Jump to content

User:Epicgenius/sandbox/draft3

Coordinates: 33°36′22.8″N 111°50′45.5″W / 33.606333°N 111.845972°W / 33.606333; -111.845972
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This page is about the Taliesin property in Arizona. For the property in Wisconsin, see Taliesin (studio). For other uses, see Taliesin (disambiguation).

Taliesin West
Fountain and terrace in 2004
LocationScottsdale, Arizona, U.S.
Coordinates33°36′22.8″N 111°50′45.5″W / 33.606333°N 111.845972°W / 33.606333; -111.845972
Area495 acres (200 ha)
Built1937
ArchitectFrank Lloyd Wright
Architectural style(s)Organic architecture
CriteriaCultural: (ii)
Designated2019 (43rd session)
Part ofThe 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright
Reference no.1496-007
RegionEurope and North America
DesignatedFebruary 12, 1974[1]
Reference no.74000457
DesignatedMay 20, 1982[2]
Epicgenius/sandbox/draft3 is located in Arizona
Epicgenius/sandbox/draft3
Location of Taliesin West in Arizona

Taliesin West is a studio and home developed by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in Scottsdale, Arizona, United States. Named after Wright's Taliesin studio in Spring Green, Wisconsin, Taliesin West was Wright's winter home and studio from 1937 until his death in 1959 at the age of 91. Afterward, it became the headquarters of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. Open to the public for tours, Taliesin West is designated as a National Historic Landmark and a World Heritage Site.

History

[edit]

After years of practicing architecture in the U.S. state of Illinois, the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright built his first architectural studio, Taliesin, in 1911 near Spring Green, Wisconsin.[3] The studio was rebuilt twice following fires in 1914 and 1925.[4][5] Wright formed the Taliesin Fellowship in 1932, inviting young architects to apprentice under him.[6][7]

Development

[edit]

Wright had first visited the state of Arizona in 1927 while working as a consultant for the Arizona Biltmore Hotel.[8][9] He returned with several draftsmen in 1929 to establish the Ocotillo Desert Camp, a temporary camp in Phoenix, Arizona, while designing a resort for the developer Alexander J. Chandler.[10][11] The Ocotillo Camp was built around a plateau, on a grid of 30- and 60-degree angles.[12] Though rising heat prompted Wright's team to leave the camp after only a few months,[13] it was a precursor to the design of Taliesin West.[12] Wright later wrote that he had found the camp's canvas tents to be "enjoyable and sympathetic to the desert", in contrast to the "much too heavy midwestern house", which he found oppressive.[14]

Wright announced in late 1934 that he would bring his apprentices to the hot Arizona deserts for three months in early 1935.[15][16] Wright contacted Chandler,[15][17] who invited the Taliesin fellows to stay at one of his properties, La Hacienda.[18] The fellows worked at La Hacienda from January to April 1935.[17][18] Wright unsuccessfully attempted to buy land in the McDowell Mountains, near the city of Chandler, Arizona, during that trip.[19] Following the Taliesin Fellowship's 1935 trip to Arizona, Wright resolved to develop his own studio in the desert.[19][20] Wright's third wife Olgivanna preferred Arizona to the original Taliesin studio, whose landscape she disliked.[20][21] Wright went to see a doctor, who advised him to stay in the Arizona desert during the winter;[8][22] according to one account, the doctor he saw was Olgivanna's cousin.[8] Meanwhile, Taliesin fellows again returned to Arizona in 1936,[14] staying at La Hacienda.[23]

Site acquisition

[edit]

In late December 1937, Frank and Olgivanna Wright found a site near McDowell Peak,[24] some 26 miles (42 km) from Phoenix.[25][26] Wright purchased 600 acres (240 ha)[27][28][29] or 800 acres (320 ha) of land for Taliesin West.[20][26] Wright believed the tract to be the perfect spot for a place of residence, a place of business, and a place to learn.[30] As Wright said: "On the mesa just below McDowell Peak we stopped, turned, and looked around. The top of the world."[30] Wright had paid $3.50 per acre ($8.6/ha) for the site; the land was particularly cheap because it was not known to contain any groundwater.[23][26] He paid for the site with a $3,100 check from Herbert Fisk Johnson Jr., for whom he was designing the Johnson Wax Headquarters in Racine, Wisconsin.[31] Although a local had warned him that it was a "waste of money" to look for groundwater on the site, Wright paid a digger to excavate a well.[23][26] The digger ultimately found water 486 feet (148 m) underground, three years after Wright had bought the site;[26] the architect ended up spending $10,000 on the well.[23]

Wright contacted his apprentice Gene Masselink in Wisconsin, asking Masselink to bring housekeeping supplies, construction supplies, drafting boards, and some musical instruments for entertainment.[24][28] When the apprentices arrived at McDowell Peak in early 1938, they found that the site was completely bereft of development; as apprentice Kay Schneider said, there was "no water, no building, nothing".[26] Schneider recalled that, before the well became operational, the apprentices had to obtain water from a local farmer once a week and that each apprentice received one U.S. gallon (3.8 L) to wash themselves for the entire week. The fellowship had little money on hand, so they were forced to ration meat and subsist on cottage cheese and grapefruit from a local farm.[32] Another apprentice, Edgar Tafel, reflected that there was no phone service, a rudimentary septic system, and a portable power generator.[33] Yet another apprentice, Larry Lemmon, built an earthen closet in which to store food.[34]

The first apprentices at Taliesin West had to build their own tents using lumber and canvas.[34] They set up sleeping bags in tents, where they sometimes got scorpion bites.[35] The apprentices designed a temporary accommodation for the Wrights, known as Sun Trap,[36][37] which was made of wood and canvas.[28][36] The design of Sun Trap was derived from that of the Ocotillo camp, as well as an unexecuted design for a house in the Mojave Desert that Wright had planned for himself in 1921.[36] It consisted of a courtyard with bedrooms on three sides and a fireplace on the fourth side. There was a bathroom in one corner and a music room in another corner; the other two corners were exposed to the elements.[36] The bedrooms had sleeping boxes placed atop concrete pedestals, which Olgivanna loved despite their rudimentary nature.[35]

Construction of permanent structures

[edit]

Wright began drawing up plans for permanent structures soon after setting up the temporary accommodations,[34] and he decided to construct these buildings on a mesa near McDowell Peak's base.[38] Because the land was so arid, the apprentices had difficulties excavating the foundations for the structures. During their first year at Taliesin West, the Taliesin fellows spent much of their time constructing these structures, rather than learning.[38] To make matters more complicated, Wright did not create standard blueprints; as one apprentice said, "I think that sometimes what was drawn one day was built the next."[34] Tafel recalled that rattlesnakes became more common as the days got warmer, while heavy rain sometimes cascaded down the arroyos on the site.[39]

After staying in Wisconsin, the fellowship returned to Arizona to finish Taliesin West in January 1939. By then, the apprentices had graded many of the paths and created the foundations for the buildings.[40] Before construction could begin, Wright devised the material that would be used to construct the buildings. He decided upon a mixture of rock and cement, which he referred to as "desert concrete"[34][41] or "desert masonry".[42] This mixture was to be poured into walls.[34] The roofs were to be constructed of canvas sheets stretched between redwood frames.[29][43]

  • In the initial winters Wright and his students lived in tents while they built the first structures, mainly by hand using as much local material as possible (rocks, stone, and sand). The design of the buildings complemented the natural Sonoran Desert landscape of the site.
  • When Wright and his family arrived they found Native American petroglyphs among the rocks. One of them, seen at the beginning of the guided tour, shows what may be hands clasping. Wright stylized the figures into interconnected lines, which became the symbol of Taliesin West.

Usage

[edit]

During his lifetime, Wright continually altered and added to the complex of buildings, all of which were constructed by students.[44] Tafel recalled that the apprentices had thought of several names for the complex, such as "Aladdin" and "Rockledge", but that none of the names had gained traction.[45] Taliesin fellows built their own shelters in the desert.[46]

In the 1940s, Wright waged a battle against overhead power lines on aesthetic grounds. When power lines appeared within the view of Taliesin West, Wright wrote President Harry S. Truman in an unsuccessful attempt to request that they be buried. After briefly considering rebuilding in Tucson, he "turned his back on the valley," moving the entrance to the rear of the main building.[47]

  • Many of Wright's most famous buildings were designed in the drafting room at Taliesin West, including the Guggenheim Museum in New York City and Grady Gammage Auditorium at Arizona State University in Tempe.
  • Taliesin West continues as the headquarters of The Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation and serves as a campus of the School of Architecture at Taliesin. Formally known as The Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture and an outgrowth of the Taliesin Fellowship. Still visited annually by over 125,000 guests.

After Wright's death

[edit]

Wright gravesite

[edit]

After his death in Phoenix on April 9, 1959, Wright was buried next to the Unity Chapel in the Lloyd-Jones cemetery near Taliesin in Wisconsin, in accordance with his wishes. His third wife Olgivanna had wanted herself, Wright, and her daughter from her first marriage all be cremated and interred together in a memorial garden at Taliesin West.[48][49] Against the wishes of other family members and the Wisconsin legislature, Wright's remains were disinterred, cremated, and sent to Scottsdale in 1985, where they were later reinterred in the memorial garden.[49][50] The empty original grave site in Wisconsin is still marked with Wright's name.[48]

21st century

[edit]

In 1998, the original canvas roof panels were replaced with acrylic panels.[51][52]

In 2014, the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation hired the restoration architect Gunny Harboe to create a master plan for the preservation of Taliesin West.[53] At the time, the estate had 100,000 annual visitors.[44][54] It cost the foundation millions of dollars to maintain the estate,[54] which needed a new roof and had outdated mechanical systems and water damage.[44] After conducting a study on the estate for 18 months, Harboe announced details of the Taliesin West master plan in late 2015.[54][55] The plans called for the restoration of Wright's drafting studio, residence, and office.[54]

In 2019, the National Endowment for the Humanities gave Taliesin West a $50,000 grant for upgrades to its storage space.[56] Subsequently, the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation renovated parts of Taliesin West,[57] although work was severely delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona.[58] The complex was closed to the public for much of 2020, reopening that October with strict capacity restrictions.[59][60] Wright's Garden Room was restored to its original appearance in 2021.[51][59] The same year, the foundation began replacing the roof panels, and it also began making the complex more wheelchair-accessible and replacing outdated sewers and water pipes.[57][58] The accessibility renovations included upgraded paths and restrooms.[58] In 2024, the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation hired Sasaki Associates to design a master plan for Taliesin West.[61]

Architecture

[edit]

Taliesin West consists of multiple structures connected by courtyards and various walkways. The grounds include a reflecting pool, a triangular pool, a fountain, and several sunken gardens.[28] The structures include Wright's office and studio, in addition to living space, classrooms, a bookstore, and common areas.[44] The modern estate spans 160 acres (65 ha).[44]

Exterior

[edit]
Desert masonry

Wright felt very strongly about the connection to the desert. He said:

"Arizona needs its own architecture… Arizona's long, low, sweeping lines, uptilting planes. Surface patterned after such abstraction in line and color as find 'realism' in the patterns of the rattlesnake, the Gila monster, and the saguaro, cholla or staghorn – or is it the other way around – are inspiration enough."[62]

The structure's walls are made of local desert rocks, stacked within wood forms, filled with concrete – colloquially referred to as "desert masonry".[63] Wright always favored using the materials readily available rather than those that must be transported to the site. In Wright's own words: "There were simple characteristic silhouettes to go by, tremendous drifts and heaps of sunburned desert rocks were nearby to be used. We got it all together with the landscape…"[64] The stone walls are sloped.[28] Though the buildings were originally constructed out of redwood frames,[29][43] these were later replaced with Cherokee-red steel frames.[39]

Originally, the roofs were made of canvas panels,[29][43] in accordance with Wright's desire for Taliesin West to function as a camp.[51] In 1998, these were replaced with acrylic panels.[51][52]

Interior

[edit]
Taliesin West's pool and fountain
The Sonoran Desert, just outside of Taliesin West, inspired Wright.

In the drafting room, Wright used translucent canvas to act as a roof (later replaced by plastic and glass).[28] In the south-facing dining room, Wright did not take the masonry walls from floor to ceiling, and designed the roof to hang past the walls preventing unwanted sun rays from penetrating but allowing for horizontal light to pass through the room. Wright believed natural light aided the work environment for his apprentices, keeping the inside of his building in touch with the natural surroundings.

  • Every part of Taliesin West bears Frank Lloyd Wright's personal touch. Upon every return after a summer in Wisconsin, Wright would grab a hammer and immediately make his way through the complex. He would walk through each room making changes or shouting orders to apprentices closely following with wheelbarrows and tools. He constantly changed and improved on his design, fixing arising problems and addressing new situations. Throughout the years he enlarged the dining room and added the cabaret theater, music pavilion, and numerous other rooms. All of the furniture and decorations were designed by Wright and the majority built by apprentices. A brilliant aspect of Wright's design is the cabaret theater. Built with six sides, out of the standard rock-concrete mixture, in an irregularly hexagonal shape, the theater provides its occupants with what someone has called "95% acoustic perfection". Someone sitting in the back row can hear the lightest whisper from a speaker on stage.

Certain interior spaces

[edit]
  • Garden Room, Living Quarters, Dining Cove, and Sunset Terrace[59]
    • The Garden Room had some furniture designed by Wright, as well as a piano.[65]

Drafting studio

[edit]

The drafting studio at Taliesin West was constructed from 1938 to 1941.[66] The exterior is made with stone, concrete, glass, and a series of built-up beams with translucent panels between them. These translucent panels were once sheets of canvas, but has since been replaced with acrylic. The roof is pitched at an upward angle. The interior contains an open work space illuminated by natural light, and the tent-like structure allows air to pass through.[67]

Management

[edit]

The complex is managed by the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, which operates the School of Architecture there.[68] From October to May of the following year, apprentices at the School of Architecture stay at Taliesin West in Scottsdale, For the rest of the year, they work out of the original Taliesin in Wisconsin.[46] The complex also hosts public events such as day camps, movie nights, and happy hours.[42]

Taliesin West formerly hosted the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation's archives. In 2012, the Wright Foundation began jointly managing the archives with the Museum of Modern Art and Columbia University in New York City, and the archives were relocated to these two institutions.[69] Columbia's Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library took over management of about 44,000 photographs and 23,000 drawings, while the Museum of Modern Art began managing the 3D architectural models.[70]

Legacy

[edit]
Garden room exterior

Critical reception

[edit]

In 2001, The Record of Kitchener, Ontario, described the complex as blending into the desert environment, writing that "its sharp angles and sloping roofs mimic the 'armed' edges of the surrounding mountains, rocks and cactus."[71]

Media

[edit]

Landmark designations

[edit]

The structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 12, 1974,[1] and was designated as a National Historic Landmark on May 20, 1982.[2]

In 2008, the U.S. National Park Service submitted Taliesin West along with nine other Frank Lloyd Wright properties to a tentative list for World Heritage Status. The 10 sites have been submitted as one single site. The January 22, 2008, press release from the National Park Service website announcing the nominations states that, "The preparation of a Tentative List is a necessary first step in the process of nominating a site to the World Heritage List."[72] After revised proposals,[73] Taliesin West and seven other properties were inscribed on the World Heritage List under the title "The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright" in July 2019.[74]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "National Register Information System – Taliesin West (#74000457)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  2. ^ a b "NHLs Associated with Frank Lloyd Wright". National Park Service. August 29, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  3. ^ Smith 1997, p. 12.
  4. ^ Davies, Rachel (April 17, 2024). "Why Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin Is the Most Important Design of His Lifetime". Architectural Digest. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  5. ^ Matheson, Helen (April 10, 1959). "Wright: A Force of Nature". Wisconsin State Journal. p. 6. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ Friedland & Zellman 2009, p. 187.
  7. ^ Smith 1997, p. 13.
  8. ^ a b c Friedland & Zellman 2009, p. 307.
  9. ^ Smith 1997, pp. 88–89.
  10. ^ Friedland & Zellman 2009, p. 143.
  11. ^ Secrest 1998, p. 356.
  12. ^ a b Laseau, P.; Tice, J. (1992). Frank Lloyd Wright: Between Principles and Form. John Wiley & Sons. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-471-28883-1. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  13. ^ Friedland & Zellman 2009, p. 145.
  14. ^ a b Smith 1997, p. 89.
  15. ^ a b Friedland & Zellman 2009, p. 262.
  16. ^ "Wright to Take Students at Taliesin on Desert Camp Trip". The Capital Times. October 24, 1934. p. 1. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  17. ^ a b Sisson, Patrick (June 8, 2017). "On the road with Frank Lloyd Wright". Curbed. Archived from the original on December 3, 2024. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  18. ^ a b Friedland & Zellman 2009, pp. 265, 273.
  19. ^ a b Friedland & Zellman 2009, p. 306.
  20. ^ a b c Secrest 1998, p. 451.
  21. ^ Friedland & Zellman 2009, pp. 306–307.
  22. ^ McCarter 1997, p. 223.
  23. ^ a b c d Secrest 1998, p. 451; Tafel 1985, p. 194.
  24. ^ a b Friedland & Zellman 2009, p. 320.
  25. ^ Smith 1997, p. 88.
  26. ^ a b c d e f Friedland & Zellman 2009, p. 321.
  27. ^ Herberholz 1998, p. 31.
  28. ^ a b c d e f Arrigoni, Patricia (January 14, 2001). "Taliesin West architect's school in the desert". Standard-Speaker. pp. G4, G5. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
  29. ^ a b c d Gibson, Eleanor (June 8, 2017). "Frank Lloyd Wright designed Taliesin West as desert retreat for himself and his students". Dezeen. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
  30. ^ a b Wright 2005, p. 452.
  31. ^ Friedland & Zellman 2009, pp. 320–321.
  32. ^ Friedland & Zellman 2009, pp. 321–322.
  33. ^ Tafel 1985, p. 194.
  34. ^ a b c d e f Secrest 1998, p. 453.
  35. ^ a b Friedland & Zellman 2009, p. 322.
  36. ^ a b c d McCarter 1997, p. 225.
  37. ^ Trulsson 2024, p. 33.
  38. ^ a b Friedland & Zellman 2009, p. 323.
  39. ^ a b Tafel 1985, p. 195.
  40. ^ Friedland & Zellman 2009, p. 335.
  41. ^ Wright, Frank Lloyd (November 12, 2018). "Frank Lloyd Wright". Frank Lloyd Wright. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
  42. ^ a b Davies, Rachel (May 10, 2024). "Taliesin West: Everything You Need to Know About Frank Lloyd Wright's Winter Home and Studio". Architectural Digest. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
  43. ^ a b c Tafel 1985, pp. 194–195.
  44. ^ a b c d e Budds, Diana (December 18, 2015). "Restoration Of A Frank Lloyd Wright Masterpiece Is An Exercise In Detective Work". Fast Company. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  45. ^ Tafel 1985, pp. 198–200.
  46. ^ a b Rathbun, Mary Yeater (June 8, 2007). "Transforming Taliesin; Old Guard Gives More Power to Young Members". The Capital Times. pp. C1, C4. ProQuest 395380687. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
  47. ^ Gretchen McKay, "Taliesin West shows how architect, Frank Lloyd Wright, built in harmony with nature", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 27, 2010.
  48. ^ a b Secrest, p. 213
  49. ^ a b Conroy, Sarah Booth (April 9, 1985). "Wright's Grave Site Moved". Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
  50. ^ Peterson, Iver (April 10, 1985). "Reburial of Frank Lloyd Wright Touches Off a Stormy Debate". The New York Times. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
  51. ^ a b c d Cohen, Edie (December 20, 2024). "Lutron Bathes Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin West In New Light". Interior Design. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
  52. ^ a b Ward, Logan (December 9, 2014). "Seeking the Wright Path at Taliesin West". Architect. Archived from the original on June 18, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
  53. ^ Miller, Anna Bergren (February 7, 2014). "Restoring Wright: A Preservation Master Plan for Taliesin West". The Architect’s Newspaper. Retrieved January 2, 2025; "Harboe Architects Selected to Create Preservation Master Plan for Taliesin West". ArchDaily. January 31, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  54. ^ a b c d Glenn, Sydney (November 13, 2015). "More than 75 years after Frank Lloyd Wright built an historic Arizona mountain retreat, his vision lives on through others". Cronkite News. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  55. ^ Sisson, Patrick (October 21, 2015). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin West Gets New Restoration Master Plan". Curbed. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
  56. ^ Goldsborough, Jamie Evelyn (August 19, 2019). "National Endowment for the Humanities awards $29 million to preservation, virtual reality projects". The Architect’s Newspaper. Retrieved January 1, 2025; "NEH Awards $29 Million in Third Round of Funding for 2019". Artforum. August 14, 2019. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
  57. ^ a b Hickman, Matt (August 16, 2022). "Major preservation work progresses at Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin and Taliesin West". The Architect’s Newspaper. Archived from the original on May 19, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
  58. ^ a b c Gallagher, Alex (September 2, 2022). "Taliesin West working on accessibility, infrastructure". Scottsdale Progress. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
  59. ^ a b c Hickman, Matt (January 7, 2021). "Multiphase research and restoration projects kick off at Taliesin West during COVID closure". The Architect’s Newspaper. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  60. ^ "Taliesin West Reopens Oct. 15: Four Things to Know Before You Go". City Sun Times. October 15, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2025; Brownstein, Hunter (October 15, 2020). "Taliesin West In Scottsdale Reopens For Tours". KJZZ. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  61. ^ Roche, Daniel Jonas (March 27, 2024). "Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation taps Sasaki to lead a comprehensive plan for Taliesin West". The Architect’s Newspaper. Retrieved January 1, 2025; Rao, Anjulie (March 29, 2024). "There's a New Vision for Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin West". Dwell. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
  62. ^ O. Wright 1966, p. 103.
  63. ^ "Rebuilding Desert Masonry | Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation". Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. March 16, 2017. Archived from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
  64. ^ Wright 2005, p. 453.
  65. ^ "Taliesin West Garden Room". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  66. ^ "The Drafting Studio At Taliesin West". Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. November 1, 2024. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
  67. ^ "The Drafting Studio at Taliesin West Continues to Inspire". Phoenix Home & Garden. July 2, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  68. ^ Herberholz 1998, p. 39.
  69. ^ Kesler, Donyelle (September 10, 2012). "Wright's Taliesin West archives to be moved to NYC". TucsonSentinel.com. Retrieved December 31, 2024; Pogrebin, Robin (September 4, 2012). "Frank Lloyd Wright Collection Moves to MoMA and Columbia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  70. ^ Haller, Sonja (November 13, 2013). "Wright's archives net millions, records indicate". USA TODAY. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  71. ^ Klug, Foster (July 7, 2001). "Architectural pilgrimage; Homes by Frank Lloyd Wright still draw tourists". The Record. p. G07. ProQuest 266958449.
  72. ^ "Interior Secretary Kempthorne Selects World Heritage Site Nominees". Archived from the original on December 31, 2024. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  73. ^ "Eight Buildings Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright Nominated to the UNESCO World Heritage List". Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. December 20, 2018. Archived from the original on June 25, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  74. ^ "The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Stoller, Ezra (2000). Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin West. New York: Springer Science & Business. ISBN 978-1-56898-202-1.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taliesin West.
  • Taliesin West at the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation
  • SOAT – School of Architecture at Taliesin


This page will be placed in the following categories if it is moved to the article namespace.
Categories:
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=User:Epicgenius/sandbox/draft3&oldid=1266747281"