User:Hamza A. Durrani/sandbox

Al Faruq Mosque

Al Faruq Mosque is a Friday mosque in the Ghubaira district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Al Faruq

Al-Faruq (Arabic: الفاروق) is a neighborhood in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located north of al-Faisaliah and south of al-Safa in the sub-municipality of al-Malaz.

Al Fazari Plaza

Al Fazari Plaza (Arabic: ساحة الفزاري) is a multipurpose square in Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located next to the Al Kindi Plaza. Completed in 1986, it is named after 8th century mathematician and philosopher Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari. It also hosts the embassies of Albania, Mexico and Mauritius.

In September 2021, the Ministry of Culture held the celebrations of Saudi National Day at the square.

Office of Al Sarh Travel and Tourism.

Don Ruben's restaurant.

Terraza La Rustica.

Ad Dhubbat

Al Dhubbat الضباط
Neighbourhood
Coordinates: 24°40′47″N 46°43′23″E
Country	Saudi Arabia
City	Riyadh
Region	Old Riyadh
Named for	Employees of Ministry of Defense
Government
• Body	Al Malaz Sub-Municipality
Language
• Official	Arabic

Al-Dhubbat (Arabic: الضباط, lit. 'the officers') is a neighborhood in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located east of al-Wizarat and northwest of al-Malaz in the sub-municipality of al-Malaz. It is one of the most ancient neighborhoods of Riyadh, dating back to the time Jabal Abu Makhruq. The current form of the neighborhood emerged in the 1970s alongside the al-Wizarat district as a housing development project for government officials employed in the Ministry of Defense and other agencies, and after whom the district is named. The neighborhood later got inhabited by overseas workers from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh around the 1980s.

Overview

Jabal Abu Makhruq is the oldest landmark in the district, a limestone hill that once served as a stopover for pilgrims arriving from Eastern Arabia enroute to the walled town of Riyadh in medieval era. In the 1970s, the Saudi government developed the surrounding area of the limestone hill alongside the al-Wizarat district as a housing development project for government officials employed in the Ministry of Defense and other agencies located along the Old Airport Road, and named it after them.

Roads in Riyadh

King Faisal Street

Old Airport Road

Khurais Road

Siteen Street

Takhasussi Street

Tahlia Street

Farazdaq Street

Al-Faisal Museum for Arab-Islamic Art

Al-Faisal Museum for Arab-Islamic Art

متحف الفيصل للفن العربي الإسلامي
Established	June 1, 2017 (2017-06-01)
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates	24.69146°N 46.68491°E / 24.69146; 46.68491
Owner	King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies
Website	Al-Faisal Museum for Arab-Islamic Art

Al-Faisal Museum for Arab-Islamic Art (Arabic: متحف الفيصل للفن العربي الإسلامي) is an art museum in the al-Olaya district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located next to the Al Faisaliah Tower in the building of King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies. Opened in 2017, it features rare collection of Islamic art from early, medieval and contemporary periods and historic Qur'an manuscripts. It also contains artifacts belonging to King Faisal bin Abdulaziz and his wife Iffat Al Thunayan.

The museum is tasked with managing collections, providing research and studies, binding and restoration of manuscripts, and organizing exhibitions and events.

History

The museum was opened in June 2017 and was inaugurated by Prince Faisal bin Bandar, the governor of Riyadh. On the day of its opening, the museum held the the "Masahif Al-Amsar" Exhibition, showcasing collection of rare Qur'an manuscripts.

In February 2019, Minister of Culture Prince Badr bin Abdullah inaugurated the "Wahj: Adornment of the Page" exhibition, which lasted till January 2021. The exhibition showcased 60 items of the different types of decorated manuscripts preserved by the King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies.

In February 2022, the First Exhbition Hall was reopened after renovation and the museum held an exhibition titled "Asfār: Treasures of King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies" where 36 out of 28500 historical manuscripts of Qur'an where selected to be displayed. In November 2022, it displayed two rare printed works from its collection, replacing two displayed printed works on Asfar Exhibition “The Bible” (King James Version of the Bible) and “The Holy Bible” (The first edition in Arabic with the four Gospels).

Permanent collection

The permanent exhibition at al-Faisal Museum for Arab-Islamic Art features several collections, including: the Arab-Islamic Art Collection, the Manuscripts Collection, the King Faisal Memorial Collection, the Coins and Currencies Collection, the Fine Arts Collections, and the Center's History Collection.

Arab-Islamic Art Collection comprises over five hundred artifacts from across the world, representing the Islamic civilization era from the seventh century until the modern era. The collection includes: writing utensils, weapons, ceramics, medical instruments, metalwork, wooden sculptures, coins, and textiles. The museum showcases pieces from this collection in the First Exhibition Hall (the permanent exhibition) under the title 'The Narrative of Arab-Islamic Civilization.'

The King Faisal Center Library possesses an exclusive collection of about 28,500 original manuscripts and over 140,000 digital images of manuscripts and microfiche or microfilm copies. Among these are 15,000 microfiche copies acquired from the British Library in 1999 and approximately eight thousand manuscripts on microfilm from the National French Library, obtained through UNESCO in 1989.

King Faisal Memorial Collection comprises about six hundred pieces from the personal possessions of King Faisal bin Abdulaziz. The pieces range from medals, clothing, and armors to documents, furniture, and weapons. Coins and Currencies Collection showcases coins and banknotes that belonged to Iffat Al Thunayan, the wife of King Faisal. The Fine Arts Collection comprises approximately six hundred works of fine arts, such as paintings and photographs.

Mosques of Riyadh

• Imam Turki bin Abdullah Grand Mosque
• Al Rajhi Grand Mosque
• King Khalid Grand Mosque
• King Khalid Airport Mosque
• Princess Latifa bint Sultan Mosque
• Salam Mosque
• Prince Fahd bin Muhammad Mosque
• King Fahd Grand Mosque (Muather)
• Safarat Mosque (Arabic: جامع حي السفارات)
• Jawharah Mosque
• Sheikh Muhammad bin Ibrahim Mosque
• KAFD Grand Mosque
• King Abdulaziz Mosque
• Al Madi Mosque
• King Fahd Mosque
• King Saud Mosque, Nasiriyah
• Al Hikmah Mosque, Hittin
• Duhairah Mosque (Arabic: مسجد الظهيرة) in the former Duhairah neighborhood
• Sheikh Fahd al-Owaidah Mosque (Arabic: جامع الشيخ فهد العويضة)
• Ghadah Ibrahim Mosque (Arabic: غادة البراهيم)
• Princess al-Anood Mosque (Arabic: جامع الأميرة العنود)
• Abu Abdullah al-Haidan (Arabic: أبي عبد الله اللحيدان)
• Al-Qibli Mosque
• Al Sohoom Mosque
• Al-Rumailah Mosque, also known as Al-Salamah Mosque
• Al Muhaisen Mosque (Arabic: مسجد المحيسن)
• Umm Ibrahim Al Thyab Mosque (Arabic: مسجد أم إبراهيم الذياب)
• Al Dakheel Mosque
• Imam Abdulrahman Al-Faisal Mosque
• Al Nasser Mosque
• Hilla Mosque
• other mosques
• https://sabq.org/saudia/shegde-6

Imp

Refer this article for the old emirate palace in manfuhah, similar to qasr al hukm

https://www.al-jazirah.com/2022/20220905/ln15.htm

Hilla Mosque

Hilla Mosque
مسجد الحلة
Religion
Affiliation	Sunni Islam
Location
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Municipality	Al-Ma'dher
Geographic coordinates	24°37′47″N 46°43′11″E
Architecture
Date established	19th century (original) 1960s (restored)
Minaret(s)	1

Hilla Mosque (Arabic: مسجد الحلة) is a historic mosque in the al-Owd district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the Souq al-Hilla. The mosque was constructed in the 19th century during the reign of Imam Turki bin Abdullah and was later restored in the 20th century by King Abdulaziz ibn Saud before being rebuilt in the 1960s using modern techniques. The mosque was one of the centers of learning for Hanbali Sunni scholars.

Overview

The mosque was built in the Second Saudi State in 19th century during the reign of Imam Turki bin Abdullah. The mosque was restored in early 20th century by King Abdulaziz ibn Saud and appointed Abdul Rahman ibn Abdul Latif Al ash-Sheikh (1871-1947) as its imam, who served in his position until 1931. The mosque is located in the al-Owd district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and is considered to be one of the earliest mosques of Riyadh and one of the centers of learning for Hanbali Sunni scholars. The mosque was rebuilt in the 1960s by the Saudi government using modern techniques.

King Abdulaziz Mosque, Riyadh

King Abdulaziz Mosque
جامع الملك عبدالعزيز
Religion
Affiliation	Sunni Islam
Location
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Geographic coordinates	24°38′44″N 46°42′33″E
Architecture
Founder	King Abdulaziz ibn Saud
Completed	1940s (original) 1998 (restored)
Minaret(s)	1

King Abdulaziz Mosque (Arabic: جامع الملك عبدالعزيز), is a historic Friday mosque in the al-Murabba neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in close proximity to the Riyadh Water Tower in the King Abdulaziz Historical Center. Covering an area of 5540 square meters, it was first built around the 1940s, corresponding with the construction of Murabba Palace. The mosque held the funerary prayers for King Faisal bin Abdulaziz following his assassination in 1975 and was later rebuilt by the Royal Commission for Riyadh City in 1998.

Overview

The mosque was built in the 1940s during the reign of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud as part of the construction of the Murabba Palace and served as his place of worship until his death in 1953. In 1975, the mosque held the funerary prayers of King Faisal bin Abdulaziz following his assassination. The funeral was attended by several head of states such as Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan, Yasser Arafat, Hafez al-Assad, Idi Amin, Houari Boumediene, Ahmed Hassan al‐Bakr, Gaafar Nimeiry, Juan Carlos, Anwar Sadat, Mohammad Daoud Khan and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.

The mosque was rebuilt in 1998 by the Royal Commission for Riyadh City as part of the King Abdulaziz Historical Center project and covers an area of 5540 square meters. Prominent imams of the mosque have been Sheikh Abdullah bin Qoud, Sheikh Saad bin Faleh and Sheikh Fahd bin Abdul Rahman Al Fahd.

Al Dakheel Mosque

Al-Dakheel Mosque
جامع الدخيل
Religion
Affiliation	Sunni Islam
Location
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Geographic coordinates	24°47′41″N 46°44′16″E
Architecture
Style	Modern Najdi
Date established	2004
Specifications
Capacity	3000
Dome(s)	1
Dome height (outer)	18 m
Dome dia. (outer)	10 m
Minaret(s)	1
Minaret height	50 m
Site area	7,000 square metres (1.7 acres)

Sheikh Fahd bin Abdul Rahman bin Fahd al-Dakheel Mosque (Arabic: جامع الشيخ فهد بن عبد الرحمن بن فهد الدخيل), simply known as al-Dakheel Mosque (Arabic: جامع الدخيل), is a Friday mosque in the ash-Shuhada neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Opened in 2004, it usually gets flocked by worshippers during the month of Ramadan to perform Taraweeh prayers and on religious holidays like Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha for Salat al-Eid. Yasir al-Dawsari led the prayers in the mosque from its opening until he was appointed in 2019 as one of the imams of Masjid al-Haram in Mecca.

Overview

Construction of the mosque began in 2000 and completed in 2004 and was built in the ash-Shuhada neighborhood of Riyadh. The mosque has a minaret and a dome with a height of 18 meters and 50 meters respectively. The mosque can accommodate around 1800 worshippers during off-season and 3000 worshippers at its maximum. The numbers reach 7000 in the month of Ramadan when the space surrounding the mosque gets in use.

Yasir al-Dawsari served as the imam of the mosque from its opening until he was appointed as one of the imams of Masjid al-Haram in Mecca.

Al-Qibli Mosque

Not to be confused with Al-Aqsa Mosque.

Al-Qibli Mosque
مسجد القبلي
Religion
Affiliation	Sunni Islam
Location
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Geographic coordinates	24°35′45″N 46°43′33″E
Architecture
Style	Najdi architecture
Date established	1689

Al-Qibli Mosque (Arabic: مسجد القبلي) is a historic mosque in the Manfuhah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is one of the oldest mosques in Riyadh, with the origins of the mosque tracing as far back as 1689. The mosque was restored and rebuilt several times between 1945 and 1993, with the latest renovation having taking place during the second phase of Prince Mohammed bin Salman Project for the Development of Historical Mosques. Covering an area of almost 804 square meters, it can accommodate 440 worshippers and is built in traditional Najdi style.

Overview

The mosque was built around 1689, when Dawwas ibn Abdullah, the father of Dahham ibn Dawwas, ruled the town of Manfuhah and was built in traditional Najdi architectural style, and was located in close proximity to the town's former ruling palace.

In 1945, the mosque was restored by King Abdulaziz ibn Saud, where the interior praying area was expanded from north to south by 120 square meters. The mosque has 33 colonnade. The mosque underwent minor restorations since then. In 1993, major renovation works were carried out by strengthening the foundations of the mosque. In 2022, the mosque was listed for restoration during the second phase of the Prince Mohammed bin Salman Project for the Development of Historical Mosques. The mosque covers an area of almost 804 square meters.

Prominent imams of the mosque have included Sheikh Saad bin Anbar, Sheikh Muhammad bin Hameed, Sheikh Abdulaziz al-Shuaibi, Sheikh Omar bin Khalifa, and Sheikh Omar bin Mahmoud, who died in 1966, in addition to Sheikh Abdulrahman bin Abdullah bin Mahmoud.

Al Madi Mosque

Al Madi Mosque
مسجد المدي
Religion
Affiliation	Sunni Islam
Location
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Architecture
Completed	1943 (original) 2004 (restored)
Demolished	1998
Specifications
Capacity	500
Dome(s)	4
Minaret(s)	1
Minaret height	18 m

Al Madi Mosque (Arabic: مسجد المدي), or Al Medy Mosque, is a historic mosque in the al-Murabba neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the King Abdulaziz Historical Center. Originally built in 1943, it was demolished in 1998 and later rebuilt in 2004 by the Royal Commission for Riyadh City using compressed earth blocks. It covers an area of 457 square meters and was constructed on the site of al-Madi, a large seven column basin used by tribal nomads to water their livestock during the reign of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud.

Overview

The mosque was built in 1943 during the reign of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud and was situated on the site of al-Madi, a large seven column basin used by tribal nomads to water their livestock. In 1998, the mosque was demolished during the King Abdulaziz Historical Center project and later rebuilt in 2004 using compressed earth blocks.

The mosque was inaugurated by Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz in 2004. Covering an area of 457 square meters, it can accommodate 500 worshippers and includes 4 domes. The mosque also includes a minaret, whose height is 18 meters. The mosque is a recipient of the Organization of Islamic Capitals and Cities award.

The View Mall

The View Mall (Arabic: ذا فيو مول‎), or simply The View (Arabic: ذا فيو), is a shopping center located in the King Abdulaziz District of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Opened in 2021, it is owned by Cenomi Centers.

Laysen Valley

Laysen Valley

Native name	ليسن فالي
Industry	Office Space Provider Business park
Founded	2021
Headquarters	Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
Website	laysenvalley.sa

Laysen Valley (Arabic: ليسن فالي) is a mixed-use development in the Umm al-Hammam al-Gharbi neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was developed by Tatweer Holdings and became mostly operational by 2022. Covering an area of 74000 square meters, it is named after Wadi Laysan and contains several dining destinations, retail outlets besides hosting offices of more than 50 multinational firms, including Roche, Credit Suisse and Nokia.

Overview

Laysen Valley became mostly operational by 2022 and was developed by Tatweer Holdings. It was built on the six core principles of Salmani style, a distinct type of urban Najdi architectural method developed in Riyadh Province during the reign of Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz as the region's governor between 1963 and 2011. It hosts offices of more than 50 multinational firms. It is named after Wadi Laysan.

The construction of Laysen Valley began around 2020. In March 2021, Jadwa REIT Al Haramain and Jadwa REIT Saudi disclosed the details of investment following its acquisition of seven towers of Laysen Valley. In December 2021, Hilton announced setting up a hotel, in partnership with Mashareq. In January 2022, Swiss pharmaceutical company Norvatis announced that it would have its regional head office in Laysen Valley. Riyadh Municipality signed a benefit exchange agreement with Laysen Valley in March 2022.

Ministry of Interior

Ministry of Interior (Arabic: وزارة الداخلية) is a rapid transit station that serves the Blue Line of Riyadh Metro network in the al-Futah district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in close proximity to the Ministry of Interior building.

Al Bat'ha

Al Bat'ha
General information
Location	Al-Futah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Line(s)	Blue Line
Other information
Station code	27 (Blue Line)

Al Bat'ha (Arabic: البطحاء) is a rapid transit station that serves the Blue Line of Riyadh Metro network in the al-Futah district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the al-Bat’ha commercial area.

It was opened on 1 December 2024.

Qasr Al Hukm District markets

Al Maigliah Market Center

مركز المعيقلية التجاري
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates	24°37′49″N 46°42′31″E
Developer	Riyadh Development Company
No. of stores and services	1000
Parking	2000

Al Maigliah Market Center (Arabic: مركز المعيقلية التجاري) is a traditional shopping complex in the ad-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the western part of the Qasr al-Hukm District. Built in the period 1988–1992 during the second phase of the Qasr Al Hukm District Development Project, it contains 1,000 shops divided into four sections specializing in the trade of traditional perfumes, gold, watches and fashion retail. It is named after the Mugailiyah quarter of the former walled town, where it stands.

History and background

Following the dismantling of the city walls in the 1950s, the Mugailiyah quarter, just like other quarters of the former walled town, were incorporated into the current metropolis of Riyadh. As residents of the area began relocating to new affluent districts, the quarter evolved into a traditional marketplace during the 1950s and 1970s.

In March 1973, King Faisal bin Abdulaziz issued directives to Sheikh Abdulaziz Thunayyan, then mayor of Riyadh to conduct an extensive study of the area surrounding the al-Hukm Palace and implementing the project of its renovation the following year. In 1976, the High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh commissioned the Qasr Al Hukm District Development Project and agreed on developmental programs that were prepared to transform the Qasr al-Hukm District into a cultural center. The designs were completed by 1979 and the construction lasted between 1983 and 1992 in broadly two phases, costing around US$500 million. The project was overseen by Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz, the-then governor of Riyadh.

In 1985, the Maigliah Markets Company Limited was established as a real state firm, which got later renamed as Riyadh Holding Company. The company was responsible with renovation of the market, which was built during the second phase of the Qasr Al Hukm District between 1988 and 1992 in modern Najdi architectural style.

Al Deira Market (Arabic: أسواق الديرة)

Al Diera Market

أسواق الديرة
Souq Ushaiger, 2024
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates	24.62808°N 46.70973°E / 24.62808; 46.70973
Previous names	Qasiriya Ibn Qulaib Souq al-Mughaibrah
Developer	Riyadh Development Company
No. of stores and services	400

Al Diera Market (Arabic: أسواق الديرة), also known as Souq Ushaiger (Arabic: سوق أشيقر) is a traditional shopping center in the ad-Dirah district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the Qasr al-Hukm District. It contains 400 shops that specialize in the sale of handicrafts, imported fabrics and carpets. It emerged from the ruins of Qasiriya Ibn Qulaib (Arabic: قيصرية ابن كليب) and Souq al-Mughaibrah (Arabic: سوق المقيبرة).

is alternately named after the town of Ushaiger, where most of the shopkeepers once came from. The market's origins can be traced back 19th century during the era of Second Saudi State and was rebuilt by the Riyadh Holding Company in its current form during the second phase of the Qasr Al Hukm District Development Project between 1988 and 1992.

History and background

Souq Ushaiger, 1965

Souq al-Mughaibrah, 1943

The origins of the market can be traced back to the 19th century during the era of the Second Saudi State. It was later rehabilitated by a trader named Ibn Kulaib in late 1948 or early 1949 during the reign of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud, after he purchased and demolished the residence of Prince Saud bin Sa'ad, the son of Prince Sa'ad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud and was known as Qasiriya ibn Qulaib.

Following the dismantling of the city walls in the 1950s, the Ghanaiy quarter as well as the Mughaibrah quarter, just like other quarters of the former walled town, were incorporated into the current metropolis of Riyadh. The market was later known as Souq Ushaiger as most of its vendors and shopkeepers came from the town of Ushaiger.

In 1963, the Souq al-Mughaibrah was expanded and included Souq al-Hasawiyah (Arabic: سوق الحساوية).

In March 1973, King Faisal bin Abdulaziz issued directives to Sheikh Abdulaziz Thunayyan, then mayor of Riyadh to conduct an extensive study of the area surrounding the al-Hukm Palace and implementing the project of its renovation the following year. In 1976, the High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh commissioned the Qasr Al Hukm District Development Project and agreed on developmental programs that were prepared to transform the Qasr al-Hukm District into a cultural center. The designs were completed by 1979 and the construction lasted between 1983 and 1992 in broadly two phases, costing around US$500 million. The project was overseen by Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz, the-then governor of Riyadh.

In 1985, the Maigliah Markets Company Limited was established as a real state firm, which got later renamed as Riyadh Holding Company. The company was responsible with renovation of the market alongside the Al Maigliah Market Center as well as the Al Tameer Wholesale Market. The market was rebuilt during the second phase of the Qasr Al Hukm District Development Project.

Al Tameer Wholesale Market (Arabic: سوق التعمير للجملة) or Construction Center for Wholesale (Arabic: مركز التعمير للجملة), is a shopping complex and a wholesale market in the ad-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the Qasr al-Hukm District. Opened in 2000, it was built by the Riyadh Development Company in an area of approximately 26 acres. West of Mughaibrah street.

Ibn Sulaiman Commercial Center (Arabic: مركز ابن سليمان التجاري)

Palaces

Palaces in Najd were mostly made of adobe and mudbrick mixed with straw. It's ceilings were made with local wood with palm leaves and fronds.

Burj al-Malaz

Burj al-Malaz
General information
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Completed	1960s
Demolished	2009
Design and construction
Main contractor	Arab Contractors

Burj al-Malaz (Arabic: برج الملز, lit. 'Malaz Tower'), also known as Burj al-Arab (Arabic: برج العرب, lit. 'Arab Tower') and Imarat al-Barmil (Arabic: عمارة البرميل, lit. 'barrel apartment building'), was a cylindrical-shaped apartment building on al-Jamiʽah Street in the al-Malaz district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was built in the mid-1960s by Egyptian construction conglomerate Othman Ahmed Othman and was one of the most prominent landmarks of the district in the 1970s. The building was demolished in 2009.

Salmani architecture

Salmani architecture (Arabic: العمارة السلمانية) or Salmani style (Arabic: الطراز السلماني), at times referred to as modern Najdi architecture, is a sustainable eclectic revivalist architectural movement which outwardly resembles Najdi-style construction but relies on modern techniques. It has flourished in the Riyadh Province of Saudi Arabia since the 1970s under the supervision of Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz during his second period in office as the governor of Riyadh Province between 1963 and 2011. The term was coined in 2018 by Riyadh's former mayor Prince Abdulaziz bin Mohammed bin Ayyaf.

It has recently started incorporating many elements of Sustainable architecture.

Materials used for exterior: limestone

The classical approach of architecture has direct references to Najdi architecture, whereas the modern one has indirect references to it (but with exception of some motifs).

Examples of classical of approach:

residential complex for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1981)

Tuwaiq Palace (1985)

Hayy Assafarat Grand Mosque (1986)

Imam Turki bin Abdullah Grand Mosque (1992)

Al-Hukm Palace (1992)

King Abdulaziz Historical Center (1999)

Sheikh Muhammad bin Ibrahim Mosque (2005)

The peak classical is the Al Abtal Gate (2013)

Nasiriyah Gate

Modern Salmani:

King Khalid International Airport (1983)

Criminal Courts building dirah (2014)

VIA Riyadh (2023)

King Fahad National Library

Peak modern: Hamad Tower

Background

The construction of Murabba Palace in 1938 marked a major step in the urbanization of Riyadh, as it was one of the earliest buildings erected outside the walls of the fortified town. Although Murabba Palace was built using clay and mubdirck,

In 1943, King Abdulaziz ibn Saud commissioned the Red Palace for his son and future monarch, Prince Saud bin Abdulaziz. The palace was built using reinforced concrete. Its design was inspired from the British Residency building in Hyderabad, India. Before that, Prince Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman had built a mosque in his date palm orchard that didn't resemble the idiom of local heritage.

It borrows geometric features such as triangular openings, which are purely decorative in nature.

In 2020, the King Salman Urban Charter was established.

In 1973, the General Organization for Social Insurance Headquarters was built by Omrania.

Hamad Tower in Riyadh is an example of modern Salmani.

Background

As Riyadh saw its expansion during the reign of King Saud bin Abdulaziz. Saud built the Red Palace, which was modelled after the British Residency building in Hyderabad, India. He later on built the Royal Secondary Industrial Institute in al-Malazz.

Prince Salman saw it as an erosion of Riyadh's urban heritage and thus decided to preserve it.

Building of Riyadh Municipality Hall

The Building of Riyadh Municipality Hall (Arabic: مبنى بهو امانة الرياض) is a landmark building in the al-Malaz district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was built by Riyadh Municipality in 1958 and functioned as a ceremonial hall that held state celebrations until the 1980s, when it was converted into a library affiliated with the King Saud University. In 2022, Al Watan newspaper reported that the building was undergoing transformation into a museum.

Wadi Namar Park

Wadi Namar is a wadi in the Najd region of Saudi Arabia. It was mentioned in one of the poems by the pre-Islamic Arab poet Al-A'sha. It has lent its name to the Nemar neighborhood of Riyadh as well as Dhahiat Namar district.

Narcissus Hotel and Spa Riyadh

Narcissus Hotel and Spa Riyadh
Alternative names	Boudl Tower
Hotel chain	Narcissus Hotels & Resorts
General information
Architectural style	Beaux-Arts Neoclassical
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates	24.69593°N 46.68352°E / 24.69593; 46.68352
Opened	11 December 2013 (11 December 2013)
Landlord	Boudl Hotels and Resorts Group
Height	155 m (509 ft)
Technical details
Floor count	26
Design and construction
Architecture firm	Abdulelah Al Mohanna Engineering Consultants (AAMEC)
Other information
Number of rooms	280
Website
www.narcissusriyadh.com

Narcissus Hotel and Spa Riyadh is a five-star skyscraper hotel in the al-Olaya district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Partially opened in 2013, it became fully operational by 2015. In 2017, the Boudl Tower was completed as an annex to the hotel, which stands at a height of 155 meters and as of 2024, is the 23rd tallest building in Riyadh. It was constructed in Beaux-Arts and Neoclassical style of architecture.

Overview

The hotel was partially opened in December 2013 and became fully operational by early 2015. It was the first property of the Saudi-based Boudl Hotel and Resorts. The hotel was constructed in European architectural style, incorporating elements of Beaux-Arts and Neoclassical styles. The hotel contains 280 rooms in total.

In 2013, construction began for the 155 meters tall Boudl Tower, which was completed in 2017. As of 2024, it is the 37th tallest building in Saudi Arabia and 23rd tallest in Riyadh.

Biotechnology Centre

The Biotechnology Centre is a research unit at the University of the West Indies

M. H. Ahmad

Mohammad Hussain Ahmad CD
Born	(1946-01-09) 9 January 1946 Colgong, Bihar Province, British India (present-day Kahalgaon, Bihar, India)
Nationality	Indian
Alma mater	Bihar Agricultural University (BSc) Indian Agricultural Research Institute (MSc, PhD)
Spouse	Nargis Khatoon (m. 1966)
Children	2
Scientific career
Fields	Molecular biology Medicinal plants Genetic engineering
Institutions	Delhi University University of Regensburg Cornell University University of the West Indies
Director of the Biotechnology Centre
In office 16 June 1990 – 30 September 2011
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Marcia Roye

Mohammad Hussain Ahmad CD (born 9 January 1946), usually cited as M. H. Ahmad, is an Indian agricultural biotechnologist, academic, and businessman based in Kingston, Jamaica. He founded the Biotechnology Centre, a research unit at the Mona campus of the University of the West Indies, and served as its inaugural director from 1990 until his retirement in 2011. His research focused on medicinal plants, molecular biology, and genetic engineering, aiming to enhance agricultural production in the Caribbean. In recognition of his contributions, he was awarded the Order of Distinction in 2024. He is also a former board member of the National Commission on Science and Technology.

Early life and career

Ahmad was born to a Shaikh family on January 9, 1946 in Colgong in the Bhagalpur district of Bihar Province, British India. He received his basic education in Bhagalpur, where he also attended Bihar Agricultural University and graduated in 1966 with a bachelors degree in science. He later pursued his post-graduation and PhD from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1974.

Following a brief stint at Delhi University, Ahmad was appointed as a research scientist at the University of Regensburg in 1977 and later as a postdoctoral research associate at Cornell University in 1980. In 1982, he joined the University of the West Indies as a reader before being promoted to senior lecturer in 1983. He established the Biotechnology Centre in 1990 through grants from European communities and served as its first director until his retirement in 2011. During his period in office, Ahmad implemented a regional plan for research, education, and training in plant, animal and fermentation biotechnology besides aiming to collaborate with Jamaica's private sector to support the application of biotechnology in industry, agriculture and healthcare.

In 2002, he led the pathology component of the Citrus Replanting Project of Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, which was completed in 2007. In November 2005, he received the German ambassador to Jamaica Volker Schlegel at the Biotechnology Centre. In 2008, he delivered a guest lecture at the Visva-Bharati University.

He was appointed as professor emeritus by the university's Finance and General Purposes Committee in February 2012 in the aftermath of his retirement in September 2011.

Recognition

• 2024 – Order of Distinction

Selected publications

Articles

• Millar, M. K. J., S. M. Mitchell, M. H. Ahmad and K. G. Golden. (2003) Azadirachtin levels of commercial Neem oils and neem seed grown in Jamaica. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Mona, Jamaica.
• Mitchell, S.A. and Ahmad, M.H. 2006a. A Review of Medicinal Plant Research at the University of the West Indies, Jamaica, 1948–2001. West Indies Medical Journal.
• Mitchell S.A. and M. H. Ahmad (2006) Protecting our medicinal plant heritage: the making of a new national treasure. Jamaica Journal, Institute of Jamaica, Kingston.
• Mitchell, S. A., and M. H. Ahmad. "Medicinal Plant Biotechnology Research in Jamaica-Challenges and Opportunities." International Symposium on Medicinal and Nutraceutical Plants 756. 2007.
• Mitchell, Sylvia A., et al. "A journey through the Medicinal Plant Industry of the Caribbean highlighting Mona's Contribution." Caribbean Quarterly 54.3 (2008): 27-51.
• Abdel‐Tawwab, Mohsen, and Mohammad H. Ahmad. "Live Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) as a growth and immunity promoter for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), challenged with pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila." Aquaculture Research 40.9 (2009): 1037-1046.

SABB (Riyadh Metro)

SABB (Arabic: ساب) is a rapid transit station on the Blue Line of Riyadh Metro in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is the first station of Blue Line. No.11

SABB was granted naming rights over the station in 2018.

Dr Sulaiman Al Habib (Riyadh Metro)

Dr Sulaiman Al Habib (Arabic: د. سليمان الحبيب) is a rapid transit station on the Blue Line of Riyadh Metro in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. No. 12

It won naming rights in 2018.

STC (Riyadh Metro)

STC
General information
Location	Al-Olaya, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Line(s)	Blue Line Red Line
Other information
Station code	17 (Blue Line) 15 (Red Line)
History
Previous names	Olaya metro station

STC, formerly Olaya Metro Station, is a rapid transit station that will be serving the Blue and Red Lines of Riyadh Metro in the al-Olaya district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located on the intersection of King Abdullah Road with King Fahad Road and Olaya Street. Covering an area of 97000 square meters,

STC station precedes the King Fahad District 2 station and succeeds Al Wurud 2 station on the Blue Line. On the Red Line, it comes before the Al Wurud station and after the At Takhassussi station.

Gerber Architekten won the competition for the metro station in 2012. Construction of the metro station began in 2014 and was slated to complete by 2019. In 2018, the Saudi Telecom Company was granted naming rights over the station and was thus renamed STC station.

Al Murooj (Riyadh Metro)

Al Murooj (Arabic: المروج) is a rapid transit station on the Blue Line of Riyadh Metro in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. No 14

National Museum (Riyadh Metro)

National Museum المتحف الوطني
General information
Location	Batha Street, Al Fouta, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Line(s)	Blue Line Green Line
Other information
Station code	26 (Blue Line) 22 (Green Line)

National Museum (Arabic: المتحف الوطني) is a rapid transit station that will be serving the Blue and Green Lines of Riyadh Metro in the al-Futah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located next to the King Abdulaziz Historical Center. It covers an area of 72000 square meters.

It precedes the Al Bat'ha station and succeeds the Passport Department station on the Blue Line whereas comes after the Ministry of Finance station on the Green Line.

The station's external envelope is designed to replicate Saudi Arabia' mountainous region, with a unique double skin facade, internal blue panels replicating the sky and external concrete panels through which the blue can be seen, to represent the mountains, the station is unique in that it also has a new bus terminal adjacent, the design of which is to replicate a Bedouin tent.

Mutanabbi Street

Mutanabbi Street (Arabic: شارع المتنبي) is a 940 meter thoroughfare in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is named after the 10th century Abbasid-era Arab poet Abu al-Tayyib Ahmad al-Mutanabbi. The street has a market.

Jarir Street

Jarir Street

Jarir Streer, 2024
Namesake	Jarir ibn Atiyah
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Jarir Street (Arabic: شارع جرير) is a 1.26 km thoroughfare in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is named after Umayyad-era Arab poet Jarir ibn Atiyah. The street emerged in the period 1958–1959 during the reign of King Saud bin Abdulaziz following the development of the al-Malazz district. The street has lent its name to the neighborhood of Jarir, where it runs.

Overview

The street emerged during the reign of King Saud bin Abdulaziz in the period 1958–1959, in the same timeline of the development of al-Malaz and al-Nasiriyah districts. The street is named after early Umayyad-era Arab poet Jarir ibn Atiyah.

The street hosts a number of private residential villas, and has lent its name to the neighborhood of Jarir, where it runs besides the al-Malaz district as well as the Jarir Bookstore, which originated as a small bookshop on the street 1974.

Obeid Specialized Hospital

Obeid Specialized Hospital (Arabic: مستشفى عبيد التخصصي) is a hospital in the al-Dhubbat neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Established in 1979, it is one of the oldest private hospitals of Riyadh.

Royal Secondary Industrial Institute

Royal Secondary Industrial Institute

المعهد الملكي الصناعي الثانوي
Royal Secondary Industrial Institute, 2024
Established	1966 (1966)
Parent institution	Technical and Vocational Training Corporation
Location	Riyadh , Saudi Arabia 24°38′49″N 46°43′46″E

Royal Secondary Industrial Institute (RSII) (Arabic: المعهد الملكي الصناعي الثانوي) is a public institute of technology in the al-Malaz neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Established in 1966, it comes under the Saudi Technical and Vocational Training Corporation. Known for its pink colored dome, the building was built in 1959 by King Saud bin Abdulaziz and was initially intended to be the new headquarters of the Shura Council before being transformed into a polytechnic institute. Its exterior layout is modelled after the Heliopolis Palace in Cairo, Egypt.

Overview

Heliopolis Palace in Cairo, Egypt, which the exterior of the Royal Secondary Industrial Institute is modelled after

The building was commissioned by King Saud bin Abdulaziz as part of the development of al-Malaz district in the 1950s. It was completed in 1959 and was intended to be headquarters of the Shura Council. However, in 1966, it was converted into a polytechnic institute. during the reign of King Faisal bin Abdulaziz. The building was constructed while incorporating elements of the Heliopolis architecture and modelled mainly after the Heliopolis Palace in Cairo, Egypt. The institute graduated its first batch of students in 1972.

The institute offers courses in various technical subjects, including mechanics, electricity, computer science and metal fabrication.

Riyadh Hotel

Riyadh Hotel (Arabic: فندق الرياض), also known as Awdah Hotel (Arabic: فندق عودة) was a hotel in the present-day al-Amal district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located near the Riyadh railway station. It was built in the late 1960s.

فندق عودة العبدالله العودة

Sahari Palace Hotel

Sahari Palace Hotel (Arabic: فندق صحارى بلاس). Hotel in Riyadh. The hotel was opened in 1963 (1383).

Al Yamamah Hotel

Al Yamamah Hotel
فندق اليمامة
General information
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates	24°39′54″N 46°43′9″E
Named for	Al Yamama
Inaugurated	17 November 1958
Demolished	July 2017
Design and construction
Main contractor	Saudi Binladin Group

Al Yamamah Hotel (Arabic: فندق اليمامة) was a historic five-star hotel in the al-Malazz neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Completed in 1958, it was the largest hotel at the time of its completion and one of the earliest hotels constructed in the city, often frequented by writers, ministers, poets, members of the Saudi royal family as well as foreign dignitaries during state visits, such as Henry Kissinger and King Faisal II. The hotel was locally known for hosting weddings for several elites. It was demolished in 2017 and was named after the al-Yamama region of central Arabia.

Overview

The construction of the hotel was built by Sheikh Eid bin Salem and inaugurated in 1956 by King Saud bin Abdulaziz. It was completed in November 1958 and was one of the earliest hotels built in Riyadh. The hotel was regarded one of the most luxurious in the city and was the largest one at the time of its completion.

The hotel was located in close proximity to the Riyadh International Airport and has hosted several foreign dignitaries during state visits, such as King Faisal II of Iraq in 1957 and then-US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in 1973.

By late 1990s, the hotel became affordable to middle-class families who could organize wedding parties within its premises. The hotel was demolished in 2017.

Al Ma'dhar Palace

Al-Ma'dhar Palace (Arabic: قصر المعذر) is a historic palace in the al-Ma'dhar neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located within the precincts of Alfaisal University. Built in 1952, the palace served as one of the residences of King Faisal bin Abdulaziz. Since 2024, the palace compound is being transformed into a museum and would be renamed as al-Faisal Museum (Arabic: متحف الفيصل). The palace has been a witness to several historic bilateral and regional matters involving Saudi Arabia, such as the al-Wadiah War of 1969 and the 1973 Arab-Israeli War.

It costed around 10 million Saudi riyals at the time.

In 1969,

In 1973, Egyptian president Anwar Sadat held a meeting with King Faisal bin Abdulaziz to discuss matters pertaining to the Yom Kippur War between Israel and the Arab states.

In 1976, King Khalid bin Abdulaziz hosted Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in the palace compound.

In 2007, Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz received the Deputy Prime Minister of Kuwait, Mohammad Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah.

In 2011, when Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz was elevated to the post of Defense Minister, he relocated his workplace to this palace.

Nasiriyah Gate

Nasiriyah Gate
بوابة الناصرية
General information
Architectural style	Islamic, modern
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates	24.64748°N 46.69052°E / 24.64748; 46.69052
Completed	1950s
Grounds	20.7 acres

Nasiriyah Gate (Arabic: بوابة الناصرية) is an arch-monument in the al-Nassiriyah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Built in the 1950s, the gate marked the eastern entrance to the al-Nassiriyah Palace complex and was a prominent landmark in the city until the 1960s. It covers an area of 20.7 acres and incorporates some elements of Islamic and modernist architecture.

The monument was built in the 1950s as part of the construction of al-Nassiriyah Palace complex during the reign of King Saud bin Abdulaziz. With much of the original palace structure being demolished by 1967, the gateway survived and was later restored in the 1970s by the Riyadh Municipality.

The monument is today situated nearby the King Saud Square, opposite to the headquarters of Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the intersection of Prince Talal bin Abdulaziz Street and al-Nasiriyah Street.

Al Nassiriyah Palace

Al-Nassiriyah Palace
قصر الناصرية
General information
Location	Al-Nassiriyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Construction started	1951
Completed	1956
Known for	Main residence of King Saud bin Abdulaziz between 1956 and 1964

Al-Nassiriyah Palace (Arabic: قصر الناصرية) is a historic palace compound in the al-Nassiriyah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It contains the Royal Palace of King Saud, the Qasr al-Diyafah state-guest house, the King Saud Mosque, Nasiriyah Gate, the Conference Palace besides 35 private villas.

Commissioned in 1951, it was the last main residence of King Saud bin Abdulaziz from 1956 until 1964.

replacing the Red Palace. The palace serves as a guesthouse for foreign dignitaries on state-visits to the country.

Modi also visited this palace

https://www.alriyadh.com/1537785

In 1976, King Khalid bin Abdulaziz hosted the Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in the palace.

The Old Nassiriyah Palace was demolished in 1967.

On 25 January 2009, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz issued a royal decree Royal Decree No. 2051/B that renamed the Qasr al-Diyafah guest house to King Saud Guest Palace (Arabic: قصر الملك سعود للضيافة).

Zaraʽah dynasty

House of Zaraʽah was an Arab dynasty in the Najd and was the last ruling family to reign over the city-state of Migrin. Its last and underaged ruler, Ibn Zaid, was deposed by his regent Dahham ibn Dawwas in 1745 following which the latter established the walled town of Riyadh, the most recent predecessor of modern-day Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia.

Khamis

Khamis was an Arab political leader who ruled over the city-state of Migrin in Najd until 1740 as the regent for Ibn Zaid ibn Musa, the underaged son of Zaid ibn Musa, following the latter's assassination. He then fled to Manfuhah in 1740, where he was assassinated. He was succeeded by Dahham ibn Dawwas, who later deposed the House of Zaraah in a bloodless coup.

Riyadh–Diriyah conflict

Riyadh–Diriyah conflict
Date 1746–1773 Location Najd, Arabia Result Wahhabi victory Fall of Riyadh to the House of Saud Dahham ibn Dawwas flees from Riyadh End of Riyadh-Diriyah conflict Territorial changes Riyadh incorporated into the Emirate of Diriyah

Riyadh–Diriyah conflict refers to the 18th century struggle for military and political domination in the Najd region of central Arabia between the First Saudi State and the walled town of Riyadh led by Dahham ibn Dawwas and his allies from 1746 to 1773. The conflict began in 1746 following Dahham's consolidation of power by deposing the House of Zaraah in Riyadh and eclipsed with his overthrow at the hands of Muhammad ibn Saud and his forces in 1773. Following the end of the conflict, the Wahhabis proceeded with expanding their state into Eastern Arabia, beyond Najd.

The conflict began in 1746 when Dahham tried to invade Manfuhah, his hometown from where he was once banished. Manfuhah, being an ally of the House of Saud, called for help. The Saudis sent reinforcements to defenders of Manfuhah, successfully thwarting Riyadh’s advancement.

M. H. Ahmad

Mohammad Hussain Ahmad (born 9 January 1946), usually cited as M. H. Ahmad or M. Ahmad, is an Indian agricultural biotechnologist, academic and professor emeritus. He founded the the Biotechnology Centre, a research unit at the University of the West Indies with a focus on biotechnology-based enterprises in 1989 and served as its inaugural director until his retirement in 2011. Ahmad carried out research into various aspects of biotechnology aimed at improving agricultural production in the Caribbean.

He was the director of the Biotechnology Centre.

(official references).

(external references).

Area of interest: medicinal plants.

He was succeeded by Dr. Marcia Roye as acting director.

He retired on September 30, 2011.

He was a board member of the National Commission on Science and Technology and a member of National Biosafety Committee.

He has mostly worked with Sylvia Adjoa Mitchell

Emirate of Zaraʽah

Emirate of Zaraʽah (Arabic: إمارة ال زرعة) was a hereditary tribal polity in Najd led by the the Zaraʽah clan of Banu Hanifa that ruled the town-state of Migrin in modern-day Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between 1688 and 1745. The dynasty took the reins of the town from the tribe of Muhanna when

Salama Abu Zarah became ruler in 1688. He was succeeded by his son, Musa bin Salama.

Musa bin Salama was succeeded by his son, Zaid bin Musa bin Salama. Zaid was killed by a relative in 1737. He was succeeded by Abdul Zaid (nicknamed later Khamisa [خميسا]), who ruled the town until he fled the town in around 1740. Daham ruled as a regent on behalf of the son of Zaid bin Musa. In 1745, he expelled the son and consolidated his rule. As discontent towards him grew, he barricaded himself behind the walls to protect himself.

Yahya bin Salama al-Zaraʽah became ruler of Migrin. (conflicting reports)

The dynasty was deposed when Daham bin Dawwas al-Shalaan.

Zarah tribe is from the Yazid line of Banu Hanifa.

Useful info: آل زرعة : من آل يزيد من بني حنيفة .

آل زيد : (أهل المصانع) من الدروع من بني حنيفة . آل سحيم : في (منفوحة و الرياض) من الدروع من بني حنيفة . آل شاشات : (في الرياض ) من بني حنيفة . آل شعلان : (أمراء منفوحة) من قبيلة الجلالاليل من آل يزيد من بني حنيفة .

Mosque

Abdulaziz Abdullah Sharbatly Mosque
جامع عبدالعزيز عبدالله الشربتلي
Religion
Affiliation	Sunni Islam
Location
Location	Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Geographic coordinates	21.75302°N 39.17536°E / 21.75302; 39.17536
Architecture
Architect(s)	Mohammed bin Adam al-Suqair
Style	Hejazi
Founder	Wajnat Abdulwahed
Date established	6 March 2024
Specifications
Dome(s)	1
Minaret(s)	2
Site area	5,600 square meters

Abdulaziz Abdullah Sharbatly Mosque (Arabic: جامع عبدالعزيز عبدالله الشربتلي) is a Friday mosque in the al-Jawhara neighborhood of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It is the first mosque in the world that was constructed using 3D printing technology, covering an area of 5600 meters. Opened in March 2024, the mosque was built by Wajnat Abdulwahed, the widow of Saudi Arabian businessman and equestrian Abdulaziz Abdullah Abbas Sharbatly and whom the mosque is named after.

Overview

Abdulaziz Abdullah Sharbatly Mosque (Arabic: جامع عبدالعزيز عبدالله الشربتلي)

• It is a Friday mosque in the al-Jawhara neighborhood of Jeddah.
• 5,600 square meters area.
• first mosque in the world that was constructed using 3D printing technology.
• 4 printers were used which were manufactured by China-based Hangzhou GuanLi Company.

• It was constructed by Wajnat Abdulwahed, CEO of Fursan Real Estate, the wife of late businessman and equestrian Abdulaziz Abdullah Abbas Sharbatly, who died in 2021 and whom the mosque is named after.
• and was built as part of several projects overseen by the National Housing Company, the investment arm of the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs and Housing.
• Architecture: Hejazi architecture.
• Designer: Mohammed bin Adam al-Suqair
• Inauguration: 6 March 2024. Construction began around mid-2023.
• design of the open outdoor area was inspired by Hijr Ismail beside the Kaaba in the Grand Mosque.
• The world's first 3D printed mosque was expected to be built in Dubai by 2025.
• Minarets: 2, dome: 1

Ministry of Interior building

The Ministry of Interior building (Arabic: مبنى وزارة الداخلية) is a 55-meter high six-story government building in the al-Olaya district of Riyadh that houses the main headquarters of the Ministry of Interior of Saudi Arabia. The building is a popular landmark in the city and is known for its inverted truncated square pyramid design surmounted by a dome, which earned it nicknames like the Flying Saucer and the Spaceship. Designed by Archisystems and architects Musalli, Shakir and Mandill, it was constructed between 1980 and 1989 by Hyundai E&C.

Overview

The exterior design of the building was completed in 1980 by a Canada-based firm. It was commissioned when Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz was the country's interior minister.

In the May 1987 edition of the Gulf Construction magazine, it documented the progress of construction of the building. The magazine described the building under-construction in its "unclad skeletal state." Steelwork erection work started in December 1985. Major construction works were completed by 1989, and the ministry completely shifted its offices to the precincts in 1992.

The interior of the dome surmounted over the inverted truncated square-shaped pyramid was manufactured by Zahner in the period 1988-1990.

In January 1991, the building was struck by the remains of an intercepted al-Husayn short-range ballistic missile that was fired at Riyadh by Saddam Hussein as part of Iraq's broader rocket attacks campaign directed against Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War. The warhead of the missile totally destroyed one wing of the civil records building, killing 1 Saudi national and injuring 30 people of different nationalities.

The building annually gets illuminated in green color, the color of the country's national flag, during the celebrations of public holidays like Saudi National Day and Saudi Founding Day.

Souq al-Maigliah

Souq al-Muaykaliyah (Arabic: سوق المعيقلية) or al-Muʼeiqiliah, also in Najdi vernacular pronunciation as al-Maaghliyah or al-Mugailiyah and officially as al-Maigliah Market Center (Arabic: مركز المعيقلية التجاري), is a traditional marketplace and a shopping complex in the ad-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the Qasr al-Hukm District. It emerged from the ruins of the eponymous erstwhile Mugailiyah quarter of the former walled town and was developed by Arriyadh Holding Company in the 1980s as part of the Qasr Al Hukm District Development Project.

Al Sohoom

Al-Sohoom Mosque
مسجد السهوم
Religion
Affiliation	Sunni Islam
Location
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Geographic coordinates	24.58774°N 46.71918°E / 24.58774; 46.71918
Architecture
Type	Najdi

Al-Sohoom Mosque (Arabic: مسجد السهوم, lit. 'the sadness mosque') is an abandoned low-contour historic mosque currently under rehabilitation in the al-Yamamah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Covering an area of 49 square meters, the mosque approximately dates back to 18th or 19th century when it was situated in the town of Manfuhah. It is built on Najdi architecture using clay and stands on five natural stone pillars extracted from the Tuwaiq mountains. The Saudi authorities began taking steps to protect the mosque in 2020 by halting all excavation activities around the site.

Hotat Khalid

Hotat Khalid حوطة خالد
Neighbourhood
Coordinates: 24.63788°N 46.71227°E / 24.63788; 46.71227
Country	Saudi Arabia
City	Riyadh
Region	Old Riyadh
Named for	Khalid bin Abdulaziz
Language
• Official	Arabic

Hotat Khalid (Arabic: حوطة خالد) was a settlement in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located north of Duhairah and south of al-Murabba. It was named after Prince Khalid bin Abdulaziz, who was allotted several acres of land in the area by his father, King Abdulaziz ibn Saud. It was a residential area inhabited by many prominent figures of that time, like Hafiz Wahba, Hussein Oweini and John Philby and today lies in the north of ad-Dirah neighborhood in the city's downtown. The Khaldia Towers was built in 1983 on the grounds of King Khalid's palace ruins.

Dakhnah Gate

Dakhna Gate
Native name بوابة دخنة (Arabic)
Dakhna Gate, 1937
Location	Ad-Dirah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates	24.62708°N 46.71167°E / 24.62708; 46.71167
Built	18th or 19th century
Restored	1992
Restored by	Salman bin Abdulaziz (1992)

Dakhnah Gate (Arabic: بوابة دخنة) or Dekhna Gate, alternatively known as al-Darwaza al-Kabirah (Arabic: الدروازة الكبيرة), is an 18th or 19th-century historic earth-structured fortified gateway in the ad-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the southern part of Qasr al-Hukm District. Named after the erstwhile Dakhna quarter of the former walled town, it was rebuilt from 1988 to 1992 as part of the Qasr Al Hukm District Development Project. The historic structure is one of the two last remaining gates of Riyadh's old city walls and served as the main entrance to the walled town of from the south, until the dismantling of the fortifications in the 1950s.

Margab Fort

Margab Fort (Arabic: قلعة المرقب, lit. 'the watchtower citadel'), also known as al-Zirin Fort (Arabic: قلعة الظيرين), was a citadel in the eastern outskirts of the walled town of Riyadh in present-day Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is not known when the structure was built and by whom, but the fort functioned as a security checkpoint for travelers passing through the town at the time of Second Saudi State. It was first restored by Turki bin Abdullah and the tradition of Iftar cannon was introduced during the reign of Faisal bin Turki. It was again restored in 1936 by King Abdulaziz ibn Saud and demolished in 1957 when the city underwent expansion. The fort lent its name to the Margab neighborhood in the city's downtown, where it stood.

Musada

Musada (Arabic: مصدة) was a quarter outside the walls of the fortress-city of Riyadh in present-day Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The quarter ceased to exist following the demolition of the walls in the 1950s.

Etymology: https://www.alriyadh.com/634397

Bounded by Musada Gate, which was in the past known as Hamoud Gate.

Shalaga cemetery

Shalaga cemetery
Details
Established	19th century
Location	Ad-Dirah, Riyadh
Country	Saudi Arabia
Coordinates	24°38′1″N 46°42′48″E
Type	Muslim
Owned by	Riyadh Municipality

Shalaga cemetery (Arabic: مقبرة شلقا), is a public cemetery and a historic burial ground in the ad-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was one of the two main graveyards used by the inhabitants of the old walled town, the other being al-Mughaibrah and is the resting place of Turki bin Abdullah al-Saud, leader of the Second Saudi State from 1824 to 1834.

Al Sharqiyah

Al Sharqiyah الشرقية
Neighbourhood
Coordinates: 24°37′34″N 46°42′36″E
Country	Saudi Arabia
City	Riyadh
Region	Old Riyadh
Language
• Official	Arabic

Hillat Al-Sharqiyah (Arabic: حلة الشرقية, lit. 'the eastern quarter') was a quarter and a douar within the city walls in the erstwhile fortress-city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located west of Dakhna and east of Muraighib in the southwestern part of the walled town. It included the Sharqiyah Mosque, Khalid bin Saud Mosque, Souq Sidrah and al-Jufrah Mosque.

Al-Sharqiyah was named after an old well owned by a family named al-Dhafran and was bounded by Dakhna Street to the east, al-Muraighib Street to the west and al-Hukm Palace to the north.

Muraighib

Al Muraighib المريقب
Neighbourhood
Coordinates: 24°37′34″N 46°42′36″E
Country	Saudi Arabia
City	Riyadh
Region	Old Riyadh
Sub-quarters	Hillat al-Mughaibrah
Language
• Official	Arabic

Hillat al-Muraiqib (Arabic: حلة المريقب), or in Najdi vernacular pronunciation as al-Muraighib, was a quarter and a douar within the city walls in the erstwhile fortress-city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the southwestern corner of the walled town. It contained the sub-quarter of Hillat al-Mughaibrah (Arabic: حلة المقيبرة, lit. 'the graveyard quarter'), which mostly included a cemetery and an eponymous souq.

The al-Mughaibrah sub-quarter hosted one of the two cemeteries that catered the needs of the town's inhabitants, other being Shalaga. It hosted the Muraighib School and Muraighib Mosque.

The quarter's Souq al-Mughaibrah (Arabic: سوق المريقب) was a traditional market in the Mughaibrah sub-quarter. It was one of the most important trading commercial centers of the walled town. The souq survived following the dismantling of city walls and is today largely situated on the site of Souq al-Tamir. The souq included Qaisiriya al-Hasawiya (Arabic: قيصرية الحساوية) and Souq al-Jufrah (Arabic: سوق الجفرة, lit. 'the pit market')..

It was bounded by Hillat al-Sharqiyah from the east, al-Ghanaiy quarter from the north and al-Muraighib Gate from the west, which served as the main southwestern entrance to the town.

Al Ghanaiy

Al-Ghanaiy القناعي
Neighbourhood
Qaisiriya Ibn Qulaib, 1965
Coordinates: 24°37′46″N 46°42′50″E
Country	Saudi Arabia
City	Riyadh
Region	Old Riyadh
Named for	al-Qanaiʼy family
Language
• Official	Arabic

Al-Qanaiʼy (Arabic: حلة القناعي), or in Najdi vernacular pronunciation as al-Ghanaiy, was a quarter and a douar within the city walls in the erstwhile fortress-city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located between Mugailiyah and Muraighib in the northwestern part of the walled town.

The quarter was attributed to the family of al-Qanaiʼy, who owned the land in the area and hosted two small markets, Qaisiriya Ibn Qulaib (later Souq al-Ushaiger) and Qaisiriya Prince Saad bin Abdullah.

Mughaibrah

Hillat al-Muqaibrah (Arabic: حلة المقيبرة), or in Najdi vernacular pronunciation as al-Mughaibrah, was a quarter and a douar within the city walls in the erstwhile fortress-city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located south of Mugailiyah and al-Ghanaiy in the northwestern part of the walled town. Its name was derived from maqbarah (Arabic: مَقْبَرَة), the Arabic word for graveyard since it hosted a large cemetery in the Hillat al-Muraighib.

It hosted the Souq al-Jufrah and the building of the criminal court, next to the al-Hukm Palace.

Mugailiyah

Al Mugailiyah المعيقلية
Neighbourhood
Al-Suwailem Street, 1952
Coordinates: 24°37′49″N 46°42′31″E
Country	Saudi Arabia
City	Riyadh
Region	Old Riyadh
Named for	Al-Muʼeiqiliah Mosque
Sub-quarters	Hillat al-Ata'if
Language
• Official	Arabic

Hillat al-Muʼaykaliyah (Arabic: حلة المعيقلية) or al-Muʼeiqiliah, and in Najdi vernacular pronunciation as al-Mugailiyah or al-Maigliah, was a residential quarter and a douar within the city walls in the erstwhile fortress-city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located west of Duhairah in the northwestern corner of the walled town. It contained the sub-quarter of Hillat al-Ata'if (Arabic: حلة العطايف) and al-Muʼeiqiliah Mosque, al-Ata'if Mosque as well as Ibn Suleiman School. The douar ceased to exist in the aftermath of the demolition of city walls in 1950 and subsequent expansion of Riyadh into a metropolis between the 1950s and 1970s. It is today largely situated on the site of Souq al-Maigliah in the ad-Dirah neighborhood.

The quarter was said inhabited mostly by professionals and craftsmen and was bounded by al-Suwailem Street from the east, al-Ghanaiy quarter from the south and al-Badiʼah Gate from the west, which served as the main entrance to the town of from the northwest.

al-Badiʼah Gate

Al-Badiʼah Gate (Arabic: بوابة البديعة, lit. 'the wonder gate'), also known as al-Mazbah Gate (Arabic: بوابة المذبح, lit. 'the slaughterhouse gate'), was the northwestern entrance to the walled town of Riyadh through the Mugailiyah quarter. It was given nickname because of butchers who slaughtered their animals there.

Souq Hillat al-Gusman

Souq Hillat al-Gusman (Arabic: سوق حلة القصمان, lit. 'market of quarter of the Qasimis') is a marketplace in the Margab neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It emerged prior to the dismantling of the city walls and was built on a settlement that was mostly inhabited by the families of traders from the al-Qassim Province of Saudi Arabia and is today they have been largely replaced by overseas Yemeni nationals.

Souq al-Hillah

Souq al-Hillah (Arabic: سوق الحلة, lit. 'the quarter market'), also known as Souq al-Mūsīqi (Arabic: سوق الموسيقى, lit. 'the music market') is a traditional marketplace (souq) and a popular tourist attraction in the al-Oud neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the al-Bat'ha commercial area. It emerged in 1955 in the present-day ad-Dirah neighborhood, and was later relocated to Hillat al-Ahrar during the expansion of the metropolis. The souq includes more than 50 shops that specialize in the sale of musical instruments, such as Oud and Rebab and gets flocked by locals during the month of Ramadan to purchase household items for decoration. The souq is also known to be a major wet market.

The souq thrived between the 1960s and 1980s, a time considered to be the golden era for music and singing in Saudi Arabia, but was severely impacted from the 1980s onward when religious clerics were given more authority over public life in the country. The souq used to get visited by artists like Talal Maddah, Naseer Shamma, Taher al-Ahsa'i, Saad Abdullah al-Houti and Mazal bin Farhan.

Major quarters of Riyadh

حلل الرياض (بن نصار وبن دايل والعنوز والأحرار)

حلة الدواسر

الحلة الداخلية

حلة العماج

حلة آل حماد

Hillat al-Ahrar

Hillat al-Ahrar (Arabic: حلة الاحرار, lit. 'quarter of the free'), formerly known as Hillat al-Abeed (Arabic: حلة العبيد, lit. 'quarter of the slaves'), was a quarter and settlement situated in present-day al-Oud neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the al-Bat'ha commercial area. It was mostly inhabited by slaves of African-origin who served the Saudi royal family prior to the abolition of slavery in 1962. The site today is the location of Souq al-Hillah.

It was known as al-Badīʿ (Arabic: البديع)

Dakhna Square

Dakhna Square (Arabic: ميدان دخنة). It covers an area of 3.7 acres and lies in almost approximate location of the former Dakhna quarters.

Details of redevelopment of downtown riyadh

https://aawsat.com/home/article/2506136/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9

Kuwait Square

roundabout in malazz riyadh built by prince salman https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2156026&language=ar

Rise Tower

Rise Tower
برج رايز
General information
Status	Proposed
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Estimated completion	Unknown
Cost	US$5 billion
Height	At least 2,000 m (6562 ft)
Design and construction
Architecture firm	Saudi Arabia Holding Company
Developer	Public Investment Fund

Rise Tower (Arabic: برج رايز) is a skyscraper construction project proposed in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is planned to be the first 2 km (6,562 ft) tall building and would be the world's tallest building or structure upon completion, standing 1180 m (3872 ft) taller than the Burj Khalifa and surpassing the Jeddah Tower by almost 1000 m. It was conceived in December 2022 by the Public Investment Fund and its designs were announced in August 2023 as the centerpiece of the North Pole project.

Overview

In December 2022, MEED reported that the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia is considering a plan to build the world's tallest skyscraper on an 18 square kilometers area in northern Riyadh, located in close proximity to the King Khalid International Airport with an estimated budget of US$5 billion.

In August 2023, almost six months after the announcement of New Murabba project, the designs of Rise Tower were unveiled by Mohammed al-Qahtani, the CEO of Saudi Arabia Holding Company. The skyscraper is set to be build on the site of 306 square meters North Pole project, a planned mixed-use real estate development dubbed as 'city of the future'.

SEVEN Al Hamra

SEVEN Al Hamra is an entertainment complex under construction in the al-Hamra neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Elegance Tower, Al Saedan Towers, Tijan Plaza, Hamad Tower, Tatweer Tower

https://seven.sa/entertainment-destinations/al-hamra/

Rafal Living Tower

https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/id/22620

Vertical Medina

https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/vertical-medina/17018

Abraj Atta’awuneya

Abraj Atta’awuneya
أبراج التعاونية
Alternative names	NCCI Towers South
General information
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates	24°41′12″N 46°41′7″E
Construction started	1997
Completed	1999
Owner	Cooperative Real Estate Investment Company
Height	100.6 m (330 ft)
Technical details
Floor count	21
Design and construction
Architecture firm	Omrania and Associates
Website
creic.com.sa

Abraj Atta’awuneya (Arabic: أبراج التعاونية), or NCCI Towers South, is an interlinked pair of 21-floor high-rise commercial buildings in the al-Olaya district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in close proximity to the Faisaliah Tower and King Fahd National Library. Constructed from 1997 to 1999, it was designed by Omrania & Associates and serves as the corporate headquarters of Cooperative Real Estate Investment Company (CREIC) besides hosting offices of multinational firms like Microsoft, Hitachi and Cequens. With a height of 100.6 meters (330 ft), it is the 38th tallest building in Riyadh and 64th tallest in Saudi Arabia.

Al Waseel Tower

Al Waseel Tower () is a commercial skyscraper in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. With a height of 163.2 meters, it is the 19th tallest building in Riyadh and 33rd tallest in Saudi Arabia.

Moon Tower

Moon Tower (Arabic: برج القمر) is 27-floor skyscraper in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was built from 2010 to 2013. With a height of 133 meters (436 ft), it is the 50th tallest building in Saudi Arabia and the 31st tallest in Riyadh. The tower was auctioned in 2023.

Riyad Bank Tower

Riyad Bank Tower
برج بنك الرياض
General information
Type	Offices
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Construction started	2010
Completed	2023
Owner	Riyad Bank
Height	264 m (866 ft)
Technical details
Floor count	53
Design and construction
Architecture firm	Gensler
Structural engineer	BuroHappold Engineering
Main contractor	Saudi Binladin Group

Riyad Bank Tower (Arabic: برج بنك الرياض) is a 53-floor commercial skyscraper in the King Abdullah Financial District of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in close proximity to the PIF Tower. With a height of 264 meters (866 ft), it is the 10th largest building in Saudi Arabia and the 6th largest in Riyadh. It was built between 2010 and 2023 and is owned by Riyad Bank.

Tamkeen Tower

Tamkeen Tower
برج تمكين
General information
Status	Completed
Type	Offices
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates	24°49′17″N 46°37′10″E
Construction started	2009
Completed	2012
Owner	Al-Rajhi Group
Design and construction
Architecture firm	Khatib & Alami
Structural engineer	Khatib & Alami
Main contractor	Al Rajhi Projects

Tamkeen Tower (Arabic: برج تمكين, lit. 'the strengthening tower'), also known as ARIJ Tower (), is a 58-floor commercial skyscraper in the al-Yasmeen neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. With a height of 258.2 meters (847 ft), it is the 11th tallest building in Saudi Arabia and 7th tallest in Riyadh. Tamkeen Tower was built between 2009 and 2012 and is owned by Al Rajhi Group.

City Center Ishbiliyah

City Center Ishbiliyah is a project by Majid al Futtaim, proposed in 2016.

Mall of Saudi

Mall of Saudi

مول السعودية
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates	24.81938°N 46.66982°E / 24.81938; 46.66982
Developer	Majid Al Futtaim Group

Mall of Saudi (Arabic: مول السعودية) is a shopping mall under construction in the al-Narjis neighborhood of northern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The project was announced in 2016 by the Dubai-based Majid Al Futtaim Group and is slated to complete by 2026. As of 2023, the project is on hold.

Alnama Smart City

Alnama Smart City, also stylized as AlNama, is a planned mixed-use real estate development in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was introduced in 2022.

The Avenues Riyadh

The Avenues Riyadh a shopping mall under construction in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was introduced in 2013 and is slated to complete by 2025. The project is handled by Shomoul Holding Company.

Nemar suburb

Nemar suburb (), named after Wadi Nemar (Arabic: ضاحية نمار)

King Saud University District

King Saud University District (Arabic: حي جامعة الملك سعود) is a district in northern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It contains the main campus of King Saud University.

Prince Turki al-Awwal Road

Prince Turki bin Abdulaziz al-Awwal Road (Arabic: طريق الأمير تركي بن ​​عبد العزيز الأول), shortened to Prince Turki al-Awwal Road (Arabic: طريق الأمير تركي الأول), is a 23.26 km thoroughfare in northwestern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It emerges from al-Malqa district and terminates at al-Ma'adhar neighborhood. The street recently became a major tourist attraction, especially since 2019, when it began hosting numerous leisure and commercial destinations, including Boulevard City, Boulevard World and U Walk. It is named after Prince Turki bin Abdulaziz, the eldest son of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud.

Forming intersections with:

Makkah al-Mukarramah Road,

Northern Ring Road

U Walk

U Walk

يو ووك
Location	King Saud University district, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates	24.73908°N 46.62882°E / 24.73908; 46.62882
Opening date	September 2019
Previous names	University Avenue
Owner	Arabian Centres Company

U Walk (Arabic: يو ووك), formerly University Avenue (Arabic: جادة الجامعة), is a shopping complex in the King Saud University district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, owned by Arabian Centres Company. Opened in 2019, it covers an area of almost 30 acres and assumed its current name for its flagship feature, a 900-metre long walkway.

Overview

The project was launched by Arabian Centres Company in 2016 and was expected to be completed by 2018. U Walk was officially inaugurated in September 2019. It contains several high-end retail outlets and other luxury destinations. The complex hosted the promotional events for Diriyah ePrix in January 2022. In March 2022, the Ministry of Defense held one of the 8 exhibitions within the complex.

Hittin (Riyadh)

Hittin (Arabic: حطين) is a neighborhood in northwestern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the sub-municipality of al-Shemal. It emerged in the 1980s and is named after the erstwhile Palestinian village of Hittin, the site of the famous 12th century battle between theCrusaders and Ayyubids which was depopulated in 1948 during the Arab–Israeli War. It popularly hosts the Boulevard Riyadh City and the Boulevard World as well as other leisure destinations.

In 1998, the second model plan for the Hittin neighborhood was unveiled.

Al-Taawun

Al-Taawun التعاون
Neighbourhood
An Al-Rajhi Bank regional office in southeastern al-Taawun, 2009
Al-Taawun
Coordinates: 24°44′25″N 46°40′13″E
Country	Saudi Arabia
City	Riyadh
Named for	Fahd bin Abdulaziz
Government
• Body	Baladiyah al-Ulaya
Language
• Official	Arabic

Al-Taawun (Arabic: التعاون, lit. 'the cooperation') is a neighborhood in northern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

King Fahd District

King Fahd District حي الملك فهد
Neighbourhood
Riyadh Gallery Mall, 2011
King Fahd District
Coordinates: 24°44′25″N 46°40′13″E
Country	Saudi Arabia
City	Riyadh
Named for	Fahd bin Abdulaziz
Government
• Body	Baladiyah al-Ulaya
Language
• Official	Arabic

King Fahd District (Arabic: حي الملك فهد), formerly Prince Fahd District (Arabic: حي الأمير فهد), is a commercial and residential neighborhood in northern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located east of al-Muhammadiyah and north of al-Wurud in the sub-municipality of al-Ulaya. King Fahd District originated as an extension of the al-Mursalat neighborhood in the 1970s, acquiring its present name in 1982 with the ascent of Fahd bin Abdulaziz to the throne following the demise of King Khalid bin Abdulaziz.

Al Mursalat

Al-Mursalat (Arabic: المرسلات, lit. 'radio installation') is a neighborhood in northern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located west of al-Nuzha and north of the King Salman Neighborhood in the sub-municipality of al-Ulaya. It was named after the telecommunication poles in the locality that were built in the 1960s and 1970s by the German multinational conglomerate Siemens AG. The neighborhood was officially established in 1974 when Saudi real estate magnate Ibrahim Saeedan purchased almost 25 acres of land in the area. The district hosts the head office of the Saudi Telecom Company.

Al Mursalat slum

Al-Mursalat slum (Arabic: عشوائية المرسلات), was a densely populated ungoverned shanty settlement in the al-Mursalat neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It emerged alongside of al-Mursalat neighborhood in the 1980s and was inhabited mostly by. The Saudi authorities issued an evacuation notice, requesting residents to vacate the premises, and subsequently, in 2017, undertook the demolition of the settlement. It was known by several other names, such as Haara al-Shaʼbiyah (Arabic: حارة الشعبية, lit. 'the popular quarter'), Haara al-Masrouqah (Arabic: حارة المسروقة, lit. 'the stolen quarter'), Haara al-Ghalabah (Arabic: حارة الغلابة, lit. 'the poor quarter'), Haara al-Mughtasabah (Arabic: حارة المغتصبة, lit. 'the usurped quarter') and Haara al-Mahroomah (Arabic: حارة المحرومة, lit. 'the deprived quarter').

In 1988, a royal decree issued by King Fahd bin Abdulaziz deemed the informal settlements constructed within the al-Mursalat neighborhood as unlawful, citing their establishment on government-owned land. The royal decree additionally stipulated that the government would provide compensation to the proprietors of the affected structures, offering them an alternative plot of land and a residential building in a different location, each measuring 625 square meters.

In 2009, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz paid 50 million riyals to the residents of Shabiya in compensation to the evacuation orders by the state.

maybe located in southwest mursalat

maybe original name, al-ghalaba (حارة «الغلابة»)

https://www.alriyadh.com/753139

Al-Jibs

Al-Jibs, is a shanty settlement in al-Mansouriyah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

الجبس في جنوب الرياض

https://www.alriyadh.com/104774

Talha ibn Abdullah al-'Abdari

Talha ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Uzza
Born	Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia
Died	23 March 625 Mount Uhud, Hejaz, Arabia

Talha ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Uzza (Arabic: طلحة بن عبد الله بن عبد العزى) was an Arab polytheistic leader from the Banu Abd al-Dar clan of the Quraysh tribe who opposed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the great-grandson of Abd al-Dar ibn Qusai, whose descendants were entrusted with the keys to the Kaaba in Mecca. He was the father of Uthman ibn Talha, who converted to Islam following the Conquest of Mecca in 630 when his family was reaffirmed as the rightful possessors of the keys to the Kaaba in Surah an-Nisa chapter of the Quran. Talha was killed by Zubayr ibn al-Awwam while engaging against the Muslims in the Battle of Uhud in 625 CE.

Crown Prince Park

Crown Prince Park
Al-Nasiriyah Park
حديقة سمو ولي العهد
Type	Urban park
Location	Al-Ma'dher, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates	24°36′57″N 46°45′41″E
Area	5 hectares (12 acres)
Opened	22 December 2009

Crown Prince Park (Arabic: حديقة سمو ولي العهد) is a public park located in the southernmost extreme of al-Maʼdhar neighborhood in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Covering an area of 12.3 acres, it was opened in 2009, when Sultan bin Abdulaziz was the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia.

Almaarefa University

Almaarefa University (UM) (Arabic: جامعة المعرفة) is a private university in northwestern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was established in 2008.

King Saud Palace

A palace in zahra neighborhood of riyadh, near badiah.

Al-Nassiriyah

Al-Nassiriyah (Arabic: الناصرية), also known as Hayy al-Maliki (), is a neighborhood in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was developed in the 1950s alongside the al-Malazz district during the reign of King Saud bin Abdulaziz. It was built on the grounds of orchards owned by a local farmer named Ibn Nassir. It emerged from the settlement of al-Fawwarah (Arabic: الفوارة).

https://kingsaud.org/ar/archives/press/851/

Al Fawwarah

Al-Fawwarah (Arabic: الفوارة, lit. 'the geyser') is a historic neighborhood in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Al Shamsiyah Palace

Al-Shamsiyah Palace (Arabic: قصر الشمسية) is a ruined earth-structured palace in the al-Fouta neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It belonged to Princess Noura bint Abdul Rahman, the elder sister of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud.

Bujairi Terrace

Bujairi Terrace is a high-end food court and an upscale dining destination in the Turaif district of Diriyah, Saudi Arabia,Wadi al-Aysin

Wadi al-Aysin (Arabic: وادي الليسن), historically known as Wadi al-Aysan (Arabic: وادي الايسن) is an is an ancient river valley in the Najd region of Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia. The valley once traversed from northeast to south, cutting through town of Riyadh before meeting Wadi Hanifa in the southeast.

Safat Square

Safat Square (Arabic: ساحة الصفاة, lit. 'the stone square') is a public space in the ad-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, sandwiched between Imam Turki bin Abdullah Grand Mosque and the al-Hukm Palace compound.

al-Kharab

Hillat Al-Kharab (Arabic: حلة الخراب) is a village and settlement situated south of ad-Dilam in Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia. It emerged from the ruins of Hajr al-Yamamah. It was the site where Egyptian troops led by Mehmet Ali under the command of Khurshid Pasha faced-off with forces of Faisal bin Turki al-Saud in 1838. and is also rumored to be the temporary residence of Khalid bin Waleed.

https://www.alriyadh.com/1974006

http://www.al-jazirah.com/1999/19990105/p111.htm

Historical landmarks of Riyadh from 70s and 80s

وأشار إلى أن من أبرز معالم الشارع مسجد الأميرة الجوهرة بنت عبدالله بن جلوي، وعمارة الباخرة وعمارة النور وعمارة الزهرة وأيضاً أبراج الخالدية، وكذلك حديقة ابن فوطة ومستوصف الفوطة الذي كان أول مستوصف أهلي وافتتح عام 1388هـ

Overview

Khaldia Towers was built between 1976 and 1983 and was named after King Khalid bin Abdulaziz, whose sons had donated the land of his ruined palace situated in Hotat Khalid for the construction of the mixed-use development. It was designed by Dr. Nasser bin Ibrahim al-Rasheed through his engineering consultant firm, who was a former professor at the King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals.

It is owned by Khaldia Towers Company, a partnership between Al-Jedaie Group and Al-Hokair Group. It has 376 rooms in total and 138 suites.

In 2007, the King Khalid Charitable Foundation put the Khaldia Towers on sale and began inviting investors to acquire the property.

In 2013, it was bought by Starwood Hotels and Resorts from Mena Hotels & Resorts and was rebranded as Four Points by Sheraton Riyadh Khaldia. It was inaugurated by Prince Khalid bin Bandar, the-then governor of Riyadh Province.

2014 fire accident

In September 2014, an unexpected fire broke out in the building of the hotel, resulting in three dead, including an Egyptian national and seven injured. The Saudi Red Crescent Authority dispatched 10 paramedic teams and 4 advance response teams towards the site, after which the injured were sent to the King Saud Medical City and al-Iman Hospital following their rescue.

Qasr al hukm district landmarks

  

Landmarks in Qasr Al Hukm District

Qurayshiyyah

Qurayshiyyah neighborhood in Riyadh.

حي "القريشية"

https://alriyadh.com/897991

Fakhiriyah neighborhood

Al-Fawwarah neighborhood, which is part of the current Al-Fakhriya neighborhood

24°38'26"N 46°40'58"E

https://www.alriyadh.com/634397

Abu Nawwas Restaurant

Abu Nawwas Restaurant is a restaurant in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is the first shawarma shop in Riyadh

Saudi Entertainment Ventures

Saudi Entertainment Ventures (Arabic: مشاريع الترفيه السعودية), stylized as SEVEN (Arabic: سڤن), is a wholly owned subsidiary of Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund that offers services in the entertainment and recreation industry.

Al Madi

A large basin

keywords to type:   حوض كبير على سبعة أعمدة يسمى "المدي"

King Abdulaziz Project for Riyadh Public Transport

King Abdulaziz Project for Riyadh Public Transport (Arabic: مشروع الملك عبدالعزيز للنقل العام بمدينة الرياض), simply Riyadh Public Transport Project (RPTP), is a $22.5 billion transport infrastructure project by the Royal Commission for Riyadh City to build a 176-kilometer mass rapid transit system and a 1184-mile comprehensive public bus service network for Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Launched in 2014, the project commenced operations in September 2021 with the Saudi Public Transport Company (SAPTCO) rolling out a fleet of buses. It was however replaced by Riyadh Bus in March 2023.

REF: https://www.alriyadh.com/856165 (RIYADH PUBLIC TRANSPORT MAYBE EXISTED BEFORE, IT WAS RENAMED AFTER ABDULAZIZ)

United Tower

United Tower, popularly known as Twisting Tower, is 50-storey, 200 m tall skyscraper in Bahrain Bay in north-eastern Manama, Bahrain. Built in 2014, it is the country's sixth largest structure and was developed by Cooperation Investment House and Ahmed al-Qaed Construction. It houses the Wyndham Grand Manama Hotel.

ref: https://www.constructionweekonline.com/projects-tenders/168345-twisted-wyndham-grand-manama-tower-in-bahrain-gets-thyssenkrupp-lifts

Riyadh Calendar

old riyadh Hillah, apart from major settlements

()

Haara al-Hanbali, located south of mueqilliah, الحنبلي

Haara Heza, located south of Masmak Palace حيزا

Mosques

Imam Turki Mosque (Jami Kabeer)

Sheikh Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab, Dekhna

Al-Hilla, Gadimah

Ahmad bin Abeed, south of Masmak

al-Diwaniyah Mosque, (entrance of imam abdul rahman bin faisal palace)

Duhairah mosque

Mueqiliah mosque

muraiqib mosque,

Jufrah mosque

sedrah mosque, (khalid bin saud mosque)

imam turki mosque and thumairi mosque

masjid ibn shilwan

masjid sharqiyah (ibn mahmud mosque)

Interests surrounding the walled town

NEEDS TO BE VERIFIED ACCURATELY:

Following the establishment of Saudi Arabia in 1932, the walled town functioned as its administrative headquarters until 1938.

Souq Hillat al-Gusman (check when established)

early 1930s - some palaces being built in outskirts of town, badiah or atiqah

1938 - Murabba Palace

1943 - Red Palace

1940s - Batha commercial area develops

1948 - Memorial School established

Haji's Cafe

Haji's Cafe (Arabic: مقهى حاجي) is a traditional restaurant in Manama Souq, Manama, Bahrain, located in close proximity to the Bab al-Bahrain. It was established in 1950 and is popular for offering breakfasts in Bahraini cuisine.

.

OTHER GUESTHOUSES:

https://www.alriyadh.com/335537

Khuraimas Guesthouse

Khuraimas Guesthouse (Arabic: مضيف خريمس) was a quarantine facility

New Murabba

New Murabba will be situated at northwest of Riyadh. Al-Shemal: al-Qirawan (القيروان) and Malqa (الملقا) neighborhood (south)

Al-Salmaniyah ( السلمانية) and malqah (الملقاﻩ)

Riyadh metropolitan area

Riyadh metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the Riyadh Province of Saudi Arabia, containing the city of Riyadh and encompassing

Iskan

Iskan is a residential area in southern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in the sub-municipality of Aziziyah.

Al Bakheerah

Building in a shape of a ship عمارة الباخرة شارع الخزان

Al-Bakheerah (Arabic: الباخرة, lit. 'Steamship') is a three-storey mixed-use condominium in northwestern al-Dirah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Built in 1966, the structure is made to look like a replica of steamship. The building is said to have hosted the city's first private clinic as well as the first pharmacy and was once a popular architectural landmark among the city's residents during the 1970s and 1990s. It was owned by Princess Seeta bint Abdulaziz al-Saud, the daughter of Ibn Saud and once also served as the residence of Princess al-Anood bint Abdulaziz al-Saud, the wife of King Fahd.

Al Rajhi Mosque

OTHER MOSQUES:

• King Khalid Grand Mosque
• King Khalid Airport Mosque
• Princess Latifa bint Sultan Mosque
• Prince Fahd bin Muhammad Mosque
• Safarat Mosque (Arabic: جامع حي السفارات)
• Jawharah Mosque
• Sheikh Muhammad bin Ibrahim Mosque
• KAFD Grand Mosque
• King Abdulaziz Mosque (KAHC)
• Al Midi Mosque (KAHC)
• King Fahd Mosque
• King Saud Mosque, Nasiriyah
• Al Hikmah Mosque, Hittin
• Sheikh Fahd al-Owaidah Mosque (Arabic: جامع الشيخ فهد العويضة)
• Ghadah Ibrahim Mosque (Arabic: غادة البراهيم)
• Princess al-Anood Mosque (Arabic: جامع الأميرة العنود)
• Abu Abdullah al-Haidan (Arabic: أبي عبد الله اللحيدان)
• Al-Qibli Mosque, located south of Manfuhah.
• Al-Rumailah Mosque, also known as Al-Salamah Mosque
• other mosques
• https://sabq.org/saudia/shegde-6

Riyadh Cultural Palace

Cultural Palace
قصر الثقافة
General information
Location	Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Opened	1980s
Owner	Royal Commission for Riyadh City

Riyadh Cultural Palace (Arabic: قصر الثقافة) is a double-storey edifice in Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located next to the al-Kindi Plaza. Established in the 1980s during the emergence of the Diplomatic Quarter, it is one of the architectural landmarks of the city is known for hosting notable events that are attended by several foreign diplomats, government officials and businessmen.

It includes main foyer, the main ceremonial hall, conference hall, the art and craft workshops and public library. 83 seat indoor theater . underground car parking.

total area of building: 32,328 sq m

132,212,927 riyals

It hosted an exhibition of arts and technology organized by the Royal Commission for Riyadh City in late 1987, that showcased a collection of armors and weapons pertaining to Islamic military history.

Najd Village

Najd Village () is a chain of two local themed restaurants in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia that offer culinary traditions from Najd. Established in 1996.

Saudi Journalists Association

Saudi Journalists Association (SJA) is an association of journalists and media professionals based in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Arriyadh Gate

Arriyadh Gate (Arabic: بوابة الرياض)

509 road (Saudi Arabia)

509 road (Arabic: طريق ٥٠٩) is a major road in Riyadh Governorate, Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia. It stretches from Banban and terminates in the town of Haʼir, straddling through the city of Riyadh where it assumes various alternate names —King Abdulaziz Road (previously the Old Airport Road) in the north, al-Batʼha Street in downtown and al-Haʼir Road in the south.

Al-Batʼha Street (Arabic: شارع البطحاء) is a thoroughfare in downtown Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, that runs parallel to the now dried up stream of Wadi al-Batʼha

140 kilometer road in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It begins from al sulaimaniyah

It begins from the southern tip of the al-Murabba neighborhood and terminates at the intersection between Southern Ring Road and al-Haʼir Road in Manfuhah. it ends at howtat bani tamim

Souq al-Batʼha

Souq al-Batʼha (Arabic: سوق البطحاء) is a term used collectively for markets and trading centers situated in the al-Bat'ha commercial area of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

situated east of the batha street (marqab, thulaim and amal).

Saudi government only recognizing trading centers located in the boundaries:

al-Bat'ha Street from west

Ibn al-Anbari Street from north

Muhammad al-Shibl from east

Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah Road from south

it also includes hamidiyah souq, aswaq al-riyadh hadeethah, aswaq marqab, hillat qasman, hillat al abeed

situated primarily along the al-Batʼha Street in downtown Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located between al-Murabba and the Qasr al-Hukm District.

https://alsauditoday.com/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6/ (complete tour inside the market)

Al Batʼha Commercial Center

Al Batʼha Commercial Center (Arabic: مركز البطحاء) in Futah

Neighborhoods:

Al-Amal (west)

Al-Futah (east)

Al-Marqab (west)

Thulaym (west)

Al-Salihiyah (probably)

keywords for surfing: خريطة سوق البطحاء  الرياض

Important Streets:

Al-Bat'ha Street

Al Ghurabi Street (Arabic: شارع الغرابي), Al Amal

Abi Ayoub Al-Ansari Street (Arabic: شارع أبي أيوب الأنصاري) (named after Abu Ayyub al-Ansari) or Imam Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Street (Arabic: شارع الإمام فيصل بن تركي بن عبد الله) (named after Faisal bin Turki) (separates Thulaim and Margab)

Al Rail Street (Arabic: شارع الريل) or Omar al-Mukhtar (Arabic: شارع عمر المختار), named after Omar al-Mukhtar (separates Thulaim and Al-Amal)

Al Ras Street (Arabic: شارع الرس), Margab

Al Qabah Street (Arabic: شارع القبه), Margab

شارع الدركتر (recheck which neighborhood it belongs to)

Al Farazdaq street, Margab (to be checked whether part of batha or not)

Souq al-Kuwaitiyyah

Souq al-Kuwaitiyyah (Arabic: سوق الكويتية, lit. 'Kuwaiti souq') or Haraj al-Kuwaitiyyah (Arabic: حراج الكويتية) was an auction marketplace in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was established in the 1940s by a couple of Kuwaiti merchants in the northeastern fringes of the erstwhile city walls, resulting in the direct development of the al-Batha commercial area in downtown Riyadh. It relocated to and was replaced by Souq al-Owais in 1986.

In the 1940s, Souq Haraj al-Kuwaitiyyah emerged

Important name: Fahd al owaidah (refer his interview in the al-jazirah newspaper

Souq al-Owais

Souq al-Owais

سوق العويس
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates	24°40′35″N 46°43′8″E
Opening date	23 April 1986 (23 April 1986)

Souq al-Owais (Arabic: سوق العويس) is a souq in King Fahd District of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located next to Souq Taibah. Established in 1986, it emerged from the ruins of Souq al-Kuwaitiyyah.

Istiraha

Istiraha (Arabic: اِسْتِرَاحَة, lit. 'place of relaxation'), is a variant of caravansary found in Saudi Arabia and the wider Gulf region in the form of private and commercial rest houses or traditional meeting rooms, usually in the urban fringes of metropolises. Commercial istirahas are largely rented as retreat houses and holiday camps by individuals, bachelors and families for various purposes, like organizing events, leisure or personal gatherings.

In 2011, the Saudi municipal and rural affairs ministry introduced certain building regulations pertaining to constructing istirahas in the country, like site location, architecture and obtaining a prior license from authorities.

Al Sameeh

Al-Sameeh (Arabic: السميح) is a village in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, located in close proximity to the Zayed Military City. It is situated almost 85 kilometers north of Abu Dhabi and 75 kilometers south of Dubai.

Secrets and Deals: How Britain Left the Middle East

Secrets and Deals: How Britain Left the Middle East is a 2022 one-part documentary aired by BBC about the British withdrawal from the Middle East in 1971.

Riyadh Sky

Riyadh Sky is one of the zones of Riyadh Season. Restaurants located on rooftop of Majdoul Tower, Riyadh Water Tower and Boulevard Riyadh City.

Riyadh Sky is a unique idea that lives up to its name. The events of the entertainment activity are held in the sky of Riyadh in restaurants located on the roofs of 3 of the capital’s famous landmarks. “Clap” restaurant with its distinctive Japanese dishes in Majdoul Tower, the Hellenika restaurant In Riyadh Water Tower with its modern designs and traditional Greek dishes, and the Anghami Lap restaurant it provides a unique experience by serving a range of Arabic and international dishes to the tune of music at “Merwas”, the art and entertainment factory in Boulevard Riyadh City.

Declaration of Independence of Bahrain

The Declaration of Independence of Bahrain was officially proclaimed on 15 August 1971 by Isa bin Salman al-Khalifa. The proclamation was made in less than a month following the signing of the constitution of the United Arab Emirates on 18 July 1971, marking the

Abu Dhabi Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training

Abu Dhabi Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (ACTVET).

Subsidiaries: Institute of Applied Technology (IAT)

Abu Dhabi Vocational Education and Training Institute (ADVETI)

was established in 2007 and has seven (7) entities: Al Jazirah Institute of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi, Al Jaheli Institute of Science and Technology in Al Ain, Baynounah Institute of Science and Technology in Al Gharbia, Al Reef Institute of Logistics and Applied Technology in Al Shahama, Sharjah Institute of Science & Technology in Sharjah, Secondary Technical School (STS) and Vocational Education Development Center (VEDC).

Abu Dhabi–Dubai War

The Abu Dhabi–Dubai War was a minor armed conflict between the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and the Emirate of Dubai in 1948. A Dubai-based raiding group killed 52 members of the Manasir tribe that were allied with Abu Dhabi's royal family. (Peck 1986: 41) British intervention later helped reduce tensions.

The conflict was a result of the ongoing border dispute between two emirates when the oil concession agreement was signed in 1930s.

Trucial States Council

Trucial States Council
Type
Type	Unicameral
History
Established	23 March 1952 (23 March 1952)
Disbanded	02 December 1971 (02 December 1971)
Succeeded by	Federal Supreme Council
Structure
Authority	British Foreign Office

Trucial States Council was the sole advisory body in the British protectorate of the Trucial States that was established in 1952 by the British Foreign Office with aims of bringing the disparate sheikhdoms of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Fujairah, Umm al-Quwain and Ras al-Khaimah under a single umbrella in order to set up a common framework of cooperation. The council laid the foundation for the United Arab Emirates almost 19 years later by serving as the first such entity of its kind that enabled the rulers a platform to address their issues of common concern. It acted as an interim government during the formation of the United Arab Emirates and was dissolved and replaced by the Federal Supreme Council following the proclamation of the country on 02 December 1971.In April 1961, George Middletown argued that the federation remained doubtful and the council was unlikely to achieve its goal.

Ras al khaimah was the first non british leader of the trucial states council, followed by sheikh zayed

Trucial Coast Development Council

Trucial Coast Development Council was a subsidiary entity of the Trucial States Council in the British protectorate of the Trucial States. Later, the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development would evolve from TCDC.

Flag of the trucial states council

Flag included a nine-pointed star, federation of arab emirates

Al Manhal Palace

Qasr Al-Manhal
قصر المنهل
General information
Inaugurated	1966
Technical details
Floor area	143 acres

Al-Manhal Palace (Arabic: قصر المنهل, romanized: Qasr al-Manhal, lit. 'Spring Palace') is a former presidential palace and a heritage landmark in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates that served as the official residence of the country's founding father, Sheikh Zayed between 1966 and 1972. It was built to replace the Qasr al-Hosn and was once the center of power and influence in Abu Dhabi. The palace was the second site after the Al-Diyafah Palace where Sheikh Zayed hoisted the flag of the United Arab Emirates subsequently after the country's proclamation on December 02, 1971. Zayed later shifted to Qasr al-Bahar.

Qasr al-Batiniyah

Qasr al-Bateeniyah (Arabic: قصر البطينة) in Abu Dhabi

Abu Dhabi and Dubai Union Agreement

Abu Dhabi and Dubai Union Agreement was a pact signed on February 18, 1968 between the ruler of Abu Dhabi Sheikh Zayed and the ruler of Dubai Sheikh Rashid in Argoub el-Sedirah in al-Sameeh. The agreement marked the official commencement of the formation of the United Arab Emirates

outlined the idea of a federal union between the two independent emirates and is regarded as a prelude to the unification of the United Arab Emirates.

October 1970 draft

October 1970 constitutional draft United Arab Emirates

Signing of the United Arab Emirates Constitution

The Signing of the United Arab Emirates Constitution occurred on July 18, 1971, at Dubai by the six members of the Trucial States Council. The signing ceremony marked the culmination of major political and diplomatic efforts for the unification of the United Arab Emirates led primarily by Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahyan and the formal dissolution of the Federation of Arab Emirates.

Federation of Arab Emirates

Federation of Arab Emirates اتحاد الامارات العربية
1968–1971
Proposed flag of nine-pointed stars
Status	Political union
Capital	Al Karama (proposed)
Largest city	Abu Dhabi
Official languages	Arabic
Common languages	Emirati Arabic Bahraini Arabic Qatari Arabic
History
• Established	27 February 1968
• Disestablished	18 July 1971
Currency	Gulf rupee Bahraini dinar Qatari riyal
Preceded by Succeeded by Trucial States Bahrain Qatar Trucial States Bahrain Qatar
Today part of	Bahrain Qatar United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia

Not to be confused with Federation of Arab Republics.

The Federation of Arab Emirates (FAE; Arabic: اتحاد الامارات العربية), also sometimes Union of Arab Emirates, was a proposed sovereign federal union of nine sheikhdoms of Britain's Persian Gulf Residency, comprising Bahrain, Qatar and the rest of seven emirates of the Trucial States, namely Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Umm Al Quwain, Ajman, Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah and Fujairah. The union existed during much of the unification of the United Arab Emirates and came into being as a semblance of a transitional government in February 1968 following a meeting between the leaders of these emirates in less than two months after the British decision of withdrawal was announced. However, several disagreements between the leaders due to political and economic reasons led to the dissolution of the union when Bahrain and Qatar announced their respective independence by August and September of 1971 whereas the rest of the Trucial States (with the temporary exception of Ras Al Khaimah) went on to form the United Arab Emirates in December 1971.

History and background

Following the expulsion of the Portuguese from Bahrain in 1602, the Al Qasimi, the tribes extending from the Qatari Peninsula to the Ras Musandam, adopted maritime raiding as a way of life due to the lack of any maritime authority in the area. The attacks surged in the beginning of 19th century.

In the aftermath of a series of attacks in 1808 off the coast Sindh involving 50 Qasimi raiders and following the 1809 monsoon season, the British East India Company, with the naval support of the British government, launched an operation against the Al Qasimi tribe ruling Ras Al Khaimah in 1809. An agreement was reached between the Al Qasimi and the British with regards to maritime security, however, the agreement broke down in 1815. In 1815, the crew of a British Indian vessel were captured by Qawasim near Muscat and most of the crew were murdered. Then, on 6 January Al Qasimi captured an armed pattamar, the Deriah Dowlut, off the coast of Dwarka and murdered 17 of its 38 Indian crew. In the Red Sea, in 1816, three British-flagged Indian merchant vessels from Surat were taken and most of the crews killed.

As piracy resumed, the British returned in 1819 with a punitive expedition against the maritime force of Al Qasimi, which was now split into two emirates, one the Wahhabi-backed Ras Al Khaimah and other in Sharjah and Lengeh. The British devastated Ras Al Khaimah and ended up deposing Hassan bin Rahma Al Qasimi from power before signing the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 with the rulers of Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Ras Al Khaimah. In 1853, the treaty of Perpetual Maritime Truce was signed which prohibited any act of aggression at sea and was signed by Abdulla bin Rashid Al Mualla of Umm Al Quwain; Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi of Ajman; Saeed bin Butti of Dubai; Saeed bin Tahnun Al Nahyan and Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi.

In response to the ambitions of France and Russia, Britain and the Trucial Sheikhdoms established closer bonds in an 1892 treaty, sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to Britain and not to enter into relationships with any other foreign government without Britain's consent. In return, the British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack.

Trucial States Council and the idea of federation

The Trucial States Council was a forum for the leaders of the emirates to meet, presided over by the British Political Agent. The first meetings took place in 1952, one in spring and one in autumn, and this set a pattern for meetings in future years. The council was purely consultative and had no written constitution and no policy making powers, it provided more than anything a forum for the rulers to exchange views and agree on common approaches. The British managed to provoke considerable irritation amongst the rulers, especially Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah, when the ruler of Fujairah, recognised as a Trucial State by Britain on 21 March 1952, attended his first Trucial States Council.

The idea of a federation between the Trucial States was first floated in the late 1950s by Michael Wright, the British ambassador to Iraq. However, it was rejected as 'fanciful' by Bernard Burrows, the political resident.

By 1958, committees were set up to advise on public health, agriculture and education, but the council had no funding until 1965, when the chairmanship moved from the Political Agent to one of the rulers, the first chairman being Shaikh Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi of Ras Al Khaimah. One issue which came up regularly in the council's first 14 meetings was that of locusts—the swarms were highly destructive to the agriculture of the whole area—but the Bedouin of the interior were convinced the spraying of insecticide would be detrimental to their herds and resisted the teams brought in from Pakistan to spray the insects' breeding grounds.

In 1965 the council was given a grant by the British to administer as it saw fit, instead of merely advising on British-prepared budgets. A full-time secretariat was also recruited.

In 1967, oil was discovered in the Zararah oil field in south of Liwa Oasis and King Faisal had again claimed the area as part of Saudi Arabia in 1970. Faisal offered to resolve the dispute by relinquishing claims on Al Ain and Buraimi in exchange for assuming total control over Zararah and Khor Al Adaid. He also requested Zayed to halt the drilling by the Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company in Zararah while discussions are underway.

Zayed, however, tried to resist the Saudi pressure as the oasis had been the center of the emirate's eastern province and its capital, Al Ain. For Faisal, it was an issue of pride and honor and a reminder of past Najdi Wahhabi glories under First and Second Saudi states during 18th and 19th centuries.

Announcement of British withdrawal and Federation of Arab Emirates

British Prime Minister Harold Wilson's announcement, in January 1968, that all British troops were to be withdrawn from "east of Suez", signalled the end of Britain taking care of foreign policy and defence, as well as arbitrating between the rulers of the Eastern Persian Gulf.

The decision pitched the rulers of the Trucial Coast, together with Qatar and Bahrain, into fevered negotiations to fill the political vacuum that the British withdrawal would leave behind. A month later on 18 February 1968, Sheikh Zayed al-Nahyan met with Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed al-Maktoum and signed a union agreement between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, a turning point in the history of the Gulf considered as the prelude to the unification of the United Arab Emirates. Less than ten days later, leaders of the sheikhdoms met in Dubai and signed the Dubai Accord on 27 February 1968 for the creation of the Federation of Arab Emirates, that also included Bahrain and Qatar with a joint foreign policy, defense and citizenship. The accord outlined the system of governance where the leadership would be chosen in a pattern of annual rotations.

The first meeting of the Supreme Council of the Federation of Arab Emirates was convened in Abu Dhabi in March 1968. The meeting was intended to exchange consultations with regards to the implementation of the Dubai Accord. Further meeting was convened in Abu Dhabi in May and July 1968 in order to reach an agreement on the basis of the previous meeting. Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani was elected as the chairman of the provisional federal council whereas Sheikh Zayed was nominated as the president. In October 1968, the second meeting was convened and Sheikh Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani was elected as the chairman of the Supreme Council.

The members of the Supreme Council met in May 1969 in Doha to discuss the shape of the constitution. They agreed to set up a cabinet, but failed to elect a ruler. The meeting was also politically affected by the tour of then British prime minister Edward Heath to the Gulf states. In the meeting, Sheikh Ahmad bin Ali was reelected as the chairman of the Supreme Council.

In October 1969, the rulers of the nine emirates met for the last time in Abu Dhabi and elected Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahyan as the president, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed al-Maktoum as vice president and Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad al-Thani as the prime minister of a thirteen-member committee of the proposed federation besides the future of the capital located somewhere between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, in a place called Al Karama. However, as the leaders were preparing the final communiqué, then British Political Agent Charles Treadwell requested to address the gathering and expressed his government's aspirations that all of their disagreements shall be resolved and is in Britain's interest in the successful outcome of the session. The representatives of Qatar and Ras al-Khaimah took Treadwell's remarks as unwarranted, prompting a walk-out by Sheikh Ahmad al-Thani and Sheikh Saqr al-Qasimi, thus, withdrawing from the union over the perception of foreign interference in the Gulf's internal affairs.

The nine-state union was never to recover from the October 1969 meeting as Bahrain and Qatar opted to drop out of further talks despite efforts by British prime minister Harold Wilson, Saudi Arabia's King Faisal bin Abdulaziz and the emir of Kuwait Sabah al-Sabah to revive the negotiations.

The April 1970 constitution committed Qatar to joining Bahrain and the Trucial States in forming the proposed Federation of the Arab Emirates. In 1970, the United Nations conducted a survey in Bahrain in order to know whether the people desired Iranian control or preferred independence. Subsequently, the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 278 in May 1970 which stated that "the overwhelming majority of the people of Bahrain wish to gain recognition of their identity in a full independent and sovereign State free to decide for itself its relations with other States". Iran renounced its claim to the island in the same month.

In May 1970, King Faisal bin Abdulaziz offered to resolve the dispute with Abu Dhabi by dropping some claims on Al Ain and al-Buraimi in exchange for exercising Riyadh's sovereignty in south of Liwa Oasis and Khor al-Udaid. Zayed subsequently said that he would "not reject the proposal out of hand".

In July 1971, the six emirates, namely Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Fujairah and Umm Al Quwain agreed upon forming a union by signing a provisional constitution of the United Arab Emirates in Dubai, which was somewhat of a revised document which was the basis for the Federation of Arab Emirates, thus signaling the dissolution of the latter despite the new constitution having a clause for a potential admission of an independent Arab state into the union. Bahrain declared independence in August 1971 despite Qatar still claiming to be in favor of the union. However, Qatar declared independence in September 1971.

Analysis

According to Dr. Emile Nakhleh, the-then associate professor of political science at Mount Saint Mary's College and Seminary, in his book Arab-American Relations in the Persian Gulf, said several factors led to its disintegration. such as the federal structure being a hurried reaction to the announced British withdrawal, and the call for federation was prompted by leaders of the individual emirates determined to preserve their rule, unresolved disputes still outstanding, the most important of which was the one between Saudi Arabia and Abu Dhabi over the Buraimi oasis and the disparities in wealth, education and population among the emirates that added fuel to the fire.

Puzzles

Qatari khalifa bin hamad elected leader of the federation in July 1968

All the nine rulers met four times.

feb 1968 in dubai (Dubai Accord)- choosing leaders in a system of annual rotations

jul 1968 in abu dhabi

may 1969 in doha

oct 1969 in abu dhabi

Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan, 7 July 1968 - 25 October 1969, Chairman of the Supreme Council of FAE

25 October 1969 - 18 July 1971, President of the Federation of Arab Emirates

NOTE:

The April 1970 provisional constitution of Qatar

The April 1970 constitution committed Qatar to joining Bahrain and the Trucial States in forming the proposed Federation of the Arab Emirates. However, Qatar amended the constitution following the coup d'état in 1972.

Within the federation, there were two camps, one comprising Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Ajman, Fujairah and Umm al-Quwain and other side consisting of Dubai, Qatar and Ras Al Khaimah.

1968

REFER: https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Establishment_of_the_United_Arab_Emi/7eyoDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=federation+of+arab+emirates+nine+9+qatar+bahrain&pg=PT100&printsec=frontcover

Iran fiercely opposed the union upon its inception due to Bahrain's membership, given that Tehran had pressed claims over the Gulf island. Countries like Syria, Algeria and South Yemen also opposed the federation.

Following the visit of the emir of Qatar Ahmad al-Thani to Saudi Arabia, King Faisal stated in April 1968 that the kingdom is prepared to increase economic, technical and cultural cooperation with the member states of the federation.

In May 1968, the representatives and advisers of the emirates gathered to address fundamental issues and adopt resolutions to implement the Dubai Accord.

The Qatari delegation put forward certain proposals, like the election of the first union president before the drawing up of a permanent charter, something which was being opposed by Abu Dhabi and Bahrain and supported by Dubai and Ajman while Ras Al Khaimah opted neutrality. The delegation also proposed the choice of a permanent seat for the union and the formation of a union council.

25-26 May 1968, first meeting of the Supreme Council of the Federation of Arab Emirates in Abu Dhabi. Meeting ends in failure and Qatari proposals rejected.

22-27 June 1968, the Kuwaiti foreign minister visits to Qatar, Bahrain, Abu Dhabi and Dubai, trying to bridge the gap between the parochial sheikhdoms and persuading them to bury their differences. He pushed for the establishment of a federal court, federation council

As a result of Kuwaiti diplomacy, supreme council convenes again in Abu dhabi between 6 and 7 july 1968.

Result of the meeting:

Federal resolution No. 1, 1968, on engaging the services of an Arab expert in common law to draw up a draft for the General Charter of the Federation of Arab Emirates.

(writing concisely)- Zayed appointed as the chairman of supreme council

formation of a provisional federal council and appointment of khalifa bin hamad al thani as its chairman

So as per the resolution, the delegation led by Ahmed Khalifa al-Suwaidi contacted Abd al-Razzaq al-Sanhuri in Cairo, an Egyptian law professor and judge for the same. Sanhuri chose two lawyers to assist him, one of the being Hassan al-Turabi. Turabi toured the Gulf between September and October 1968 in order to assess the situation and realities on the ground.

Turabi drew up a questionnaire that dealt with the political, financial, economic, social, development and external conditions of the emirates. One of the primary questions was whether the Dubai Accord the fundamental basis of the permanent complete charter or will it nullify the accord before becoming a full-fledged constitution.

The second session of supreme council in Doha appointed three-member committee comprising reps from bahrain, qat and abu dhabi. The answer given by most of the emirates was that the dubai accord was actually fundamental basis of the charter.

Sheikh Zayed's visit to Britain (9 September 1968). Quote by The Times that he favored a 'a close union to include all nine-states - in the end, a single foreign policy should be the first aim. If it should prove impossible to work out a close union of all nine states for the present, then he would support a union of seven Trucial Sheikhdoms alone, or failing that, a union of Abu Dhabi with three or four of them as the nucleus of something bigger.'

Ruler of dubai visits tehran. iranian pm says it wants to coexist peacefully, contradicting his country's earlier threats to the federation. Indicating the bahrain issue was about to be resolved.

Second meeting of the supreme council was convened in doha b/w 20-22 oct 1968. ahmad bin ali thani elected chairman for the session. Qatar's proposed agenda unanimously accepted.

1971

March 1971 - William Luce tours the Gulf and informs the rulers of the withdrawal by end of 1971

1 July 1971 - Zayed established the first cabinet of Abu Dhabi.

10 July 1971 - Trucial States Council met to address the issue.

18 July 1971- provisional constitution signed in dubai. the constitution was somewhat a revised document which was the basis for the FAE.

1971 (ig)

When the Iranian claim on Bahrain was settled, Bahrain demanded a representational position based on population within the Provisional Federal Council. When rejected, Bahrain declared independence.

Important years

Important happenings before unification

• Abu Dhabi Dubai War (1947-1948)
• Abu Dhabi Dubai boundary dispute (1949-1952)
• Discussions on Abu Dhabi's and Dubai's internal affairs (1954, 1955)
• Discussions on inter-state boundaries (1956-1958)
• Oil discovered in Abu Dhabi, 1958
• Discussions of the Trucial States Council, an economic and political federation (1958-1959)
• Discussions on internal frontiers (1958-1959)

Unification of the United Arab Emirates

Unification of the United Arab Emirates

Part of Decolonisation of Asia and Cold War
Sheikh Zayed hoisting the flag of the United Arab Emirates at the Union House in Jumeirah, Dubai on December 2, 1971
Native name	توحيد دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة
Date	February 18, 1968 – February 10, 1972 (1968-02-18 – 1972-02-10) (3 years, 11 months) First phase: 18 February 1968 – 2 December 1971 Second phase: 2 December 1971 – 10 February 1972
Location	Persian Gulf Residency Trucial States Bahrain Qatar
Participants	First phase: Federation of Arab Emirates Trucial States Abu Dhabi Dubai Ajman Sharjah Fujairah Umm Al Quwain Ras Al Khaimah Bahrain Qatar Second phase: United Arab Emirates Ras Al Khaimah
Outcome	Union agreement between Dubai and Abu Dhabi Creation of the Federation of Arab Emirates Signing of the provisional constitution Bahrain and Qatar declare independence Dissolution of the Federation of Arab Emirates Iranian annexation of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs Proclamation of the United Arab Emirates Admission of United Arab Emirates to the United Nations Disbandment of the Persian Gulf Residency Assassination of Khalid bin Mohammed al-Qasimi Accession of Ras Al Khaimah to the United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi–Saudi Arabia boundary dispute remains unresolved until 1974 Bahrain–Qatar territorial disputes remain unresolved until 2001

The Unification of the United Arab Emirates (Arabic: توحيد دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة, romanized: Taūḥīd daūlah al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabīyah al-Muttaḥidah) was a political and diplomatic campaign essentially led by the ruler of Abu Dhabi Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahyan in the British protectorates of the Persian Gulf Residency primarily from February 1968 to July 1971 where he successfully convinced the rulers of the emirates of Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Fujairah and Umm al-Quwain to form an independent sovereign federal union with Abu Dhabi, initially known as the Federation of Arab Emirates and later as the United Arab Emirates on the eve of Britain's withdrawal and anticipated dissolution of the Persian Gulf Residency in December 1971. The period may also include the two months between the federation's proclamation in December 1971 and up until the accession of Ras al-Khaimah in February 1972 which temporarily resisted the union upon its inception due to several geopolitical and economic reasons.

The campaign is considered to have commenced with the union agreement between Abu Dhabi and Dubai on February 18, 1968 and came to a formal close on December 1, 1971, when Britain's official deadline of the withdrawal expired and Sheikh Zayed signed the termination of the special treaty relations that were previously concluded between the British government and the leaders of the Trucial States since 1820.

A subsequent proclamation was made the very next day by the leaders of the six emirates under the auspices of Sheikh Zayed that officialized the transfer of power to the Trucial States Council from the Persian Gulf Residency of the British Foreign Office on December 2, 1971, formally renaming the territories of the Trucial States as the United Arab Emirates. Ras al-Khaimah, while initially opposing the union and refusing to join it, finally acceded in February 1972 whereas Qatar and Bahrain went on to choose independent statehood.

Although Ras al-Khaimah initially resisting to join the union on grounds of purported inequality with its Qasimi counterpart, Sharjah, it however joined the federation in February 1972 following the assassination of Sharjah's emir Sheikh Khalid al-Qasimi and upon the assurance of equal treatment among the northern emirates, making it the seventh and final emirate to accede to the union.

Historical background

Further information: History of the United Arab Emirates, Trucial States, and Piracy in the Persian Gulf

Following the expulsion of the Portuguese from Bahrain in 1602, the Al Qasimi, the tribes extending from the Qatari Peninsula to the Ras Musandam, adopted maritime raiding as a way of life due to the lack of any maritime authority in the area. The attacks surged in the beginning of 19th century.

In the aftermath of a series of attacks in 1808 off the coast Sindh involving 50 Qasimi raiders and following the 1809 monsoon season, the British East India Company, with the naval support of the British government, launched an operation against the Al Qasimi tribe ruling Ras Al Khaimah in 1809. An agreement was reached between the Al Qasimi and the British with regards to maritime security, however, the agreement broke down in 1815. In 1815, the crew of a British Indian vessel were captured by Qawasim near Muscat and most of the crew were murdered. Then, on 6 January Al Qasimi captured an armed pattamar, the Deriah Dowlut, off the coast of Dwarka and murdered 17 of its 38 Indian crew. In the Red Sea, in 1816, three British-flagged Indian merchant vessels from Surat were taken and most of the crews killed.

As piracy resumed, the British returned in 1819 with a punitive expedition against the maritime force of Al Qasimi, which was now split into two emirates, one the Wahhabi-backed Ras Al Khaimah and other in Sharjah and Lengeh. The British devastated Ras Al Khaimah and ended up deposing Hassan bin Rahma Al Qasimi from power before signing the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 with the rulers of Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Ras Al Khaimah. In 1853, the treaty of Perpetual Maritime Truce was signed which prohibited any act of aggression at sea and was signed by Abdulla bin Rashid Al Mualla of Umm Al Quwain; Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi of Ajman; Saeed bin Butti of Dubai; Saeed bin Tahnun Al Nahyan and Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi.

In response to the ambitions of France and Russia, Britain and the Trucial Sheikhdoms established closer bonds in an 1892 treaty, sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to Britain and not to enter into relationships with any other foreign government without Britain's consent. In return, the British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack.

Trucial States Council and the idea of federation

The Trucial States Council was a forum for the leaders of the emirates to meet, presided over by the British Political Agent. The first meetings took place in 1952, one in spring and one in autumn, and this set a pattern for meetings in future years. The council was purely consultative and had no written constitution and no policy making powers, it provided more than anything a forum for the rulers to exchange views and agree on common approaches. The British managed to provoke considerable irritation amongst the rulers, especially Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah, when the ruler of Fujairah, recognised as a Trucial State by Britain on 21 March 1952, attended his first Trucial States Council.

The idea of a federation between the Trucial States was first floated in the late 1950s by Michael Wright, the British ambassador to Iraq. However, it was rejected as 'fanciful' by Bernard Burrows, the political resident.

By 1958, committees were set up to advise on public health, agriculture and education, but the council had no funding until 1965, when the chairmanship moved from the Political Agent to one of the rulers, the first chairman being Shaikh Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi of Ras Al Khaimah. One issue which came up regularly in the council's first 14 meetings was that of locusts—the swarms were highly destructive to the agriculture of the whole area—but the Bedouin of the interior were convinced the spraying of insecticide would be detrimental to their herds and resisted the teams brought in from Pakistan to spray the insects' breeding grounds.

In 1965 the council was given a grant by the British to administer as it saw fit, instead of merely advising on British-prepared budgets. A full-time secretariat was also recruited.

In 1967, oil was discovered in the Zararah oil field in south of Liwa Oasis and King Faisal had again claimed the area as part of Saudi Arabia in 1970. Faisal offered to resolve the dispute by relinquishing claims on Al Ain and Buraimi in exchange for assuming total control over Zararah and Khor Al Adaid. He also requested Zayed to halt the drilling by the Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company in Zararah while discussions are underway.

Zayed, however, tried to resist the Saudi pressure as the oasis had been the center of the emirate's eastern province and its capital, Al Ain. For Faisal, it was an issue of pride and honor and a reminder of past Najdi Wahhabi glories under First and Second Saudi states during 18th and 19th centuries.

Announcement of British withdrawal and Federation of Arab Emirates

Harold Wilson's announcement, in January 1968, that all British troops were to be withdrawn from "east of Suez", signalled the end of Britain taking care of foreign policy and defence, as well as arbitrating between the rulers of the Eastern Persian Gulf.

The decision pitched the rulers of the Trucial Coast, together with Qatar and Bahrain, into fevered negotiations to fill the political vacuum that the British withdrawal would leave behind. A month later in February 1968, Sheikh Zayed al-Nahyan met with Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed al-Maktoum and signed a union agreement between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, a turning point in the history of the Gulf considered as the prelude to the unification of the United Arab Emirates since the two agreed on bringing other neighboring emirates to join the proposed federation, including Bahrain and Qatar. In October 1969, the rulers of the nine emirates met for the last time in Abu Dhabi and elected Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahyan as the president, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed al-Maktoum as vice president and Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad al-Thani as the prime minister of a thirteen-member committee of the proposed federation besides the future of the capital located somewhere between Abu Dhabi and Dubai. However, as the leaders were preparing the final communiqué, then British Political Agent Charles Treadwell requested to address the gathering and expressed his government's aspirations that all of their disagreements shall be resolved and is in Britain's interest in the successful outcome of the session. The representatives of Qatar and Ras al-Khaimah took Treadwell's remarks as unwarranted, prompting a walk-out by Sheikh Ahmad al-Thani and Sheikh Saqr al-Qasimi, thus, withdrawing from the union over the perception of foreign interference in the Gulf's internal affairs.

The nine-state union was never to recover from the October 1969 meeting as Bahrain and Qatar opted to drop out of further talks despite efforts by British prime minister Harold Wilson, Saudi Arabia's King Faisal bin Abdulaziz and the emir of Kuwait Sabah al-Sabah to resuscitate the negotiations.

In 1970, the United Nations conducted a survey in Bahrain in order to know whether the people desired Iranian control or preferred independence. Subsequently, the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 278 in May 1970 which stated that "the overwhelming majority of the people of Bahrain wish to gain recognition of their identity in a full independent and sovereign State free to decide for itself its relations with other States". Iran renounced its claim to the island in the same month.

In May 1970, King Faisal bin Abdulaziz offered to resolve the dispute with Abu Dhabi by dropping some claims on Al Ain and al-Buraimi in exchange for exercising Riyadh's sovereignty in south of Liwa Oasis and Khor al-Udaid. Zayed subsequently said that he would "not reject the proposal out of hand".

In July 1971, the six emirates, namely Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Fujairah and Umm al-Quwain agreed upon forming a union by signing a provisional constitution in Dubai. Bahrain declared independence in August 1971 and Qatar followed suit in September 1971. In late November 1971, shortly after the withdrawal of British forces from the islands of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs, the Imperial Iranian Navy invaded and annexed the islands, claiming both to be the part of Hormozgan Province. The annexation was met with condemnations from countries like Libya and Iraq.

Declaration of independence and aftermath

The union and independence of the United Arab Emirates was formally proclaimed by Sheikh Zayed al-Nahyan and was read out by Ahmed bin Khalifa al-Suwaidi on December 2, 1971, at 10:00 am from the Union House (now Etihad Museum) in Jumeirah, Dubai, a day after the termination of the special treaty relations and the official expiration of the British deadline to withdraw from the Persian Gulf. The declaration formally culminated the transfer of power from the Political Residency of the British Foreign Office to the Trucial States Council, thereby renaming the territories of the Trucial States as the United Arab Emirates before the signing of a provisional constitution by the emirs of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Fujairah and Umm al-Quwain that officially acceded these emirates into the new federal union.

A bilateral treaty was signed between the United Kingdom and the newly-formed United Arab Emirates on December 2, 1971 that guaranteed ten years of friendship and cooperation between the two states. The agreement was signed a day after the termination of the special treaty relations and a series of earlier protection treaties that were concluded between the British government and various leaders of Trucial States since 1820.

Ras Al Khaimah refused to join the union. One of the reasons of its delayed accession to the United Arab Emirates because Sheikh Saqr thought he could discover oil just like Abu Dhabi. Also he was dissatisfied with Ras Al Khaimah being given 6 seats in the parliamentary assembly, whereas Abu Dhabi and Dubai having 8 seats besides the power of joint veto. However, following the Iranian annexation of the islands of Greater and Lesser Tunbs and Abu Musa and the assassination of Sheikh Khalid in January 1971, he decided to accede on February 10, 1972.

In August 1974, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates signed the Treaty of Jeddah which intended to resolve the Saudi Arabia – United Arab Emirates border dispute.

Some of the other players

Michael Wright, the british ambassador to iraq who first floated the idea of a federation

Ahmed al Suwaidi Sheikh Zayed's chief adviser, he became the first Foreign Minister.

Adnan Pachachi Iraq's ambassador to the UN moved to Abu Dhabi in 1968, where he advised Sheikh Zayed. He became the UAE's first ambassador to the UN.

Mohammed Habroush al Suwaidi Another key adviser to Sheikh Zayed; currently an adviser to Sheikh Khalifa.

Dr Mana Saeed al Otaiba Another key adviser to Sheikh Zayed, he became Minister of Petroleum and is now an adviser to Sheikh Khalifa.

Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Son of Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum and first Prime Minister of the UAE. Died January 2006.

Mahdi al Tajir A wealthy Dubai businessman who was Sheikh Rashid's key adviser in negotiations. A former UAE ambassador to the UK.

Adi Bitar A Palestinian lawyer and judge who wrote the constitution of the UAE. Died 1973.

Sir Geoffrey Arthur The British political resident in the Gulf (1970 to 1971) handled negotiations between the UK and the future UAE and a Treaty of Friendship. Died 1984.

James Treadwell A political agent who worked closely with Sheikh Zayed on talks for the federation and was the first British ambassador to the UAE. Died April 2010.

Julian Walker A political agent in Dubai in 1971 who resolved many boundary issues of the future UAE. He now lives in London.

Sir William Luce Britain's special envoy to the Gulf negotiated with Iran over Abu Musa, the Greater and Lesser Tunbs and Bahrain. Died 1977.

Saqr nigga refused to join the uae cuz he literally thought he could discover oil just like abu dhabi. well after the iranian seizure of the islands and the assassination of Sheikh Khalid by the former ruler in late jan 1972, the new ruler acceded to the union in feb 1972.

• one more reason RAK was given 6 seats in parliamentary assembly while abu dhabi and dubai were given 8 seats besides having joint veto.

October 1969 meeting

October 21-25 1969 meeting in Abu Dhabi

Treadwell's remarks, Qatar and RAK walkout. Politically, rak and qatar didn't want to upset riyadh over agreeing abu dhabi as the capital of the union as saudis still held grudges over buraimi.

SAUDI ABU DHABI BORDER DISPUTES

Treadwell closely followed the negotiations between Sheikh Zayed and Saudi officials over the latter's territorial claims on some of Abu Dhabi's lands.

In May 1970, King Faisal offered to resolve the dispute with Abu Dhabi by dropping some claims on Al Ain and al-Buraimi in exchange for exercising Riyadh's sovereignty in south of Liwa Oasis and Khor al-Udaid. Zayed subsequently said that he would "not reject the proposal out of hand". He was expected to meet the king in Riyadh where he was supposed to discuss the issue with him. Zayed eventually recruited Kuwaiti negotiators without informing the British as he perceived the latter insisted on a more persuasive approach from his side in the discussions. After the British government learnt of it through the its diplomatic mission in Kuwait, London instructed Zayed not to discuss the territorial disputes with Faisal but instead use the meeting to talk about the proposed federation of nine emirates. Zayed adhered, however, Faisal said that he would not discuss any federation without settling the disputed areas.

faisal requested zayed to halt drilling by ADPC in Zararah in southern Liwa.

In June 1970, Treadwell informed the Foreign Office in London that his

In early April 1971, C. J. Treadwell, the Political Resident, informed the Foreign Office that: “[Sheikh Zayed] thought that our advice to him on settling [south of Liwa] was colored by our wish to protect our own political as well as British commercial interests.”

However, he agreed on Shaikh Zayid had offered to concede access rights to Khor al- Udaid to the Saudis

In late April 1971, at a meeting with British officials in Al Ain, Treadwell told them that "(Shaikh Zayed), said and repeated several times that the people of Abu Dhabi now and history itself would blame him if he gave away too much (of Abu Dhabi’s territories)".

“[Shaikh Zayid] was in an emotional state throughout and criticized HMG, though more in sorrow than anger, for giving notice of withdrawal of their protection when the difficult boundary question was still on his hands, also, as he put it, for failing to push the Saudis as well to make sacrifices.

on 28 October 1971, Sir William Luce wrote to I. S. Winchester in Jeddah to say that Shaikh Zayid had told him that: “the most he was prepared to offer the Saudis was an oil profit sharing zone, with joint sovereignty, and a strip of his southern border twenty kilometres wide at its widest point.

November 1971 Treadwell letter to the Bahrain Residency

Shaikh Zayid has not made ‘no effort’, but his effort has not been serious. While our mediation has been part stalling and part serious, [Shaikh Zayid] has been playing for time all the way… I am content that Zayid should be left to go on stringing King Faisal along as he judges best on the clear understanding that he is now on his own but I am opposed to causing further damage to our interests by saying anything to King Faisal bluntly on the subject

Proclamation of the United Arab Emirates

The union and independence of the United Arab Emirates was formally proclaimed by Sheikh Zayed al-Nahyan and was read out by Ahmed bin Khalifa al-Suwaidi on December 2, 1971, at 10:00 am from the Union House (now Etihad Museum) in Jumeirah, Dubai, a day after the termination of the special treaty relations and the official expiration of the British deadline to withdraw from the Persian Gulf. The declaration formally culminated the transfer of power from the Political Residency of the British Foreign Office to the Trucial States Council, thereby renaming the territories of the Trucial States as the United Arab Emirates before the signing of a provisional constitution by the emirs of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Fujairah and Umm al-Quwain that officially acceded these emirates into the new federal union. The only singled-out emirate was Ras al-Khaimah, that initially resisted the union and refused to join, however later acceded in February 1972.

WHAT ALL HAPPENED ON 02 DECEMBER 1971

https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/2021/12/02/december-2-1971-what-happened-on-the-uaes-first-national-day/

https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/2021/12/02/national-day-2021-who-was-there-the-day-the-uae-was-born/

Declaration

At exactly 10:00 am Dubai Time on December 02, 1971, Ahmed bin Khalifa al-Suwaidi announced from the Union House on behalf of Sheikh Zayed al-Nahyan,

وبفضل الله عز وجل، واستجابة لرغبات شعبنا العربي، قررنا نحن حكام إمارة أبوظبي ودبي والشارقة وعجمان وأم القيوين والفجيرة إقامة دولة اتحادية تحت اسم (الإمارات العربية المتحدة). وإذ نتوجه بهذه الأخبار السارة إلى الشعب العربي ، نصلي إلى الله تعالى أن هذا الاتحاد يمكن أن يكون نواة اتحاد شامل يستوعب بقية أفراد الأسرة في الإمارة الشقيقة التي لم تسمح ظروفها الحالية التوقيع على هذا الدستور

---

With the help of the Almighty Allah, and in response to the wishes of our Arab people, we, the rulers of the emirates of Emirate of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain and Fujaira, have decided to establish a federal state under the name of (The United Arab Emirates). As we extend this pleasant news to the honorable Arab people, we pray to the Almighty Allah that this Federation can be the nucleus of a comprehensive union that accommodate the rest of the family members of the brotherly emirate whose present circumstances didn’t enable it to sign this Constitution

Treaty of Friendship between the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom

Treaty of Friendship between the United Kingdom and the United Arab Emirates

Treaty of Friendship between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United Arab Emirates
Signed	02 December 1971
Location	Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Signatories	Sheikh Zayed Sir Geoffrey Arthur
Parties	United Arab Emirates United Kingdom
Languages	English and Arabic

Treaty of Friendship between the United Kingdom and the United Arab Emirates (Arabic: معاهدة الصداقة بين دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة والمملكة المتحدة) was a bilateral treaty signed between the United Kingdom and the embryonic nation of the United Arab Emirates on December 2, 1971 that guaranteed 10 years of friendship and cooperation between the two states. The agreement was signed a day after the termination of the special treaty relations and a series of earlier protection treaties that were concluded between the British government and various leaders of Trucial States since 1820.

THIS RARE PIECE OF INFO SAYS THE UAE ENTERED FORMAL FEDERATION ON APRIL 01, 1972

https://llmc.com/titledescfull.aspx?type=2&coll=300&div=718&set=09649

Declaration of Independence of Qatar

The declaration of the independence of Qatar was announced on September 1, 1971 by Qatar Radio. Two days later, on September 3, 1971, Qatar officially became an independent state. September 3 was commemorated as Qatar's national day until 2007.

British withdrawal from the Middle East and North Africa

Definition 1: The British withdrawal from the Persian Gulf took place in the 1960s and 1970s when the country began terminating its series of protectorate treaties it had signed with the Arab states in Eastern Arabia following the decline of London's political and economic influence in the aftermath of the Suez Crisis. It was part of the larger decolonization period. Kuwait was the first state among the Persian Gulf Residency to gain independence in 1961, followed by Oman in 1962, Bahrain Qatar and lastly the Trucial States by the end of 1971 (renamed as the United Arab Emirates the following day).

Definition 2: The British withdrawal from the Arab world was a decolonization period that roughly lasted between 1920s and 1970s whereby the United Kingdom withdrew most of its political and military presence from a number of colonial and suzerain protectorates across the Middle East and North Africa, resulting in the independence of numerous nation-states. Early stages of the decolonization began soon after the end of World War I, when Egypt got independence in 1922, followed by Iraq in 1932. It was reinvigorated following World War II that resulted in Jordan's independence in 1946, Israel in 1948 and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1956 and reached its last stages in the aftermath of the Suez Crisis, leading to the freedom of Somaliland in 1960, Kuwait in 1961, Oman in 1962, South Yemen in 1967 and Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates in 1971.

Jordan in 1946 in the aftermath of World War II, Israel in 1948, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1956, Kuwait in 1961, Oman in 1962 and lastly Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates in 1971.

1. Jordan gains independence, 1946
2. India gains independence following the partition 1947
3. UK gives Oman the control of its own foreign policy, 1951
4. Suez Crisis marked the beginning of the end of the British Empire in 1956
5. Kuwait gains independence, 1961
6. Oman declared an independent nation by the British, 1962
7. Bahrain becomes independent, 1971 august
8. Qatar becomes independent, 1971 September
9. Trucial States becomes independent and renamed as UAE, December 1971

Oman

1951 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Britain and Oman

List of Anglo-Oman treaties

https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/anglo-omani-treaties

Wahhabi expedition of Haʼil (Jabal Shammar)

Wahhabi expedition of Haʼil took place in 1786.

Wahhabi conquest of Eastern Arabia

The Wahhabi conquest of Eastern Arabia was a military expedition led by the First Saudi State under Imam Abdulaziz ibn Saud from 1792 to 1798 against the Hasa-based Bani Khalid tribe following the House of Saud's takeover of Haʼil in 1786. The campaign began by the annexation of the Hasa region and culminated with the invasion of the tribe's last stronghold in the Qatari peninsula. The campaign was further extended to the seaport city of Zubarah when members of the Bani Khalid tribe fleeing from Wahhabi onslaught were granted asylum by the al Khalifa family that administered the city. The al-Khalifa family was expelled from Qatar and remained in exile for almost 13 years when the Omani Empire

Background

After capturing Riyadh in around 1774 and forcing its chieftain Deham bin Dawas to flee, Abdulaziz embarked on a military campaign on the east of Arabian Peninsula to incorporate more towns and estates into his expanding emirate. He conquered Sudayr in 1781, al-Kharj and Haʼil by 1784 and 1786 respectively and would now set his eyes on the Bani Khalid Emirate that ruled the al-Hasa region. It was the leader of the Bani Khalid tribe that ordered the expulsion of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab during the early days of his preaching in Najd and with enormous political and military power, Abdulaziz sought to avenge the humiliation of his muse. He kicked-off his campaign in around 1792 and captured the town of Hasa. His Wahhabi troops chased

Second Khalidi Emirate

Second Bani Khalid Emirate
1819–1830
Territories and zones of influence of the Second Bani Khalid Emirate at its zenith, 1823
History
• Established	1819
• Disestablished	1830
Today part of	Saudi Arabia

The Second Bani Khalid Emirate (Arabic: الإمارَة الخالِدية الثَانِية) was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire's Egypt Eyalet and later an independent sheikhdom that came into being as a successor of the First Khalidi Emirate (1669–1796) in the aftermath of the destruction of First Saudi State during the Ottoman–Wahhabi War (1811–1818). It existed between 1819 and 1830 in the al-Hasa region of Eastern Arabia, until the Second Saudi State under Imam Turki bin al-Saud retook al-Hasa in the Battle of Subia, bringing the rule of the Bani Khalid tribe to a close.

Defeat of the First Saudi State, 1818

Establishment of the Second Bani Khalid Emirate, 1819

Khalidi takeover of Riyadh, 1820

Diriyah invasion of Ahsa, 1830

BANI KHALID EMIRATE MAPS:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Second_Bani_Khalid_Emirate

NOTE: For the period between the Muammarid Imamate between 1818 and 1820 and its (probable) tussle with the second khalidi emirate, refer the arabic article of the first saudi state

Emergence of the gulf states ( i think a chronological list of emirs of different sheikhdoms in arabia, verify): https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Emergence_of_the_Gulf_States/TtE4DAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=al+ahsa+1787&pg=PA72&printsec=frontcover

Wahhabi invasion of Qatar

Wahhabi invasion of Qatar
Part of Al Hasa expedition
Territories and zones of influence of the Bani Khalid Emirate, mid-late 17th-18th century
Date 1793-1798 Location Qatar Result Wahhabi victory Territorial changes Qatar Peninsula incorporated into Emirate of Diriyah
Belligerents
Emirate of Diriyah	Bani Khalid Emirate

The Wahhabi invasion of Qatar was a military campaign by the First Saudi State from 1793 to 1798, whereby it invaded and subsequently annexed the last stronghold of the Bani Khalid Emirate in present-day Qatar before expelling the Bahrain-based al-Khalifa family by besieging the town of Zubarah in 1795 as part of Imam Abdulaziz ibn Saud's al-Hasa campaign. The Saudi rule effectively lasted for almost 13 years until the Said bin Sultan of the Omani Empire attacked the Wahhabi garrisons in Bahrain and Zubarah in around 1811, paving the way for the al-Khalifa family to retain power.

Saudi general Ibrahim Ibn Ufaisan and Sulayman ibn Ufaisan

Conflict	Qatar and allies	Opponents	Result
Saudi invasion of Qatar (1793–1798)	Qatar Bahrain Oman Ottoman Empire	First Saudi State	Defeat Incorporation of Qatar into First Saudi State

Bani Khalid tribe

Al-Ainain, a branch of the Bani Khalid tribe, controlled Doha until 1820s before their expulsion in 1820s, later settled in Wakrah.

Some relevant personalities

Faisal al-Dwaish

Arabic wiki article: https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B4

Majed al Urayrhttps://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF

Najdi architecture

Ruins of Qasr al-Salwa in Diriyah

Najdi architecture (Arabic: العمارة النجدية) is a vernacular architecture indigenous to the Najd region of modern-day Saudi Arabia. The style flourished mostly between 13th and 18th centuries and is known for its desert adaptive urban patterns with low-contour earth-structured mudbrick buildings.that are characterized by elements such as triangular or rectangular openings (furjat or luhuj) and battlements (shurfat) as well as peepholes projecting outward from the main facade (tarma). The presence of a central courtyard and open spaces also forms a distinct part of the architectural style.

Construction method

One of the most common types of construction in the Najd was the use of clay and mudbrick as well as other materials including stones, tamarisk and palm trees. Given the scarce availability of stones and different varieties of trees suitable for construction, the buildings were built with mud or sun-dried bricks and finished with the application of mud plaster. The walls were very thick to isolate the interior spaces from extreme heat and to achieve greater structural integrity. The mud bricks, composed of a mixture of water, straw, and other fibers, highlight the relationship between architectural artifice and naturalness. Straw and natural elements do not have an ornamental function, but they creep into the walls, creating efflorescence and contributing to the breakdown of the facade.

Architectural features

Rectangular and triangular openings in the Palace of Saad ibn Saud in Diriyah

Furjat or luhuj :

The furjat (Arabic: فُرجات) or luhuj (Arabic: لُّهُوج) are small rectangular or triangular openings pierced in a wall to promote adequate air movement, lighting to the interior spaces, and the view from inside to outside. These small openings do not have a purely decorative function but are arranged vertically, horizontally, or in stacks, creating a pattern on the facade with different dispositions and densities. The different arrangements of the openings meet the different socio-cultural needs of the population while preserving the technical and environmental characteristics. Furjat also functions as a ventilation structure to isolate hot toxic exhaust gases or smoke.

Battlements (shurfat) on the railings of Qaṣr al-Badi'a in Riyadh

Shurfat

The shurfat (Arabic: الشرفة) are battlements at the top of a wall or a railing. The hand-molded and layered walls are tapered upwards and finished in a crenelated shape. These decorative elements in the form of triangles or arrows, sometimes alternating between full and empty, create a proportional rhythm by acting as a parapet for the rooftop and, in turn, protecting the facades from rainwater. It is customary to find a horizontal strip engraved in the wall under these elements, with triangles underneath, always upside-down, as protection from rainwater.

Tarma from one of the watchtowers of Masmak Fortress in Riyadh

Tarma

The tarma (Arabic: الطرمة) has an observation function and is usually arranged on the second floor and above the door of the facade of the buildings, working as a peephole to observe people outside the building without being seen inside. It comes in different shapes and sizes and also has a symbolic value since it helps users of the urban spaces to identify the building and its entrance through the various forms of the element. The size of the interior spaces and the width of the street the building faces also affect the size and shape of the tarma.

Al-Bab

The al-bab (Arabic: الباب) in Arabic generally translates to a door. They function as an access element to the building and are very particular in design and are usually square in size, single-sided made of wood or palm trees. Some entrance doors are colored, engraved, and painted with geometric motifs, embellished with repetitive designs of a symbolic nature, and very pleasant in style and composition. The door and its visual features, use of color, and ornamentation support non-verbal communication by guiding the visitor to the building.

Types of structures

Mosques

Courtyard and minaret of Dakhna Grand Mosque in Riyadh, 1952

Mosques are the main place of worship in Islam. Muslims are called to prayer five times a day and participate in prayers together as a community, facing towards the qibla (direction of prayer). Every neighbourhood normally had one or many mosques in order to accommodate the spiritual needs of its residents. Historically, there was a distinction between regular mosques and "Friday mosques" or "grand mosques", which were larger and had a more important status by virtue of being the venue where the khutba (sermon) was delivered on Fridays. Friday noon prayers were considered more important and were accompanied by preaching, and also had political and social importance as occasions where news and royal decrees were announced, as well as when the current ruler's name was mentioned.

Traditional mosques built in the Najd are constructed mostly using raw materials and are influenced by four main factors; climate, locally sourced building materials, already-existing skill sets, and the sub-cultural background of the builder. Materials used in the construction typically include mud, timber, tamarisk tree log beams, stone, clay, and thatch.

Mosques in the Najd have historically been devoid of decorations in order to resemble the puritanical nature of the Salafi sect of Islam adhered by the locals. Triangular or rectangular openings known as furjat are considered to be one of the features of the mosques built in Najdi architectural style. Other distinctive features also include carved wall panels, an arcade element, colonnade and a well-designed mihrab with intricate floral gypsum motifs. Unlike the other parts of the Islamic world, domes are usually found to be absent in Najdi mosques. The mosque's external characters are also defined by cylindrical or rectangular minarets connected with a staircase.

Four components comprise the architectural style of Najdi mosques, that are al-sarha (courtyard), al-misbah (prayer hall), al-sath (roof) and al-khalwa (basement). The khalwa is mainly used to accommodate worshippers during winters.

Palaces

Al Hukm Palace, 1943

Palaces, known as qusur in Arabic (singular qasr), were traditional residences inhabited by members of the royal families or tribal leaders in the Najd. They were constructed using local materials such as mudbrick and clay. The style usually lacks the monumental axial movement.

Between the 1950s and 1960s, with the introduction of modern techniques during the expansion of Riyadh, the architectural style subsequently became redundant.

The exterior features tarma.

Salmani architecture

Salmani architecture (Arabic: العمارة السلمانية) or Salmani style (Arabic: الطراز السلماني), is an (architectural movement) neo-Najdi style of architecture developed in Riyadh Province of Saudi Arabia during the reign of Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz al-Saud as the province's governor between 1963 and 2011. There are two types of Salmani architecture, classical salmani and modern salmani. The term was coined by Riyadh's mayor Prince Abdulaziz Ayyaf al-Muqrin in 2018.

Triangular furjat in Masmak Fortress

Makkah Municipality

Holy Makkah Municipality

أمانة العاصمة المقدسة
Agency overview
Formed	1926 (1926)
Jurisdiction	Government of Saudi Arabia
Headquarters	Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Parent department	Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs and Housing
Website	hmm.gov.sa

Makkah Municipality, officially the Holy Makkah Municipality (HMM) (Arabic: أمانة العاصمة المقدسة), is a municipal body which has jurisdiction upon overall city services and the upkeep of facilities in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It was established in 1926 following Abdulaziz's takeover of the city during his unification campaign. It oversees the city's 14 sub-municipalities.

Source: https://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/Static/Pages/Municipalities.aspx

Sub-municipalities: 14

Ajyad

• Ajyad
• Al-Tandabawi
• Al-Shubaikah (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9))
• Al-Hajlah

Al-Sharaea'

Al-Gaza

Al-Masfala

Al-Shawqiah

Al-Utibiah

Al-Mabeda

Al-Azizia

Al-Omrah

Al-Bahrah

Al-Janoob (Southern Makkah)

Al-Jamom

Al-Asfan

Al-Madrak

Saudi Police Force brief history

https://www.alayam.com/Article/courts-article/417041/Index.html

Council of Higher Education (Saudi Arabia)

The Council of Higher Education replaced the Higher Council for Universities. It was established in 1993.

Al-Muʼeiqiliah

Al-Muʼeiqiliah (Arabic: حلة المعيقلية), locally pronounced as al-Mugailiya, was a settlement within the former city walls of the walled town of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was located west of Qasr al-Hukm and later got evolved into al-Muʼeiqiliah market in today's ad-Dirah neighborhood.

Al Gadimah

Al Gadimah (حي عامر)

FURTHER INFO OF MORE NEIGHBORHOODS: https://fieda.net/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9/

Deirah market

Jufrah market (Arabic: الجفرة) was a market in Riyadh. Located north of al-Muqaybirah. For rice and dates

Refer: https://www.alriyadh.com/656228

More details of its location:

حي «الجفرة» الواقع بين الشوارع: الشميسي الجديد والقديم والعطايف وساحة الصفاة وتبلغ مساحته 3 هكتارات

Somewhat detailed info of old markets: https://www.al-jazirah.com/culture/2013/21092013/read36.htm

describing the area of each market, refer: http://www.al-jazirah.com/2002/20021028/hv1.htm

Deirah markets (Arabic: أسواق الديرة)

Deirah markets (Arabic: أسواق الديرة), is an umbrella term used for the agglomeration of several traditional marketplaces and shops in the ad-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia that are in close proximity to the Qasr al-Hukm, Masmak Fortress and the Imam Turki bin Abdullah Grand Mosque in the Qasr al-Hukm District. The term is interchangeably used for the Ushaiger market. (maybe the articles dont have strong basis)

Al-Muʼeiqilia market (Arabic: أسواق المعيقلية), also known as Al-Maaghliyah Commercial Center, more appropriate spelling al-Mugailiyah

Awqaf al-Khairia Souq - Gold shops (Arabic: أسواق الأوقاف الخيرية, lit. 'charitable endowment markets')

Souq al-Takhfizaat (Arabic: سوق التخفيضات, romanized: sūq al-taẖfīḍāt, lit. 'discount market'). An annual temporary open market held in the Justice Square.

“ المشاركة سنويا في سوق التخفيضات الذي يقام في ساحة العدل بمنطقة قصر الحكم ”

Deirah markets

Souq Ushaiger (Arabic: سوق أشيقر), formerly known as Qasiriya Ibn Qulaib. It is named after the town of Ushaiger. Also called Deirah markets

Souq al-Suwailem (Arabic: سوق السويلم, romanized: sūq al-suwaīlim)

Souq al-Khazzaan

Souq Owais (Arabic: سوق العويس). existence to be verified

Souq Taybah (Arabic: سوق طيبة)Souq Al Thumairi

Souq al-Thumairi (Arabic: السوق الثميري) is a traditional marketplace in ad-Dirah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in close proximity to the Qasr al-Hukm in the Qasr al-Hukm District. It is also known as clocktower souq.

Souq al atayef: https://www.alriyadh.com/958486

https://aawsat.com/home/article/2960

Nabd al-Riyadh (Arabic: نبض الرياض, lit. 'Pulse of Riyadh') RIYADH SEASON

Markets that no longer exist

Markets in Justice Square

Souq Al Hareem (Arabic: سوق الحريم)

Souq al-Hasawiyah (Arabic: سوق الحساوية)

Souq al-Siyarifah (Arabic: سوق الصيارفة)

Souq al-Hadm (Arabic: سوق الهدم)

Souq Kharazeen (Arabic: سوق الخرازين), in front of Turki mosque

Souq al-Hafrah (Arabic: سوق الحفرة), located in Qanaai

Souq al-Sanaaniya (Arabic: سوق الصنانيع), located south backyard of the court, the court is located west of qasr al hukm and sout-west of grand mosque

Vanished places

قيصرية أبا عود - Qasr aba Ood, the place in front of Grand Mosque

Hillat Qanaai (Arabic: حلة القناعي), an area located in the trijunction between Mueqilliah, muqbiriah and qasr al hukm

Muhammadiyah Elementary School

Muhammadiyah Elementary School , fourth school established in riyadh المحمدية الابتدائية الأولى المدرسة الرياض

https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?article=351985&issueno=9963#.Y850N3ZBzIU

First library in Riyadh

refer: https://www.alriyadh.com/26711

Beneyah

Al-Beneyah (Arabic: البنية) was a settlement in Najd, situated north of Migrin in present-day Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was one of the settlements that came into being in the aftermath of Hajr al-Yamamah's disintegration in late 16th century.

Al Kharab

Al-Kharab was a settlement in Riyadh, located east of Migrin and Beneyah.

الحبونيه

الحبونيه research required, related to a site of hajr al yamama

Shuaib abu Rufi'ah

Another (ig almost dried up valley in Riyadh)

refer: https://www.al-jazirah.com/2014/20140109/fe30.htm

Futah neighborhood

Futah neighborhood emerged in the 1940s when King Abdulaziz's sons began building palaces in the area following the construction of Murabba Palace.

Atiqah Palace

Palace of Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud built after 1932 in Utayqah neighborhood of Riyadh. The first palace (reportedly) to be built beyond city walls. Followed by Prince Saud Al-Kabeer with the construction of Al-Shamsiah Palace. Another palace built in the same period was Al-Badiah Palace as a guesthouse for visiting dignitaries.

Riyadh Safari

Riyadh Safari (Arabic: رياض سفاري) is a perennial desert safari held in the Nofa Wildlife Park, located approximately 80 km from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

SAMA Money Museum

SAMA Money Museum

متحف العملات بالبنك المركزي السعودي
Location	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates	24°39′53.496″N 46°41′14.64″E
Owner	Saudi Central Bank
Website	www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/Currency/Museum/Pages/MuseumBrief.aspx

SAMA Money Museum (Arabic: متحف العملات بالبنك المركزي السعودي, lit. 'Currency Museum of the Saudi Central Bank'), simply shortened to the Currency Museum (Arabic: متحف العملات), is a currency museum in the al-Mutamarat neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the compound of the head office of Saudi Central Bank. Established around 1990s, the museum is dedicated to exhibit the country's history of currency use, including coins from medieval and pre-Islamic periods.

The museum has five halls:

Hall	Brief overview
First Hall	It showcases two Abbasid era silver dirhams from the Islamic Golden Age, one struck in 781 CE from al-Yamama during the reign of Caliph al-Mahdi and other one in 895 CE from Mecca durign the reign of Caliph al-Mu'tamid.
Second Hall	The hall shows raw materials extracted from Mahd al-Dhahab gold mine that are used in multiple stages of printing banknotes and coin minting.
Third Hall	It's the principal hall for exhibiting various currencies from different periods of history. 42 pieces of coins belonging to timeline from pre-Islamic times (i.e., before 610 CE) to 1980. Banknotes and coins in circulation in the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Coins used in the Arabian Peninsula prior to the unification of Saudi Arabia. Modern currencies in circulation around the world.
Fourth Hall	It exhibits different samples of historical banknotes and coins of Saudi riyals as well as special gold and silver coins issued by the Saudi Central Bank.
Fifth Hall	The hall portraits the security features of Saudi riyal banknotes as well as instructional means are disclosed for the identification of accurate banknotes.

National Museum Park citations and references

located adjacent to the Murabba Palace compound and the National Museum in the King Abdul Aziz Historical Center in al-Murabba, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is popular among locals as an outdoor recreational spot and gets flocked mostly by families during weekends. The park was named after the National Museum that began surrounding it following its inauguration in 1999 during the reign of King Fahd.

Riyadh Season (2019)

Riyadh Season (2019) موسم الرياض (۲۰۱۹)
Begins	11 October 2019
Ends	15 December 2019 (except Winter Wonderland, Al-Muraba’a, Riyadh Safari, Riyadh Sahara and The Boulevard) 18 January 2020 (Winter Wonderland, Al-Muraba’a, Riyadh Safari and Riyadh Sahara) 7 March 2020 (The Boulevard)
Location(s)	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Country	Saudi Arabia
Years active	2019–2020
Organized by	General Entertainment Authority
Part of	Riyadh Season

The 2019 Riyadh Season was the inaugural edition of the annual Riyadh Season entertainment festival that was held for almost four months during the winter of 2019 and early 2020 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. First scheduled till mid-December right after its commencement in October, it was later extended till January 2020 by crown prince Mohammed bin Salman with some exceptional zones allowed to receive visitors till March 2020. It featured 100 events across 12 zones in total that brought unprecedented sports and entertainment themes in the history of Riyadh and saw more than 10 million venue visits at the time.

Riyadh Season (2021)

Riyadh Season (2021) موسم الرياض (۲۰۲۱)
Begins	20 October 2021
Ends	31 March 2022
Location(s)	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Country	Saudi Arabia
Years active	2021–2022
Organized by	General Entertainment Authority
Part of	Riyadh Season

The 2021 Riyadh Season was the second edition of the annual Riyadh Season entertainment festival held for almost six months during the winter of 2021 and early 2022 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Originally scheduled for 2020, it was suspended due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country. It kicked-off in October 2021 and culminated by the end of March 2022.

GAYA

The Collector of Gaya is the district magistrate of Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar. The origin of the position can be traced back to colonial India during Company rule when Thomas Law was appointed as the first collector for the town of Gaya in 1784 by the British East India Company, which then served as the administrative headquarters of the newly-created Rohtas district in the Bengal Presidency and had jurisdiction over southern portion of the erstwhile modern Shahabad district (Sasaram, Chainpur and Rohtas parganas), two parganas now in Palamau (Japla and Belaunja) and a portion of the present-day Gaya district. Gaya as an independent district came into being on October 03, 1865 when it was carved out of Behar and Ramgarh district by the British government.

https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Systems_of_Rural_Settlements_in_Developi/TEdpwKpTYqsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ganj+gaya+bihar&pg=PA134&printsec=frontcover

Mohammed Abdu Arena

Mohammed Abdu Arena (Arabic: مسرح محمد عبده) is a 22,000 seat multipurpose arena at The Boulevard complex in the Hittin neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Named after the Saudi singer Mohammed Abdu Othman, it was established following the inauguration of Boulevard Riyadh City in October 2019 during the beginning week of the first edition of Riyadh Season entertainment festival and has hosted events like The Filipino Night, WWE's Super Showdown and Crown Jewel.

gl bajaj

GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management

Established	2005
Chairman	Dr. Ram Kishore Agarwal
Address	Plot No.2, APJ Abdul Kalam Road, Knowledge Park 3, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India 28.5554182°N 77.4701972°E
Website	www.glbitm.org

Ganeshi Lal Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management (GLBITM) is a private engineering college in Knowledge Park 3, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. Established in 2005 by R.K. Group, it is affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (AKTU) and is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Ministry of Education, Government of India.

Star City

Star City Park (), formerly known as Al-Hamra Entertainment Village (Arabic: قرية الحمراء السياحية), was an amusement park in al-Hamra district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located adjacent to Al Hokair Land. Inaugurated in 2002, it was owned by the Al-Mojel Group. It was closed down in 2019.

https://rcdb.com/5260.htm

https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?issueno=8435&article=95964#.Ytvwr3ZBzIU

Hyderabadi poets

Sarwar Danda, Himayatullah , Talib Khumdmiri and Mustafa Ali Baig