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Adyghe alphabets

The Alphabet of Bersey (1855)

The Adyghe script is a script used to write the Adyghe language. During its existence, it has changed its graphic basis several times and has been reformed several times. Currently, the Adyghe script operates in Cyrillic.

The Adyghe script historically used the following graphic systems:

• Arabic script - from the mid-nineteenth century to the 1920s. It was not widespread;
• Latin alphabet - was widespread in 1927-1938;
• Cyrillic - since 1938 (although occasionally used earlier).

Early alphabets

Adyghe alphabet based on Arabic (1918-1927).

The fixation of the Adyghe language material dates back to the XVII century (notes of Evliya Çelebi)  but the first attempts to create the Adyghe script date back to the beginning of the XIX century. It is known that at this time the Adygean Natauko Sheretlukov worked on the development of the alphabet, but at the request of the clergy he had to burn his works

In the 1830s, Sultan Khan Giray adapted the Cyrillic alphabet to write the Adyghe language, which he used in his "Notes on Circassia".

Correspondence of the letters of the Khan-Giray alphabet and the modern Adyghe alphabet

Khan-Giray	Sovremenny. alphabet	Khan-Giray	Sovremenny. alphabet	Khan-Giray	Sovremenny. alphabet	Khan-Giray	Sovremenny. alphabet	Khan-Giray	Sovremenny. alphabet	Khan-Giray	Sovremenny. alphabet
А	А	Дц	ЦI	К	К	П	П	Ф	Ф, Цу, Шъу	Ч	Ч
Ай	Я	Дч	КI	Кк	Къ	Пп	ПI	Фв	ШIу	Ш	Ш
Б	Б	Дь	Дж	Кко	Къо, КIо	Р	Р	Х	Х	Шь	Щ
В	short У, Цу	Е	Э, Е	Кку	Къу, КIу	С	С, Шъ	Хг	Гъ	Ъ	I
Ва	Уа	Ж	Ж	Ко	Го, Ко, КIо	Сш	Шъ	Хго	Гъо	Ъо	Iо
Вв	Цу	Ей	Е	К	Гу, Ку, КIу	Т	Т	Хгу	Гъу	Ъу	Iу
Во	О	Жь	Жь	Л	Л	Тд	ТI	Хх	Хъ, Хь	Э	Iэ
Вф	ШIу	З	З, Жъ	Ль	Лъ	Тл	ЛI	Ххо	Хъо	Я	Я, А
Г	Г	Зжь	Жъ	М	М	Тт	ТI	Хху	Хъу
Д	Д	И	Ы, И	Н	Н	Тч	КI	Ц	ЦI, Ц
Дз	Дз	Й	Й	О	О	У	У	Цц	ЦI

In the same period, an attempt was made to adapt the Cyrillic alphabet to the Adyghe language. It was undertaken by the Russian ethnographer-Caucasian scholar L. Y. Lyulier. In 1846, he published the "Словарь русско-черкесский или адигский", which used the Russian alphabet of that time (without the letters й, щ, ѣ, ѳ, ѵ) and with the addition of digraphs т͡л, п͡л, т͡х, i͡e, у͡а, у͡о, ю͡ё. According to the testimony of the Caucasian linguist P. K. Uslar, this alphabet did not adequately reflect the phonetics of the Adyghe language due to the fact that the author "was not prepared for distinct linguistic research." Lhuillier's alphabet did not receive further development.

The creation of the Adyghe script itself dates back to 1853, when the scientist-educator W. H. Bersey developed the Adyghe alphabet on an Arabic graphic basis. In the same year, in Tiflis, the "Букварь черкесского языка"  was published in this alphabet, which received the approval of the Academy of Sciences, as well as P. K. Uslar. This primer was the first book in the Adyghe language. At the same time, this alphabet had a number of significant drawbacks - it used letters necessary to denote a number of Arabic phonemes, but not necessary to reflect Adyghe phonetics. At the same time, not all Adyghe phonemes actually received their designation. In 1878, a slightly modified alphabet of Bersay was used by H. S. Anchok to record folklore texts

At the beginning of the XX century, various authors (A. Bekukh, S. Siyukhov, H. Tleceruk, I. Khidzetl) developed a number of Adyghe alphabets based on Arabic. The most successful was the alphabet compiled by Akhmetov Bekukh (according to other sources - S. Siyukhov). On it in 1918, on the initiative of the Kuban Revolutionary Committee in Ekaterinodar, a primer was published. On the basis of the alphabet presented in this primer, newspapers, textbooks and other literature in the Adyghe language began to be widely printed for the first time. However, this alphabet also had a number of drawbacks - again, not all Adyghe semantic phonemes were reflected in it. Nevertheless, this alphabet remained in use until 1927.

In the diaspora, the Adyghe alphabet on an Arabic basis was compiled by Muhammad Kemal Khuazhev. In 1910, a primer was published in Cairo in this alphabet. This script contained 59 characters, including 8 invented by the author.

Romanization

The first Latinized Adyghe alphabet was compiled by a representative of the Adyghe diaspora, Blanau Batok. In 1918, his primer was published in Constantinople, in which the following version of the alphabet was presented: E ᴇ, B b, P p, T t, C c, Ç ç, h, X x, X̂ x̂, D d, R r, Z z, J j, S s, Ŝ ŝ, G g, Ĝ ĝ, F f, K k, Q q, Q̂ q̂, L l, , M m, N n, V v, Y y, H ʜ, A a, e, I ı, İ i, O o, U u, W w. In 1922, a primer with another version of the Latinized alphabet was published there: a e i ī u o ù v w p b f r m n l ꞁ t d s ts z dz y ç s̄ s̄s̄ j jj ȷ c cc dj dȷ q̄ q g ḡ h x x̄ k.

In the USSR in the 1920s, there was a process of romanization of writings. As part of this process, already in 1923, the question of the romanization of the Adyghe alphabet was raised. The development of it was entrusted to N. F. Yakovlev, who in 1924 presented his project. In 1926, this project was somewhat simplified, after which in 1927 it was officially adopted by the Adyghe Regional Department of Public Education. It looked like this:

Letter	ᴀ	ʙ	c		d	ᴣ	e	ə	f
IPA	[aː]	[b]	[t͡s]	[t͡sʼ]	[d]	[d͡z]	[e]	[ə]	[f]
Letter	g	ǥ	ɦ	i	y	k	ꝁ	ʀ	ⱪ	l
IPA	[ɡ]	[d͡ʒ]	[ħ]	[i]	[j]	[k]	[t͡ʃ]	[kʼʲ]	[kʼ]	[l]
Letter			m	n	o	ᴘ		q	r	s
IPA	[ɬ]	[ɬʼ]	[m]	[n]	[o]	[p]	[pʼ]	[q]	[r]	[s]
Letter	š		ʃ	ħ	t		u	v	x
IPA	[ʂ]	[ʃʼ]	[ɕ]	[ʃ]	[t]	[tʼ]	[u]	[w]	[x]	[χ]
Letter	z	ⱬ					đ		h	w
IPA	[z]	[ʐ]	[ʑ]	[ʒ]	[ʁ]	[ɣ]	[t͡ʂ]	[t͡ʃʼ]	[ʔ]	[v]

D. A. Ashhamaf also played a significant role in the development of the Latinized alphabet. The Adyghe Latinized alphabet did not have capital letters and was not unified with other alphabets of the peoples of the USSR. This script remained in use until 1938.

The creation of the Adyghe Latinized alphabet contributed to the development of the literary language, which was based on the Temirgoi dialect. In the same period, the development of a set of rules for Adyghe orthography began, which was generally completed in 1933-1934. Books, newspapers and magazines were printed in the Latinized alphabet, office work and work in educational institutions were carried out.

• 
  Adyghe Romanized Alphabet 1927-1938 (first page)
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  Adyghe Romanized alphabet 1927-1938 (second page)
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  Table of correspondences of letters of the Adyghe alphabets. 1 - Cyrillic, 2 - Latin, 3 - Arabic, 1918-1927.

Modern alphabet

In the second half of the 1930s, the process of Cyrillicization of scripts began in the USSR. In the course of this process, in 1937, N. F. Yakovlev and D. A. Ashkhamad compiled a new Adyghe alphabet on a Cyrillic basis, which was soon approved by the Adyghe Regional Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1958, a project for the reform of the Adyghe alphabet was discussed, in particular, its rapprochement with the Abkhaz and Kabardino-Circassian scripts, but there was no consensus on the need for reform. Also, for a long time, there was no unity among experts on the question of which of the di- and trigraphs of the Adyghe alphabet should be considered separate letters and which should not. Over time, there was a consensus that 66 characters, di- and trigraphs of the Adyghe script are considered separate letters, which, after a discussion held on the pages of the local press, was legislated in 1989. At the end of the 1990s, the question of the unification of the Adyghe and Kabardino-Circassian scripts was again raised, but again it was not resolved.

Modern Adyghe alphabet and letter names

А а а	Б б бы	В в вы	Г г гы	Гу гу гуы	Гъ гъ гъы	Гъу гъу гъуы	Д д ды	Дж дж джы	Дз дз дзы	Дзу дзу дзуы
Е е йэ	Ё ё йо	Ж ж жы	Жъ жъ жъы	Жъу жъу жъуы	Жь жь жьы	З з зы	И и йы	Й й йы кӏаку	К к кы	Ку ку куы
Къ къ къы	Къу къу къуы	Кӏ кӏ кӏы	Кӏу кӏу кӏуы	Л л лы	Лъ лъ лъы	Лӏ лӏ лӏы	М м мы	Н н ны	О о уэ	П п пы
Пӏ пӏ пӏы	Пӏу пӏу пӏуы	Р р ры	С с сы	Т т ты	Тӏ тӏ тӏы	Тӏу тӏу тӏуы	У у уы	Ф ф фы	Х х хы	Хъ хъ хъы
Хъу хъу хъуы	Хь хь хьы	Ц ц цы	Цу цу цуы	Цӏ цӏ цӏы	Ч ч чы	Чъ чъ чъы	Чӏ чӏ чӏы	Ш ш шы	Шъ шъ шъы	Шъу шъу шъуы
Шӏ шӏ шӏы	Шӏу шӏу шӏуы	Щ щ щы	Ъ ъ пытэ тамыгъ	Ы ы ы	Ь ь шъэбэ тамыгъ	Э э э	Ю ю йыу	Я я йа	Ӏ ӏы	Ӏу ӏыу

The letter Гъ denotes a voiced velar fricative, Дж is an alveolar palatalized voiced affricate, Дз is a dental voiced affricate, Жъ is a dental-alveolar voiced spirant, Жь is an alveolar palatalized voiced spirant, Къ is a velar bowed preruptiv, Кӏ is an alveolar palatalized semi-closed abruptive, Лъ is a lateral aspirated spirant, Лӏ — lateral aspirative spirant, Пӏ — labial bow abruptive, Тӏ — dental bowed abruptive, Хъ — velar aspirative spirant, Хь — pharyngeal aspirative spirant, Цӏ — dental aspirated half-close, Чъ — alveolar aspirated half-bow, Чӏ — alveolar half-closed abrupt, Шъ — dental-alveolar aspirative spirant, Шӏ - dental-alveolar abruptive spirant, Э - short sound [a], Ӏ - laryngeal bowed abruptive. The y element in the composition of di- and trigraphs denotes labialization.

In 2018, public figure Nejdat Meshwez published an experimental textbook based on the alphabet he developed, where most digraphs and trigraphs were replaced by letters with diacritics. According to the author, the project developed by him is not intended to replace the existing alphabet, but to make its study easier for those who are just starting to learn the Adyghe language and/or its written form.