User:Hmchandler/sandbox
Sexual Ethics Spring 2017
Page Editing: Rape Culture
Section: Prevalence
New Section Name: Prevalence on College Campuses
Reason behind changes: Almost all of the current info under "Prevalence" is specific to university life; therefore, I feel the title should reflect such.
[copied directly from the page, changes/additions are bold, subtractions are crossed out]
Prevalence on College Campuses
Countries that have been described as having "rape cultures" include, but are not limited to, Australia Canada, Pakistan, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
In September 2015, a study done by the American Association of Universities, consisting a response size of 80,000 students, found that 26 percent of women reported forced sexual contact on college campuses while 7 percent reported full penetrative rape. 7 percent of men reported forced sexual contact on college campuses while 2 percent reported full penetrative rape.
A study found that 9% and 15% of 483 women asked at a single university reported experiencing either attempted or completed forcible or incapacitated rape, respectively, during their first year of college. During their lifetimes, 22% and 26% had experienced either attempted or completed forcible or incapacitated rape, respectively. Studies also found that 1 in 12 men admit to raping or attempting to rape a woman.
According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics, it is believed that only 15.8 to 35% of all rapes are ever reported to the police in the United States. Of these, 60-80% are acquaintance or date rapes, meaning the victim either knew their attacker or was the victim of the use of a date rape drug.
Recent Instances
January 2015: Brock Allen Turner was found guilty on three of five counts. These included: assault with intent to rape an intoxicated women, sexually penetrating an intoxicated person with a foreign object, and sexually penetrating an unconscious person with a foreign object. The victim of the case was cited stating, "This is not a story another drunk college hookup with poor decision making."[1] As much as the family desired to and normalize Brock's actions by hoping for a more leniant sentancing, the majority of society fought against this with the intent of criminalizing his actions.[2]
June 2013: Corey Batey and Brandon Vandenburg are each found guilty on numerous counts of aggravated rape, sexual battery, and unlawful photography.[3] It was reported that while Batey was the only one to phyiscally rape the vicitm, Vandenburg had the intention of joining in. Vandenburg facilitated the incident by providing purchasing the victim's drinks earlier in the night and providing Batey with condoms once back at his dorm room.
August 2012: Ma'lik Richmond and Trent Mays were both convicted in juvenile court on the account of rape of a minor. Pictures and video were first shared between players of the Steubenville High School football team. Mays issued an apology for taking and distributing the media, but never mentioned the act itself. Within the hundreds of text messages analyzed, Mays pleaded with the victim "not to press charges because doing so would damage his football career." [4] Town officials were reported as having given special treatment because the boys were football players.[5]
Contemporary Christian Ethics Fall 2016
Sexual acts which are illegal, and often considered unethical, because of the absence of consent include rape and molestation. Enthusiastic consent, as expressed in the slogan "Yes means yes," is typically the focus of liberal sexual ethics, rather than marriage.[6][7][8] Under that view passivity, not saying "No," is not consent.[9][10] An individual can give consent for one act of sexual activity, however, it does not condone preceding into other acts of sexual activity without reestablishing consent.
Above it the paragraph I will be editing and adding to. Below is what will replace it.
Illegal sexual acts including, but not limited to, rape and molestation are deemed unethical without consent. The concept of consent has a fluid definition that varies over time and from culture to culture. Enthusiastic consent, as expressed in the slogan "Yes means yes," is typically the focus of liberal sexual ethics. Under that view passivity, not saying "No," is not consent. Prior to 1830 in mainstream American culture, a women's relational status determined her treatment by the law. Once a woman entered into marriage, her individual legal existence was put on hold and incorporated into her husbands. With this being the case, a man had the right to sex with his wife whenever and under any circumstances. Led by the Women's movements of the 1970's, rape in marriage eventually become recognized by the law. As Americans have attempted to define consent, it has varied most among college campuses. No means no, which was launched in the mid 20th century, allowed all sexual advances until a verbal "no" was put forth by one party. Unless one party was opposed, all sexual acts are considered ethical under the law. The burden of the situation was placed on the consentee, not the individual in power. An individual can give consent for one act of sexual activity, however, it does not condone preceding into other acts of sexual activity without reestablishing consent. In the last decade, a new movement has occurred on college campuses. Yes means yes, or affirmative consent, operates under the idea that consent is a voluntary and affirmative agreement. The nations first affirmative consent law was passed in California in 2014. This law now places blame on the individual committing the crime, not the victim.
Sexual Ethics (Consent - Present and Historical Perspectives)
Illegal sexual acts including, but not limited to, rape and molestation are deemed unethical without consent. The concept of consent has a fluid definition that varies over time and from culture to culture.
Prior to 1830 in mainstream American culture, a women's relational status determined her treatment by the law. Once a woman entered into marriage, her individual legal existence was put on hold and incorporated into her husbands. With this being the case, a man had the right to sex with his wife whenever and under any circumstances.
Led by the Women's movements of the 1970's, rape in marriage eventually become recognized by the law. As Americans have attempted to define consent, it has varied most among college campuses.
No means no, which was launched in the mid 20th century, allowed all sexual advances until a verbal "no" was put forth by one party. Unless one party was opposed, all sexual acts are considered ethical under the law. The burden of the situation was placed on the consentee, not the individual in power.
In the last decade, a new movement has occurred on college campuses. Yes means yes, or affirmative consent, operates under the idea that consent is a voluntary and affirmative agreement. The nations first affirmative consent law was passed in California in 2014. This law now places blame on the individual committing the crime, not the victim.
http://www.npr.org/2014/06/13/321677110/a-campus-dilemma-sure-no-means-no-but-exactly-what-means-yeshttp://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/means-enough-college-campuses/
http://endrapeoncampus.org/yes-means-yes/
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- ^ Reporter, Katie J. M. Baker BuzzFeed News. "Here's The Powerful Letter The Stanford Victim Read To Her Attacker". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
- ^ "California State House: Impeach Judge Aaron Persky". dailycaller.com. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
- ^ Luther, Jessica. "A look at Vanderbilt rape case that left community reeling". SI.com. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
- ^ Jr, Richard A. Oppel (2013-03-17). "2 Teenagers Found Guilty in Steubenville, Ohio, Rape". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
- ^ Macur, Juliet; Schweber, Nate (2012-12-16). "Rape Case Unfolds Online and Divides Steubenville". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
- ^ Friedman, Jaclyn; Jessica Valenti (2008). Yes Means Yes! Visions of Female Sexual Power and a World Without Rape. Seal Press. ISBN 978-1-58005-257-3.
- ^ Corinna, Heather. "What Is Feminist Sex Education?". Scarleteen. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
- ^ Corinna, Heather (2010-05-11). "How Can Sex Ed Prevent Rape?". Scarleteen. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
- ^ Stephen J. Schulhofer (May 5, 2000). Unwanted Sex: The Culture of Intimidation and the Failure of Law (New ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 1, 2. ISBN 978-0674002036.
{{cite book}}:|format=requires|url=(help) - ^ A number of American Law Institute members (May 12, 2015). "Sexual Assualt [sic] at the American Law Institute--Controversy Over the Criminalization of Sexual Contact in the Proposed Revision of the Model Penal Code" (quoted memorandum of ALI members). lcbackerblog.blogspot.com. Larry Catá Backer. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
Section 213.0(5) defines "sexual contact" expansively, to include any touching of any body part of another person, whether done by the actor or by the person touched. Any kind of contact may qualify; there are no limits on either the body part touched or the manner in which it is touched….