Jump to content

Taxonomy of Protista

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A modern non-hierarchical interpretation of the phylogeny of eukaryotes, including protists
(the gray unlabeled line next to Sar represents Telonemia)

A protist (/ˈproʊtɪst/) is any eukaryotic organism (one with cells containing a nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. The protists do not form a natural group, or clade, since they exclude certain eukaryotes with whom they share a common ancestor;[a] but, like algae or invertebrates, the grouping is used for convenience. In some systems of biological classification, such as the popular five-kingdom scheme proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969, the protists make up a kingdom called Protista, composed of "organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and which form no tissues".[1][b] In the 21st century, the classification shifted toward a two-kingdom system of protists: Chromista (containing the chromalveolate, rhizarian and hacrobian groups) and Protozoa (containing excavates and all protists more closely related to animals and fungi).[2]

The following groups contain protists. The clade Opisthokonta also contains the animals and the fungi, and the kingdom Archaeplastida also contains algae and plants.

Symbols and abbreviations used:

nom. cons. — Indicates a conserved name, a name which has been chosen for a taxon despite not being the priority name.
ICZN/ICN — Indicates an ambiregnal taxon that is accepted in both the zoological and the botanical codes of nomenclature, regulated by the ICZN and the ICN respectively.
(P) — Indicates a paraphyletic taxon.
† — Indicates an extinct taxon.
? — Indicates a taxon of uncertain taxonomic position, which may be the case for various reasons, including a lack of genetic data.
→ — Indicates a monotypic relationship.

Current classification

[edit]

This article largely follows the efforts of the scientific community and the International Society of Protistologists to revise the taxonomy of protists in a manner that reflects their phylogeny and evolution, striving away from the use of historical paraphyletic taxa and relying exclusively on clades as the basis of the classification. The reference used for the general arrangement of groups is the publication Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature and Diversity of Eukaryotes, published in 2019 by researcher Sina Adl and coauthors.[3] Other studies are used for some specific groups of protists that have been revised after 2018, such as slime moulds,[4] glaucophyte algae,[5] arcellinid testate amoebae[6] and planktonic foraminifera.[7] The usage of higher-level taxon ranks (phylum and kingdom) is unstable, as it varies from one author to the next;[8][9] as such, said ranks are generally ommitted.

The following cladogram shows the relationships between the major groups of protists, as well as the kingdoms of animals, plants and fungi, according to the most recent phylogenetic analyses.[10][11][12][13][14][15]

Eukaryota
Choanozoa (P)
sensu Cavalier-Smith

Amorphea Adl et al. 2012

[edit]

Obazoa Brown et al. 2013

[edit]
Cladogram of Obazoa based on several analyses.[13][16] It includes the earliest diverging 'fungi' (microsporidians, aphelids and rozellids), which are only sometimes considered protists under the name of Opisthosporidia.[17]

Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1987 emend. Adl et al. 2005

[edit]

Phylum Amoebozoa Lühe 1913, sensu Cavalier-Smith 1998

[edit]
Cladogram of Amoebozoa based on an 824-gene phylogenetic analysis published in 2022.[28]

Class Tubulinea Smirnov et al. 2005

[edit]

Evosea Kang et al. 2017

[edit]

Class Discosea Cavalier-Smith et al. 2004 sensu Smirnov et al. 2011

[edit]

Diaphoretickes Adl et al. 2012

[edit]
  • Order Microhelida Cavalier-Smith & Chao in Yabuki et al. 2012 → family Microheliellidae Cavalier-Smith & Chao in Yabuki et al. 2012. Sole genus: Microheliella Cavalier-Smith & Chao in Yabuki et al. 2012.[l]
  • Phylum Telonemia[m] Shalchian-Tabrizi 2006 → class Telonemea Cavalier-Smith 1993 → order Telonemida Cavalier-Smith 1993 → family Telonemidae Cavalier-Smith 1993. Genera: Arpakorses Tikhonenkov & Karpov 2022;[48] Lateronema Cavalier-Smith 2015; Telonema Griessmann 1913.

Archaeplastida Adl et al. 2005

[edit]
  • Division Glaucophyta Skuja 1954 (=Glaucocystaceae West 1904, Glaucocystophyta Kies and Kremer 1986, Glaucoplantae Marin & Melkonian in Li et al. 2020). Incertae sedis genera: Archaeopsis, Chalarodora, Glaucocystopsis, Peliaina, Strobilomonas.[5]
  • Phylum Picozoa Seenivasan, Sausen, Medlin & Melkonian 2013 (=picobiliphytes Not et al. 2007) → class Picomonadea Seenivasan, Sausen, Medlin & Melkonian 2013 → order Picomonadida Seenivasan, Sausen, Medlin & Melkonian 2013 → family Picomonadidae Seenivasan, Sausen, Medlin & Melkonian 2013. Sole genus: Picomonas Seenivasan, Sausen, Medlin & Melkonian 2013.[n]
  • Phylum Rhodelphidia Tikhonenkov, Gawryluk, Mylnikov & Keeling 2019 → class Rhodelphidea Tikhonenkov, Gawryluk, Mylnikov & Keeling 2019 → order Rhodelphida Tikhonenkov, Gawryluk, Mylnikov & Keeling 2019 → family Rhodelphidae Tikhonenkov, Gawryluk, Mylnikov & Keeling 2019. Sole genus: Rhodelphis Tikhonenkov, Gawryluk, Mylnikov & Keeling 2019.[50]
  • Division Rhodophyta Wettstein 1901 (=Rhodophyceae Thuret 1855, emend. Rabenhorst 1863, Rhodoplantae Saunders and Hommersand 2004 emend. Adl et al. 2005)

Chloroplastida Adl et al. 2006

[edit]

Stramenopiles Patterson 1989, emend. Adl et al. 2005

[edit]
  • Class Platysulcea Cavalier-Smith 2018 → order Platysulcida Cavalier-Smith 2018 → family Platysulcidae Shiratori, Nakayama & Ishida 2015. Sole genus: Platysulcus Shiratori, Nakayama & Ishida 2015.
  • Family Kaonashiidae Weston, Eglit & Simpson 2023. Sole genus: Kaonashia Weston, Eglit & Simpson 2023.[64]

Phylum Bigyra Cavalier-Smith 1998 emend. 2006

[edit]
  • Subphylum Opalozoa Cavalier Smith 1991 emend. 2006
    • Infraphylum Placidozoa Cavalier-Smith 2013
      • Class Placididea Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002 → order Placidida Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002 → family Placididae Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002. Genera: Allegra Rybarski & Arndt 2021; Haloplacidia Rybarski, Nitsche & Arndt 2021; Pendulomonas S.M.Tong 1997; Placidia Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002; Placilonga Rybarski & Arndt 2021; Suigetsumonas Okamura & Kondo 2015; Wobblia Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2000.[65]
      • Class Nanomonadea Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013 (=clade MAST-3) → order Uniciliatida Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013
      • Class Opalomonadea Cavalier-Smith 2013 (=clade MAST-12). No described species.
      • Superclass Opalinata Wenyon 1926 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1997
    • Infraphylum Bikosea Cavalier-Smith 2018 (=Bicosoecida Grassé 1926 emend. Karpov 1998) → class Bikosea Cavalier-Smith 1986 as "Bicosoecea" orth. em. 2013. Genera not assigned to families: Bilabrum Schoenle & Arndt in Schoenle et al. 2020;[67] Cafileria Jirsová, Füssy, Richtová, Gruber, & Oborník 2019;[68] Cantina Yubuki et al. 2015.
      • Family Pseudobodonidae? Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013. Sole genus: Pseudobodo Griessmann 1913.[69]
      • Subclass Rictidia Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013 → order Rictida Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013 → family Rictidae Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013. Sole genus: Rictus Yubuki, Leander & Silberman 2010.
      • Subclass BicosidiaICZN/BicosoecophycidaeICN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006
        • Superorder Borokiae Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006 → order BorokidaICZN/BorokalesICN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006 → family BorokidaeICZN/BorokaceaeICN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006. Sole genus: Boroka Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006.
        • Superorder Cyathobodoniae Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. 2006. Incertae sedis genus: Halocafeteria Park, Cho & Simpson 2006.[67]
          • Order AnoecidaICZN/AnoecalesICN Cavalier-Smith 1997[o]
            • Family AnoecidaeICZN/AnoecaceaeICN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006. Sole genus: Anoeca Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006.
            • Family CaecitellidaeICZN/CaecitellaceaeICN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006. Sole genus: Caecitellus Patterson et al. 1993.
            • Family CafeteriidaeICZN/CafeteriaceaeICN Moestrup 1995. Sole genus: Cafeteria Fenchel & Patterson 1988.
            • Family Symbiomonadaceae Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006. Sole genus: Symbiomonas Guillou & Chretiennot-Dinet 1999.
          • Order BicoecidaICZN/BicoecalesICN Grassé 1926
          • Order PseudodendromonadidaICZN/PseudodendromonadalesICN Hibberd 1985 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2006.
            • Family PseudodendromonadidaeICZN/PseudodendromonadaceaeICN Karpov 2000. Genera: Cyathobodo Petersen & Hansen 1961; Pseudodendromonas Bourrelly 1953.
            • Family SiluaniidaeICZN/SiluaniaceaeICN Karpov 1998. Genera: Adriamonas Verhagen, Zölffel, Brugerolle & D.J.Patterson 1994; Siluania Karpov 1998; Otto Harder, Ekelund & Karpov 2014; Regin Harder, Ekelund & Karpov 2014.[70]
            • Family ParamonadidaeICZN/ParamonadaceaeICN Kent 1880. Sole genus: Paramonas Kent 1881.
            • Family NanidaeICZN/NanaceaeICN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013. Sole genus: Nanum Kim et al. 2010 as "Nanos".
            • Family NeradidaeICZN/NeradaceaeICN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006. Sole genus: Nerada Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006.
            • Family FilidaeICZN/FilaceaeICN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013. Sole genus: Filos Kim et al. 2010.
  • Subphylum Sagenista Cavalier-Smith 1995
    • Class Labyrinthulomycetes Arx 1970 ex Dick 2001 (=Labyrinthulea L.S.Olive 1975 ex Cavalier-Smith 1989, 'phylum' LabyrinthomorphaICZN Page in Levine et al. 1980/LabyrinthulomycotaICN Whittaker 1969)[71]
      • Order Amphitremida (Poche 1913) Gomaa et al. 2013
      • Order Amphifilida Cavalier-Smith in Anderson & Cavalier-Smith 2012 as "Amphifiloidea"
        • Family Amphifilidae Cavalier-Smith in Anderson & Cavalier-Smith 2012. Sole genus: Amphifila Cavalier-Smith in Anderson & Cavalier-Smith 2012.
        • Family Sorodiplophryidae Cavalier-Smith in Anderson & Cavalier-Smith 2012. Genera: Fibrophrys Takahashi, Yoshida, Inouye & Watanabe 2016; Sorodiplophrys Cienkowski 1876.
      • Order OblongichytridaICZN/OblongichytrialesICN Bennett et al. 2017 → family OblongichytriidaeICZN/OblongichytriaceaeICN Cavalier-Smith in Anderson & Cavalier-Smith 2012. Sole genus: Oblongichytrium R.Yokoyama & D.Honda 2006.
      • Order LabyrinthulidaICZN Doffein 1901/LabyrinthulalesICN E.A.Bessey 1950
        • Family AplanochytriidaeICZN/AplanochytriaceaeICN Leander ex Cavalier-Smith in Anderson & Cavalier-Smith 2012. Sole genus: Aplanochytrium Bahnweg & Sparrow 1972 emend. C.A.Leander & D.Porter 2000 (=Labyrinthuloides F.O.Perkins 1973).
        • Family LabyrinthulidaeICZN Cienkowski 1867/LabyrinthulaceaeICN Haeckel 1868. Sole genus: Labyrinthula Cienkowski 1864 (=Chlamydomyxa Archer 1875, Pseudoplasmodium Molisch 1926, Labyrinthodictyon Valkanov 1969, Labyrinthorhiza Chadefaud 1956).
        • Family-level clade "StellarchytriidaeICZN/StellarchytriaceaeICN". Sole genus: Stellarchytrium FioRito & Leander 2016.
      • Order ThraustochytridaICZN/ThraustochytrialesICN Sparrow 1943
    • Class Eogyrea Cavalier-Smith 2013 (=clade MAST-6). Genera not assigned to families: Mastreximonas Lax, Cho & Keeling 2024; Vomastromonas Tikhonenkov, Prokina, Cho & Keeling 2024.[73]

Phylum Gyrista Cavalier-Smith 1998

[edit]

Alveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991

[edit]
Cladogram of Alveolata, based on a SSU rDNA phylogeny of basal alveolates[96] and a 203-gene phylogeny of apicomplexans and their relatives[97] published in 2023.
  • Colponemida(P) Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Adl et al. 2019 (=Protalveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991 emend. 2017. Genera not assigned to families: Neocolponema Gigeroff et al. 2023; Loeffela Gigeroff et al. 2023[96]
    • Phylum[s] Colponemidia Tikhonenkov et al. 2014 → class Colponemea Cavalier-Smith 1993 → order Colponemida Cavalier-Smith 1993 → family Colponemidae Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2004. Sole genus: Colponema Stein 1878.
    • Phylum[s] Acavomonidia Tikhonenkov et al. 2014 → class Acavomonea Tikhonenkov et al. 2014 → order Acavomonida Tikhonenkov et al. 2014 → family Acavomonidae Tikhonenkov et al. 2014. Acavomonas Tikhonenkov et al. 2014.
    • Order Palustrimonadida Cavalier-Smith 2017 → family Palustrimonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2017. Sole genus: Palustrimonas Patterson & Simpson 1996.

Myzozoa Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2004

[edit]

Phylum Ciliophora Doflein 1901

[edit]

Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith 2002

[edit]

Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith 1998, emend. Adl et al. 2005; emend. Cavalier-Smith 2018

[edit]

Endomyxa Cavalier-Smith 2002, emend. Bass & Berney in Adl et al. 2019

[edit]

Retaria Cavalier-Smith 2002

[edit]

Haptista Cavalier-Smith 2003

[edit]

Cryptista Cavalier-Smith 1989, 2018, emend. Adl et al. 2019

[edit]

Excavates

[edit]

Malawimonadida Cavalier-Smith 2003

[edit]

Metamonada Grassé 1952, emend. Cavalier-Smith 1987

[edit]

Discoba Simpson in Hampl et al. 2009

[edit]

Jakobida Cavalier-Smith 1993

[edit]

Tsukubamonadida Yabuki et al. 2011

[edit]

Heterolobosea Page & Blanton 1985

[edit]

Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981, emend. Simpson 1997

[edit]

Orphan groups

[edit]

Ancyromonadida Cavalier-Smith 1998

[edit]

CRuMs Brown et al. 2018

[edit]

Hemimastigophora Foissner et al. 1988

[edit]

Provora Tikhonenkov et al. 2022

[edit]

Genera of uncertain affiliation

[edit]

Acinetactis, Actinastrum, Actinocoma, Actinolophus, Adinomonas, Aletium, Amphimonas, Amylophagus, Aphelidiopsis, Asterocaelum, Asthmatos, Aurospora, Barbetia, Berkeleyaesol,[177] Belaria, Belonocystis, Bertarellia, Bertramia, Bodopsis, Boekelovia, Branchipocola, Camptoptyche, Chalarodora, Cibdelia, Cichkovia, Cinetidomyxa, Cingula, Cladomonas, Clathrella, Codonoeca, Coelosporidium[aa], Copromonas, Cyanomastix, Cyclomonas, Cytamoeba, Dallingeria, Dictyomyxa, Dimastigamoeba, Dinemula, Dinoasteromonas, Diplocalium, Diplomita, Diplophysalis, Diploselmis, Dobellina, Ducelleria, Ectobiella, Elaeorhanis, Embryocola, Endamoeba, Endemosarca, Endobiella, Endomonas, Endospora, Enteromyxa, Eperythrocytozoon, Errera, Fromentella, Gweamonas,[178] Gymnococcus, Gymnophrydium, Haematotractidium, Hartmannina, Heliobodo, Heliomonas, Hermisenella, Heterogromia, Hillea, Hyalodaktylethra, Immanoplasma, Isoselmis, Janickina, Kamera, Labyrinthomyxa Dubosq 1921,[ab] Lagenidiopsis, Liegeosia, Luffisphaera[ac], Lymphocytozoon, Lymphosporidium, Macappella, Magosphaera, Malpighiella, Martineziella, Megamoebomyxa, Meringosphaera, Microcometes, Monochrysis, Monodus, Mononema, Myrmicisporidium, Naupliicola, Nephrodinium, Neurosporidium, Orbulinella, Ovicola, Palisporomonas, Pansporella, Paradinemula, Parakaryon[ad], Paraluffisphaera, Paramonas, Paraplasma, Parastasia, Parastasiella, Peliainia, Peltomonas, Petasaria, Phagodinium, Phanerobia, Phloxamoeba, Phyllomitus, Phyllomonas, Physcosporidium, Pleuophrys, Pleuromastix, Protenterospora, Protomonas, Pseudoactiniscus, Pseudosporopsis, Rhizomonas, Rhynchodinium, Rigidomastix, Schewiakoffia, Sergentella, Serpentoplasma, Sphaerasuctans, Spongastericus, Spongocyclia, Stephanomonas, Strobilomonas, Tetradimorpha, Thaulirens, Topsentella, Toshiba, Trichonema, Urbanella.[3]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The first eukaryotes were “neither plants, animals, nor fungi”, hence as defined, the Protista would include the earliest common ancestor of all eukaryotes.
  2. ^ In the original 4-kingdom model proposed in 1959, Protista included all unicellular microorganisms such as bacteria.
  3. ^ a b This taxon belongs to the paraphyletic phylum Apusozoa Cavalier-Smith 1997 emend. 2013.[18]
  4. ^ a b There are two competing phylogenetic hypotheses: Teretosporea (Corallochytrium + Ichthyosporea) and Pluriformea (Corallochytrium + Syssomonas).[3] This article follows the latter hypothesis, because it is strongly supported by the most recent phylogenetic studies.[13]
  5. ^ The term "Choanozoa" has been used since 1991 by Cavalier-Smith as a paraphyletic assemblage of opisthokont protists, and the terms "Apoikozoa" and "choanimal" were proposed as names for the clade Metazoa+Choanoflagellata. However, these terms have not been formally described or adopted, and were rejected in favour of a renamed Choanozoa to fit the clade Metazoa+Choanoflagellata.[3]
  6. ^ The position of the genera Microcorycia, Parmulina, Penardochlamys and Zonomyxa, which were listed in 2002 under family Microcoryciidae, is not clear. They are placed here by morphological characters but this needs to be supported by molecular data.[3]
  7. ^ The latest revision by Adl et al. (2019) ignores the grouping of some variosean genera into higher rank clades that was made in older studies because of the weakly supported SSU phylogenetic analyses, except for Fractovitellida, which is fully supported by phylogenomic analyses from 2017.[3]
  8. ^ a b c d e f g This order was initially divided into families, but phylogenetic analyses haven't supported the monophyly of each family. For this reason, in recent classifications there is no family rank division within it.[29][3]
  9. ^ This genus grouped with Dermamoebidae in a phylogenetic anaysis that used a limited number of taxa.[42] In the recent taxonomy it was listed as a separate clade until its position is better resolved.[3] A 2023 analysis placed it, once again, related to Dermamoebida in a clade with Microglomus.[43]
  10. ^ Both genera group together in some phylogenetic analyses, but usually appear separated. They were considered only a potential branch of Discosea, unless proven otherwise.[3] A 2023 analysis places both genera in Flabellinia, closely related to Thecamoebida.[43]
  11. ^ This genus could be a synonym of Vannella.[3]
  12. ^ Latest analyses show that Microheliella is the sister group to Cryptista.[14]
  13. ^ Telonemia is the sister group to the SAR clade.[11]
  14. ^ The picobiliphytes are phylogenetically closer to Rhodophyta and Rhodelphis than to other groups, and are therefore considered part of Archaeplastida.[49]
  15. ^ Within the order Anoecida, the four families Anoecaceae, Caecitellaceae, Cafeteriaceae and Symbiomonadaceae were included by T. Cavalier-Smith in 2006. In a 2013 revision, he simplified the classification by transferring Symbiomonadaceae and Anoecaceae to Cafeteriaceae.[69] However, both of those families remain accepted by the scientific community as independent from Cafeteriaceae as of 2020.[67]
  16. ^ a b Cavalier-Smith hypothesized in 2013 a sister relationship between actinophryids and raphidophytes, with both groups placed under the taxon Raphidomonadea. The molecularly uncharacterized genus Commation was classified as part of this taxon.[69] However, the placement of actinophryids among ochrophytes is still unstable and uncertain,[80][73] and Commation has never been included in classifications since.[81]
  17. ^ O'Kelly placed the genera Antarctosaccion, Chrysomeris, Chrysonephos, Nematochrysis/Chrysowaernella, Phaeosaccion and Rhamnochrysis in the order Chrysomeridales nomen nudum in 1989,[83] and Cavalier-Smith placed it inside the class Chrysomeridophyceae (spelt originally as Chrysomerophycea) in 1995.[84] However, the class was proven to be polyphyletic. As a result, some of its genera (Nematochrysis/Chrysowaerella) were transferred to the class Chrysoparadoxophyceae, while others (Antarctosaccion and Phaeosaccion) were transferred to the class Phaeosacciophyceae. Due to a lack of molecular data, the placement of Chrysomeris, Chrysonephos and Rhamnochrysis remains unknown.[85]
  18. ^ The position of Eustigmatophyceae is still unstable, with different phylogenetic methodologies showing affinities to either of the SI and SII clades.[87][73]
  19. ^ a b c d e f The taxonomic ranks above class level (phylum, subphylum, infraphylum, etc.) are unstable within the Alveolata, due to the many different existing classifications. For example, the phylum-level rank has been traditionally assigned to Perkinsozoa,[101] Dinoflagellata, Chromerida and Apicomplexa, all of which have been classified as phylum Myzozoa,[102] which in turn has been classified inside phylum Miozoa.[74] Treating the four myzozoan groups as separate phyla is generally accepted among phycologists,[103] while at the same time the rejection of higher taxonomic ranks due to being superfluous is prevalent among protistologists.[3]
  20. ^ Apart from morphological descriptions, no molecular analysis has solidly affiliated Rastrimonas with the Perkinsozoa.[104]
  21. ^ The genera Parallobiopsis, Ellobiocystis and Rhizellobiopsis are only provisionally placed among ellobiopsids.[115]
  22. ^ Highly divergent 18S rRNA.[3]
  23. ^ This taxon is artificial; many of the families listed in it are not monophyletic and have little support from phylogenetic analyses.[3]
  24. ^ There is only one molecular sequence from this genus, which causes long branches in gene phylogenies, and the node is unresolved.[3]
  25. ^ According to Nakamura & Suzuki, the only extant (i.e. not extinct) orders of Polycystinea are Spumellaria, Nassellaria, Collodaria and Orodaria. Therefore, Entactinaria is considered an exclusively fossil group.[145]
  26. ^ The genus Tetragonidium is known only from one written diagnosis and some illustrations, and its affinities with Cryptophyceae are very uncertain.[154]
  27. ^ Probably a synonym of the zygomycete fungus Nephridiophaga.[3]
  28. ^ Labyrinthomyxa, a genus of putative labyrinthulomycetes, is placed incertae sedis because of limited data.[179]
  29. ^ May be the same genus as Belonocystis.[3]
  30. ^ It is not yet known whether this organism is an eukaryote or a prokaryote.[180]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Whittaker, R. H. (1969). "New Concepts of Kingdoms of Organisms". Science. 163 (3863): 150–160. Bibcode:1969Sci...163..150W. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760.
  2. ^ Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M. (2015). "A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0119248. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019248R. doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0119248. PMC 4418965. PMID 25923521. (Erratum: doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130114)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Adl, Sina M.; et al. (2019). "Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 66 (1): 4–119. doi:10.1111/JEU.12691. PMC 6492006. PMID 30257078.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Leontyev, Dmitry V.; Schnittler, Martin; Stephenson, Steven L.; Novozhilov, Yuri K.; Shchepin, Oleg N. (2019). "Towards a phylogenetic classification of the Myxomycetes". Phytotaxa. 399 (3): 209. doi:10.11646/PHYTOTAXA.399.3.5.
  5. ^ a b Figueroa-Martinez F, Jackson C, Reyes-Prieto R (January 2019). "Plastid Genomes from Diverse Glaucophyte Genera Reveal a Largely Conserved Gene Content and Limited Architectural Diversity". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (1): 174–188. doi:10.1093/gbe/evy268. PMC 6330054. PMID 30534986.
  6. ^ a b c d González-Miguéns, Rubén; Todorov, Milcho; Blandenier, Quentin; Duckert, Clément; Porfirio-Sousa, Alfredo L.; Ribeiro, Giulia M.; Ramos, Diana; Lahr, Daniel J.G.; Buckley, David; Lara, Enrique (2022). "Deconstructing Difflugia: The tangled evolution of lobose testate amoebae shells (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) illustrates the importance of convergent evolution in protist phylogeny". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 175. Bibcode:2022MolPE.17507557G. doi:10.1016/J.YMPEV.2022.107557. hdl:10261/281619. PMID 35777650.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Arenillas I, Arz JA, Gilabert V (2022). "An updated suprageneric classification of planktic foraminifera after growing evidence of multiple benthic-planktic transitions". Spanish Journal of Palaeontology. 37 (1). Sociedad Española de Paleontología: 1–34. doi:10.7203/sjp.22189. ISSN 2255-0550.
  8. ^ a b Okamoto, Noriko; Inouye, Isao (2005). "The Katablepharids are a Distant Sister Group of the Cryptophyta: A Proposal for Katablepharidophyta Divisio Nova/Kathablepharida Phylum Novum Based on SSU rDNA and Beta-Tubulin Phylogeny". Protist. 156 (2): 163–179. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2004.12.003. PMID 16171184.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference CavSmith 2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Derelle R, Torruella G, Klimeš V, Brinkmann H, Kim E, Vlček Č, Lang BF, Eliáš M (2015), "Bacterial proteins pinpoint a single eukaryotic root", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112 (7): E693–699, Bibcode:2015PNAS..112E.693D, doi:10.1073/pnas.1420657112, PMC 4343179, PMID 25646484
  11. ^ a b Brown MW, et al. (2018), "Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group", Genome Biology and Evolution, 10 (2): 427–433, doi:10.1093/gbe/evy014, PMC 5793813, PMID 29360967
  12. ^ a b c Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Mikhailov, Kirill V.; Gawryluk, Ryan M. R.; Belyaev, Artem O.; Mathur, Varsha; Karpov, Sergey A.; Zagumyonnyi, Dmitry G.; Borodina, Anastasia S.; Prokina, Kristina I.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Aleoshin, Vladimir V.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2022). "Microbial predators form a new supergroup of eukaryotes". Nature. 612 (7941): 714–719. Bibcode:2022Natur.612..714T. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05511-5. PMID 36477531. S2CID 254436650.
  13. ^ a b c d Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Mikhailov, Kirill V.; Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Karpov, Sergei A.; Prokina, Kristina I.; Esaulov, Anton S.; Belyakova, Olga I.; Mazei, Yuri A.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Aleoshin, Vladimir V.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2020). "New Lineage of Microbial Predators Adds Complexity to Reconstructing the Evolutionary Origin of Animals". Current Biology. 30 (22): 4500–4509.e5. Bibcode:2020CBio...30E4500T. doi:10.1016/J.CUB.2020.08.061. PMID 32976804.
  14. ^ a b Euki, Yazaki; Akinori, Yabuki; Ayaka, Imaizumi; Keitaro, Kume; Tetsuo, Hashimoto; Yuji, Inagaki (2022). "The closest lineage of Archaeplastida is revealed by phylogenomics analyses that include Microheliella maris". Open Biology. 12 (4): 210376. doi:10.1098/rsob.210376. PMC 9006020. PMID 35414259.
  15. ^ Eglit, Yana; Shiratori, Takashi; Jerlström-Hultqvist, Jon; Williamson, Kelsey; Roger, Andrew J.; Ishida, Ken-Ichiro; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (22 January 2024). "Meteora sporadica, a protist with incredible cell architecture, is related to Hemimastigophora". Current Biology. 34 (2): 451–459. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E.451E. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.032. PMID 38262350.
  16. ^ Galindo LJ, Torruella G, López-García P, Ciobanu M, Gutiérrez-Preciado A, Karpov SA, Moreira D (2023). "Phylogenomics supports the monophyly of aphelids and fungi and identifies new molecular synapomorphies". Systematic Biology. 72 (3): 505–515. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syac054. PMID 35900180.
  17. ^ Wijayawardene, NN; Hyde, KD; Al-Ani, LKT; Tedersoo, L; Haelewaters, D; Rajeshkumar, KC; Zhao, RL (18 March 2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11 (1: 8): 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998. ISSN 2077-7019.
  18. ^ a b c Cavalier-Smith T (December 2021). "Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi". Protoplasma. 259 (3): 487–593. doi:10.1007/s00709-021-01665-7. PMC 9010356. PMID 34940909.
  19. ^ Torruella G, Galindo LJ, Moreira D, Ciobanu M, Heiss AA, Yubuki N, et al. (2022). "Expanding the molecular and morphological diversity of Apusomonadida, a deep-branching group of gliding bacterivorous protists". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 70 (2): e12956. doi:10.1111/jeu.12956. hdl:2117/404026. PMID 36453005. S2CID 253460648.
  20. ^ Gabaldón T, Völcker E, Torruella G (2022). "On the Biology, Diversity and Evolution of Nucleariid Amoebae (Amorphea, Obazoa, Opisthokonta". Protist. 173 (4): 125895. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2022.125895. hdl:2117/369912. PMID 35841659. S2CID 249827842.
  21. ^ Strother, Paul K.; Brasier, Martin D.; Wacey, David; Timpe, Leslie; Saunders, Martin; Wellman, Charles H. (2021). "A possible billion-year-old holozoan with differentiated multicellularity". Current Biology. 31 (12): 2658–2665.e2. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E2658S. doi:10.1016/J.CUB.2021.03.051. PMID 33852871.
  22. ^ Borteiro, Claudio; Baldo, Diego; Maronna, Maximiliano Manuel; Ubilla (2018). "Amphibian parasites of the Order Dermocystida (Ichthyosporea): current knowledge, taxonomic review and new records from Brazil". Zootaxa. 4461 (4): 499–518. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4461.4.3. hdl:11336/84098. PMID 30314064. S2CID 52977120.
  23. ^ Urrutia A, Mitsi K, Foster R, Ross S, Carr M, Ward GM, et al. (2022). "Txikispora philomaios n. sp., n. g., a micro-eukaryotic pathogen of amphipods, reveals parasitism and hidden diversity in Class Filasterea". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 69 (2): e12875. doi:10.1111/jeu.12875. PMID 34726818. S2CID 240422937.
  24. ^ Nitsche, F.; Carr, M.; Arndt, H.; Leadbeater, B.S.C. (2011). "Higher Level Taxonomy and Molecular Phylogenetics of the Choanoflagellatea". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 58 (5): 452–462. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00572.x. PMID 21895836.
  25. ^ Carr M, Richter DJ, Fozouni P, Smith TJ, Jeuck A, Leadbeater BSC, Nitsche F (2017). "A six-gene phylogeny provides new insights into choanoflagellate evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 107: 166–178. Bibcode:2017MolPE.107..166C. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.10.011.
  26. ^ Hake KH, West PT, McDonald K, Laundon D, Reyes-Rivera J, Garcia De Las Bayonas A, Feng C, Burkhardt P, Richter DJ, Banfield JF, King N (14 August 2024). "A large colonial choanoflagellate from Mono Lake harbors live bacteria". mBio. 15 (9): e01623-24. doi:10.1128/mbio.01623-24. PMC 11389367. PMID 39140743.
  27. ^ Schiwitza, Sabine; Arndt, Hartmut; Nitsche, Frank (2019). "First description of an euryoecious acanthoecid choanoflagellate species, Enibas tolerabilis gen. et sp. nov. from a salar in the Chilean Andes based on morphological and transcriptomic data". European Journal of Protistology. 67: 106–113. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2018.11.004. PMID 30572146. S2CID 58552347.
  28. ^ Tekle YI, Wang F, Wood FC, Anderson OR, Smirnov A (2022). "New insights on the evolutionary relationships between the major lineages of Amoebozoa". Scientific Reports. 12 (11173): 11173. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1211173T. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15372-7. PMC 9249873. PMID 35778543. S2CID 247231712.
  29. ^ a b c Kang, Seungho; Tice, Alexander K; Spiegel, Frederick W; Silberman, Jeffrey D; Pánek, Tomáš; Čepička, Ivan; Kostka, Martin; Kosakyan, Anush; Alcântara, Daniel M C; Roger, Andrew J; Shadwick, Lora L; Smirnov, Alexey; Kudryavtsev, Alexander; Lahr, Daniel J G; Brown, Matthew W (September 2017). "Between a Pod and a Hard Test: The Deep Evolution of Amoebae". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (9): 2258–2270. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx162. PMC 5850466. PMID 28505375.
  30. ^ a b Smirnov, Alexey; Nassonova, Elena; Geisen, Stefan; Bonkowski, Michael; Kudryavtsev, Alexander; Berney, Cedric; Glotova, Anna; Bondarenko, Natalya; Dyková, Iva; Mrva, Martin; Fahrni, Jose; Pawlowski, Jan (2017). "Phylogeny and Systematics of Leptomyxid Amoebae (Amoebozoa, Tubulinea, Leptomyxida)". Protist. 168 (2): 220–252. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2016.10.006. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 28343121.
  31. ^ Tyml, Tomáš; Lisnerová, Martina; Kostka, Martin; Dyková, Iva (2018). "Current view on phylogeny within the genus Flabellula Schaeffer, 1926 (Amoebozoa: Leptomyxida)". European Journal of Protistology. 64: 40–53. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2018.03.005. PMID 29674177.
  32. ^ Vašíček, Miloslav; Růžička, Bohuslav (1957). "Namurian Thecamoebina from the Ostrava-Karviná Coal District". Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae. 13B (5): 333–340.
  33. ^ Wang K, Xu HH, Liu BC, Bai J, Wang Y, Tang P, Lu JF, Wang Y (2023). "Shallow-marine testate amoebae with internal structures from the Lower Devonian of China". iScience. 26: 106678. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106678.
  34. ^ Bobrov, Anatoly; Mazei, Yuri (2017). "A review of testate amoeba genus Cryptodifflugia Penard, 1890 (Phryganellina: Cryptodifflugiidae) with a key to species". Zootaxa. 4282 (2): 292–308. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4282.2.4.
  35. ^ Bobrov A, Mazei Y (2020). "Frenopyxis stierlitzi gen. nov., sp. nov.—new testate amoeba (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) from the urban parks with notes on the systematics of the family Centropyxidae Jung, 1942". Zootaxa. 4885 (3): 384–394. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4885.3.4. PMID 33311269.
  36. ^ a b c Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.; Lewis, Rhodri (2016). "187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 99: 275–296. Bibcode:2016MolPE..99..275C. doi:10.1016/J.YMPEV.2016.03.023. PMID 27001604.
  37. ^ Hess S, Eme L, Roger AJ, Simpson AG (2019). "A natural toroidal microswimmer with a rotary eukaryotic flagellum". Nature Microbiology. 4 (10): 1620–1626. doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0478-6. PMID 31182800. S2CID 182951779.
  38. ^ Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Grant, Jessica; Nguyen, Truc; Lin, Jian Hua; Katz, Laura A. (28 July 2011). "Comprehensive Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Amoebozoa Based on Concatenated Analyses of SSU-rDNA and Actin Genes". PLOS ONE. 6 (7): e22780. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...622780L. doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0022780. PMC 3145751. PMID 21829512.
  39. ^ Sheikh, Sanea; Thulin, Mats; Cavender, James C.; Escalante, Ricardo; Kawakami, Shin-Ichi; Lado, Carlos; Landolt, John C.; Nanjundiah, Vidyanand; Queller, David C.; Strassmann, Joan E.; Spiegel, Frederick W.; Stephenson, Steven L.; Vadell, Eduardo M.; Baldauf, Sandra L. (February 2018). "A New Classification of the Dictyostelids". Protist. 169 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2017.11.001. PMID 29367151.
  40. ^ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:1854/LU-8754813. S2CID 249054641.
  41. ^ Lloyd SJ, Leontyev DV, Moreno G, Villalba AL, Schnittler M (2023). "Tasmaniomyxa umbilicata, a new genus and new species of myxomycete from Tasmania". Mycologia. 116 (1): 170–183. doi:10.1080/00275514.2023.2274252. PMID 38032605. S2CID 265504848.
  42. ^ Blandenier Q, Seppey CVW, Singer D, Vlimant M, Simon A, Duckert C, Lara E (2016). "Mycamoeba gemmipara nov. gen., nov. sp., the First Cultured Member of the Environmental Dermamoebidae Clade LKM74 and its Unusual Life Cycle" (PDF). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 64 (2): 257–265. doi:10.1111/jeu.12357. PMID 27543384. S2CID 4665573.
  43. ^ a b c Tice, Alexander K.; Spiegel, Frederick W.; Brown, Matthew W. (2023). "Phylogenetic placement of the protosteloid amoeba Microglomus paxillus identifies another case of sporocarpic fruiting in Discosea (Amoebozoa)". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 70 (4). doi:10.1111/jeu.12971. PMID 36825799.
  44. ^ a b Kudryavtsev, Alexander; Voytinsky, Fyodor; Volkova, Ekaterina (July 2022). "Coronamoeba villafranca gen. nov. sp. nov. (Amoebozoa, Dermamoebida) challenges the correlation of morphology and phylogeny in Amoebozoa". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 12541. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1212541K. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-16721-2. PMC 9307759. PMID 35869259.
  45. ^ Melton JT, Wood FC, Branch J, Singla M, Tekle YI (2019). "Phylogenomics of Thecamoebida (Discosea, Amoebozoa) with the Description of Stratorugosa tubuloviscum gen. nov. sp. nov., a Freshwater Amoeba with a Perinuclear MTOC". Protist. 170 (1): 8–20. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2018.09.002. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 30553127. S2CID 56174714.
  46. ^ Mesentsev Y, Bondarenko N, Kamyshatskaya O, Nassonova E, Glotova A, Loiko S, Istigechev G, Kulemzina A, Abakumov E, Rayko M, Lapidus A, Smirnov A (2023). "Thecochaos is not a myth: study of the genus Thecochaos (Amoebozoa, Discosea) – a rediscovered group of lobose amoeba, with short SSU gene". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 23 (1): 7–24. Bibcode:2023ODivE..23....7M. doi:10.1007/s13127-022-00581-9. S2CID 251658030.
  47. ^ Tice AK, Shadwick LL, Fiore-Donno AM, et al. (2016). "Expansion of the molecular and morphological diversity of Acanthamoebidae (Centramoebida, Amoebozoa) and identification of a novel life cycle type within the group". Biology Direct. 11 (1): 69. doi:10.1186/s13062-016-0171-0. PMC 5192571. PMID 28031045.
  48. ^ Tikhonenkov DV, Jamy M, Borodina AS, Belyaev AO, Zagumyonnyi DG, Prokina KI, Mylnikov AP, Burki F, Karpov SA (2022). "On the origin of TSAR: morphology, diversity and phylogeny of Telonemia". Open Biology. 12 (3): 210325. doi:10.1098/rsob.210325. PMC 8924772. PMID 35291881.
  49. ^ Schön ME, Zlatogursky VV, Singh RP, et al. (2021). "Single cell genomics reveals plastid-lacking Picozoa are close relatives of red algae". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6651. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.6651S. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26918-0. PMC 8599508. PMID 34789758.
  50. ^ Gawryluk, Ryan M. R.; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Husnik, Filip; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. (August 2019). "Non-photosynthetic predators are sister to red algae". Nature. 572 (7768): 240–243. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1398-6. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31316212. S2CID 197542583.
  51. ^ Li L, Wang S, Wang H, Sahu SK, Marin B, Li H, Xu Y, Liang H, Li Z, Cheng S, Reder T, Çebi Z, Wittek S, Petersen M, Melkonian B, Du H, Yang H, Wang J, Wong GKS, Xu X, Liu X, Van de Peer Y, Melkonian M, Liu H (2020). "The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils teh existence of a third phylum within green plants". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (9): 1220–1231. Bibcode:2020NatEE...4.1220L. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1221-7. PMC 7455551. PMID 32572216.
  52. ^ Zechman, F. W.; Verbruggen, H.; Leliaert, F.; Ashworth, M.; Buchheim, M. A.; Fawley, M. W.; Spalding, H.; Pueschel, C. M.; Buchheim, J. A.; Verghese, B.; Hanisak, M. D. (2010). "An Unrecognized Ancient Lineage of Green Plants Persists in Deep Marine Waters". Journal of Phycology. 46 (6): 1288–1295. Bibcode:2010JPcgy..46.1288Z. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00900.x.
  53. ^ Crépeault, Olivier; Otis, Christian; Pombert, Jean-François; Turmel, Monique; Lemiuex, Claude (2024). "Comparative plastome and mitogenome analyses indicate that the marine prasinophyte green algae Pycnococcus provasolii and Pseudoscourfieldia marina (Pseudoscourfieldiophyceae class nov., Chlorophyta) represent morphotypes of the same species". Journal of Phycology. 60 (4): 1021–1027. Bibcode:2024JPcgy..60.1021C. doi:10.1111/jpy.13482. PMID 38989846.
  54. ^ Daugbjerg, Niels; Fassel, Nicolai M.D.; Moestrup, Øjvind (2020). "Microscopy and phylogeny of Pyramimonas tatianae sp. nov. (Pyramimonadales, Chlorophyta), a scaly quadriflagellate from Golden Horn Bay (eastern Russia) and formal description of Pyramimonadophyceae classis nova". European Journal of Phycology. 55 (1): 49–63. Bibcode:2020EJPhy..55...49D. doi:10.1080/09670262.2019.1638524.
  55. ^ Marin B (2012). "Nested in the Chlorellales or independent class? Phylogeny and classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analyses of complete nuclear and plastid-encoded rRNA operons". Protist. 163 (5): 778–805. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.004. PMID 22192529.
  56. ^ a b c d e Fučíková K, Lewis PO, Neupane S, Karol KG, Lewis LA (2019). "Order, please! Uncertainty in the ordinal-level classification of Chlorophyceae". PeerJ. 7: e6899. doi:10.7717/peerj.6899. PMC 6525593. PMID 31143537.
  57. ^ Fučíková, Karolina; Lewis, Paul O.; Lewis, Louise A. (2013). "Putting incertae sedis taxa in their place: a proposal for ten new families and three new genera in Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta)". Journal of Phycology. 50 (1): 14–25. doi:10.1111/jpy.12118.
  58. ^ a b Fučíková K, Taylor M, Lewis LA, Niece BK, Isaac AS, Pietrasiak N (2023). "Johansenicoccus eremophilus gen. et sp. nov., a novel evolutionary lineage in Chlorophyceae with unusual genomic features". Plant Ecology and Evolution. 156 (3): 311–325. doi:10.5091/plecevo.105762.
  59. ^ McManus HA, Lewis LA (2011). "Molecular phylogenetic relationships in the freshwater family Hydrodictyaceae (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae), with an emphasis on Pediastrum duplex". Journal of Phycology. 47 (1): 152–163. Bibcode:2011JPcgy..47..152M. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00940.x. PMID 27021721.
  60. ^ Irisarri, Iker; Darienko, Tatyana; Pröschold, Thomas; Fürst-Jansen, Janine M. R.; Jamy, Mahwash; de Vries, Jan (2021). "Unexpected cryptic species among streptophyte algae most distant to land plants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1963): 20212168. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.2168. PMC 8611356. PMID 34814752.
  61. ^ Bierenbroodspot, Maiike J.; Darienko, Tatyana; de Vries, Sophie; Fürst-Jansen, Janine M.R.; Buschmann, Henrik; Pröschold, Thomas; Irisarri, Iker; de Vries, Jan (5 February 2024). "Phylogenomic insights into the first multicellular streptophyte". Current Biology. 34 (3): 670–681. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E.670B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.070. PMC 10849092. PMID 38244543.
  62. ^ Rensing SA (2020). "How Plants Conquered Land". Cell. 181 (5): 964–966. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.011. PMID 32470404.
  63. ^ Hess S, Williams SK, Busch A, Irisarri I, Delwiche CF, de Vries S, Darienko T, Roger AJ, Archibald JM, Buschmann H, von Schwartzenberg K, de Vries J (2022). "A phylogenomically informed five-order system for the closest relatives of land plants". Current Biology. 32 (20): 4473–4482. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E4473H. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.022. PMC 9632326. PMID 36055238.
  64. ^ Weston EJ, Eglit Y, Simpson AG (2023). "Kaonashia insperata gen. et sp. nov., a eukaryotrophic flagellate, represents a novel major lineage of heterotrophic stramenopiles". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 71 (1): e13003. doi:10.1111/jeu.13003. PMID 37803921.
  65. ^ Rybarski AE, Nitsche F, Park JS, Filz P, Schmidt P, Kondo R, Simpson AG, Arndt H (2021). "Revision of the phylogeny of Placididea (Stramenopiles): Molecular and morphological diversity of novel placidid protists from extreme aquatic environments". European Journal of Protistology. 81: 125809. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125809. ISSN 0932-4739. PMID 34673437. S2CID 236377023.
  66. ^ Kostka, Martin (2017). "Opalinata". In Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 543–566. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_4. ISBN 978-3-319-28147-6.
  67. ^ a b c Schoenle A, Hohlfeld M, Rosse M, Filz P, Wylezich C, Nitsche F, Arndt H (2020). "Global comparison of bicosoecid Cafeteria-like flagellates from the deep ocean and surface waters, with reorganization of the family Cafeteriaceae". European Journal of Protistology. 73: 125665. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2019.125665. PMID 31978633.
  68. ^ Jirsová D, Füssy Z, Richtová J, Gruber A, Oborník M (2019). "Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Mitochondrial Genome of the Marine Non-Photosynthetic Bicosoecid Cafileria marina Gen. et sp. nov". Microorganisms. 7 (8): 240. doi:10.3390/microorganisms7080240. PMC 6723347. PMID 31387253.
  69. ^ a b c Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2013). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes". European Journal of Protistology. 49 (3): 328–353. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002. PMID 23219323.
  70. ^ Harder, Christoffer Bugge; Ekelund, Flemming; Karpov, Sergey A. (March 2014). "Ultrastructure and phylogenetic position of Regin rotiferus and Otto terricolus genera et species novae (Bicosoecida, Heterokonta/Stramenopiles)". Protist. 165 (2): 144–160. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2014.01.004. PMID 24637333.
  71. ^ Bennett, Reuel M.; Honda, D.; Beakes, Gordon W.; Thines, Marco (2017). "Labyrinthulomycota". In Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 507–542. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_25. ISBN 978-3-319-28147-6.
  72. ^ Hassett, Brandon T. (2020). "A Widely Distributed Thraustochytrid Parasite of Diatoms Isolated from the Arctic Represents a gen. and sp. nov". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 67 (4). International Society of Protistologists: 480–490. doi:10.1111/jeu.12796. hdl:10037/19021. PMID 32249965.
  73. ^ a b c d e Cho A, Tikhonenkov DV, Lax G, Prokina KI, Keeling PJ (2024). "Phylogenomic position of genetically diverse phagotrophic stramenopile flagellates in the sediment-associated MAST-6 lineage and a potentially halotolerant placididean". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 190: 107964. Bibcode:2024MolPE.19007964C. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107964. PMID 37951557. Cite error: The named reference "Cho-2024" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  74. ^ a b c d Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255 (1): 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3. PMC 5756292. PMID 28875267.
  75. ^ Shiratori, Takashi; Thakur, Rabindra; Ishida, Ken-ichiro (2017). "Pseudophyllomitus vesiculosus (Larsen and Patterson 1990) Lee, 2002, a Poorly Studied Phagotrophic Biflagellate is the First Characterized Member of Stramenopile Environmental Clade MAST-6". Protist. 168 (4): 439–451. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2017.06.004. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 28822908.
  76. ^ Cho A, Tikhonenkov DV, Hehenberger E, Karnkowska A, Mylnikov AP, Keeling PJ (2022). "Monophyly of diverse Bigyromonadea and their impact on phylogenomic relationships within stramenopiles". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 171: 107468. Bibcode:2022MolPE.17107468C. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107468. PMID 35358688.
  77. ^ Prokina KI, Yubuki N, Tikhonenkov DV, Ciobanu MC, López-García P, Moreira D (2024). "Refurbishing the marine parasitoid order Pirsoniales with newly (re) described marine and freshwater free-living predators". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 71 (6): e13061. doi:10.1111/jeu.13061. PMC 11603286. PMID 39350673.
  78. ^ Dick, Michael W. (2001). Straminipilous fungi: systematics of the peronosporomycetes including accounts of the marine straminipilous protists, the plasmodiophorids and similar organisms. Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-015-9733-3. ISBN 978-90-481-5639-9.
  79. ^ Foissner, Ilse; Foissner, Wilhelm (28 July 1995). "Ciliatomyces nom. nov. for Ciliomyces Foissner & Foissner 1986 (Lagenidiaceae, Oomycota)" (PDF). Phyton. 35 (1): 115–116.
  80. ^ Azuma, Tomonori; Pánek, Tomáš; Tice, Alexander K.; Kayama, Motoki; Kobayashi, Mayumi; Miyashita, Hideaki; Suzaki, Toshinobu; Yabuki, Akinori; Brown, Matthew W.; Kamikawa, Ryoma (10 April 2022). "An Enigmatic Stramenopile Sheds Light on Early Evolution in Ochrophyta Plastid Organellogenesis". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 39 (4). doi:10.1093/molbev/msac065. PMC 9004409. PMID 35348760.
  81. ^ Cite error: The named reference Adl-2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  82. ^ Wynne, Michael J.; Furnari, Giovanni (2014). "A census of J.P.L.Dangeard's invalid taxa with proposals to resolve the nomenclatural problems of some of them". Nova Hedwigia. 98 (3): 515–527. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2014/0169.
  83. ^ O'Kelly, Charles J. (1989). "The evolutionary origin of the brown algae: information from studies of motile cell ultrastructure". The Chromophyte Algae: Problems and Perspectives. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 38. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 255–278. ISBN 0-19-857713-3.
  84. ^ Cavalier-Smith, T.; Chao, E.E.; Allsopp, M.T.E.P. (1995). "Ribosomal RNA evidence for chloroplast loss within Heterokonta: pedinellid relationships and a revised classification of ochristan algae". Archiv für Protistenkunde. 145 (3–4): 209–220. doi:10.1016/s0003-9365(11)80316-7.
  85. ^ a b c d e Graf L, Yang EC, Han KY, Küpper FC, Benes KM, Oyadomari JK, Herbert RJH, Verbruggen H, Wetherbee R, Andersen RA, Yoon HS (December 2020). "Multigene Phylogeny, Morphological Observation and Re-examination of the Literature Lead to the Description of the Phaeosacciophyceae Classis Nova and Four New Species of the Heterokontophyta SI Clade". Protist. 171 (6): 125781. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2020.125781. PMID 33278705. S2CID 227315556.
  86. ^ Amaral R, Fawley KP, Němcová Y, Ševčíková T, Lukešová A, Fawley MW, Santos LM, Eliáš M (2020). "Toward Modern Classification of Eustigmatophytes, Including the Description of Neomonodaceae Fam. Nov. and Three New Genera". Journal of Phycology. 56 (3): 630–648. Bibcode:2020JPcgy..56..630A. doi:10.1111/jpy.12980. PMC 7987219. PMID 32068883.
  87. ^ a b c Di Franco, Arnaud; Baurain, Denis; Glöckner, Gernot; Melkonian, Michael; Philippe, Hervé (2021). "Lower statistical support with larger data sets: insights from the Ochrophyta radiation". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 39 (1): msab300. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab300. PMC 8763130. PMID 34694402.
  88. ^ Přibyl, Pavel; Procházková, Lenka (2022). "Trebonskia zoosporica, gen. et sp. nov., a new member of the Goniochloridales (Eustigmatophyceae, Stramenopiles) with an unusual mode of reproduction". European Journal of Phycology. 58 (2): 199–213. doi:10.1080/09670262.2022.2089913.
  89. ^ Fawley, Marvin W.; Nĕmcová, Yvonne; Fawley, Karen P. (2019). "Phylogeny and characterization of Paraeustigmatos columelliferus, gen. et sp. nov., a member of the Eustigmatophyceae that may represent a basal group within the Eustigmatales". Fottea. 19 (2): 107–114. doi:10.5507/fot.2019.002.
  90. ^ Dovilė Barcytė; Wenche Eikrem; Anette Engesmo; Sergio Seoane; Jens Wohlmann; Aleš Horák; Tatiana Yurchenko; Marek Eliáš (2 March 2021). "Olisthodiscus represents a new class of Ochrophyta". Journal of Phycology. 57 (4): 1094–1118. Bibcode:2021JPcgy..57.1094B. doi:10.1111/jpy.13155. hdl:10852/86515. PMID 33655496.
  91. ^ Wetherbee R, Jackson CJ, Repetti SI, Clementson LA, Costa JF, van de Meene A, Crawford S, Verbruggen H (April 2019). "The golden paradox - a new heterokont lineage with chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes". Journal of Phycology. 55 (2): 257–278. Bibcode:2019JPcgy..55..257W. doi:10.1111/jpy.12822. hdl:11343/233613. PMID 30536815. S2CID 54477112.
  92. ^ Kulikovskiy M, Maltsev Y, Andreeva S, Glushchenko A, Gusev E, Podunay Y, Ludwig TV, Tusset E, Kociolek JP (2019). "Description of a new diatom genus Dorofeyukea gen. nov. with remarks on phylogeny of the family Stauroneidaceae". Journal of Phycology. 55 (1): 173–185. Bibcode:2019JPcgy..55..173K. doi:10.1111/jpy.12810. PMID 30379324.
  93. ^ Bente Edvardsen; Wenche Eikrem; Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi; Ingvild Riisberg; Geir Johnsen; Lars Naustvoll; Jahn Throndsen (15 September 2007). "Verrucophora farcimen gen. et sp. nov. (Dictyochophyceae, Heterokonta)—a bloom-forming ichthyotoxic flagellate from the Skagerrak, Norway". Journal of Phycology. 43 (5): 1054–1070. Bibcode:2007JPcgy..43.1054E. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00390.x. hdl:10852/11590.
  94. ^ Han, Kwi Young; Graf, Louis; Reyes, Carolina P.; Melkonian, Barbara; Andersen, Robert A.; Yoon, Hwan Su; Melkonian, Michael (2018). "A Re-investigation of Sarcinochrysis marina (Sarcinochrysidales, Pelagophyceae) from its Type Locality and the Descriptions of Arachnochrysis, Pelagospilus, Sargassococcus and Sungminbooa genera nov". Protist. 169 (1): 79–106. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2017.12.004. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 29427838.
  95. ^ Daugbjerg, Niels; Lara, Cecilie; Gai, Frederik F.; Lovejoy, Connie (2024). "Plocamiomonas psychrophila gen. et sp. nov. (Pelagophyceae, Heterokontophyta), an Arctic marine nanoflagellate characterized by microscopy, pigments and molecular phylogeny". European Journal of Phycology. 59 (4): 362–378. Bibcode:2024EJPhy..59..362D. doi:10.1080/09670262.2024.2353940.
  96. ^ a b Gigeroff AS, Eglit Y, Simpson AG (2023). "Characterisation and cultivation of new lineages of colponemids, a critical assemblage for inferring alveolate evolution". Protist. 174 (2): 125949. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2023.125949. PMID 37019068. S2CID 257625613.
  97. ^ Mathur, Varsha; Salomaki, Eric D.; Wakeman, Kevin C.; Na, Ina; Kwong, Waldan K.; Kolisko, Martin; Keeling, Patrick J. (2023). "Reconstruction of Plastid Proteomes of Apicomplexans and Close Relatives Reveals the Major Evolutionary Outcomes of Cryptic Plastids". Molecular Biology and Evolution. doi:10.1093/MOLBEV/MSAD002. PMC 9847631. PMID 36610734.
  98. ^ Eduardo A. Molinari-Novoa; Michael D. Guiry (30 October 2023). "Nomenclatural notes on algae. VIII. Automatically typified names for some groups of alveolates" (PDF). Notulae Algarum. 2023 (304): 1–3.
  99. ^ Janouškovec, Jan; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Burki, Fabien; Howe, Alexis T.; Kolísko, Martin; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2015). "Factors mediating plastid dependency and the origins of parasitism in apicomplexans and their close relatives". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (33): 10200–10207. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11210200J. doi:10.1073/PNAS.1423790112. PMC 4547307. PMID 25717057.
  100. ^ Mathur, Varsha; Kolísko, Martin; Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Irwin, Nicholas A.T.; Leander, Brian S.; Kristmundsson, Árni; Freeman, Mark A.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2019). "Multiple Independent Origins of Apicomplexan-Like Parasites". Current Biology. 29 (17): 2936–2941.e5. Bibcode:2019CBio...29E2936M. doi:10.1016/J.CUB.2019.07.019. PMID 31422883.
  101. ^ Norén, Fredrik; Moestrup, Øjvind; Rehnstam-Holm, Ann-Sofi (October 1999). "Parvilucifera infectans Norén et Moestrup gen. et sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa phylum nov.): a parasitic flagellate capable of killing toxic microalgae". European Journal of Protistology. 35 (3): 233–254. doi:10.1016/S0932-4739(99)80001-7.
  102. ^ Tikhonenkov DV, Janouškovec J, Mylnikov AP, Mikhailov KV, Simdyanov TG, Aleoshin VV, Keeling PJ (2014). "Description of Colponema vietnamica sp. n. and Acavomonas peruviana n. gen. n. sp., two new alveolate phyla (Colponemidia nom. nov. and Acavomonidia nom. nov.) and their contributions to reconstructing the ancestral state of alveolates and eukaryotes". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e95467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095467.
  103. ^ Guiry, Michael D. (2024). "How many species of algae are there? A reprise. Four kingdoms, 14 phyla, 63 classes and still growing". Journal of Phycology. 60 (2): 214–228. Bibcode:2024JPcgy..60..214G. doi:10.1111/JPY.13431. PMID 38245909.
  104. ^ Itoïz, Sarah; Metz, Sebastian; Derelle, Evelyne; Reñé, Albert; Garcés, Esther; Bass, David; Soudant, Philippe; Chambouvet, Aurélie (2022). "Emerging Parasitic Protists: The Case of Perkinsea". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12. doi:10.3389/FMICB.2021.735815. PMC 8792838. PMID 35095782.
  105. ^ Reñé, Albert; Alacid, Elisabet; Gallisai, Rachele; Chambouvet, Aurélie; Fernández-Valero, Alan D.; Garcés, Esther (2021). "New Perkinsea Parasitoids of Dinoflagellates Distantly Related to Parviluciferaceae Members". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12. doi:10.3389/FMICB.2021.701196. PMC 8375308. PMID 34421856.
  106. ^ Jeon, Boo Seong; Park, Myung Gil (2021). "A Novel Parasitoid of Marine Dinoflagellates, Pararosarium dinoexitiosum gen. Et sp. Nov. (Perkinsozoa, Alveolata), Showing Characteristic Beaded Sporocytes". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12. doi:10.3389/FMICB.2021.748092. PMC 8667275. PMID 34912310.
  107. ^ Reñé, Albert; Alacid, Elisabet; Ferrera, Isabel; Garcés, Esther (2017). "Evolutionary Trends of Perkinsozoa (Alveolata) Characters Based on Observations of Two New Genera of Parasitoids of dinoflagellates, Dinovorax gen. nov. And snorkelia gen. nov". Frontiers in Microbiology. 8: 1594. doi:10.3389/FMICB.2017.01594. PMC 5609580. PMID 28970818.
  108. ^ Jeon, Boo Seong; Park, Myung Gil (2019). "Tuberlatum coatsi gen. n., sp. n. (Alveolata, Perkinsozoa), a New Parasitoid with Short Germ Tubes Infecting Marine Dinoflagellates". Protist. 170 (1): 82–103. doi:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2018.12.003. PMID 30797136.
  109. ^ Evans, Clive W.; Patel, Selina; Matzke, Nicholas J.; Millar, Craig D. (2023). "Cryoxcellia borchgrevinki gen. nov., sp. nov., a new parasitic X-cell species in an Antarctic nototheniid fish, the bald notothen Trematomus borchgrevinki". Polar Biology. 46 (6): 513–521. Bibcode:2023PoBio..46..513E. doi:10.1007/S00300-023-03132-W.
  110. ^ Desvignes, Thomas; Lauridsen, Henrik; Valdivieso, Alejandro; Fontenele, Rafaela S.; Kraberger, Simona; Murray, Katrina N.; Le François, Nathalie R.; Detrich, H. William; Kent, Michael L.; Varsani, Arvind; Postlethwait, John H. (2022). "A parasite outbreak in notothenioid fish in an Antarctic fjord". iScience. 25 (7). Bibcode:2022iSci...25j4588D. doi:10.1016/J.ISCI.2022.104588. PMC 9253362. PMID 35800770.
  111. ^ Karlsbakk, Egil; Nystøyl, Cecilie Flatnes; Plarre, Heidrun; Nylund, Are (2021). "A novel protist parasite, Salmoxcellia vastator n. gen., n. sp. (Xcelliidae, Perkinsozoa), infecting farmed salmonids in Norway". Parasites & Vectors. 14 (1): 431. doi:10.1186/S13071-021-04886-0. PMC 8400403. PMID 34454593.
  112. ^ Okamoto N, Horák A, Keeling PJ (2012). "Description of Two Species of Early Branching Dinoflagellates, Psammosa pacifica n. g., n. sp. and P. atlantica n. sp". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e34900. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734900O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034900. PMC 3377698. PMID 22719825.
  113. ^ a b c d Holt CC, Hehenberger E, Tikhonenkov DV, Jacko-Reynolds VK, Okamoto N, Cooney EC, Irwin NA, Keeling PJ (2023). "Multiple parallel origins of parasitic Marine Alveolates". Nature. 14 (1): 7049. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.7049H. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42807-0. PMC 10624901. PMID 37923716.
  114. ^ Yoo J, Kim S, Wayne Coats D (2024). "Morphology of Hobagella saltata n. gen. and n. sp. (Syndiniophyceae, Miozoa) infecting the marine dinoflagellate Cucumeridinium coeruleum (Dinophyceae, Miozoa) and its potential onshore advection". Frontiers in Marine Science. 10: 1296836. doi:10.3389/fmars.2023.1296836.
  115. ^ Silberman JD, Collins AG, Gershwin LA, Johnson PJ, Roger AJ (2004). "Ellobiopsids of the genus Thalassomyces are alveolates". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 51 (2): 246–52. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00555.x. PMID 15134262.
  116. ^ Luo Z, Hu Z, Tang Y, Mertens KN, Leaw CP, Lim PT, Teng ST, Wang L, Gu H (2018). "Morphology, ultrastructure, and molecular phylogeny of Wangodinium sinense gen. et sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) and revisiting of Gymnodinium dorsalisulcum and Gymnodinium impudicum" (PDF). Journal of Phycology. 54 (5): 744–761. Bibcode:2018JPcgy..54..744L. doi:10.1111/jpy.12780. PMID 30144373. S2CID 52082067.
  117. ^ Saburova M, Chomérat N (2019). "Laciniporus arabicus gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae, Peridiniales), a new thecate, marine, sand-dwelling dinoflagellate from the northern Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea)" (PDF). Journal of Phycology. 55 (1): 84–103. Bibcode:2019JPcgy..55...84S. doi:10.1111/jpy.12783. PMID 30179255. S2CID 206148081.
  118. ^ Mathur, Varsha; Wakeman, Kevin C.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2021). "Parallel functional reduction in the mitochondria of apicomplexan parasites". Current Biology. 31 (13): 2920–2928.e4. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E2920M. doi:10.1016/J.CUB.2021.04.028. PMID 33974849.
  119. ^ Varsha Mathur (November 2020). The phylogeny and evolution apicomplexan parasites (PhD thesis). Vancouver: University of British Columbia. doi:10.14288/1.0395117.
  120. ^ Kwong WK, Irwin NAT, Mathur V, Na I, Okamoto N, Vermeij MJA, Keeling PJ (2021). "Taxonomy of the Apicomplexan Symbionts of Coral, including Corallicolida ord. nov., Reassignment of the Genus Gemmocystis, and Description of New Species Corallicola aquarius gen. nov. sp. nov. and Anthozoaphila gnarlus gen. nov. sp. nov". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 68 (4): e12852. doi:10.1111/jeu.12852. PMID 33768669.
  121. ^ Weiss, James; Andreou, Demetra; Esteban, Genoveva F. (2022). "The Extraordinarily Rare Ciliate Legendrea loyezae Fauré-Fremiet, 1908 (Haptoria, Ciliophora)". Protist. 173 (6): 125912. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2022.125912. PMID 36242851.
  122. ^ Ito, Akira; Ishihara, Miki; Imai, Soichi (2014). "Bozasella gracilis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida) from Asian elephant and phylogenetic analysis of entodiniomorphids and vestibuliferids". European Journal of Protistology. 50 (2): 134–152. doi:10.1016/J.EJOP.2014.01.003. PMID 24703615.
  123. ^ Irwin, Nicholas A.T.; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Burki, Fabien; Keeling, Patrick J. (2019-01-01). "Phylogenomics supports the monophyly of the Cercozoa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 130: 416–423. Bibcode:2019MolPE.130..416I. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.004. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 30318266. S2CID 52982396.
  124. ^ Feng, Jian-Ju; He, Chen-Yang; Jiang, Shu-Hua; Zhang, Tao; Yu, Li-Yan (2021). "Saccharomycomorpha psychra n. g., n. sp., a Novel Member of Glissmonadida (Cercozoa) Isolated from Arctic and Antarctica". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 68 (3): e12840. doi:10.1111/jeu.12840. PMID 33448091.
  125. ^ Solbach, Marcel Dominik; Bonkowski, Michael; Dumack, Kenneth (29 November 2024). "Katarium polorum n. sp., n. g., a novel thecofilosean amoeba (Cercozoa, Rhizaria) from the polar oceans". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology: e13071. doi:10.1111/jeu.13071. PMID 39613721.
  126. ^ Dumack K, Pundt J, Bonkowski M (2020). "Transfer of the Thecate Amoeba Lecythium mutabilis to a Novel Genus Omnivora (Fiscullidae, Thecofilosea, Cercozoa)". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 67 (2): 245–251. doi:10.1111/jeu.12778. PMID 31808200. S2CID 208768245.
  127. ^ Dumack K, Duckert C, Meinhardt R, Lara E, Bonkowski M (2021). "Description of Phaeobola aeris gen. nov., sp. nov (Rhizaria, Cercozoa, Euglyphida) Sheds Light on Euglyphida's Dark Matter". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 68 (2): e12835. doi:10.1111/jeu.12835. hdl:10261/255052. PMID 33222324. S2CID 227135214.
  128. ^ Soler-Zamora, Carmen; Useros, Fernando; González-Miguéns, Rubén; Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo; Lara, Enrique (10 July 2023). "The problem of 'shadow species' as illustrated with the taxonomic hotchpotch Cyphoderia ampulla (Rhizaria: Cyphoderiidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. XX (2): 477–492. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040.
  129. ^ Siemensma F, Dumack K (2020). "SSU rDNA Phylogeny Indicates the Scale-lacking Trivalvulariida ord. nov. as a Sister Group to the Euglyphida (Cercozoa, Rhizaria)". Protist. 171 (1): 125701. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2019.125701. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 31955058. S2CID 210829787.
  130. ^ Bass D, Chao EE, Nikolaev S, Yabuki A, Ishida KI, Berney C, Pakzad U, Wylezich C, Cavalier-Smith T (2009). "Phylogeny of Novel Naked Filose and Reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea Revised". Protist. 160 (1): 75–109. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.07.002. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 18952499.
  131. ^ Hess S, Suthaus A (2022). "The Vampyrellid Amoebae (Vampyrellida, Rhizaria)". Protist. 173 (1): 125854. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2021.125854. PMID 35091168. S2CID 245303468.
  132. ^ Suthaus A, Hess S (2023). "Pseudovampyrella gen. nov.: A genus of Vampyrella-like protoplast extractors finds its place in the Leptophryidae". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 71 (1). International Society of Protistologists: e13002. doi:10.1111/jeu.13002. PMID 37743754.
  133. ^ Kolátková V, Čepička I, Hoffman R, et al. (2021). "Marinomyxa Gen. Nov. Accommodates Gall-Forming Parasites of the Tropical to Subtropical Seagrass Genus Halophila and Constitutes a Novel Deep-Branching Lineage Within Phytomyxea (Rhizaria: Endomyxa)". Microbial Ecology. 81 (3): 673–686. Bibcode:2021MicEc..81..673K. doi:10.1007/s00248-020-01615-5. PMID 33021677. S2CID 222148939.
  134. ^ Engler A (1903). Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien: eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (3rd ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.22956.
  135. ^ Neuhauser S, Kirchmair M, Bulman S, et al. (23 February 2014). "Cross-kingdom host shifts of phytomyxid parasites". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (33): 33. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14...33N. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-33. PMC 4016497. PMID 24559266.
  136. ^ Sparrow FK (1960). Aquatic Phycomycetes. University of Michigan studies, Scientific series, v. 15. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5685. LCCN 59011269. OCLC 1362167.
  137. ^ Dick, Michael W. (2001). Straminipilous Fungi: Systematics of the Peronosporomycetes Including Accounts of the Marine Straminipilous Protists, the Plasmodiophorids and Similar Organisms (1 ed.). Springer Dordrecht. doi:10.1007/978-94-015-9733-3. ISBN 978-94-015-9733-3. S2CID 28755980.
  138. ^ Sierra R, Mauffrey F, Cruz J, Holzmann M, Gooday AJ, Maurer-Alcalá X, Thakur R, Greco M, Weiner AKM, Katz LA, Pawlowski J (2022). "Taxon-rich transcriptomics supports higher-level phylogeny and major evolutionary trends in Foraminifera" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 174 (107546): 107546. Bibcode:2022MolPE.17407546S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107546. PMID 35690380. S2CID 249608315.
  139. ^ Gooday AJ, Holzmann M, Schwarzgruber E, Cedhagen T, Pawlowski J (2022). "Morphological and molecular diversity of monothalamids (Rhizaria, Foraminifera), including two new species and a new genus, from SW Greenland" (PDF). European Journal of Protistology. 86: 125932. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125932. PMID 36347189.
  140. ^ Sergeeva NG, Anikeeva OV (2021). "Vellaria solenta (Monothalamea: Allogromiidae) — new species of soft-walled foraminifera from Sivash Bay (the Sea of Azov)" (PDF). Invertebrate Zoology. 18 (2): 152–158. doi:10.15298/invertzool.18.2.06. S2CID 237368888.
  141. ^ a b c d e Siemensma F, Holzmann M, Apothéloz-Perret-Gentil L, Clauß S, Voelcker E, Bettighofer W, et al. (2021). "Broad sampling of monothalamids (Rhizaria, Foraminifera) gives further insight into diversity of non-marine Foraminifera". European Journal of Protistology. 77: 125744. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125744. PMID 33191053. S2CID 225144520.
  142. ^ Dellinger M, Labat A, Perrouault L, Grellier P (May 2014). "Haplomyxa saranae gen. nov. et sp. nov., a new naked freshwater foraminifer". Protist. 165 (3): 317–329. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2014.03.007. PMID 24810177.
  143. ^ Maldonado, Manuel; López-Acosta, María; Sitjà, Cèlia; Aguilar, Ricardo; García, Silvia; Vacelet, Jean (10 June 2013). "A giant foraminifer that converges to the feeding strategy of carnivorous sponges: Spiculosiphon oceana sp. nov. (Foraminifera, Astrorhizida)". Zootaxa. 3669 (4): 571–584. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3669.4.9. hdl:10261/92975. PMID 26312358.
  144. ^ Suzuki, Noritoshi; O'Dogherty, Luis; Caulet, Jean-Pierre; Dumitrica, Paulian (2021). "A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) – suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts". Geodiversitas. 43 (15): 405–573. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15.
  145. ^ a b Nakamura Y, Tuji A, Kimoto K, Yamaguchi A, Hori RS, Suzuki N (2020). "Ecology, Morphology, Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of Giant Radiolarians, Orodaria ord. nov. (Radiolaria; Rhizaria; SAR)". Protist. 172 (3): 125808. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2021.125808. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 34186475. S2CID 235686052.
  146. ^ a b Takahashi O, Maekawa T, Dumitrica P, Nguyen PD, Komatsu T (2022). "Latentifistularia and other radiolarian species from the lower Smithian (Lower Triassic) Lang Son Formation, NE Vietnam". Revue de micropaléontologie. 75. Bibcode:2022RvMic..7500610T. doi:10.1016/j.revmic.2022.100610. S2CID 246833665.
  147. ^ Noble P, Aitchison JC, Danelian T, Dumitrica P, Maletz J, Suzuki N, Cuvelier J, Caridroit M, O'Dogherty L (2017). "Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera" (PDF). Geodiversitas. 39 (3): 419–502. doi:10.5252/g2017n3a4. S2CID 89647246.
  148. ^ Kawachi, Masanobu; Nakayama, Takuro; Kayama, Motoki; Nomura, Mami; Miyashita, Hideaki; Bojo, Othman; Rhodes, Lesley; Sym, Stuart; Pienaar, Richard N.; Probert, Ian; Inouye, Isao; Kamikawa, Ryoma (June 2021). "Rappemonads are haptophyte phytoplankton" (PDF). Current Biology. 31 (11): 2395–2403.e4. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E2395K. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.012. PMID 33773100. S2CID 232369943.
  149. ^ Zagumyonnyi DG, Radaykina LV, Tikhonenkov DV (2021). "Triangulopteris lacunata gen. et sp. nov. (Centroplasthelida), a New Centrohelid Heliozoan from Soil". Diversity. 13 (12): 658. doi:10.3390/d13120658.
  150. ^ Zagumyonnyi, Dmitry G.; Radaykina, Liudmila V.; Keeling, Patrick J.; Tikhonenkov, Denis V. (2022). "Centrohelid heliozoans of Ukraine with a description of a new genus and species (Haptista: Centroplasthelida)". European Journal of Protistology. 86: 125916. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125916. PMID 36137331.
  151. ^ Novarino, Gianfranco; Lucas, Ian A.N. (January 1993). "Some proposals for a new classification system of the Cryptophyceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 111 (1): 3–21. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1993.tb01886.x.
  152. ^ Clay, Brec L. (2015). "Cryptomonads". In Wehr, John D.; Sheath, Robert G.; Kociolek, J. Patrick (eds.). Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-385876-4.
  153. ^ Daugbjerg, Niels; Norlin, Andreas; Lovejoy, Connie (2018-07-25). "Baffinella frigidus gen. et sp. nov. (Baffinellaceae fam. nov., Cryptophyceae) from Baffin Bay: Morphology, pigment profile, phylogeny, and growth rate response to three abiotic factors" (PDF). J. Phycol. 54 (5): 665–680. Bibcode:2018JPcgy..54..665D. doi:10.1111/jpy.12766. ISSN 1529-8817. PMID 30043990. S2CID 51718360. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-12. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
  154. ^ Novarino, Gianfranco; Lucas, Ian A. N. (1993). "Some proposals for a new classification system of the Cryptophyceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 111: 3–21. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1993.tb01886.x.
  155. ^ Heiss AA, Warring SD, Lukacs K, Favate J, Yang A, Gyaltshen Y, Filardi C, Simpson AG, Kim E (2021). "Description of Imasa heleensis, gen. nov., sp. nov. (Imasidae, fam. nov.), a Deep-Branching Marine Malawimonad and Possible Key Taxon in Understanding Early Eukaryotic Evolution". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 68 (2): e12837. doi:10.1111/jeu.12837. PMID 33274482. S2CID 227281992.
  156. ^ Yazaki, Euki; Kume, Keitaro; Shiratori, Takashi; Eglit, Yana; Tanifuji, Goro; Harada, Ryo; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Ishida, Ken-Ichiro; Hashimoto, Tetsuo; Inagaki, Yuji (2 September 2020). "Barthelonids represent a deep-branching metamonad clade with mitochondrion-related organelles predicted to generate no ATP". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1934): 20201538. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.1538. PMC 7542792. PMID 32873198.
  157. ^ Eglit, Yana; Williams, Shelby K.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (3 September 2024). "Characterization of Skoliomonas gen. nov., a haloalkaliphilic anaerobe related to barthelonids (Metamonada)". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 00 (early view) (6): e13048. doi:10.1111/jeu.13048. PMC 11603281. PMID 39225178.
  158. ^ Stairs CW, Táborský P, Salomaki ED, Kolisko M, Pánek T, Eme L, Hradilová M, Vlček Č, Jerlström-Hultqvist J, Roger AJ, Čepička I (December 2021), "Anaeramoebae are a divergent lineage of eukaryotes that shed light on the transition from anaerobic mitochondria to hydrogenosomes", Current Biology, 31 (24): 5605–5612, Bibcode:2021CBio...31E5605S, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.010, PMID 34710348
  159. ^ Táborský, Petr; Pánek, Tomáš; Čepička, Ivan (2017). "Anaeramoebidae fam. nov., a Novel Lineage of Anaerobic Amoebae and Amoeboflagellates of Uncertain Phylogenetic Position". Protist. 168 (5): 495–526. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2017.07.005. PMID 28985627.
  160. ^ Yabuki A, Gyaltshen Y, Heiss AA, Fujikura K, Kim E (2018). "Ophirina amphinema n. gen., n. sp., a New Deeply Branching Discobid with Phylogenetic Affinity to Jakobids". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 16219. Bibcode:2018NatSR...816219Y. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34504-6. PMC 6212452. PMID 30385814.
  161. ^ Galindo LJ, Prokina K, Torruella G, López-García P, Moreira D (April 2023). "Maturases and Group II Introns in the Mitochondrial Genomes of the Deepest Jakobid Branch". Genome Biology and Evolution. 15 (4): evad058. doi:10.1093/gbe/evad058. PMC 10139444. PMID 37029959.
  162. ^ Pánek T, Táborský P, Pachiadaki MG, Hroudová M, Vlček Č, Edgcomb VP, Čepička I (2015). "Combined Culture-Based and Culture-Independent Approaches Provide Insights into Diversity of Jakobids, an Extremely Plesiomorphic Eukaryotic Lineage". Frontiers in Microbiology. 6: 1288. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01288. PMC 4649034. PMID 26635756.
  163. ^ Strother, Paul K.; Taylor, Wilson A.; van de Schootbrugge, Bas; Leander, Brian S.; Wellman, Charles H. (2020). "Pellicle ultrastructure demonstrates that Moyeria is a fossil euglenid". Palynology. 44 (3): 461–471. Bibcode:2020Paly...44..461S. doi:10.1080/01916122.2019.1625457.
  164. ^ Lax G, Keeling PJ (2023). "Molecular phylogenetics of sessile Dolium sedentarium, a petalomonad euglenid". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 70 (e12991): e12991. doi:10.1111/jeu.12991. PMID 37424051.
  165. ^ a b c d e Lax G, Kolisko M, Eglit Y, Lee WJ, Yubuki N, Karnkowska A, Leander BS, Burger G, Keeling PJ, Simpson AG (2021). "Multigene phylogenetics of euglenids based on single-cell transcriptomics of diverse phagotrophs". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 159 (107088). Bibcode:2021MolPE.15907088L. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107088. PMID 33545276. S2CID 232047208.
  166. ^ a b Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.; Vickerman, Keith (2016). "New phagotrophic euglenoid species (New genus Decastava; Scytomonas saepesedens; Entosiphon oblongum), Hsp90 introns, and putative euglenoid Hsp90 pre-mRNA insertional editing". European Journal of Protistology. 56: 147–170. doi:10.1016/J.EJOP.2016.08.002. PMID 27718409.
  167. ^ a b c d Lax G, Cho A, Keeling PJ (2023). "Phylogenomics of novel ploeotid taxa contribute to the backbone of the euglenid tree". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 70 (e12973): e12973. doi:10.1111/jeu.12973. PMID 36912454.
  168. ^ Lax, Gordon; Lee, Won Je; Eglit, Yana; Simpson, Alastair (2019). "Ploeotids Represent Much of the Phylogenetic Diversity of Euglenids". Protist. 170 (2): 233–257. doi:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2019.03.001. PMID 31102975.
  169. ^ a b Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2016). "Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 56: 250–276. doi:10.1016/J.EJOP.2016.09.003. PMID 27889663.
  170. ^ Lee WJ, Blackmore R, Patterson DJ (1999). "Australian records of two lesser known genera of heterotrophic euglenids – Chasmostoma Massart, 1920 and Jenningsia Schaeffer, 1918". Protistology. 1: 10–16.
  171. ^ Larsen, Jacob; Patterson, David J. (1990). "Some flagellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments". Journal of Natural History. 24 (4): 801–937. Bibcode:1990JNatH..24..801L. doi:10.1080/00222939000770571.
  172. ^ Lax, Gordon; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (2020). "The Molecular Diversity of Phagotrophic Euglenids Examined Using Single-cell Methods". Protist. 171 (5). doi:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2020.125757. PMID 33126020.
  173. ^ Belyaev, Artem O.; Zagumyonnyi, Dmitriy G.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Tikhonenkov, Denis V. (2022). "The Morphology, Ultrastructure and Molecular Phylogeny of a New Soil-Dwelling Kinetoplastid Avlakibodo gracilis gen. et sp. nov. (Neobodonida; Kinetoplastea)". Protist. 173 (4): 125885. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2022.125885. PMID 35667307. S2CID 248711669.
  174. ^ Kostygov, Alexei Y.; Karnkowska, Anna; Votýpka, Jan; Tashyreva, Daria; Maciszewski, Kacper; Yurchenko, Vyacheslav; Lukeš, Julius (2021). "Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses". Open Biology. 11 (3): 200407. doi:10.1098/rsob.200407. PMC 8061765. PMID 33715388.
  175. ^ Hausmann K, Weitere M, Wolf M, Arndt H (2002). "Meteora sporadica gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Protista incertae sedis) – an extraordinary free-living protist from the Mediterranean deep sea". European Journal of Protistology. 38 (2): 171–177. doi:10.1078/0932-4739-00872.
  176. ^ a b Shɨshkin, Yegor (2022). "Spironematella terricola comb. n. and Spironematella goodeyi comb. n. (Hemimastigida = Hemimastigea = Hemimastigophora) for Spironema terricola and Spironema goodeyi with diagnoses of the genus and family Spironematellidae amended". Zootaxa. 5128 (2): 295–297. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5128.2.8. PMID 36101172. S2CID 252220401.
  177. ^ Shishkin, Yegor; Drachko, Daria; Zlatogursky, Vasily V. (22 April 2021). "The smallest known heliozoans are the Erebor lineage (nom. clad. n.) inside Microheliella maris (Eukaryota, Diaphoretickes), with the amendation of M. maris diagnosis and description of Berkeleyaesol magnus gen. nov., comb. nov. (Eukaryota, incertae sedis)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 71 (4). doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004776. PMID 33886450. S2CID 233370018.
  178. ^ Lee, Won Je (2002). "Some free-living heterotrophic flagellates from marine sediments of inchon and Ganghwa Island, Korea". Korean Journal of Biological Sciences. 6 (2): 125–143. doi:10.1080/12265071.2001.9647643.
  179. ^ Anderson, O. Roger; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2012). "Ultrastructure of Diplophrys parva, a New Small Freshwater Species, and a Revised Analysis of Labyrinthulea (Heterokonta)". Acta Protozoologica. 51: 291–304. doi:10.4467/16890027AP.12.023.0783.
  180. ^ Yamaguchi M, Mori Y, Kozuka Y, Okada H, Uematsu K, Tame A, Furukawa H, Maruyama T, Worman CO, Yokoyama K (2012). "Prokaryote or eukaryote? A unique microorganism from the deep sea". Journal of Electron Microscopy. 61 (6): 423–431. doi:10.1093/jmicro/dfs062. PMID 23024290.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Protista&oldid=1265008533"