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Tani Yutaka, the Malayan-Japanese secret agent, photographed in Baju Melayu
TypeTraditional dress
Place of originMalaysia
ManufacturerMalays

Baju Melayu (Jawi: باجو ملايو) is a traditional Malay costume for men, originated from the court of Malacca Sultanate and is traditionally worn by men in Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, parts of Indonesia (especially Sumatra and Kalimantan), southern Philippines, and southern Thailand.[1][2] In its formal form, Baju Melayu is the national dress of Malaysia[3] and Brunei,[4] typically worn during official events and functions.

A basic combination of Baju Melayu attire comes in two main parts. The first being the baju (long-sleeved shirt) itself which has either raised stiff collar known as the cekak musang collar (literally fox's leash) or the round neckline with a short slit opening down the front, known as the teluk belanga collar. The second part is the trousers called celana or seluar.[5] The two parts are made out of the same type of fabric which is usually cotton, or a mixture of polyester and cotton. In a formal attire, a skirt-type adornment is added, which is either the samping, made out of songket, tenun cloth or the sarong, made out of cotton or a polyester mix. Jet-black or dark-colored headgear called the songkok to be worn to complete the formal attire. For a ceremonial attire or known in Malay as sepersalinan, commonly worn during cultural functions, the songkok headgear typically replaced with the tengkolok.[6] The normal baju can sometimes be substituted with a combination of tekua[7] (a type of short sleeves jacket). In a more elaborate dress, baju sikap or baju layang (a type of coat)[8][9] and pending (ornamental belt buckle) are worn.[10] Optional accessories include a kris tucked into the samping folded at the waist,[11] and a traditional capal (sandal).[12]

Name

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The term 'Baju Melayu' literally means the 'Malay shirt'. The word baju (Jawi: باجو‎) is derived from Persian: بازو, lit. 'upper arm',[13] while Melayu (Jawi: ملايو‎) is the endonym for Malay peoples. The earliest literary reference to the term 'Baju Melayu' was from the Malay Annals, written sometime between 15th to 16th centuries.[14][15] However, its early usage in the literature might possibly in generic form, referring to the general Malay clothing, rather than a specific type of outfit.[16][17]

An alternative term, the 'Baju Kurung' (Jawi: باجو كوروڠ‎) literally 'concealed' or 'enclosed dress', which was also a generic one, is thought to be introduced later, supposedly coined for the design created by Temenggung Tun Hasan during the reign of Sultan Mahmud Shah, that manage to conceal most of body parts.[18][19] It was this term, that embodies the philosophical foundation for the dress of both men and women, that became popular for the next hundreds of years after Melaka Sultanate.[20] However, in modern Malaysia, the men's outfit was renamed 'Baju Melayu' to distinguish it from the women’s outfit which remain to be known as Baju Kurung. Nevertheless, the generic use of the term 'Baju Kurung' survived in Singapore and it continued to refer to the traditional outfits for both sexes.[2]

History

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Men and women have their hair in a knot, and are clad with a single piece of cloth. Girls of rich families wear four or five golden circles on their foreheads, and the daughters of the common people use strings of colored glass beads instead.

The early Malay clothing style, like most of the tropical world, was simple and using a single piece of cloth for both sexes. This was the description by Fei Xin, a Chinese Muslim and an Arabic scholar who wrote an account about pre-Islamic Pahang in the Xingcha Shenglan. [21] The rise of Melaka Sultanate in the 15th century brought about significant changes to the Malay clothing style. As an important trading port, Melaka emerged not only as a commercial, but also a cultural and religious centre. The strong infusion of Islamic values as well as the extensive influence brought by multi-ethnic trading communities, encouraged the development of different aspects of Malay culture; language, literature, arts and cultures.[18]

The strong Islamic influence had transformed the early Malay clothing styles in accordance to Islamic values.[18][22] The first literary reference to 'Baju Melayu' was from the Malay Annals written during the heyday of Melaka Sultanate.[14][15] The Malay Annals attributes the introduction of court protocol and dress codes and other rules to Sultan Muhammad Shah (1424-1444). The legal code of the sultanate, Undang-Undang Melaka is also thought first promulgated in this period. During Muhammad Shah's reign, it was decreed that the manner of Malay dress must be distinct from those of the foreign lands, be it from atas angin (Arab, India and Europe) or bawah angin (China and Khmer).[23] It was believed that from this era, the early form of a distinctive Malay dress, consisting of the basic kain (cloth), baju (shirt), and destar (headdress), began to take shape in Melakan society.[24][25][26]

In later years of the sultanate, a proper ceremonial dress of a Malay men, called lima persalinan ('five clothing parts') which was described in the Hikayat Hang Tuah, is said to appear during the reign of Sultan Mansur Shah (1459–1477). The five basic parts are garment (baju), bottom (seluar), headgear (destar), sash (sebai), waist (kain samping).[27] Further improvisations took place during the reign of Sultan Mahmud Shah (1488-1511), when Temenggung Tun Hassan introduced an expanded version of the shirt with a more loose-fitting shape and lengthened sleeves to wrist level. It was said that the term Baju Kurung ('concealed dress') was then coined for the creation as it successfully concealed most of body parts.[18] The clothing style along with other Malay cultural values were then spread through Malayisation of the region, by many succeeding Malay sultanates.

The Melakan style of dress remains in Malay societies for the next hundreds of years before it was brought again to the fore during the reign of Abu Bakar of Johor (1862-1895).[18] Numerous reforms were undertaken during his rule, including the modernisation of Malay clothing style. A more elegant style of Baju Kurung was introduced with a shortened hem of the shirt to the level of the back, three pockets and a round neckline with a short slit opening down the front. The style was named after the former capital of Johor, Telok Blangah, and was introduced by Dato' Jaafar Muhammad, who would become the first Menteri Besar of Johor.[28] It was said that the new style was invented to differentiate Abu Bakar's followers clothing style with that old Melakan clothing style worn by the descendants of Sultan Hussin and their followers that resided in Istana Kampong Glam.[29] Another popular style called Cekak Musang was also said to had been introduced during the reign of Abu Bakar by a resident of Teluk Belanga called Haji Othman or Tuan Busu or Wan Busu. Initially called Baju Wan, it has the same cut with Teluk Belanga style but with a high collar split and tighten with 5 buttons.[30] This style would went on to become the most popular style until modern time, while Teluk Belanga style remains a unique clothing style to the state of Johor.[31]

Styles

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A group of men in the Cekak Musang type, worn together with the songket (far left) and kain samping
In Teluk Belanga style, the kain samping is worn below the baju.

The traditional Baju Melayu commonly features a form of baju (shirt) with four pesak (side panels) and two kekek (small gussets) under the armholes so that they fit and hang well.[32], although the more contemporary adaptations tend to omit these features in their design. The baju is traditionally worn by men with trousers called the seluar. The seluar are traditionally wide at the top, fastened with a running string called tali, and closer at the legs where it extends to below the knees. The styles of seluar include the seluar Aceh, seluar gadah which reaches to the ankles and seluar pendek which terminates at about the middle of the thighs. The seluar panjang are long and are sometimes buttoned at the feet.[33] The different styles of Baju Melayu can be generally distinguished in the neck opening design of the baju, as well as the wearing styles and combinations, depending on status and regions. But the most common syles of Baju Melayu are as follows:

Teluk Belanga

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This style is named after Telok Blangah in Singapore, where the administrative capital of Johor was located under the rule of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim.[28] His son Abu Bakar who succeeded in 1862, initiated various reforms during his administration including the introduction of the new style of Malay dress. In 1866, following the shift of the capital to Tanjung Puteri (later known as Johor Bahru), in commemorating the event, the new style of Baju Melayu was named after the old capital.[29] Among modifications done to included a shortened hem of the shirt to the level of the back and three front pockets. The most striking feature of this style is that the shirt's neck opening is hemmed with stiff stitching called tulang belut (literally eel's spine) and ends with a small loop at the top of one side to fit a singular button known as kancing. A type of button, set in a cluster of diamonds is called kunang-kunang sekebun, while the golden button is called garam sebuku.[32] The shirt is worn together with a samping or sarong which either wrapped below the shirt ('dagang dalam') or above the shirt ('dagang luar').[34] In the past, only members of the royal family and aristocrats were allowed to wear the samping in dagang luar style.[31]

Cekak Musang

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The style literally means the 'fox's leash', a name used to describe the design of its collar. It was also introduced during the reign of Sultan Abu Bakar, by a resident of Telok Blangah called Haji Othman or Tuan Busu or Wan Busu. Its original name was Baju Wan and comes with the same cut with Teluk Belanga, but with a raised collar.[30] The placket of the baju will seem to form a third of the baju from the top when it is worn with the kain samping or kain sarung.[35] However, the hemline of the baju actually runs to the middle of the lap. The placket typically has three to five buttonholes and is fastened together by dress studs called kancing or sitat which are not unlike those used in Western-style formal dress shirts. The studs usually have screw-on backs and can be made from a variety of materials including gold, silver, and precious or semi-precious stones. The studs may also be connected with a light metal chain which will be concealed behind the shirt when the placket is fastened. Contrary to Teluk Belanga style, the samping in this style is typically worn above the baju, in a style known as dagang dalam.[36] This style of Baju Melayu is considered the most common throughout the region and has been adopted as the formal dress in Malaysia and Brunei. In other parts of Southeast Asia, a type of dress identical to the Cekak Musang style is also commonly known as Teluk Belanga or its other spelling variants;taruk balanga (Maranao-Tausūg) and taluak balango (Minangkabau).[37][38]

Kolar Tunku

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The third but less known style is Kolar Tunku. It was originally made for the first Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman and has the same cut as Cekak Musang and Teluk Belanga but different collar's design. It took inspiration from Mandarin collar that comes with rounded collar's corner. Unlike Cekak Musang style, it has no button at the collar, leaving only three buttons on the placket.[39]

Adaptations

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The Baju Melayu is also the source of inspiration for a number of uniforms worn by several uniformed services and martial arts organizations. The official full dress uniform or baju istiadat ('ceremonial uniform'), or uniform number 1 for the enlisted rank personnel of the Malaysian Armed Forces, is inspired from the wearing style of Baju Melayu, by having white tunic coats and trousers, worn together with dark green songkok and green and gold brocade samping.[40][41] This tradition dates back to the establishment of the Royal Malay Regiment in 1932. Its original regimental service dress uniform, consisted of a green velvet songkok, spotless white top and trousers as well as a green and red silk samping.[42] In modern times, the Central Band of the Royal Malay Regiment that commonly perform in the ceremonial dress, became the most senior and the official central band of the Malaysian Army that is dedicated to providing ceremonial honours and music to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice, the President of the Senate, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

In the Police force, the design of the ceremonial uniform for the non-gazetted officers of the Royal Malaysian Police is identical to that of armed forces, but comes with blue and black brocade samping.[41] An almost similar design can also be found adopted in the full-dress uniform of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces with only differences are in colour variants. In traditional Silat trainings, the uniform is commonly consist of a baggy black trousers and a black long sleeves baju melayu. Some schools require the practitioners to wear bengkung (belts) during training, with different colours signifying different rank, while some silat schools replace the bengkung with a modern buckled belt. Headdress is optional but donning a black bandana is popular.[43]. A sarong can also be worn along with a roll of cloth which could be used as a bag, a blanket or a weapon[44]

Occasions for usage

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A Sumatran variant type of Baju Melayu worn by royal princes from Deli, Langkat and Serdang Kingdom of North Sumatra, Indonesia

The Baju Melayu is commonly worn by Malay men in Southeast Asia during major Islamic festival celebrations like Eid ul-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and Islamic New Year, particularly in countries with significant Malay populations; Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand.[2]

In Brunei and Malaysia where Malays are the dominant ethnicity, Baju Melayu is the national dress for men.[3][4] Day to day usage is maintained in general religious occasions, like visiting mosques or for a religious gathering, or in other social functions like weddings. A full Cekak Musang attire in black, worn together with a black songkok and samping embroidered with gold thread, is considered a formal dress.[45] It is the national attire required by protocol during official national events, especially highly formal ones like the official celebration of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or Sultan of Brunei's birthday, the sworn in of a Prime Minister and cabinet members, and the appointment of ambassadors.[45] Malaysian ambassadors presenting their credentials to foreign heads of state are also required to wear the black Baju Melayu.[46] The white Baju Melayu is worn by the royalties when mourning the passing away of a member of the royal family. In civil service, Baju Melayu is an alternative formal attire to be worn on Fridays or in any highly ceremonial events.[47] Some private companies also allowed their male workers to wear Baju Melayu on Fridays, whereas others have it as a policy. Baju Melayu is also adopted as the formal uniform for Fridays in both primary and secondary public schools.

In Indonesia, both the Baju Melayu in both collar styles (and other Malay clothes such as Baju Kurung) is popular in provinces with large Malay populations such as Riau, the Riau Islands, West Kalimantan and a few other provinces mainly in Sumatera and other places where the presence of ethnic Malays are dominant. Recently, the Baju Melayu has become more popular and is not only worn at traditional events, but also on informal occasions. Government officials in Riau and other places wear them proudly during official events (even national events). The Betawi version of Baju Melayu is called Baju Demang, because Betawi are also part of the big Malay tradition, its customs and attire is similar to the Malay. Other local indigenous Malay ethnics in Indonesia also have their own style of Baju Melayu probably which have the same similarities such as the usage of the Songkok as the headdress for men and kain samping.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Pakaian Tradisional - Baju Kurung". Archived from the original on 30 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Koh.
  3. ^ a b Condra 2013, p. 465.
  4. ^ a b Chavalit & Phromsuthirak 2000, p. 10.
  5. ^ Jonathan H. X. Lee, Kathleen M. Nadeau (2011) Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife, Volume 1 [1]
  6. ^ Condra 2013, p. 468.
  7. ^ Abdullah Abdul Kadir 2005, p. 70.
  8. ^ Siti Zainon Ismail 2006, p. 76.
  9. ^ Chavalit & Phromsuthirak 2000, pp. 116–120.
  10. ^ Siti Zainon Ismail 2006, p. 227.
  11. ^ Siti Zainon Ismail 2006, p. 85.
  12. ^ Mohd Said Bin Haji Sulaiman 2008, p. 8.
  13. ^ Siti Zainon Ismail 2006, p. 167.
  14. ^ a b Leyden 1821, p. 271.
  15. ^ a b Abdul Samad Ahmad 1979, p. 207.
  16. ^ Siti Zainon Ismail 2006, p. 137.
  17. ^ Siti Zainon Ismail 2006, p. 168.
  18. ^ a b c d e Teh 2019.
  19. ^ Chavalit & Phromsuthirak 2000, p. 90.
  20. ^ "Asal busana popular Melayu - Rencana - Utusan Online". Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  21. ^ a b Linehan 1973, p. 7.
  22. ^ Siti Zainon Ismail 2006, p. 104.
  23. ^ Siti Zainon Ismail 2006, p. 107.
  24. ^ Siti Zainon Ismail 2006, p. 75.
  25. ^ Abdul Samad Ahmad 1979, p. 74.
  26. ^ Leyden 1821, p. 94.
  27. ^ Siti Zainon Ismail 2006, p. 80.
  28. ^ a b Siti Zainon Ismail 2006, p. 201.
  29. ^ a b Siti Zainon Ismail 2006, p. 136.
  30. ^ a b Mohd Said Bin Haji Sulaiman 2008, p. 19.
  31. ^ a b Royal Johor Council.
  32. ^ a b Selvanayagam 1991, p. 14.
  33. ^ Siti Zainon Ismail 2006, p. 194.
  34. ^ Siti Zainon Ismail 2006, p. 139.
  35. ^ Selvanayagam 1991, p. 12.
  36. ^ Selvanayagam 1991, p. 164.
  37. ^ Siti Zainon Ismail 2006, p. 16.
  38. ^ Siti Zainon Ismail 2006, p. 129.
  39. ^ Omar Ali 2023.
  40. ^ Zaharah Othman 2022.
  41. ^ a b Mokhtar Mohd Tohar 2010, p. 255.
  42. ^ Teh 2022.
  43. ^ Farrer 2009, p. 167.
  44. ^ Farrer 2009, p. 160.
  45. ^ a b Mokhtar Mohd Tohar 2010, pp. 250–254.
  46. ^ The Borneo Post 2019.
  47. ^ Mokhtar Mohd Tohar 2010, p. 198.

Bibliography

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