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Assignment 7: Revised Wikipedia Assignment 12/15/2015
Environment Variability
As previously addressed, Secale cereale can survive through many climates and in many environments. Researchers have pinpointed certain proteins that are responsible for the antifreeze properties, which are proteins that help the organism remain alive in subzero environments. This species' capability occurs in a different manner from the antifreeze property of some fish and insects that also have antifreeze characteristic. Specifically, the leaves of winter Secale cereale produce various polypeptides that possess the antifreeze capability which are different than the antifreeze polypeptides produced by fish and insects [1]. In addition to these survival capabilities under high stress circumstances, Secale cereale is known to improve the soil caliber in the gentle paddies in which it lives; however, there has been evidence to suggest that its biomass has increased greenhouse gas emissions. Specifically, methane is released during its cultivation. Moreover, this research also suggests that the biomass of this plant changes at different stages of growth, so it can be minimized by selecting a specific growth stage in which it is harvested. The methane production of Secale cereale was heightened during the pre-maturing stage of development. However, during the flowering stage of the plant the methane was the least significant amount. This information is good to know because the flowering stage would also be the most opportune time of an increased nutritional value of the plant as well. In this way, the unfavorable effects of Secale cereale on the environment can be diminished [2]. In conclusion, Secale cereale can be used in varying environments.
Diversity and Uses
Along with Secale cereale's relationship and impact on the environment, it is also a valuable species because of its expansive diversity and uses. In northern Portugal, fourteen different populations of Secale cereale were analyzed in order to better understand their differences. It was discovered that the storage proteins are very diverse and possess a lot of overall genetic variation as well, which is useful information to know because scientists can use its diversity in breeding to produce the most efficient species of Secale cereale, or rye [3]. Moreover, the beneficial characteristics of Secale cereale can also be used to improve certain characteristics of other useful plants, like wheat. The pollination abilities of wheat were vastly improved when there was cross-pollination with Secale cereale. The addition of the rye chromosome 4R increased the size of the wheat anther along with increasing the number of pollen grains present [4]. Along with improved wheat, the optimal characteristics of Secale cereale can also be combined with another perennial rye, specifically Secale cereanum in order to produce a species with the beneficial characteristics of each. The hybrid plant can be grown in all environments, even with less than favorable soil and protects some soils from erosion. In addition, the plant mixture has improved forage and is known to contain digestible fiber and protein [5]. Information about the diversity and Secale cereanum’s ability to cross fertilize with other species is useful information for scientists to know as they attempt to come up with various plant species that will be able to feed humanity in the future without leaving a negative footprint on the environment.
Link to article: Secale cereale
- ^ Hon, W. C., Griffith, M., Chong, P., & Yang, D. S. (1994). Extraction and isolation of antifreeze proteins from winter rye (Secale cereale L.) leaves. Plant Physiology, 104(3), 971-980.
- ^ Kim, S. Y., Park, C. K., Gwon, H. S., Khan, M. I., & Kim, P. J. (2015). Optimizing the harvesting stage of rye as a green manure to maximize nutrient production and to minimize methane production in mono-rice paddies. Science of the Total Environment, 537, 441-446.
- ^ Ribeiro, M., Seabra, L., Ramos, A., Santos, S., Pinto‐Carnide, O., Carvalho, C., & Igrejas, G. (2012). Polymorphism of the storage proteins in Portuguese rye (Secale cereale L.) populations. Hereditas, 149(2), 72-84.
- ^ Nguyen, V., Fleury, D., Timmins, A., Laga, H., Hayden, M., Mather, D., & Okada, T. (2015). Addition of rye chromosome 4R to wheat increases anther length and pollen grain number. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 128(5), 953-964.
- ^ Sipos, T., & Halász, E. (2007). The role of perennial rye (Secale cereale X S. montanum) in sustainable agriculture. Cereal Research Communications, 35(2), 1073-1075.