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RFC: Ethnicity of Sergei Bortkiewicz

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How should the ethnicity/nationality of Sergei Bortkiewicz be characterized in the lede sentence of this article and the short description? Please choose one of the options listed below. Robert McClenon (talk) 06:56, 7 November 2023 (UTC) Robert McClenon (talk) 21:51, 21 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Please provide your answer, of Option 1 through Option 4, with a brief statement in the Survey section. Do not reply to other editors in the Survey. That is what the Discussion is for.

Option 1:

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  • Sergei Bortkiewicz; 28 February 1877 [O.S. 16 February] – 25 October 1952) was a Russian[1] and Austrian[2] Romantic composer and pianist of Polish origins/heritage/parentage/descent.[3]

Option 2:

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  • Sergei Bortkiewicz; 28 February 1877 [O.S. 16 February] – 25 October 1952) was a Romantic composer and pianist.

Option 3:

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  • Sergei Bortkiewicz (28 February 1877 [O.S. 16 February] – 25 October 1952) was a Ukrainian[4] [5] Romantic composer and pianist.

Option 4:

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  • Sergei Bortkiewicz (28 February 1877 [O.S. 16 February] – 25 October 1952) was a Ukrainian-born[6][7] Romantic composer and pianist.

Option 5

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Survey

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  • Option 1, alternatively Option 2. Options 3 and 4 are ignoring all other aspects of Bortkiewicz identity, which are far more importan than the fact that he was born on the territory of today's Ukraine.Marcelus (talk) 00:46, 22 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  • Option 5. It is better to clearly identify his relationship with geography and heritage in detail rather than arbitrarily pick and choose aspects and express them through ambiguous adjectives that may represent zero or more of ethnicity, citizenship, birthplace, &c. —Michael Z. 07:09, 22 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    This is more like recent approaches described in writing about decolonizing art, for example:
    Anne Pasternak, director of the Brooklyn Museum, said that since last summer, the European Art department has been revising the way it presents biographical information relating to nationality for objects in its collection, “precisely in response to the urgent and complex legacies of empire, colonization, and displacement that the war on Ukraine has thrown into relief.”
    The museum has been expanding its wall labels so that they describe an artist’s place of birth and death, noting any change in national borders. For instance, the artist Repin’s biographical line now reads: “Chuhuiv, Ukraine (former Russian Empire), 1844 — 1930, Repino, Saint Petersburg (former Kuokkala, Finland).”
    Though it may be a challenge to satisfy everybody, “we believe that this approach better highlights the histories of war, colonization, and independence,” Pasternak said, “that may be obscured when classifying by nationality.”
     —Michael Z. 07:31, 22 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  • Option 5. I like it not just summing up nationalities, it results in a better flow, and avoids the whole "this guy is [my arbitrarily preferred nationality here]" thing, which I despise, because it only ever leads to endless discussions on the talk page. I would prefer "moved to" over "worked in" but that's a nitpick with no real bearing on this RFC. --Licks-rocks (talk) 09:18, 22 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  • Option 1, alternatively Option 2. The sources for these options are just higher quality.--Ymblanter (talk) 12:00, 22 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    I would agree with option 5 if it said "Kharkov, the Russian Empire, currently Kharkiv, Ukraine". Ymblanter (talk) 12:02, 22 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    How about “Kharkiv (also known as Kharkov), Ukraine, in the Russian Empire.” Kharkiv has never been renamed, sources merely started using a different spelling including in historical contexts. The current level of usage of the old spelling doesn’t pass the threshold of WP:MODERNPLACENAME so it needn’t be mentioned. The country of Ukraine existed continuously since before the Russian Empire, and there’s no need to use a wording that implies it did not (again, following sources, including those cited in previous discussion above).  —Michael Z. 16:52, 22 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    Thank you for your opinion, but I will stick to my suggestion. Ymblanter (talk) 16:59, 22 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  • Option 1 for me, with Option 2 as an alternative. I would also agree with Option 5 if it were reworded according to Ymblanter's suggestion. —CurryTime7-24 (talk) 16:52, 22 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  • Option 5, but just calling it "Ukraine" doesn't seem accurate, and isn't what I see done on other similar articles. Either there should be clarification that it was part of the Russian Empire at the time, or it should just say "Kharkiv". I've seen the latter in several featured articles about historical persons. -- Maddy from Celeste (WAVEDASH) 19:14, 22 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  • Option 3 There is also a question of what degree of consideration should be given to Ukrainian scholars who refer to the composer as Ukrainian. If a Polish source is accepted by the editors to include in the lead, why not Ukrainian sources?--Tyulyasho (talk) 21:12, 22 November 2023 (UTC)Tylyasho[reply]
  • Option 5, by a kilometer. (Summoned by bot) This option is by far the one which gives the reader the most context and clarity, by spelling out the nature of the subject's origins, rather than relying on labels which may be interpreted in a number of different ways. I really wish we didn't have to deal with an unending stream of POV battles over the ethnic identity of every cultural figure in the entire history of Russian-influenced European states, but whenever it does happen, the solution is clearly to delineate the exact hereditary and circumstantial relationships in language that is as straight forward and particularized as possible. Option 5 does that, where the other four do not (and are clearly more supportive to those who want to claim the subject for one ethnicity or another). Under those circumstances, this isn't even a particularly close call. SnowRise let's rap 03:33, 23 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  • Option 4. There is no doubt Bortkiewicz was born in Ukraine, while option 1 is ignoring this important fact of his biography which leads to misunderstanding. Alternatevely option 3 is possible according to majority of modern sources. A1 (talk) 13:11, 23 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    Option 3, if not now then definitely in the next dispute. In the meantime option 4 or 5 as an alternative.If the descriptions were reversed and he was described as a Ukrainian composer, it would be hard to see how he could be changed back to Russian or Romantic. Also as he is a composer, most people would know him through his music, just giving a musician’s perspective here, the fact that he comes from Ukraine would make him a Ukrainian composer to most people. Just like all other composers that we call German, Italian, American etc. even if their countries at the time of their lives were part of different Empires, regions. Chasetry78 (talk) 14:11, 23 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  • Option 5 Snow Rise summed this up well. This option is the most informative without being too cluttered. Nemov (talk) 18:55, 26 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  • Option 5 this option is the most informative without being too cluttered. per Nemov and Snow Rise. Pincrete (talk) 07:32, 27 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  • Russian and Austrian, AFAIK he only held those two nationalities, and the modern state of Ukraine wasn't an independent country during his lifetime. Also, he considered himself Russian, and he was deported because he was Russian, so it seems like an open and shut case. Birthplace and ethnicity shouldn't be mentioned in lede.--Ortizesp (talk) 13:54, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    He said he was from “Little Russia” or “South Russia,” both of which meant Ukraine.[8] That a country didn’t have a sovereign state while it was colonized by empires shouldn’t be used to erase its existence nor obscure its people’s origins. We don’t call Ferhat Abbas “French” or Mahatma Ghandi “British,” nor should we misidentify people from Ukraine.  —Michael Z. 18:05, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    "Little Russia" or "South Russia" are names for Ukraine as part of Russia, and the usage of it says a lot about Bortkiewicz opinion about what Ukraine is or isn't. Unlike Abbas or Ghandi Bortkiewicz wasn't advocate of independent Ukraine, quite contrary he was openly against it. Better examples would be Cliff Richard, Peter Sarstedt or Engelbert Humperdinck, who despite being born in India, are universally regarded as British. Marcelus (talk) 18:22, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    Bortkiewicz is not writing this article. Bortkiewicz is not a reliable secondary independent source on Bortkiewicz. Your own speculation about what Bortkiewicz’s opinion says about what Ukraine is or isn’t is irrelevant. Most especially, a colonial subject’s statements about colonial status including their own are not RS.
    We can write about what RS say he referred to himself as, if they present it as DUE, and we can also write about what it means according to RS.  —Michael Z. 19:28, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    @Mzajac this discussion is going on for weeks, and you still keep ignoring RS that don't suits your views. None of what I said is based on primary sources, but on a secondary ones. Stop acting like you heard about it for the first time. Marcelus (talk) 19:39, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    Perhaps the reason that the Jeremiah Johnson paper continues to cause disagreements is that its author simply lacks expertise when it comes to analyzing the complexity of the region. The value of the research lies in its music analysis and not history or psychology.
    It is understandable as Johnson is a musicologist not a historian. The paper doesn’t have a single book on history of Ukraine in its sources nor are any of the advisors on the paper professors of history, anthropology or psychology.  The paper has many inconsistencies as well as author’s speculations, some of which I have outlined in the discussion weeks ago. There are many more, which I could provide if we are indeed going to look in depth at every source. The bottom line is, Jeremiah Johnson doesn’t refer to Bortkiewicz as a Russian composer. Nothing was stopping the author to refer to him as such, yet he introduces Bortkiewicz to a reader as “the late Romantic composer, Sergei Bortkiewicz”- thus I think it is better suited as a source for the option 2.
    Using this source to make the composer Russian risks to misrepresent source per WP:SYNTH Tyulyasho (talk) 20:56, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    I referred to an excellent RS in correcting the suppositions made with the vote above. You responded by speculating about the subject’s opinions and formulating a bad analogy, sans RS.  —Michael Z. 21:21, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    No. First of all, you initially referred to Bortkiewicz's words, not me. Secondly, you didn't correct anything; you merely arbitrarily claimed, or rather insinuated, that when Bortkiewicz said he was from South Russia, he actually meant Ukraine. Additionally, you added a reference to a source that does not pertain to Bortkiewicz at all. Moreover, the source explicitly defines the terms 'Little Russia' and 'South Russia' as Russian imperial names, emphasizing the 'Russianness' of the Ukrainian lands. Therefore, the source actually confirms the opposite. Marcelus (talk) 21:55, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    Cripes, that is just twisted.  —Michael Z. 22:17, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    "Little Russia" or "South Russia" aren't Ukraine, they are Russian regions that came to become Ukraine in recent times. They were very much part of Russia back then. Your arguments seems revionist. And Gandhi and Abbas both have strong links to colonial England and France, and I have no issues mentioning them in the lede. But they are different from Bortkiewicz because they eventually adopted those new nationalities, which is absolutely not the case with Bortkiewicz. Ortizesp (talk) 21:27, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    There are other scholars that refer to Bortkiewicz as a Ukrainian composer.
    Why should they be disregarded in favor of one paper whose claims have been argued about in great length during this discussion? Jeremiah Johnson's paper is already overly represented in the article itself, cited multiple times as well as having a whole paragraph devoted to it. Tyulyasho (talk) 22:24, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    No, in fact the country was known as Ukraine by the fifteenth century, and the name is attested in English by the mid seventeenth, and it continued to be known by that name, even in the Russian empire, although it was officially discouraged. The Russian name malorossiia was only coined and applied to Russian-ruled parts of Ukraine later, after Muscovy and the Russian empire colonized much but not all of the country between the late seventeenth century and the late eighteenth. I cited a source that explains the name in detail. There are sources quoted above that say the subject was from Ukraine, not “from what would one day become Ukraine” or any such flam-flam.
    Denying Ukraine’s existence before its independence in 1991 is colonial language, and its use is offensive.  —Michael Z. 22:25, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    I agree that colonial attitudes toward Ukraine are quite evident in this discussion. This is a lengthy and complex subject that perhaps needs its own dedicated dispute resolution and maybe new guidelines from Wiki.
    For the discussion at hand, we have sources that refer to the composer as Ukrainian composer, Ukrainian-born composer, and Romantic composer, with one source referring to him as Austrian and none referring to him as Russian. I don’t quite understand why there is a debate about Russian, as none of the sources state that. Tyulyasho (talk) 22:43, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    none referring to him as Russian, that's completely untrue, it's impossible to talk with you guys, seriously, let's respect eachother. Marcelus (talk) 23:12, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    I’m mainly just following your lead, as in the past, the sources that said 'Ukrainian born,' 'representative of Ukrainian culture,' or 'of Ukrainian origin' were deemed insufficient by you and other editors for the lead 'Ukrainian composer.' You can check your comment from October 24.
    Following your logic, 'of Russian origin' or 'considered himself Russian' is not sufficient for 'Russian composer.'
    I offered two sources that clearly say 'Ukrainian composer' for option 3,
    and for option 4, one source says 'Ukrainian born,' and another states Kharkiv, Ukraine as the place of origin. There are no sources that say Russian composer Tyulyasho (talk) 23:29, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    The article itself mentions how he was deported because of his Russian citizenship to Russia because he was Russian, and again in 1933 after German Nazi occupation. He lived in the region of what is now Ukraine, but the country he lived in was unequivocally Russian and he considered himself Russian. It's not neo-colonialist to accept facts. Ortizesp (talk) 01:37, 29 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    No sources say he was deported “because he was Russian.” A Wikipedia article is not a reliable source.
    The country that he lived in was not unequivocally “Russian” because it was Ukraine. The empire it was subject to was Russian.
    The only source saying “he considered himself Russian” is by a musicologist who clearly misinterprets the meaning of “Little Russian,” says that “Russians considered him Polish,” but still ends up saying “regardless of whether the land near Kharkov is considered ‘Ukrainian’ today or ‘Russian’ back in the early 1900s—to Bortkiewicz’s it was his homeland. And Bortkiewicz’s misinterpreted supposed feelings is not a reliable source on historical national identity.
    What “facts”?  —Michael Z. 03:38, 29 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    @Ortizesp Yet, the “facts” you mentioned were not enough to deter scholars from describing Bortkiewicz as a Ukrainian composer. Tyulyasho (talk) 03:59, 29 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    He was Ukrainian only in the sense that the land he was born on became Ukraine after his death, he was Russian in every other sense. Ortizesp (talk) 05:52, 29 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    Not facts. No source says that. It’s some stuff you are making up. Why?
    See also Sloboda Ukraine. Kharkiv was always in Ukraine. Although it was colonized by the Russian and Soviet empires for a period, it was never Russian national territory.  —Michael Z. 06:19, 29 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  • Option 5 Excluding the word Ukraine; no need to hold our readers' hands with that. Most balanced and explanatory of all versions. Curbon7 (talk) 07:51, 7 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    More tactful though, no need to whack us over the head with his early life in the first two sentences; can be spread out over the lede. Curbon7 (talk) 05:27, 8 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  • Option 1 or Option 2. The nationality was not Ukrainian nor is the birthplace relevant to his notability. Option 5 is unnecessarily long regarding residency. So either the nationality should be included as is standard or omitted. Mellk (talk) 03:32, 8 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    Numerous sources quoted above define him as a Ukrainian and talk about the importance of Ukrainian influence on his work. Why do you always want to remove any mentions of Ukraine in contradiction to sources? Isn’t this like your only goal in every discussion?  —Michael Z. 04:55, 8 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    Is your only goal to piss people off? Mellk (talk) 05:03, 8 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    To be fair, numerous sources also define him as Russian. These sources include the composer's own memoirs. The only sources I've read where his national identity is discussed in depth is Johnson and Ishioka Chihiro [1]: both define him as Russian. Anyway, whatever the ultimate outcome of this survey, there is no need to attack other editors simply because they disagree with you. —CurryTime7-24 (talk) 06:42, 8 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    Options 1 and 2 ignore scholars and musicians who do describe Bortkiewicz as a Ukrainian composer, which are far more numerous. Besides Western scholars presented above for the option 3 and 4 there are Ukrainian scholars who refer to the composer as Ukrainian, [9][10][11][12]belonging to Ukrainian heritage[13][14] [15][16]as well as the fact that “Europeans largely did not yet distinguish Ukrainian musical culture separately.” [17] Why should all of these evidence be ignored in favor of option 1, 2? Tyulyasho (talk) 13:12, 8 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    There are also high-quality sources that describe him as Russian/Austrian, since this was the nationality. If others think that it is best to omit this and then explain in more detail in the body, then I am not against that. I am not interested in the back and forth, though. Mellk (talk) 19:06, 8 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    We’re not talking about Bortkiewicz’s self-identification, because it is not established in sources. Bortkiewicz himself is not a reliable secondary source on this, and he is prejudiced: Johnson quotes him as saying Russian language is superior. Johnson is a terrible source on this question too: he seems to be unaware that “Little Russian” and “South Russian” mean Ukraine, he is apparently unable to read original sources in Russian or Ukrainian because he relied on an English translation of Bortkiewicz’s memoir, and his source on the history of Russia and Ukraine is a frickin Washington Post article by a journalist who lectures on digital affairs and the global age.  —Michael Z. 04:17, 9 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Discussion

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References

  1. ^ Johnson, Jeremiah A. (October 2016). Echoes of the Past: Stylistic and Compositional Influences in the Music of Sergei Bortkiewicz (Doctor of Musical Arts). University of Nebraska–Lincoln. pp. i, 21, 23, 26, etc.
  2. ^ Schwarz, Boris (20 January 2001). "Bortkiewicz [Bortkievich], Sergei [Sergey] Eduardovich". Grove Music Online. revised by Sigrid Wiesmann (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03637. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Austrian pianist and composer of Russian origin.
  3. ^ Kościelak-Nadolska, Agnieszka (2016). "Życie i twórczość Sergiusza Bortkiewicza (1877–1952), cz. I: Sylwetka artysty". Notes Muzyczny (in Polish). 1: 95–99.
  4. ^ Chen, YI Jing (August 2021). "The First Movements of Sergei Bortkiewicz's Two< Piano Sonatas, Op. 9 and Op. 60: A Comparison including Schenkerian Analysis and an Examination of Classical and Romantic Influences": 4. Sergei Bortkiewicz was a renown Ukrainian composer and pianist {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ Zonova, Barbora (2018). "„Piano work of Sergei Bortkiewicz"" (PDF) (Brno: Janáčkova akademie múzických umění v Brně): II. The Bachelor thesis „Piano work of Sergei Bortkiewicz" deals with life and artistic activities of the Ukrainian pianist and composer Sergei Bortkiewicz (1877-1952). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Scanlon, Emma (October 2017). "Pianism Reimagined: an analytical inquiry of left- hand piano through the career and commissions of Paul Wittgenstein" (PDF). Department of Music Maynooth University: 70. Sergei Bortkiewicz.The Ukrainian born composer was forced into nomadic way of life in the early part of the century due to the Russian revolution and the ensuing World War.
  7. ^ Library of Congress place of origin Kharkiv, Ukraine
  8. ^ Kravčenko, Volodymyr Vasylʹovyč (2022). The Ukrainian-Russian borderland: history versus geography. Montreal & Kingston London Chicago: McGill-Queen’s University Press. pp. 26–35. ISBN 978-0-2280-1199-6.
  9. ^ Simakova, Svitlana (April 2020). "Sergei Bortkiewicz as an Outstanding representative of Ukrainian National Music Performance". THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Melbourne, Australia: 418. Sergei Bortkiewicz as an Outstanding representative of Ukrainian National Music Performance" "outstanding Ukrainian composer of Polish origin. pianist and teacher Sergei Bortkiewicz
  10. ^ Klochko, Anastasia (2021). "PIANO ETUDE IN THE WORK OF UKRAINIAN COMPOSERS: HISTORY AND PERFORMANCE" (PDF). Sumy State Pedagogical University: 26. For quite a long time, the work of the outstanding Ukrainian composer, pianist, teacher, the last romantic, Sergei Bortkiewicz (1877-1952) was unknown in Ukraine.
  11. ^ MOLCHKO, Ulyana (2022). "PIANO COMPOSITION «BALADA» OP. 42 BY SERHII BORTKEVYCH: PERFORMING ASPECT" (PDF). Education and Researcher Musical Art Institute of Ivan Franko Drohobych State Pedagogical Univeristy: 4. The research provides a musical-aesthetic and interpretive analysis of the work for piano of the Ukrainian diaspora outstanding composer Serhii Bortkevych. The personal creative contribution of the artist to the development of European culture is revealed. There are covered in the research the life of S. Bortkevych and pianistic activity both in Ukraine and abroad.
  12. ^ Statsyuk, Natalia (2021). "Sergei Bortkiewicz is a new page of Ukrainian musical culture of the 20th century". Volyn Vocational College of Culture and Arts: 1, 3. Sergei Eduardovych Bortkiewicz (February 28, 1877, Blagodatne - October 25, 1952, Vienna) is an outstanding Ukrainian composer of Polish origin, pianist and teacher
  13. ^ Levkulych, Yevhen (2016). "THE ISSUE OF NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION STYLE OF SERGEI BORTKIEWICZ" (PDF). MUSICOLOGY OF KYIV. 54: 16–18. The article examines issues of style and national identification of creativity by composer S. Bortkiewicz. Since opinions of modern researchers about composers belongs to Ukrainian or Russian music culture are different, we propose to investigate this question more attentively." "In accordance with the criteria set out in the definition of «national identity» in the beginning, it can be said that S. Bortkiewicz is really representative of the Ukrainian culture. S.Bortkiewicz has made a significant contribution to the development of national art, creating outstanding examples of Ukrainian musical romanticism of the first half of the twentieth century
  14. ^ Statsyuk, Natalia (2021). "Sergei Bortkiewicz is a new page of Ukrainian musical culture of the 20th century". Volyn Vocational College of Culture and Arts: 1, 3. Sergei Eduardovych Bortkiewicz (February 28, 1877, Blagodatne - October 25, 1952, Vienna) is an outstanding Ukrainian composer of Polish origin, pianist and teacher
  15. ^ Legkhun, Oksana (2015). "STUDY OF PIANO WORKS BY SERHIY BORTKEVYCH IN THE CLASS OF THE MAIN MUSICAL INSTRUMENT" (PDF). CURRENT ISSUES IN HUMANITIES EDUCATION. Collection of Scientific Papers12: 35. During the 20th century, Ukrainian musical culture was created not only on the territory of the native land, but also far beyond its borders. The socio-political processes that took place in the country during the specified period did not contribute to scientific research into the cultural processes of the Ukrainian diaspora. The declaration of Ukraine's independence made it possible to study previously forbidden archives and foreign publications, periodicals, to establish contacts with foreign figures." "What is relevant today is the return of unknown and forgotten names of artists who developed Ukrainian musical culture far beyond the borders of their Motherland. Among this cohort, Serhiy Bortkevich stands out, who was called the "last romantic" - he became a talented imitator of the best romantic traditions in the art of music, although the heyday of his compositional activity falls on the period 1910 - 1945.
  16. ^ Yakubov, T. A. (2021). "Sergei Bortkiewicz and his violin music" (PDF). The dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the specialty 025 «Musical art» (field of study 02 «Culture and Arts»). — Ukrainian National P. Tchaikovsky Academy of Music, Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2021.: 7. "In fact, the Violin concerto op. 22, written in Kharkiv between 1915–1918, is one of the first examples of the genre in the history of Ukrainian music."
  17. ^ Levkulych, Yevhen (2016). "Questions of National-Stylistic Identity in the work of Sergei Bortkiewicz" (PDF). КИЇВСЬКЕ МУЗИКОЗНАВСТВО No54. "Although in Ukraine at that time the process of maturing the national distinctive musical culture was underway, Europeans largely did not yet distinguish Ukrainian musical culture separately. It is worth noting that the formation of the Ukrainian national style in music followed the principle of synthesizing existing European and Russian musical achievements with the Ukrainian folkloric foundation, thereby creating a new synthesis from which a new and distinctive musical culture gradually emerged."p35
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