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Maternal mortality ratio
[edit]From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Not to be confused with Maternal mortality rate.
Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) measures the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in a certain time period [1]. Maternal deaths can be defined as the death of a person assigned female at birth during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days after the termination of the pregnancy [1]. A maternal death is caused by pregnancy, pregnancy management related causes, and causes aggravated by pregnancy or pregnancy management [1]. Maternal death does not include accidental or incidental causes of death [1]. Key causes of maternal mortality that contribute to a high maternal mortality ratio are hemorrhaging, sepsis, obstructed labor, unsafe abortion, and indirect causes, including the HIV/AIDS virus, malaria, or anemia [2]. Maternal mortality ratio differs from maternal mortality rate because maternal mortality ratio specifically measures maternal death in impregnated people or people who terminated a pregnancy within 42 days, whereas maternal mortality rate measures the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 females of reproductive age in a certain time period [3]. Maternal mortality ratios can be used to asses the risk of death after becoming pregnant [3].
Maternal Mortality Ratio Trends
[edit]Data collected by the WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and the United Nations Population Division every other year from 2000 to 2017 show a continuous decrease in the world's maternal mortality ratio [4]. According to data shared by the The World Bank collected by these organizations, the maternal mortality ratio for the world in 2000 was 342 and the maternal mortality ratio for the world in 2017 was 211 [4].
Trends in Maternal Mortality, started in 1990, gives a yearly report of maternal mortality ratio trends. Data from 2015 states, the countries that have seen an increase in the maternal mortality ratio since 1990 are the Bahamas, Georgia, Guyana, Jamaica, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Serbia, South Africa, St. Lucia, Suriname, Tonga, United States, Venezuela, Zimbabwe. As of May 2020, half of maternal deaths, which contribute to MMR, occur in Sub-Saharan Africa [2]. According to Sustainable Development Goals report 2018, the overall maternal mortality ratio has declined by 37 percent since 2002 and 303,000 women died due to complications during pregnancy.[5]
Maternal Mortality Ratios in the United States
[edit]The United States maternal mortality ratio has increased from 7.2 in 1987 to 16.9 in 2016.[6] The rise in maternal mortality rates is most significant among non-Hispanic Black women with the ratio rising from 39 to 49 from 2005 to 2013.[7] Strategies for lowering the maternal mortality ratio in the United States have focused on team communication in healthcare settings, implementing safety kits for potential birth complications, and state-based maternal mortality review committees (MMRCs).[8]California implemented the California Maternal Quality Care Collaborative (CMQCC) in 2006.[8] Hospitals affiliated with the CMQCC have demonstrated large decreases in maternal mortality rates, 1.2% in 2016, compared to non-affiliated hospitals in California, 20.8% in 2016.[9] Additional task forces in other states, such as the Texas Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Task Force, have been created to reduce maternal mortality. [10]
Country measurements
[edit]The Maternal Mortality Ratio was one of the KPIs for the eight goals defined by the Millennium Summit of the UN in 2000 to be achieved by 2015. The Maternal Mortality Ratio is one of the KPIs for the seventeen goals defined by the UN in 2015 to be achieved by 2030.
This KPI was used for the Millennium Development Goals from 2000 to 2015 and is part of the Sustainable Development Goals. The list of countries with a comparison of this KPI in 1990, 2000 and 2015 are:
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References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "Indicator Metadata Registry Details". www.who.int. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
- ^ a b Makuei, Gabriel; Abdollahian, Mali; Marion, Kaye (2020-05-28). "Optimal Profile Limits for Maternal Mortality Rates (MMR) Influenced by Haemorrhage and Unsafe Abortion in South Sudan". Journal of Pregnancy. 2020. doi:10.1155/2020/2793960. ISSN 2090-2727. PMC 7296467. PMID 32566298.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b "Definitions of Maternal Mortality". PRI. 2014-01-10. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
- ^ a b "Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
- ^ United Nations (2018). "The Sustainable Development Goals Report" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System | Maternal and Infant Health | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
- ^ Amirhossein, Moaddab; Dildy, Gary; Brown, Haywood; Bateni, Zhoobin; Belfort, Michael; Sangi-Haghpeykar, Haleh; Clark, Steven (April 2018). "Health Care Disparity and Pregnancy-Related Mortality in the United States, 2005–2014". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 131: 707–712.
- ^ a b Collier, Ai-ris Y.; Molina, Rose L. (2019–2020). "Maternal Mortality in the United States: Updates on Trends, Causes, and Solutions". NeoReviews. 20 (10): e561–e574. doi:10.1542/neo.20-10-e561. ISSN 1526-9906. PMC 7377107. PMID 31575778.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) - ^ Main, Elliott K.; Cape, Valerie; Abreo, Anisha; Vasher, Julie; Woods, Amanda; Carpenter, Andrew; Gould, Jeffrey B. (2017-03). "Reduction of severe maternal morbidity from hemorrhage using a state perinatal quality collaborative". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 216 (3): 298.e1–298.e11. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.01.017. ISSN 1097-6868. PMID 28153661.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Review Committee". www.dshs.texas.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-04.