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Fish taxonomy and phylogeny based on Nelson's Fishes of World[1][2] and Deepfin.[3][4]

Resources:

  • Fishes of World, 4th edition [1]
  • Fishes of world, 5th edition [2]
  • Deepfin project
    • Deepfin version 1 (Betancur-R et al, 2013)[5]
      • reference with archive[6]
      • Supplemental figure[7]
      • Appendix 2 (listing)[8]
    • Deepfin version 4 (Betancur-R et al, 2017)[3]
    • website (with links to different versions)[4]
  • Fish Tree of Life
    • Rabosky et al. (2018)[9]
    • Website.[10]
  • VertTree: Cartilaginous fishes: http://vertlife.org/data/sharks/ (Figure)
    • Stein et al (2018) [11]
  • Other primary studies
    • Near et al (2012)[12] (Actinopterygii, ray-fished fish)
    • Near et al (2013)[13] (Ancanthomorpha, spiny-rayed fish)
    • Alfaro et al (2018)[14] (Ancanthomorpha, spiny-rayed fish)
    • Hughes et al (2018) [15] (Actinopterygii, ray-fished fish)
    • Mirande (2017)[16] [Combined phylogeny of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii)]

Catalog of Fishes

[edit]

Test of reference template {{Cof genus}}

  • Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). June 2018 "Species related to Garra 7 June 2018". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  • Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Vinagarra". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 7 June 2018.

Fishes of World (5th edition

[edit]

Class Chondrichthyes

[edit]

Class Acanthodii

[edit]

Class Osteichthyes

[edit]

The listing of Class Osteichthyes is here given in three levels of detail

  1. extant taxa to ordinal level (with comparison to Deepfin TODO)
  2. extinct and extant taxa to ordinal taxa (including suborders)
  3. the complete FotW5 listing to family taxa

Notes:

  • Class Osteichthyes [= Euteleostomi of Nelson (2006)]

Class Osteichthyes (extant to ordinal taxa)

[edit]
Osteichthyes
Sarcopterygii

Coelacanthiformes — coelacanths

Ceratodontiformes — lungfishes

Tetrapoda — tetrapods

(lobe‑finned fishes)
Actinopterygii
(ray‑finned fishes)
Holostei

Lepisosteiformes — gars

Amiiformes — bowfins

Teleostei
Elopomorpha

Elopiformes — tenpounders (ladyfishes), tarpons

Albuliformes — bonefishes

Notacanthiformes — halosaurs and deep-sea spiny eels

Anguilliformes — eels

Osteoglossocephala
Osteoglossomorpha

Hiodontiformes — mooneyes

Osteoglossiformes — bonytongues, butterflyfishes, elephantfishes, abas

Clupeocephala
Otocephala

Clupeiformes — herrings (including anchovies, sardines, etc)

Alepocephaliformes — slickheads, tubeshoulders

Gonorynchiformes — milkfishes, beaked sandfishes, knerias and snake mudheads

Cypriniformes — carps, loaches, minnows, and relatives

Order Characiformes — characins (including tetras and piranhas)

Siluriformes — catfishes

Gymnotiformes — Neotropical knifefishes

Euteleostei

(=Euteleosteomorpha)

The classification of FotW5 and Deepfin4 share the same topology above the Euteleostei, which is shown in three cladograms above. The differences come in the euteleosts, especially the percomorphs:

For a details comparison of the Fishes of World and Deepfin systems see Comparison of systems below.

Class Osteichthyes (to ordinal taxa)

[edit]

Class Osteichthyes (including family taxa)

[edit]

Percomorpha

[edit]
Percomorpha subseries
Percomorpha

Ophidiida

Batrachoidida

Gobiida

Ovalentaria

Proposed sister clade to Ovalentaria [~= Deepfin's Anabantaria + Carangaria]

Proposed clade containing all other percomorphs [~= Deepfin's Eupercaria + Pelagiaria +Syngnatharia]

Percomoprha subdivisions in FoW5 (top) and Deepfin (bottom)

Percomorpha (extant to ordinal taxa)

[edit]
  • Series Percomorpha
    • Subseries Ophidiida
    • Subseries Batrachoidida
    • Subseries Gobiida
    • clade containing all other percomorphs
      • clade containing subseries Ovalentaria and an unnamed sister clade
        • Subseries Ovalentaria (=Blenniiformes sensu Near)
          • families unassigned to an order (includes Asiatic glassfishes, surfperches, basslets, roundheads, South American leaffishes, damselfishes, dottybacks, jawfishes)
          • Order Mugiliformes — mullets
          • Order Cichliformes — cichlids, convict blenny
          • Order Blenniiformes — Blennies, stargazers, etc
          • Order Gobiesociformes — clingfishes
          • Infraseries Atherinomorpha
            • Order Atheriniformes — silversides
              • Suborder Atherinopsoidei —New World silversides, surf silversides
              • Suborder Atherinoidei — surf sardines, rainbowfishes and blue eyes, pricklenose silversides, Mercer’s tusked silverside, priapiumfishes, Old World silversides
            • Order Beloniformes — needlefishes
            • Order Cyprinodontiformes — killifishes
              • Suborder Aplocheiloidei — rivulines
              • Suborder Cyprinodontoidei — Middle American killifishes, goodeids, topminnows, Valencia toothcarps, pupfishes, four-eyed fishes, livebearers
        • Proposed sister clade to subseries Ovalentaria — includes orders in Deepfin's Carangaria (Istiophoriformes, Carangiformes and Pleuronectiformes; =Carangiformes sensu Near) and Anabantaria (Synbranchiformes and Anabantiformes; =Synbranchiformes sensu Near)
          • Order Synbranchiformes — swamp eels
          • Order Carangiformes — jacks (roosterfishes, dolphinfishes, cobias, remoras (sharksuckers), jacks and pompanos, moonfishes)
          • Order Istiophoriformes — barracudas, swordfishes and billfishes
          • Order Anabantiformes — labyrinth fishes
            • Suborder Anabantoidei — gouramies (climbing gouramies, kissing gouramies, gouramies and fighting fishes
            • Suborder Channoidei — snakeheads, Asian leaffishes, chameleonfishes, (Malayan) leaffishes
          • Order Pleuronectiformes — flatfishes
            • Suborder Psettodoidei — spiny turbots
            • Suborder Pleuronectoidei — flounders, turbots and soles (largescale flounders, turbots, sand flounders, righteye flounders, lefteye flounders, measles or peppered flounders, bigeye flounders, rhombosoleids, southern flounders, crested flounders, American soles, soles, tonguefishes)
      • Proposed clade sister to all percomorphs except Ophidiida, Batrachoidida, and Gobiida [i.e. sister to clade containing Ovalentaria and its sister clade]
        • Order Syngnathiformes — pipefishes and seahorses
          • Suborder Syngnathoidei — seamoths, ghost pipefishes, pipefishes and seahorses
          • Suborder Aulostomoidei — trumpetfishes; cornetfishes; snipefishes, shrimpfishes, flying gurnards
        • Order Icosteiformes — ragfishes
        • Order Callionymiformes — dragonets, slope dragonets
        • Order Scombrolabraciformes — longfin escolars
        • Order Scombriformes — mackerels
          • Suborder Scombroidei — snake mackerels; cutlassfishes; mackerels and tunas
          • Suborder Stromateoidei — amarsipas, medusafishes, driftfishes, ariommatids, squaretails, butterfishes
        • Proposed clade of all 10 remaining percomorph orders (=Eupercaria of Deepfin and other phylogenetic classifications)
          • Order Trachiniformes — swallowers, gapers, sandperches, New Zealand torrentfishes, sanddivers, sandburrowers, duckbills, southern sandfishes, sand lances, weeverfishes, stargazers
          • Proposed clade of all 9 remaining percomorph orders [[]] —
            • Order Labriformes — wrasses, cales, parrotfishes
            • Suggested clade of perciform relatives [8 remaining orders]
              • Order Perciformes — perches
                • Suborder Percoidei
                  • Superfamily Percoidea — perches, basses and relatives (snooks, lates, mojarras, false scorpionfishes, southern basses, oceanic basslets, lanternbellies, deepwater cardinalfishes, wreckfishes, Asian seaperches, goatfishes, pearl perches, sweepers, knifejaws, flagtails, beachsalmon, bathyclupeids, threadfins, archerfishes, Australasian salmon (kahawai), galjoen fishes, sea chubs, grunters or tigerperches, temperate perches, Chinese perches, oldwives, armorheads, cavebasses, banjofishes, sunfishes, sea basses, perches, false trevallies, long-finned pikes, gnomefishes, bluefishes, pomfrets, manefishes)
                  • Possible relatives of Acanthuriformes [[]] — moonfishes (fingerfishes),bigeyes (catalufas)
                  • Seven families proposed relationship to Acanthuroidei, Monodactylidae, and Priacanthidae [eight according to indent] — ponyfishes, slimys, or slipmouths; butterflyfishes; angelfishes; tilefishes; grunts; barbeled grunters; snappers; fusiliers
                  • Superfamily Cirrhitoidea — hawkfishes, kelpfishes, marblefishes, morwongs, trumpeters
                  • Superfamily Cepoloidea — bandfishes
                  • Superfamily Siganoidea — scats, rabbitfishes
                • Suborder Notothenioidei — temperate icefishes, catadromous icefishes, Patagonian blennies, cod icefishes, spiny plunderfishes, barbeled plunderfishes, Antarctic dragonfishes, crocodile icefishes
              • Order Scorpaeniformes — mail-cheeked fishes
                • Suborder Scorpaenoidei — scorpionfishes (rockfishes), velvetfishes, cofishes, Australian prowfishes, red velvetfishes, racehorses (pigfishes or horsefishes)
                • Suborder Platycephaloidei — searobins (gurnards), armored searobins, deepwater flatheads, flatheads, ghost flatheads
                • Suborder Normanichthyoidei — barehead scorpionfishes or mote sculpins
                • Suborder Zoarcoidei — ronquils, eelpouts, pricklebacks, wrymouths, gunnels, wolffishes, quillfishes, prowfishes, graveldivers
                • Suborder Gasterosteoidei — sand eel, tubesnouts, sticklebacks, armored sticklebacks
                • Suborder Cottoidei — sablefishes, combfishes, greenlings, sandfishes, longfin sculpin, grunt sculpins, Cabezon, poachers and searavens, sculpins, fathead sculpins, Antarctic sculpins, lumpfishes (lumpsuckers), snailfishes
              • Proposed clade of the remaining 6 orders of Percomorpha (~= Acanthuriformes sensu Near)
                • Order Moroniformes — temperate basses, sicklefishes, spadefishes
                • Order Acanthuriformes — surgeonfishes and relatives
                • Order Spariformes — breams and porgies (splendid perches or groppos; sillagos (whitings, smelt-whitings); tripletails; threadfin breams, emperors or emperor breams, porgies
                • Proposed clade of the last three orders [[]] —

Percomorpha (including family taxa)

[edit]

Notes:

a From FotW5 addendum (four families and one subfamily added in corrected insert)[17]

Comparison of systems

[edit]

The classification of FotW5 and Deepfin4 share the same topology above the Euteleostei. The differences come in the euteleosts, especially the percomorphs:

For a details comparison of the Fishes of World and Deepfin systems see below.

Comparison of Osteichthyes divisions above Percomorpha

[edit]
FotW5
(Nelson et al 2016)[2]
Deepfin version 4
(Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2017)[3]
Fish Tree of Life
(Rabosky et al. 2018)[9][10]
Osteichthyes
Sarcopterygii

Coelacanthiformes — coelacanths

Ceratodontiformes — lungfishes

Tetrapoda — tetrapods

(lobe‑finned fishes)
Actinopterygii
(ray‑finned fishes)

The Deepfin phylogeny has the same topology as FotW5, although they use different ranks. In FotW5, Osteichthyes is a class, with Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii as subclasses, while in Deepfin they have the ranks megaclass and superclass, respectively. FotW also uses a sequential model for some taxa, e.g. Cladista, Chondrostei, Holostei and Teleosteomorpha (including Teleostei) as infraclasses, while Deepfin is phylogenetic (Cladista, Chondrostei, Holostei/Teleostei have different ranks). Fish tree of life only treats Actinopterygi with Cladista and Actinopteri as classes, but the topology and ranks are as Deepfin.

Hughes et al (2018) also recovers this topology.

Near & Thacker (2024) find the same topology for Actinopterygii, except they find Elopomorpha and Osteoglossomorpha as sisters (clade Oseanacephala) rather than successive branches subtending Clupeocephala.

Neopteygii
Holostei

Lepisosteiformes — gars

Amiiformes — bowfins

Teleostei
Elopomorpha

Elopiformes — tenpounders (ladyfishes), tarpons

Albuliformes — bonefishes

Notacanthiformes — halosaurs and deep-sea spiny eels

Anguilliformes — eels

Osteoglossocephala
Osteoglossomorpha

Hiodontiformes — mooneyes

Osteoglossiformes — bonytongues, butterflyfishes, elephantfishes, abas

Clupeocephala

Deepfin phylogeny has same topology as FotW5.

The Hughes et al (2018) MCMCTree is consistent with this topology. The ML analysis has Elopomorpha and Osteoglossomorpha as sister taxa. Note that this study only sampled Elopiformes and Anguilliformes in Elopomorpha and Osteoglossiformes in Osteoglossomorpha.

Fishtree has same overall topology with different arrangement in Elopomorpha.

Elopiformes — tenpounders (ladyfishes), tarpons

Anguilliformes — eels

Notacanthiformes — halosaurs and deep-sea spiny eels

Albuliformes — bonefishes

Clupeocephala
Otocephala

Clupeiformes — herrings (including anchovies, sardines, etc)

Alepocephali

Alepocephaliformes — slickheads, tubeshoulders

Ostariophysi
Anotophysi

Gonorynchiformes — milkfishes, beaked sandfishes, knerias and snake mudheads

Otophysi

Cypriniformes — carps, loaches, minnows, and relatives

Characiformes — characins (including tetras and piranhas)

Siluriformes — catfishes

Gymnotiformes — Neotropical knifefishes

Euteleostei

(=Euteleosteomorpha)

Deepfin phylogeny has same topology as FotW5, but uses different taxon names and ranks.

Hughes et al (2018) also follows this topology

Near & Thacker (2024) also follow this general topoogy although they recognise an extra order within Otophysi, with the topology:

Otophysi

Cypriniformes — carps, loaches, minnows, and relatives

Gymnotiformes — Neotropical knifefishes

Cithariniformeslutefishes and distichodontids

Siluriformes — catfishes

Characiformes — characins (including tetras and piranhas)

Otocephala
Alepocephali

Alepocephaliformes — slickheads, tubeshoulders

Clupei

Clupeiformes — herrings (including anchovies, sardines, etc)

Ostariophysi
Anotophysi

Gonorynchiformes — milkfishes, beaked sandfishes, knerias and snake mudheads

Otophysi

Cypriniformes — carps, loaches, minnows, and relatives

Gymnotiformes — Neotropical knifefishes

Siluriformes — catfishes

Characiformes — characins (including tetras and piranhas)


Euteleostei

Lepidogalaxiiformes — salamanderfishes

Protacanthopterygii

Salmoniformes — trout, salmon, and whitefish

Esociformes — pikes, mudminnows

Zoroteleostei

Argentiniformes — marine smelts

Galaxiiformes — galaxids

Osmeriformes — freshwater smelts

Stomiiformes — dragonfishes

Neoteleostei

(see below)

Euteleosteomorpha

Lepidogalaxiiformes — salamanderfishes

Protacanthopterygii

Argentiniformes — marine smelts

Galaxiiformes — galaxids

Salmoniformes — trout, salmon, and whitefish

Esociformes — pikes, mudminnows

Stomiati

Osmeriformes — freshwater smelts

Stomiiformes — dragonfishes

Neoteleostei

(see below)

(=Euteleostei)

Fishtree is similar to Deepfin, except Galaxiiformes is sister to Neoteleostei in phylogeny (although still part of Protacanthopterygii in taxonomy)

The Hughes et al (2018) MCMCTree follows the FotW5 topology. Their ML tree is the same as FishTree, with Argentiniformes basal in Protacanthopterygii and Galaxiiformes sister to Neoteleostei.

Near and Thacker (2024):

Euteleostei

Lepidogalaxias salamanderoides

Argentiniformes — marine smelts

Salmoniformes

Esocidae — pikes, mudminnows

Salmonidae — trout, salmon, and whitefish

Stomiati

Osmeriformes — freshwater smelts

Stomiiformes — dragonfishes

Galaxiiformes — galaxids

Neoteleostei (see below)

Neoteleostei
Ateleopodomorpha

Ateleopodiformes — jellynose fishes

Eurypterygii
Cyclosquamata

Aulopiformes — lizardfishes

Ctenosquamata
Scopelomorpha

Myctophiformes — lanternfishes, blackchins

Acanthomorpha

(spiny-rayed fishes, see below)

Deepfin and Fishtree phylogenies have same topology as FotW5 (different clade names).

Hughes et al (2018) is consistent with this topology (with no Aulopiformes sampled).

There is more variation on Acanthomorpha with disagreement on positions of Polymixiiformes, Lampriformes, and Holocentriformes.

  • Lampriformes
    • Basal as superorder Lamprimorpha (FotW5)
    • Sister to Paracanthopterygii (Deepfin)
    • Sister to Euacanthomorphacea [=Acanthopterygii] (FishTree and Hughes-2018 MCMCTree)
    • Sister to Paracanthopterygii sensu FotW5 (including Polymixiiformes) (Hughes ML tree, Alfaro-2018 UCE tree)
  • Polymixiiformes
    • Basal within Paracanthopterygii (FotW5 and Hughes MCMCTree)
    • Sister to Acanthopterygii (Deepfin)
    • Sister to Paracanthomorphacea (FishTree) [forms same clade as FotW5’s Paracanthopterygii]
    • Sister to Percopsiformes within Paracanthopterygii (Hughes ML tree, Alfaro-2018 UCE tree)
  • Holocentriformes
    • Sister to Beryciformes+ Trachichthyiformes in series Berycida (FotW5)
    • Sister to Percomorpha (Deepfin and Hughes MCMCTree)
    • Sister to Beryciformes [including Trachichthyiformes] (FishTree) [=FotW5 topology]
    • Sister to Beryciformes in novel clade: (Trachichthyiformes, (Percomorphaceae, (Holocentriformes, Beryciformes))) (Hughes ML tree; Alfaro-2018 UCE tree)

[Alfaro-2018 UCE tree/Hughes-2018 ML tree]


Acanthomorphata
Lampripterygii

Lampriformes — opahs (velifers, opahs, crestfishes, tapertails, ribbonfishes, oarfishes)

(=Lamprimorpha)
Paracanthopterygii

Polymixiiformes — beardfishes

Percopsiformes — trout-perches, pirate perches, cavefishes

Zeiformes — dories

Stylephoriformes — tube-eyes or thread-tails

Gadiformes — cods and hakes

Acanthopterygii

Trachichthyiformes — roughies

Holocentriformes — squirrelfishes

Beryciformes — alfonsinos, whalefishes, etc

Percomorpha) perches and allies (perch and darters, sea bass and groupers, mackerel and tuna, billfish, icefish, etc.)

(=Acanthomorpha)
FotW5
Acanthomorpha
Lamprimorpha

Lampriformes — opahs (velifers, opahs, crestfishes, tapertails, ribbonfishes, oarfishes)

Euacanthomorpha
Paracanthopterygii

Polymixiiformes — beardfishes

Percopsiformes — trout-perches, pirate perches, cavefishes

Zeiformes — dories

Stylephoriformes — tube-eyes or thread-tails

Gadiformes — cods and hakes

Acanthopterygii
Berycida

Holocentriformes — squirrelfishes

Trachichthyiformes — roughies

Beryciformes — alfonsinos, whalefishes, etc

Percomorpha

perches and allies (perch and darters, sea bass and groupers, mackerel and tuna, billfish, icefish, etc.)

(spiny‑rayed fishes)
Deepfin
Acanthomorphata
Lampripterygii

Lampriformes — opahs (velifers, opahs, crestfishes, tapertails, ribbonfishes, oarfishes)

(=Lamprimorpha)
Paracanthopterygii

Percopsiformes — trout-perches, pirate perches, cavefishes

Zeiformes — dories

Stylephoriformes — tube-eyes or thread-tails

Gadiformes — cods and hakes

Polymixiipterygii

Polymixiiformes — beardfishes

Acanthopterygii
Berycimorphaceae 

Trachichthyiformes — roughies

Beryciformes — alfonsinos, whalefishes, etc

Holocentrimorphaceae

Holocentriformes — squirrelfishes

Percomorphaceae

perches and allies (perch and darters, sea bass and groupers, mackerel and tuna, billfish, icefish, etc.)

(=Percomorpha)
(=Acanthomorpha)
FishTree
Acanthomorphata
Polymixiacea

Polymixiiformes — beardfishes

Paracanthomorphacea

Percopsiformes — trout-perches, pirate perches, cavefishes

Zeiformes — dories

Stylephoriformes — tube-eyes or thread-tails

Gadiformes — cods and hakes

Lampridacea

Lampriformes — opahs (velifers, opahs, crestfishes, tapertails, ribbonfishes, oarfishes)

Euacanthomorphacea
Holocentrimorphaceae

Holocentriformes — squirrelfishes

Berycimorphaceae

Beryciformes — alfonsinos, whalefishes, etc, plus roughies (Trachichthyiformes)

Percomorphaceae

perches and allies (perch and darters, sea bass and groupers, mackerel and tuna, billfish, icefish, etc.)

(=Percomorpha)
(Acanthopterygii)
(=Acanthomorpha)
Percomorpha

Ophidiida

Batrachoidida

Gobiida

Ovalentaria

Proposed sister clade to Ovalentaria [~= Deepfin's Anabantaria + Carangaria]

Proposed clade containing all other percomorphs [~= Deepfin's Eupercaria + Pelagiaria +Syngnatharia]





Comparison of Perciformes classifications

[edit]

blank table for testing

[edit]
Nelson 2006[1] Nelson et al 2016[2] Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2016[3]

notes

[edit]

Quotes from Nelson (1996) Perciformes section (p340):

  • The classification of this order is unsettled and will certainly be subject to changes that will better reflect the evolutionary history of the higher percomorphs.
    • As noted in Nelson (1994), Johnson and Patterson (1993) presented evidence that the perciforms may be part of a monophyletic group only if we include members of the orders
      • Scorpaeniformes (including the Dactylopteridae), [order follows Perciformes in FotW5, but Dactylopteridae is part of Order SYNGNATHIFORMES]
      • Pleuronectiformes [part of proposed sister clade to subseries Ovalentaria in FotW5], and
      • Tetraodontiformes [one of last three percomorph orders in FotW5].
    • There is evidence that the last three ordinal taxa are probably derivatives of perciform lineages,
    • although there is also evidence that the Tetraodontiformes (and Caproidae) are pre-perciforms (Springer and Johnson, 2004).
    • I have not made changes to the classification until we better understand just how these groups are related.
    • It is unfortunate that a monophyletic order Perciformes cannot be recognized.
    • In addition, most families in many suborders are not currently definable in terms of common shared derived characters and thus may not be monophyletic.
  • Perciformes contains 20 suborders [only 19 in comparison table], 160 families [families 329-488], about 1,539 genera, and about 10,033 species.
    • Some 52 families have a single genus, 23 have a single species (i.e., are monotypic), and 21 have 100 or more species.
    • Three suborders, the Percoidei, Labroidei, and Gobioidei, account for over three-quarters of the species.
    • The eight largest families are Gobiidae, Cichlidae, Serranidae, Labridae, Blenniidae, Pomacentridae, Apogonidae, and Sciaenidae.
    • Together, with 5,479 species, they constitute about 55% of the species.
    • Most perciforms are marine shore fishes, while about 2,040 species normally occur only in freshwater, and at least some individuals of about 2,335 species occur in freshwater for at least part of their life history.

Classification is controversial. As traditionally defined before the introduction of cladistics, the Perciformes are almost certainly paraphyletic. Other orders that should possibly be included as suborders are the Scorpaeniformes, Tetraodontiformes, and Pleuronectiformes. Of the presently recognized suborders, several may be paraphyletic, as well. These are grouped by suborder/superfamily, generally following the text Fishes of the World.[1][18][19]

Notes from Nelson-2016:

Suborder Percoidei: This may be the basal evolutionary group from which the other perciform groups and the remaining two orders [Pleuronectiformes, Tetraodontiformes] have been derived. Even if this were not so, it is probably not a monophyletic group, being recognized solely on primitive characters.

Suborder Trachinoidei notes: The placement of several families in this suborder is very provisional. T. W. Pietsch, in a 1989 paper on the relationships of uranoscopids, excluded Pholidichthys and the trichodontids from his cladogram of a hypothesized monophyletic group of core trachinoids. Springer and Johnson (2004) placed Pholidichthys (Pholidichthyidae) in its own suborder, and this is followed here. Mooi and Johnson (1997) suggested that the trachinoid family Champsodontidae is a scorpaeniform (which they ranked as the perciform suborder Scorpaenoidei). They demonstrated that the placement of several additional families (Cheimarrhichthyidae, Pinguipedidae, Percophidae, Creediidae, and Chiasmodontidae) in this suborder is questionable and that their relationships require further investigation. I fully agree but do not make changes pending such a comprehensive study and retain this suborder for the families given for convenience only.

Table comparing Fishes of World and Deepfin classifications of Percomorphs

[edit]
Nelson 2006[1] Nelson et al 2016[2] Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2016[3]

Order Perciformes (20 suborders in following sequence)


Percomorpha Subseries

Ophidiida

Batrachoidida

Gobiida

Ovalentaria

Proposed sister clade to Ovalentaria [~= Deepfin's Anabantaria + Carangaria]

Proposed clade containing all other percomorphs [~= Deepfin's Eupercaria + Pelagiaria +Syngnatharia]

Percomorpha Series

Order 45. Ophidiiformes (cusk-eels) [221-225]


Subseries Ophidiida

Series Ophidiaria



Order 46. Batrachoidiformes (toadfishes) [226]

Subseries Batrachoidida

Series Batrachoidaria

Order Perciformes (part)

Subseries Gobiida

Series Gobiaria


Order 48. Mugiliformes (mullets) [245]

Order Perciformes (part)


Subseries Ovalentaria


Series Ovalentaria


Order 49. Atheriniformes (silversides) [246-251]


Order 50. Beloniformes (needlefishes) [252-256]




Order 51. Cyprinodontiformes (killifishes) [257-266]

Proposed sister clade to Ovalentaria

  • Note. These orders are shown below out of sequence to compare with Deepfin series Anabantaria and Carangaria.


Order 56. Synbranchiformes (swamp eels)

Order 55. Gasterosteiformes [part]

Order Perciformes (part)


Series Anabantaria (= Anabantiformes sensu lato)



Order Perciformes (part)

Series Carangaria ((= Carangimorpha, Carangimorpharia)

Order 59. Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes)


Carangaria (cont)

Proposed clade sister to all percomorphs except Ophidiida, Batrachoidida, and Gobiida (i.e. sister to Ovalentaria and its sister clade (~=Anabantaria + Carangaria)



Order 55. Gasterosteiformes (part)

Order 57. Scorpaeniformes (part)

Order Perciformes (part)



Series Syngnatharia

Order Perciformes (part)


Series Pelagiaria

Note: "classification of scombriform families into suborders (e.g., Scombroidei, Stromateoidei, Icosteoidei) or new orders requires further work. Our circumscription of Scombriformes includes taxa placed by JS Nelson, T Grande and MVH Wilson [42] in the orders Scombriformes, Trachiniformes in part, Icosteiformes and Scombrolabraciformes"






Eupercaria

[edit]
Nelson 2006[1] Nelson et al 2016[2] Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2016[3]


Order Perciformes (part)

  • Suborder Percoidei
    • Superfamily Percoidea [329-407]
    • Superfamily Cirrhitoidea [402-406] [to suborder of Centrarchiformes]
    • Superfamily Cepoloidea [407] [to Priacanthiformes or Acanthuriformes]
  • Suborder Elassomatoidei [408] [part of Centrarchidae]
  • Suborder Labroidei [409-414] [to Labriformes (3) and Ovalentaria (3)]
  • Suborder Zoarcoidei [415-423] [to suborder of Scorpaeniformes in FotW5; to infraorder in suborder Cottoidei in Perciformes in Deepfin]
  • Suborder Notothenioidei [424-431] [retained as suborder of Perciformes in FotW5 and Deepfin
  • Suborder Trachinoidei [432-443] [to order in FotW5, which is polyphyletic in Deepfin (4 families in Uranoscopiformes, Trachinidae in Perciformes, etc)]
  • Suborder Acanthuroidei [465-470] [FotW5/DF order]
  • Suborder Caproidei [488] [to order FotW5 and deepfin]

Order Lophiiformes (anglerfishes)[227-244]

Order Tetraodontiformes (plectognaths) [503-511]



Proposed clade of all 10 remaining percomorph orders (~= Deepfin's Eupercaria)

P10

Trachiniformes

P9

Labriformes — wrasses and relatives

P8

Perciformes — perches

Scorpaeniformes — mail-cheeked fishes

P6

Moroniformes — temperate basses

Acanthuriformes — surgeonfishes and relatives

Spariformes — breams and porgies

P3

Caproiformes — boarfishes

Lophiiformes — anglerfishes

Tetraodontiformes — plectognaths

Series Eupercaria (>16 orders)

Series Eupercaria (= Percomorpharia)


Order Perciformes (part)



Order Perciformes (part)


"Comments: although Perciformes has been traditionally regarded as a “taxonomic waste basket” (e.g., [41, 42, 50, 51, 57,58,59]), the first version of this classification [8] proposed for the first time a monophyletic definition of the order based on robust molecular analyses. Compared to classification by other authors, the revised circumscription of Perciformes reduces significantly the number of included taxa, while retaining remarkable diversity that is now organized into several suborders and infraorders. Our definition comprises 61 perciform families, including species assigned by previous classifications to the orders Scorpaeniformes, Cottiformes, and Trachiniformes (no longer validated as orders herein)."


Order Perciformes (part)

Order Scorpaeniformes (part)

Order Perciformes (part)

Order Scorpaeniformes (mail-cheeked fishes) [303-328] [part]





Order Scorpaeniformes (mail-cheeked fishes) [303-328] [part]


Order 55. Gasterosteiformes (part)

"Comment: we have chosen to recognize clades within this suborder as infraorders, adopting the ending “–ales” for this rank. Gasterosteales and Zoarcales have been grouped in a clade named Zoarciformes by B Li, A Dettai, C Cruaud, A Couloux, M Desoutter-Meniger and G Lecointre [80]."


Order Perciformes (part)



Order Perciformes (part)

Proposed clade of all 9 remaining percomorph orders

Order Perciformes (part)

Suggested clade of perciform relatives [8 remaining orders]



Order Perciformes (part)


Acanthuriformes sensu lato
[edit]
Nelson 2006[1] Nelson et al 2016[2] Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2016[3]

This group of six orders, along with the perciform families with acanthurifom affinities, approximates Acanthuriformes sensu lato (Dornburg & Near, 2021; Ghezelayagh et al, 2022).

Deepfin divides Acanthuriformes sensu lato (Dornburg & Near, 2021; Ghezelayagh et al, 2022) into 13 (?) orders.

Order Perciformes (part)

Proposed clade of the remaining 6 orders of Percomorpha —


Note: "JS Nelson, T Grande and MVH Wilson [42] named this clade Moroniformes, including Moronidae in addition to Drepaneidae and Ephippidae. Our results do not support the placement of Moronidae in this order."

Note: "JS Nelson, T Grande and MVH Wilson [42] included Emmelichthyidae and Sciaenidae in this order, in addition to Acanthuridae, Luvaridae and Zanclidae. Our results do not support the placement of Emmelichthyidae and Sciaenidae in Acanthuriformes."

Note: "JS Nelson, T Grande and MVH Wilson [42] also included in this order the families Callanthiidae, Lobotidae (including Datnioididae) and Sillaginidae. Our results do not support the placement of these three or four families in Spariformes."


Order Perciformes (part)

Proposed clade of the last three orders


>

Order Perciformes (part)

Order Lophiiformes (anglerfishes)[227-244]

Proposed clade of the last three orders


Order Tetraodontiformes (plectognaths) [503-511]


a [Note. In FotW5 is placed in Cichliformes along with, Cichlidae [389) from Suborder Labroidei.]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Nelson, J. S. (2006). Fishes of the World (4 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 752. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; Arturo Acero; Nicolas Bailly; Masaki Miya; Guillaume Lecointre; Guillermo Ortí (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17: 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ a b "Phylogeny of all Fishes". deepfin.org. 4. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  5. ^ Betancur-R., Ricardo; Broughton, Richard E.; Wiley, Edward O.; Carpenter, Kent; López, J. Andrés; Li, Chenhong; Holcroft, Nancy I.; Arcila, Dahiana; Sanciangco, Millicent; Cureton II, James C; Zhang, Feifei; Buser, Thaddaeus; Campbell, Matthew A.; Ballesteros, Jesus A; Roa-Varon, Adela; Willis, Stuart; Borden, W. Calvin; Rowley, Thaine; Reneau, Paulette C.; Hough, Daniel J.; Lu, Guoqing; Grande, Terry; Arratia, Gloria; Ortí, Guillermo (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". PLoS Currents. doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288. ISSN 2157-3999.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Betancur-R; et al. (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1). doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288. Archived from the original on 2013-10-13.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ Betancur-R; et al. (2013). "Complete tree classification (supplemental figure)" (PDF). PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21.
  8. ^ Betancur-R; et al. (2013). "Appendix 2 – Revised Classification for Bony Fishes" (PDF). PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1).
  9. ^ a b Rabosky, Daniel L.; Chang, Jonathan; Title, Pascal O.; Cowman, Peter F.; Sallan, Lauren; Friedman, Matt; Kaschner, Kristin; Garilao, Cristina; Near, Thomas J.; Coll, Marta; Alfaro, Michael E. (2018). "An inverse latitudinal gradient in speciation rate for marine fishes". Nature. 559 (7714): 392–395. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0273-1. ISSN 0028-0836.
  10. ^ a b "Taxonomy". The Fish Tree of Life. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  11. ^ Stein, R. William; Mull, Christopher G.; Kuhn, Tyler S.; Aschliman, Neil C.; Davidson, Lindsay N. K.; Joy, Jeffrey B.; Smith, Gordon J.; Dulvy, Nicholas K.; Mooers, Arne O. (2018). "Global priorities for conserving the evolutionary history of sharks, rays and chimaeras". Nature Ecology & Evolution (2): 288–298.
  12. ^ Near, T. J.; Eytan, R. I.; Dornburg, A.; Kuhn, K. L.; Moore, J. A.; Davis, M. P.; Wainwright, P. C.; Friedman, M.; Smith, W. L. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (34): 13698–13703. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109. ISSN 0027-8424.
  13. ^ Near, T. J.; Dornburg, A.; Eytan, R. I.; Keck, B. P.; Smith, W. L.; Kuhn, K. L.; Moore, J. A.; Price, S. A.; Burbrink, F. T.; Friedman, M.; Wainwright, P. C. (2013). "Phylogeny and tempo of diversification in the superradiation of spiny-rayed fishes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (31): 12738–12743. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304661110. ISSN 0027-8424.
  14. ^ Alfaro, Michael E.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Harrington, Richard C.; Sorenson, Laurie; Friedman, Matt; Thacker, Christine E.; Oliveros, Carl H.; Černý, David; Near, Thomas J. (2018). "Explosive diversification of marine fishes at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (4): 688–696. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0494-6. ISSN 2397-334X.
  15. ^ Hughes, Lily C.; Ortí, Guillermo; Huang, Yu; Sun, Ying; Baldwin, Carole C.; Thompson, Andrew W.; Arcila, Dahiana; Betancur-R., Ricardo; Li, Chenhong; Becker, Leandro; Bellora, Nicolás; Zhao, Xiaomeng; Li, Xiaofeng; Wang, Min; Fang, Chao; Xie, Bing; Zhou, Zhuocheng; Huang, Hai; Chen, Songlin; Venkatesh, Byrappa; Shi, Qiong (2018). "Comprehensive phylogeny of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) based on transcriptomic and genomic data". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (24): 6249–6254. doi:10.1073/pnas.1719358115. ISSN 0027-8424.
  16. ^ Mirande, Juan Marcos (2017). "Combined phylogeny of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) and the use of morphological characters in large-scale analyses" (pdf). Cladistics. 33: 333–350. doi:10.1111/cla.12171.
  17. ^ Inserts for pp. 437-441 in FotW5.pdf(deadlink), archived at Inserts for pp. 437-441 in FotW5.pdf (archive)
  18. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Order Perciformes". FishBase. August 2015 version.
  19. ^ "ADW: Perciformes". animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. Animal Diversity Web.