User:Rebekah2003/sandbox

• Comment: I don't know why this has been resubmitted, we already have Éamon de Valera. I'm rejecting this procedurally, to prevent resubmission again. If you wish to improve the existing article, please do so. DoubleGrazing (talk) 10:43, 27 November 2024 (UTC)

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Eamon de Valera Portrait

Èamon De ValeraRebekah2003 (talk) 10:08, 20 November 2024 (UTC)

Éamon De Valera was born in Manhattan, New York on October 14, 1882.. He was christened Edward De Valera at St Agnes Church on December 3, 1882.,the son of Catherine Coll, who was originally from Bruree, County Limerick,[9] and Juan Vivion de Valera, described on the birth certificate as a Spanish artist born in 1853. Some researchers have placed his father's place of birth in Cuba,[10] while others have suggested other locations; according to Antonio Rivero Taravillo, he was born in Seville,[11] while Ronan Fanning has him born in the Basque Country.[12]. His father's dream was to be a sculptor, but due to ill health turned to teach music. His parents were married on September 19, 1881, in Greenville New Jersey. They met while Catherine was in New York working for a French family. Eamon was their only child.

He was born at the Nursery and Child's Hospital,[13] Lexington Avenue, a home for destitute orphans and abandoned children.[14] According to reports, his parents were married on September 18, 1881, at St. Patrick's Church in Jersey City, New Jersey. However, archivists have not been able to locate any marriage certificates or information about birth, baptism, or death certificates for anyone named Juan Vivion de Valera (or with the alternative spelling "de Valeros"). De Valera's father is identified as Vivion de Valero, and his name is George de Valero on his original birth certificate. Although he was known as Edward de Valera before 1901, a fresh birth certificate was issued in 1910, in which his first name was officially changed to Edward and his father's surname given as "de Valera".[15][16] As a child, he was known as "Eddie" or "Eddy".[17]

Coll claims that Juan Vivion passed away in 1885, leaving her and her child in a difficult situation.[18] When Éamon was two years old, his uncle Ned brought him to Ireland. He was not taken back to live with his mother when she remarried in the middle of the 1880s; instead, he was reared by his grandmother, Elizabeth Coll, along with her son Patrick and daughter Hannie. in Bruree, County Limerick in a laboured cottage on a half-acre of land. He got a primary education locally at Bruree National School from May 7, 1898, to October 9, 1896. He had to walk seven miles to school as the family could not afford a bike. Aged sixteen, he won a scholarship. He was not successful in enrolling at two colleges in Limerick, but was accepted at Blackrock College, Dublin, at the instigation of his local curate.ref>: 19–20  Blackrock College has since named one of their six student houses after him. [20]

He played rugby at Blackrock and Rockwell College, helping Rockwell College reach the Munster Cup Final. then in the full back position for Munster around 1905. He nearly reached an Irish cap at the same time he was teaching mathematics at Rockwell College. He remained a lifelong devotee of rugby, attending international matches even towards the end of his life when he was nearly blind.[21]

He was named student of the year at the conclusion of his first year at Blackrock College. In 1903, he was appointed as a mathematics teacher at Rockwell College in County Tipperary after receiving more scholarships and exhibits.[7] Tom O'Donnell, a teaching colleague, gave de Valera the moniker "Dev" for the first time here.[23]. He received his mathematics degree from the Royal University of Ireland in 1904. After a year of study at Trinity College Dublin, he returned to teaching, this time at Belvedere College, but was unable to continue due to the need to make a living.He was hired as a maths instructor at the Carysfort Teachers' Training College for women in Blackrock, Dublin, in 1906.Despite his unsuccessful efforts to secure professorships in National University of Ireland colleges, he was able to secure a part-time position at St. Patrick's College in Maynooth. and additionally taught mathematics in a number of Dublin schools, such as Belvedere College and Castleknock College (1910–1911; under the name Edward de Valera).[8]

His grandmother passed away on July 31, 1895, marking a significant turning point for Eamon, she had wanted him to become a priest.In his early twenty’s, De Valera contemplated the religious life and joining the priesthood like his half brother Fr. Thomas Wheelwright. In 1906, when he was twenty four years old, he sought advice from the president of Clonliffe Seminary in Dublin but ultimately pursued educations and politics instead. .Throughout his life, De Valera was portrayed as a devoted Christian who requested to be buried in a religious manner. Tim Pat Coogan, his biographer, speculated that de Valera's decision to stay out of the religious life may have been influenced by doubts about his legitimacy. Normally, being illegitimate would have prevented someone from being ordained as a secular priest, but in certain religious orders, it would not have prevented someone from becoming a priest or a religious.

As a young Gaeilgeoir (Irish speaker), de Valera became an activist for the Irish language. In 1908, he joined the Árdchraobh of Conradh na Gaeilge (the Gaelic League), where he met Sinéad Flanagan, a teacher by profession and four years his senior. They were married on 8 January 1910 at St Paul's Church, Arran Quay, Dublin. This involvement deepened his commitment to the Irish nationalism and cultural revival.

The couple had five sons: Vivion (1910–1982), Éamon (1913–1986), Brian (1915–1936), Rúaidhrí (1916–1978), and Terence (Terry; 1922–2007); and two daughters: Máirín (1912–1984) and Emer (1918–2012). Brian sadly passed away in 1936, predeceasing his parents at the age of 21.

Controversially,[90][91] de Valera visited and offered condolences to the German ambassador in Dublin on the death of Adolf Hitler in 1945, in accordance with diplomatic protocol of neutral nations.[92][93][94]. Along with President Douglas Hyde, De Valera was the only head of government to do this. This did some damage to Ireland's international reputation, particularly in the United States, as De Valera did not go to visit the American Embassy after Roosevelt had passed away as the American Ambassador, David Gray said that he would not approve of De Valera's visit. Although, on De Valera's instructions, all flags were flown at half mast on Roosevelt's death. Soon afterwards de Valera had a bitter exchange of words with Churchill in two famous radio addresses after the end of the war in Europe.[95] De Valera denounced reports of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp as "anti-national propaganda"; according to Bew, this was not out of disbelief but rather because the Holocaust undermined the main assumption underlying Irish neutrality: moral equivalence between the Allies and the Axis.[96]

After the IRA dumped their arms rather than surrender them or continue a now fruitless war, de Valera returned to political methods. In 1924, he was arrested in Newry for "illegally entering Northern Ireland" and later arrested in Derry. When at trial in Belfast on 1 November 1924 he refused to recognize the court saying that it was: "a creature of a foreign power and therefore had not the sanction of the Irish people".[62] He was held in solitary confinement for a month in Crumlin Road Gaol, Belfast.[63]

During this time, de Valera came to believe that abstentionism was not a workable tactic in the long term. He now believed that a better course would be to try to gain power and turn the Free State from a constitutional monarchy into a republic. He tried to convince Sinn Féin to accept this new line. However, a vote to accept the Free State Constitution (contingent on the abolition of the Oath of Allegiance) narrowly failed. Soon afterwards, de Valera resigned from Sinn Féin and seriously considered leaving politics.

However, one of his colleagues, Seán Lemass, convinced de Valera to found a new republican party.[64] In March 1926, with Lemass, Constance Markievicz and others, de Valera formed a new party, Fianna Fáil (The Warriors of Destiny), a party that was to dominate 20th-century Irish politics.[65] While Sinn Féin still held to an abstentionist line, Fianna Fáil was dedicated to republicanising the Free State from within if it gained power. Fianna Fáil was founded by De Valera with the following goals in mind: to make Ireland as self-sufficient as possible with a proper balance between agriculture and other industries; to restore the Irish language and develop Irish culture; to create a social structure in which everyone has equal opportunities; and to have a just system of land distribution in Ireland.

Having attracted most of Sinn Féin's branches due to Lemass' organisational skill,[64] the new party made swift electoral gains in the general election on 9 June 1927. In the process, it took much of Sinn Féin's previous support, winning 44 seats to Sinn Féin's five. It refused to take the Oath of Allegiance (portrayed by opponents as an 'Oath of Allegiance to the Crown' but actually an Oath of Allegiance to the Irish Free State with a secondary promise of fidelity to the King in his role in the Treaty settlement).[66]

The oath was largely the work of Collins and based on three sources: British oaths in the dominions, the oath of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and a draft oath prepared by de Valera in his proposed treaty alternative, "Document No. 2". De Valera began a legal case to challenge the requirement that members of his party take the Oath, but the assassination of the Vice-President of the Executive Council (deputy prime minister) Kevin O'Higgins on 10 July 1927 led the Executive Council under W. T. Cosgrave to introduce a Bill on 20 July[67] requiring all Dáil candidates to promise on oath that if they were elected they would take the Oath of Allegiance. Forced into a corner, and faced with the option of staying outside politics forever or taking the oath and entering, de Valera and his TDs took the Oath of Allegiance on 12 August 1927, though de Valera himself described the Oath as "an empty political formula".[68]

De Valera never organised Fianna Fáil in Northern Ireland and it was not until 7 December 2007 that Fianna Fáil was registered there by the UK Electoral Commission.[69]