Percophidae

Percophidae
	Brazilian flathead, Percophis brasiliensis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Trachiniformes
Family:	Percophidae; Swainson, 1839
Subfamilies
	Bembropinae Regan, 1913 ; Hemerocoetinae Kaup, 1873 ; Percophinae Swainson, 1839 ;

The Percophidae, duckbills, are a family of percomorph fishes, from the order Trachiniformes, found in tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and in the southwestern and southeastern Pacific.

They are small fishes: the largest species, the Brazilian flathead, Percophis brasiliensis, grows up to about 50 centimetres (20 in), but 10 centimetres (3.9 in) to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) is more typical. A few species are fished commercially, including the Brazilian flathead.

Taxonomy

Percophidae was first proposed as a family in 1839 by the English zoologist William John Swainson as a subfamily of the Percidae.^[2] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this family within the order Trachiniformes and divides it into the subfamilies Bempropinae, Henerocoetinae and Percophinae.^[3] Other authorities recognise thie family Percophinidae as being monotypic with only Percophis classified within it and placed in the suborder Percophoidei of the order Perciformes. They classify the other two subfamilies as families, the Bembropidae within the monotypic suborder, Bembropoidei, of Perciformes, and the Hemerocoetidae which they classify within the order Acropomatiformes, the Oceanic basses.^[4]

Subfamilies and genera

The family Percophidae is divided into three subfamilies^[3]

Subfamily Bembropinae Regan, 1913
- Bembrops Steindachner, 1876
- Chrionema Gilbert, 1905
Subfamily Hemerocoetinae Kaup, 1873
- Acanthaphritis Günther, 1880
- Dactylopsaron Parin, 1990
- Enigmapercis Whitley, 1936
- Hemerocoetes Valenciennes, 1837
- Matsubaraea Iw. Taki, 1953
- Osopsaron Jordan & Starks, 1904
- Pteropsaron Jordan & Snyder, 1902
- Squamicreedia Rendahl, 1921
Subfamily Percophinae Swainson, 1839
- Percophis Quoy & Gaimard, 1825

Timeline of genera

Characteristics

The species in the family Percophidae are elongated, benthic fishes with an anteriorly depressed head, a broad flat snout which gives rise to the common name duckbills. The mouth is large with a prognathous lower jaw and exposed maxilla. They have large closely placed eyes. There are two spines on the opercula and one on subopercula. They have tiny conical teeth on the mandibles and on the vomer and palatine bones. There are two dorsal fins an anterior dorsal fin with 6 slender spines and a posterior dorsal fin with 13 to 18 soft rays, the pelvic fins have 1 weak spine and 5 branched rays and these are positioned anteriorly to the pectoral fins with their bases widely separated. The anal fin has only 15 to 25 soft rays and the pectoral fins have between 20 and 28 rays. They body is covered in ctenoid scales and the lateral line curves underneath the anterior dorsal fin to below the middle of the flank with the 2 or 3 scales nearest the head being keeled. They are generally brownish in colour with indistinct dark blotches along the body. They are benthic, carnivorous fish which are found at depths of 100–600 metres (330–1,970 ft). They are relatively small and uncommon and are of no interest to fisheries.^[5]

References

^ Bailly N, ed. (2017). "Percophidae Swainson, 1839". FishBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
^ William Swainsom (1939). On the natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, & reptiles, or monocardian animals, Volume II. London: Spottiswoode & Co. p. 203–205.
^ ^a ^b Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 421–427. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.
^ Ronald Fricke and Jon David Fong. "GENERA/SPECIES BY FAMILY/SUBFAMILY IN Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
^ "Percophidae" (PDF). Fish Identification Sheets Fishing Area 51 W. Indian Ocean. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1983. Retrieved 17 June 2018.

Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Percophidae". FishBase. February 2006 version.
Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Retrieved 2011-05-19.

[WoRMS-1] Bailly N, ed. (2017). "Percophidae Swainson, 1839". FishBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 17 June 2018.

[Swainsin1839-2] William Swainsom (1939). On the natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, & reptiles, or monocardian animals, Volume II. London: Spottiswoode & Co. p. 203–205.

[Nelson5-3] Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 421–427. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.

[CofFIndex-4] Ronald Fricke and Jon David Fong. "GENERA/SPECIES BY FAMILY/SUBFAMILY IN Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 1 August 2024.

[FAO-5] "Percophidae" (PDF). Fish Identification Sheets Fishing Area 51 W. Indian Ocean. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1983. Retrieved 17 June 2018.

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