finnish composition is like. O.

 Withdrawal and partial suppression

Following the 1892 concerts, Sibelius married Aino on 10 June at the Järnefelt summer home in Tottesund, Vöyri (Vörå), the success of Kullervo having convinced Aino's parents (and Sibelius's mother) that he would be able to provide for their daughter. To satisfy Sibelius's "longing for the wilds", the couple honeymooned in the Karelian village of Lieksa on Lake Pielinen. (Later, Sibelius claimed that this was when he first met Paraske.) Around this time, Sibelius mailed the autograph manuscript of Kullervo to his friend, the Swedish playwright Adolf Paul, in Vienna; they had hoped to interest the Austrian conductor Felix Weingartner in the piece, but nothing came of the plan. On 6, 8, and 12 March 1893, the Orchestral Society again performed Kullervo under Sibelius's baton, with Ojanperä and Achté reprising their roles. Critics received these concerts cooly, faulting the work for its excessive length, jarring dissonances, and inexpert orchestration. Afterwards, Sibelius withdrew Kullervo, saying he wanted to revise it (for more, see: Relationship to Finnish folk song and nationalism). He did not do so, and as the years ticked by, he focused on other projects, placing Kullervo aside. In 1905, Kajanus borrowed the score for a 5 February performance of Movement IV at a patriotic concert celebrating Runeberg Day.

Two stamps (left) commemorating the Kalevala's centenary, for which Sibelius permitted Georg Schnéevoigt (right) to conduct Kullervo's third movement—its first performance in 42 years.

In 1915, Sibelius wrote to Kajanus asking that he return the autograph manuscript of Kullervo (then the only copy). The impetus for this request was two-fold. First, the composer and scholar Erik Furuhjelm had begun writing a biography (in Swedish) in honor of Sibelius's semicentennial; to continue the book, he needed to examine the work that had launched Sibelius's career. Second, an 15 August article about Kajanus in Hufvudstadsbladet had listed a 'Kullervo' among his compositions; having likely forgotten that Kajanus indeed had written a piece called Kullervo's Funeral March in 1880, a paranoid Sibelius "jumped to the conclusion" that Kajanus had appropriated Kullervo as his own. Stunningly, Kajanus had mislaid the score following the 1905 concert, and a "nerve-wracking" hunt ensued. When searches of the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra and Music Institute libraries proved unsuccessful, a "wholly mystif[ied]" Kajanus began to worry that "some crazy manuscript collector [might] have purloined the score". His patience exhausted, Sibelius in his diary entertained the possibility of conspiracy: "Letter from [Kajanus]. He has not taken the slightest care of Kullervo or—this is more likely—one of the orchestral staff who belongs to the clique around him has burnt it". In December, Kajanus located the manuscript in his personal library. Around 1916, Sibelius deposited the manuscript in Helsinki University Library for safekeeping, only to sell it to the Kalevala Society in the early 1920s in order to address his dire financial situation.

A decade later, Cecil Gray, Sibelius's first English-language biographer and an advocate in Britain for his music, reported that Sibelius had told him Kullervo would likely remain unrevised:

He confesses to being not entirely satisfied with the work as it stands, and while admitting that he might conceivably be able to remedy the more outstanding defects by rewriting it here and there he is nevertheless disinclined to do so, being of the opinion that the faults and imperfections of a work are often so intimately bound up with its very nature, that an attempt to rectify them without impairing it as a whole must almost inevitably fail ... The only really satisfactory method of re-writing a work is to recast it from beginning to end, and Sibelius no doubt feels that he is more profitably engaged in writing new works than in re-writing old ones ... The chances are, then, that Kullervo will never see the light of day.

Nevertheless, in early 1935, as Finland prepared to celebrate the centenary of the Kalevala's publication, Armas Väisänen—the ethnomusicologist and general secretary of the festival—secured Sibelius's blessing to have Kullervo's third movement performed under the baton of Georg Schnéevoigt. (Väisänen had taken Schnéevoigt to the Helsinki University Library to examine the autograph manuscript; the conductor did not find Kullervo to be on par with Sibelius's mature works, and was only willing to conduct Movement III.) The concert was held on 1 March at the newly-built Messuhalli, which was "filled to the brim". The performers were the Helsinki Philharmonic and a choir drawn from the YL Male Voice Choir and Laulu-Miehet, with the tenor Väinö Sola (who substituted when the baritone Oiva Soini took ill before the dress rehearsal) and the lyric soprano Aino Vuorjoki serving as soloists. In a review for Helsingin Sanomat, Evert Katila wrote that, given the caustic receives Kullervo received in 1893, Movement III "surprised and astonished with its clarity, simplicity and subtle beauty". However, he faulted the soloists as woefully unsuitable in terms of timbre and dramatic interpretation: "[they] did not do full justice to the composition".

The final time that any movement of Kullervo was performed during Sibelius's lifetime was in 1955 on the composer's ninetieth birthday, when Ole Edgren conducted the Turku Philharmonic Orchestra in Movement IV. However, in the spring of 1957, just months before his death, Sibelius arranged for bass and orchestra the baritone's concluding monologue—Kullervo's Lament (Kullervon valitus)—from Movement III. By this time Sibelius's hand tremor had become so severe that he could not himself write down the notes; instead, he dictated the orchestration to his son-in-law Jussi Jalas. The impetus for returning to Kullervo had been a request by the Finnish bass-baritone Kim Borg for a song from Sibelius. Borg premiered Kullervo's Lament on 14 June in Helsinki during Sibelius Week, Jalas conducting the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra.

 Posthumous revival

On 30 September 1957, Finland honored Sibelius with a state funeral (left); on 12 June 1958, Jussi Jalas (right) conducted Kullervo in its entirety—the first such performance in 65 years.

Sibelius died on 20 September 1957. Nine months later, on 12 June 1958, Kullervo received its first complete performance of the twentieth century at a private concert in University Hall, which the Finnish government had organized in honor of the King of Denmark Frederick IX's state visit; the Finnish president Urho Kekkonen was also present. Jalas conducted the Philharmonic Orchestra and Laulu-Miehet, with the baritone Matti Lehtinen and soprano Liisa Linko-Malmio as soloists. The concert was recorded—a first for Kullervo—and a copy was gifted to the Danish king. The next day, as part of Sibelius Week, Jalas repeated Kullervo for a public concert held at Messuhalli. Writing in Helsingin Sanomat, Martti Vuorenjuuri described Kullervo as "an astonishing leap away from all music that preceded it" with "themes [that] are rather successful, sometimes even ingenious"; nevertheless, he faulted Sibelius for a "scattered ... architecture" and predicted that, while excerpts from Kullervo would be suitable for the concert repertoire, the piece "in its entirety will not become living art".

Two additional productions of Kullervo are also of historical significance. First, the world premiere of Kullervo outside of Finland was on 19 November 1970 in Bournemouth, England, with Paavo Berglund conducting the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra and the YL Male Voice Choir; the soloists were the baritone Usko Viitanen and mezzo-soprano Raili Kostia. The next day, Berglund repeated Kullervo at Royal Festival Hall in London. Writing for The Times, William Mann praised Kullervo as "dramatically gripping", with "choral writing [... that] is stern and monolithic, often powerful, and ... eloquent solos for brother and sister"; he also described Sibelius as "a gifted musical experimenter, with as strong a sense of design as of thematic character". In The Guardian, Edward Greenfield characterized Kullervo as a work of "striking originality" and "Mahlerian scale". Second, on 10 March 1979, Kullervo received its American premiere at Uihlein Hall in Milwaukee, with Kenneth Schermerhorn conducting the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra and the Wisconsin Conservatory Symphony Chorus; the baritone Vern Shinall and mezzo-soprano Mignon Dunn were the soloists. In a review for The Milwaukee Journal, Roxane Orgill faulted Sibelius as a "longwinded conversationalist" and dismissed Kullervo as having "wander[ed] aimlessly ... it could be argued that the score should never have been dusted off". On 13 April, Schermerhorn's crew (albeit with the West Minster Men's Choir substituting) played Kullervo at Carnegie Hall in New York. In The New York Times, Raymond Ericson found Kullervo "verbose and very uneven. Yet ... it has the unique Sibelius sound, starkly colorful, darkly sonorous ... and the melodic lines have a flavorsome folklike tinge that makes them quite beautiful".

Initially, there was some debate as to the propriety of performing a work that Sibelius withdrew, did not revise, and left unpublished. Santeri Levas, Sibelius's private secretary from 1938–1957, wrote that the Jalas concert was "against the expressed wish of the recently deceased master". Evidence in support of this perspective is that Sibelius regularly denied performance requests. For example, when on 31 August 1950 Olin Downes—the music critic for The New York Times and Sibelius 'apostle'—wrote to the composer to secure Kullervo's American premiere, Sibelius refused in a 5 September response. "I still feel deeply for this youthful work of mine", Sibelius explained. "Perhaps that accounts for the fact that I would not like to have it performed abroad during an era that seems to me so very remote from the spirit that Kullervo represents ... I am not certain that the modern public would be able to place it in its proper perspective ... even in my own country I have declined to have it produced". However, Erik Tawaststjerna, Sibelius's most expansive biographer, argued that the posthumous revival of Kullervo "was certainly not in conflict with [Sibelius's] last wishes", as before his death he "reconciled to the idea that the symphony in its entirety might be taken up ... and finally accepted it as something quite natural".

 Instrumentation

As with Sibelius's fourth movement, Gallen-Kallela's sketch (left) portrays Kullervo "joyfully" ridding into battle; Robert Kajanus (right) conducted this movement in 1892 and 1905.

Kullervo is scored for soprano, baritone, male choir (tenors and baritones), and orchestra. The choir sings in Movements III and V, while the soloists appear in III only. The orchestra includes the following instruments:

• Woodwinds: piccolo, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 clarinets (in A and B♭), bass clarinet (in B♭), and 2 bassoons
• Brass: 4 horns (in D, E, and F), 3–4 trumpets (in D, E, and F), 3 trombones, and tuba
• Percussion: timpani, triangle, and cymbals
• Strings: violins, violas, cellos, and double basses

Sibelius did not publish Kullervo in his lifetime, and for many decades the score existed only in the autograph original. From 1932–1933, as Finland prepared for the Kalevala's 1935 jubilee, Sibelius had the score copied—for his personal use—by the violinist Viktor Halonen. After the composer's death, Breitkopf & Härtel obtained the rights to Kullervo in 1961 and published Halonen's copy (with emendations) five years later. A critical edition of Kullervo, edited by the musicologist Glenda Dawn Goss, arrived in 2005; her work is based off of the autograph manuscript, as well as the original orchestral and choral parts (preserved at the Sibelius Museum in Turku) and piano-vocal arrangements of Movements III and V that Sibelius used for rehearsals (preserved at the National Library of Finland in Helsinki, to which his estate transferred in the 1980s).

Structure

Excerpted lyrics from Movement III
(Kullervo's lament)

Kullervo
Woe my day, O me unhappy,
Woe to me and all my household,
For indeed my very sister,
I my mother's child have outraged!
Woe my father, woe my mother,
Woe to you, my aged parents,
To what purpose have you reared me,
Reared me up to be so wretched!

– Kalevala, Runo XXXV (271–78)

Motto to Movement IV
(leaflet from the 1892 premiere)

Kullervo, Kalervo's offspring,
With the very bluest stockings,
Went with music forth to battle,
Joyfully he sought the conflict,
Playing tunes through plains and marshes,
Shouting over all the heathland,
Crashing onwards through the meadows,
Trampling the fields of stubble.

– Kalevala, Runo XXXVI (155–62)

Excerpted lyrics from Movement V
(Kullervo's suicide)

Chorus
Kullervo, Kalervo's offspring,
Grasped the sharpened sword he carried,
Looked upon the sword and turned it,
And he questioned it and asked it,
And he asked the sword's opinion,
If it was disposed to slay him,
To devour his guilty body,
And his evil blood to swallow [ ... ]

Turned the point against his bosom,
And upon the point he threw him,
Thus he found the death he sought for,
Cast himself into destruction.

– Kalevala, Runo XXXVI (319–26, 339–42)

Kullervo consists of five interrelated movements, each of which depicts an episode from the ill-fated life of the tragic hero Kullervo. A typical performance lasts about 70–75 minutes, making it the longest composition in Sibelius's œuvre.

I. Introduction

Movement I (Finnish title: Johdanto; Swedish: Inledning), marked Allegro moderato, begins in E minor and is in cut time.

first, an introduction that establishes the psychology of the titular character.

, is in sonata form; its style recalls Bruckner. While the movement is without a formal program, it nonetheless evokes the sweep of Finnish legend, as well as the complex character Kullervo—at once a heroic but also tragic figure.

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II. Kullervo's Youth

The second movement (Finnish title: Kullervon nuoruus; Swedish: Kullervos ungdom), tempo Grave, is—according to Sibelius—a haunting "lullaby with variations" for orchestra. It portrays Kullervo's childhood, which according to Runos XXXI–III of the Kalevala, includes great sadness and hardship:

during his infancy, his uncle Untamo murders Kullervo's father, Kalervo, and destroys his clan

Untamo finally sells Kullervo as a slave to the great smith of Kalevala, Ilmarinen

Kullervo grows quickly and after three months vows to avenge the destruction of his father and his people.

He cuts into the loaf and his knife is broken on the stone; this he laments heavily and vows revenge on Ilmarinen's wife as the knife was the only keepsake of his lost people.

• The movement is in the "form ABA₁B₁A₂.

• "The main idea [A] sombre in tone and relentless in its onward tread has an air of foreboding that through its dark colouring and dissonant harmonies senses both Kullervo's tragic fate and his heroic stature".

• Half note followed by five eighth notes.

• "The contrast section [B] is of a lighter, patrol colouring." Cites clarinet and cor englais

• Refers to it as a "rondo".

• The movement is a "simple ABABA, which each section modified and rescored whenever it reappears."

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III. Kullervo and His Sister

The third movement (Finnish title: Kullervo ja hänen sisarensa; Swedish: Kullervo och hans syster), tempo Allegro vivace, is a dramatic dialogue between baritone (Kullervo) and soprano (three maidens, the third of which turns out to be his sister), with the unison male chorus narrating and commenting on the plot. The Finnish-language text, from Runo XXXV (lines 69–286, passim) of the Kalevala, tells the following story:

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IV. Kullervo Goes to War

Movement IV (Finnish title: Kullervon sotaanlähtö; Swedish: Kullervo tågar ut till strid), marked Alla marcia [Allegro molto]—Vivace—Presto, has Kullervo attempting to atone for his crime by seeking death on the battlefield.

fourth, a lively scherzo in which Kullervo seeks redemption on the battlefield.

• Recounts the story from Runo XXXVI: 297–346

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V. Kullervo's Death

Movement V (Finnish title: Kullervon kuolema; Swedish: Kullervos död), marked Andante, features a haunting male chorus recounts Kullervo's death. He inadvertently comes to the site where he raped his sister, marked by dead grass and bare earth where nature refuses to renew itself. He addresses his sword, asking if it is willing to drink guilty blood. The sword answers, and Kullervo falls on his sword.

fifth, a funereal choral finale in which he returns to the spot of his incestuous crime and, guilt-ridden, takes his life by falling on his sword. .

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Analysis

Hector Berlioz (left) coined the term choral symphony to describe his Roméo et Juliette (1839); at the 1892 premiere, the program (right) labeled Kullervo a symphonic poem.

 Categorizing Kullervo – Is it a symphony?

Sibelius went on to become one of the most important symphonists of the early twentieth century: his seven numbered symphonies, written between 1899 (the Symphony No. 1 in E minor, Op. 39) and 1924 (the Symphony No. 7 in C major, Op. 105), are the core of his oeuvre and stalwarts of the concert repertoire. However, the standard cycle is predated by two projects that Sibelius, during the compositional process, referred to as "symphonies". First, in 1891, Sibelius wrote the Overture in E major (JS 145) and Scène de ballet (JS 163), which he had intended as the initial two movements of a symphony before abandoning his plan. Second, in 1891 and early 1892, Sibelius continually labeled Kullervo a "symphony" ("symfoni") in letters to Aino Järnefelt, Kajanus, and Wegelius, before settling on "symphonic poem" ("symfonisk dikt") for the April premiere—a title that newspaper advertisements and program shared. Sibelius likely "shrank" from the former classification due both to Kullervo's programmatic nature, as well as its deployment of a hybrid structure in which a "quasi-operatic ... scena" essentially 'interrupts' an up-to-that-point 'normal' work for orchestra.

Nevertheless, in retirement while reflecting on his career, Sibelius returned to describing Kullervo as a symphony. For instance, in 1945 the City of Loviisa requested Sibelius's blessing for a plaque in his honor that included in its description "[here] Jean Sibelius composed his Kullervo Suite". On 27 February, Sibelius sent the following correction: "Kullervo symphony (not suite)" (emphasis and underlining in the original). Presumably, had he still considered the work a symphonic poem, he could have written so. Also, later in life, Sibelius conceded that in fact he had written nine symphonies, Kullervo and the Lemminkäinen Suite (Op. 22) inclusive.

The symphonic poem appellation has struck many commentators as ill-fitting; an early example is that, after examining the score in 1915, Furuhjelm re-conceptualized Kullervo as an "epic drama" in two acts (Movements III and V), with two preludes (I and II) and an intermezzo (IV). More commonly, however, scholars have categorized Kullervo as a choral symphony, a descendant of Beethoven's Ninth (1824), Berlioz's Roméo et Juliette (1839), and Liszt's Dante (1856) and Faust (1857), as well as a contemporary of Mahler's Resurrection Symphony (1894). This perspective emphasizes the internal cohesion of the work and its faithfulness to, rather than deviation from, established symphonic practice. As Tawaststjerna has argued:

The three purely orchestral movements ... follow traditional patterns: sonata-form, rondo and scherzo, while in the two choral movements ... Sibelius writes freely in a durchkomponiert manner as did, say, Lizst in the Dante Symphony. The coexistence of these two formal structures serves to give the work some of its inner tension and its contrast ... Sibelius succeeds in holding these diverse elements together remarkably well: in the finale he recalls themes from earlier movements and so effectively completes the symphonic cycle. Another source of strength is the unit of the thematic substance itself: the main ideas seem to belong to one another.

Similarly, Layton's verdict is that although in Kullervo Sibelius "embraces concepts that, strictly speaking, lie outside the range of the normal classical symphony"—such as Movement III—he does so "without sacrificing [the] essentially organic modes of procedure" that characterize the symphonic process. Goss concurs, writing in the preface to Kullervo's complete edition, "The composer's numerous and unequivocal remarks about the music as well as its specific structural features ... leave little doubt that Kullervo is not just Sibelius's first major symphonic work: it is his first symphony", or as Breitkopf & Härtel have since advertised it, a de facto "Symphony No. 0".

Relationship to Finnish folk song and nationalism

Sibelius (right) told early biographers that he had met the runic singer Larin Paraske (left) in 1892, after Kullervo's premiere; in truth, he heard Paraske in 1891 while composing the piece.

heralded Kullervo as the dawn of art music that was distinctly Finnish. Sibelius's triumph, however, was due in part to extra-musical considerations: by setting the Finnish-language Kalevala and evoking—but not directly quoting—the melody and rhythm of Finnic rune singing, he had given voice to the political struggle for Finland's independence from Imperial Russia. Karl Ekman

{{Quote|As a musician and the composer of Kullervo, I was particularly anxious to visit the Karelian countryside, for there I had an opportunity of hearing runes sung after having become so intensely engrossed in the world whose moods, fate, and people they describe. The language of sound that I had employed in Kullervo was considered to give such thorough and true expression of Finnish scenery and the soul of the Finnish people that many were unable to explain it in any other way than that I had made direct use of folk-melodies, especially of the accents of runic song, in my work. The genuinely Finnish tone of Kullervo could, however, not have been achieved in this way, for the simple reason that at the time the work was composed I was not acquainted with my supposed model. First I composed Kullervo; then I went to Karelia to hear, for the first time in my life, the Kalevala runes from the lips of the people. This may seem strange, but it was actually the case.

In their biographies of Sibelius, Ringbom and Downes each reproduced this claim; it also appears in an entry on the composer in Brockway and Winstock's survey of major composers.

On Sibelius's birthday, Kajanus's public tribute referenced Kullero's historical significance:

As far as our Finnish music is concerned, it scarcely existed when Jean Sibelius struck his first mighty chords. What little there was before him was but a weak offshoot of the German school, with a little ethnic coloring from Finnish folk music ... Barely had we begun to till the barren soil when a mighty sound arose from the wilderness. Away with the spades and picks ... a mighty torrent burst forth to engulf all before it. Jean Sibelius alone showed the way. In Kullervo he had with one stroke realized the dream of a genuine Finnish voice.

Indeed, as Glenda Dawn Goss has written, in the late nineteenth century, many members of the Finnish artistic community already believed that "a Finn's highest endeavor was cultural service", and many "undertook the study of folk poetry and music as a patriotic duty". In other words, Kajanus's example was just one part of "larger trends ... a profusion of dramatists, poets, artists, composers, folklorists, and professors who—seeking to invent a national character, much of it through high art—nourished an extraordinary efflorescence in music, literature, and the visual arts".

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LEVAS pg. 84: "For foreigners Sibelius for many years was a typical nationalist composer ... Very early it was spread around that he had made use of Finnish folk-songs in his works. In old age Sibelius fought a hopeless battle against this fallacy. That his music should have taken in anything from outside was an intolerable idea to him. Some musicologists believe that they have proved that the master's music has certain points of contact with Finnish folk-music. In my opinion ... that could be correct. What I believe is that while Sibelius never consciously made use of folk-song, it is possible, if indeed not probable, that at some time—probably in the earliest years of childhood—folk-music was firmly planted in his subconscious, to be blended with his own music later on".

LEVAS p. 85: "Even today one can read essays about Sibelius in which it is stated in all seriousness that his music is principally based on Finnish folk-melody. With a sigh Sibelius would say, 'These stories about folk-melodies have pursued me all through my life' ... Provoked by so much error in commentaries on his works, in his later years Sibelius sought altogether too eagerly to deny the national element in them. His music breathed the spirit of the Finnish character, he declared, but he was not to classified as a national composer in the same sense as, for example, Smetana or Grieg. That was quite right and proper".

LEVAS p. 101–102: "In earlier days too he had been severe in judging his work ... He spoke again and again about the unpublished works of his youth, with evident disquiet. He was oppressed by the thought that after his death they would be taken out of their hiding-place and made public. 'I would much prefer to have them all back, but there are far too many for that ... When they were written there was, as we now understand the term, no musical public in Finland ... I was often asked to conjure up something for this or that occasion. So I strewed about me a vast number of occasional things that now give me no peace of mind. One is always turning up somewhere. When I wake up in the night and think about it I am thoroughly depressed' ...He always said that they should never be performed or published, 'not even after my death'".

BROCKWAY & WEINSTOCK pg. 578: "In June 1892, Sibelius married Aino Järnefelt, and went on his honeymoon to the sparsely populated district of Karelia. Life there was really as primitive as outsiders fancy Helsingfors to be: it is a peasant land, where Sibelius heard, for the first time, the extremely ancient folk songs on which many had supposed Kullervo to be based. He was often suspected of being a self-conscious folk composer, in much the same sense as Smetana and Dvorak were. This notion is absurd. Those who know Finnish folk music deny its resemblance to anything in Sibelius, and the composer himself was frankly puzzled by the charge that he either quoted or imitated it. His undeniable national quality is something far more subtle and difficult to understand—call is atavism or gene inheritance, if you will."

Murtomäki:' Sibelius had an "ambivalent, almost destructive attitude towards his early work" because "around the turn of the century he felt an acute need for a new direction."

Murtomäki: Sibelius "wanted to shrug off the role of 'local hero'—a peripheral composer operating through the medium of the national epic, and to [instead] associate himself with the European symphonic tradition. But in his complex rationalizing over the early compositions, he seems to have gone too far."

Johnson: Flodin clearly understood why Sibelius wrote Kullervo and the extra-musical considerations that contributed to its success. He wanted the composer to write Finnish music, but not quite that Finnish. He did not want to see him follow the well-worn path of the national composers who were busy writing in the folk idiom. Sibelius heeded this advice to the letter. After 1893, Kullervo was never heard in its entirety during the composer's long life.

 Discography

In 1970, Paavo Berglund made the world premiere studio recording of Kullervo.

The Finnish conductor Paavo Berglund and the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra made the world premiere studio recording in 1970 (1971 release; U.S. distributor: Angel Records SB-3778; U.K. distributor: His Master's Voice SLS 807/2). In an effort to "gain balance" between soloists and orchestra, Berglund—on the "valuable" advice of Jalas—made alterations to the score, correcting what he had perceived to be Sibelius's "impractical orchestration" and "some passages [that were] clumsy or even impossible to play". In Movement III, for example, Berglund swapped out the original orchestration of Kullervo's Lament for Sibelius's 1957 reorchestration, albeit transposed to the original key. Writing for The Musical Times, Hugh Ottaway applauded the recording for its "strong sense of occasion", noting "Berglund's enthusiasm has brought a brilliant, dedicated performance ... [that] could well be a revelation. It is a triumph for all concerned". In 1985, Berglund—now with the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra—recorded Kullervo for a second time.

As of February 2021, Kullervo has been recorded twenty times, the most recent of which dates to August 2018 and is by the Finnish conductor Hannu Lintu and the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra. In terms of superlatives, two other Finnish conductors, Leif Segerstam and Osmo Vänskä, as well as Britain's Sir Colin Davis, have since joined Berglund as having recorded the symphony twice. Among vocalists, the Finnish baritone Jorma Hynninen and the Finnish soprano Johanna Rusanen have sung the roles of Kullervo and Kullervo's sister, respectively, four times; and at six performances, the YL Male Voice Choir holds the record among choirs. Finally, the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, and the London Symphony Orchestra jointly hold orchestra record, at two performances each.

The sortable table below lists all twenty commercially available recordings of Kullervo:

No.	Conductor	Orchestra	Kullervo	Sister	Male choir(s)	Rec.	Time	Recording venue	Label	Ref.
1	Paavo Berglund (1)	Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra	Usko Viitanen	Raili Kostia	YL Male Voice Choir (1)	1970	71:45	Southampton Guildhall	EMI Classics
2	Paavo Berglund (2)	Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra (1)	Jorma Hynninen (1)	Eeva-Liisa Saarinen	YL Male Voice Choir (2) Estonian National Male Choir (1)	1985	71:46	Kulttuuritalo	EMI Classics
3	Neeme Järvi	Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra	Jorma Hynninen (2)	Karita Mattila	Laulun Ystävät Male Choir (1)	1985	68:49	Gothenburg Concert Hall	BIS
4	Esa-Pekka Salonen	Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra	Jorma Hynninen (3)	Marianne Rørholm	YL Male Voice Choir (3)	1992	70:14	Royce Hall	Sony Classical
5	Leif Segerstam (1)	Danish National Symphony Orchestra	Raimo Laukka (1)	Soile Isokoski (1)	DR Koncertkoret	1994	75:50	Danish Radio Concert Hall	Chandos
6	Eri Klas	Sibelius Academy Symphony Orchestra	Tarmo Tamjärv	Johanna Rusanen (1)	Sibelius Academy Male Chorus	1995L	74:50	[Unknown], Järvenpää	Sibelius Academy
7	Jukka-Pekka Saraste	Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra (1)	Jorma Hynninen (4)	Monica Groop (1)	Polytech Choir (1)	1996	69:46	Kulttuuritalo	Finlandia
8	Jorma Panula	Turku Philharmonic Orchestra	Esa Ruuttunen	Johanna Rusanen (2)	Laulun Ystävät Male Choir (2)	1996	72:34	Turku Concert Hall	Naxos
9	Sir Colin Davis (1)	London Symphony Orchestra (1)	Karl-Magnus Fredriksson	Hillevi Martinpelto	London Symphony Chorus (1)	1996	80:59	Walthamstow Assembly Hall	RCA Red Seal
10	Paavo Järvi	Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra	Peter Mattei (1)	Randi Stene	Estonian National Male Choir (2)	1997	78:29	Stockholm Concert Hall	Virgin Classics
11	Osmo Vänskä (1)	Lahti Symphony Orchestra	Raimo Laukka (2)	Lilli Paasikivi (1)	YL Male Voice Choir (4)	2000	80:34	Sibelius Hall	BIS
12	Sir Colin Davis (2)	London Symphony Orchestra (2)	Peter Mattei (2)	Monica Groop (2)	London Symphony Chorus (2)	2005L	72:12	Barbican Centre	LSO Live
13	Ari Rasilainen	Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz	Juha Uusitalo	Satu Vihavainen	Helsinki Academic Male Choir KYL	2005	72:52	Pfalzbau	cpo
14	Robert Spano	Atlanta Symphony Orchestra	Nathan Gunn	Charlotte Hellekant	Atlanta Symphony Men's Chorus	2006	71:47	Woodruff Arts Center	Telarc
15	Leif Segerstam (2)	Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra (2)	Tommi Hakala (1)	Soile Isokoski (2)	YL Male Voice Choir (5)	2007	77:56	Finlandia Hall	Ondine
16	Leon Botstein	American Symphony Orchestra	John Hancock	Christiane Libor	Bard Festival Chorus	2011L	76:33	Sosnoff Theater	ASO
17	Sakari Oramo	BBC Symphony Orchestra	Waltteri Torikka	Johanna Rusanen (3)	Polytech Choir (2)	2015L	71:36	Royal Albert Hall	BBC Music Magazine
18	Osmo Vänskä (2)	Minnesota Orchestra	Tommi Hakala (2)	Lilli Paasikivi (2)	YL Male Voice Choir (6)	2016L	79:29	Minneapolis Orchestra Hall	BIS
19	Thomas Dausgaard	BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra	Benjamin Appl	Helena Juntunen	Lund University Male Voice Choir	2018	73:14	Glasgow City Halls	Hyperion
20	Hannu Lintu	Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra (2)	Ville Rusanen	Johanna Rusanen (4)	Estonian National Male Choir (3) Polytech Choir (3)	2018	72:28	Helsinki Music Centre	Ondine

Notes, references, and sources

Sources

Yellow indicates not yet cited in-text

Books

• Barnett, Andrew (2007). Sibelius. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300163971.
• Brockway, Wallace; Weinstock, Herbert (1958) [1939]. "XXII: Jean Sibelius". Men of Music (Revised and Enlarged ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 574–593. ISBN 0671465104.
• Downes, Olin (1956). Sibelius the Symphonist. New York: The Philharmonic-Symphony Society of New York. OCLC 6836790.
• Ekman, Karl [in Finnish] (1938) [1935]. Jean Sibelius: His Life and Personality. Translated by Birse, Edward. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. OCLC 896231.
• Goss, Glenda Dawn (1995). Jean Sibelius and Olin Downes: Music, Friendship, Criticism. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ISBN 9781555532000.
• Goss, Glenda Dawn, ed. (2005). "Preface". Kullervo. (Urtext from the Complete Edition of Jean Sibelius Works, Series I – Orchestral Works, Volume 1.1–3). Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel. p. xi–xviii. ISMN 9790004211809. PB 5304.
• Gray, Cecil (1934) [1931]. Sibelius (2nd ed.). London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 373927.
• Hurwitz, David (2007). Sibelius: The Orchestral Works—An Owner's Manual. (Unlocking the Masters Series, No. 12). Pompton Plains, New Jersey: Amadeus Press. ISBN 9781574671490.
• Johnson, Harold (1959). Jean Sibelius (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. OCLC 603128.
• Kirby, William Forsell, ed. (1907). The Kalevala: Or the Land of Heroes. Vol. 2. London: J. M. Dent & Co. OCLC 4130641.
• Korhonen, Kimmo [in Finnish] (2007) [2003]. Inventing Finnish Music: Contemporary Composers from Medieval to Modern. Translated by Mäntyjärvi, Jaakko [in Finnish] (2nd ed.). Jyväskylä, Finland: Finnish Music Information Center (FIMIC) & Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy. ISBN 9789525076615.
• Levas, Santeri (1986) [1972]. Jean Sibelius: A Personal Portrait. Translated by Young, Percy (2nd ed.). Porvoo and Juva, Finland: Werner Söderström oy. ISBN 9789510136089.
• Magoun, Jr., Francis Peabody, ed. (1963). The Kalevala: Or Poems of the Kaleva District. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674500105.
• Rickards, Guy (1997). Jean Sibelius. (20th-century Composers Series). London: Phaidon. ISBN 9780714835815.
• Ringbom, Nils-Eric [in Finnish] (1954) [1948]. Jean Sibelius: A Master and His Work. Translated by de Courcy, G. I. C. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma. ISBN 9780837198408.
• Tawaststjerna, Erik (2008a) [1965/1967; trans. 1976]. Sibelius: Volume I, 1865–1905. Translated by Layton, Robert. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 9780571247721.
• Tawaststjerna, Erik (2008b) [1978/1988; trans. 1997]. Sibelius: Volume III, 1914–1957. Translated by Layton, Robert. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 9780571247745.

Journals and magazines

• Goss, Glenda Dawn (2003). "A Backdrop for Young Sibelius: The Intellectual Genesis of the Kullervo Symphony". 19th-Century Music. 27 (1). University of California Press: 48–73. JSTOR 10.1525/ncm.2003.27.1.48.
• Goss, Glenda Dawn (2007). "Jean Sibelius's Choral Symphony Kullervo". The Choral Journal. 47 (8). American Choral Directors Association: 16–26. JSTOR 23557207.
• Heikkinen, Olli [in Finnish] (2015). "'Utterly Finnish, Peculiarly Original': On the Birth of 'Finnish' Musical Language". Finnish Music Quarterly. 2015 (1–2). Translated by Latham, Hanna-Mari. Music Finland.
• Ottaway, Hugh (1971). "Reviewed Work(s): Kullervo; Scene with Cranes; Swanwhite (excerpts)". The Musical Times. 112 (1544). Musical Times Publications Ltd.: 975. JSTOR 955066.

Newspapers

• Ericson, Raymond (15 April 1979). "Milwaukee in Program of Sibelius". The New York Times. No. 44, 188. p. 35. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
• Flodin, Karl [in Finnish] (29 April 1892). "Jean Sibelius Kullervo" [Jean Sibelius's Kullervo]. Nya Pressen (in Swedish). No. 115. p. 3. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
• Greenfield, Edward (21 November 1970). "Sibelius Premiere at the Festival Hall". The Guardian. p. 7. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
• Katila, Evert [in Finnish] (3 March 1935). "Kalevalan 100-vuotismuisto: Arvokkaita juhlatilaisuuksia Helsingissä ja maaseudulla" [The 100th Anniversary of the Kalevala: Expensive Celebrations in Helsinki and the Countryside]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). No. 59. p. 7. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
• Mann, William (23 November 1970). "Sibelius: Festival Hall". The Times. No. 58030. p. 11. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
• Merikanto, Oskar (28 April 1892). "Jean Sibeliuksen konsertti" [Jean Sibelius's Concert]. Päivälehti (in Finnish). No. 97. p. 2. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
• Merikanto, Oskar (30 April 1892). "Jean Sibelius ja hänen Kullervon" [Jean Sibelius and his Kullervo]. Päivälehti (in Finnish). No. 99. p. 3. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
• Orgill, Roxanne (11 March 1979). "Sibelius Epic Not Very Gripping". The Milwaukee Journal. p. 34. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
• Väisänen, Armas (13 June 1958). "Lisä Kullervo-sinfonian esitysvaiheisiin" [An Additional Note on the Performances of the Kullervo Symphony]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). No. 157. p. 15. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
• Vuorenjuuri, Martti [in Finnish] (13 June 1958). "Kullervo-sinfonia kuninkaan kunniaksi" [Kullervo Symphony in Honor of the King]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). No. 157. p. 14. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
• Wasenius, Karl [in Finnish] (29 April 1892). "Jean Sibelius' konsert" [Jean Sibelius's Concert]. Hufvudstadsbladet (in Swedish). No. 115. p. 2. Retrieved 20 April 2022.

Liner notes

• Barnett, Andrew (2000). Kullervo (PDF) (CD booklet). Osmo Vänskä & Lahti Symphony Orchestra. BIS. p. 3–7. CD–1215. OCLC 1116152375
• Layton, Robert (1996). Kullervo (CD booklet). Jukka-Pekka Saraste & Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra. Finlandia. p. 4–7. 0630–14906–2. OCLC 658830103
• Murtomäki, Veijo [in Finnish] (1993). Kullervo (CD booklet). Esa-Pekka Salonen & Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra. Sony Classical. p. 3–6. SK 52563. OCLC 36229109
• Räihälä, Osmo Tapio [in Finnish] (2019). Kullervo (PDF) (CD booklet). Translated by Mäntyjärvi, Jaakko [in Finnish]. Hannu Lintu & Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra. Ondine. p. 3–7. ODE 1338–5. OCLC 1140138975