Talk:Bell Beaker culture/Archive 1

Archive 1

Recent addition about Egyptian beakers

I have reverted the recent addition by Kelvin Case over an Egyptian Beaker culture for the following reasons:

• The source he links appears to make no mention of Beaker culture influences (although I admit I only read the pottery section and intro) and I think the link may be Original Research
• Even if there is a mention I have missed, the linked source dates from the 1920s and archaeological thought has changed immeasurably since then
• The source mentions beakers as an artefact type not Beakers as a type find of the eponymous culture
• No modern source mentions this link.

adamsan 19:50, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Language

Is there a general consensus as to whether or not the Beaker people spoke an Indo-European language? They appear to be derived from Corded Ware, which was almost certainly I-E, at least in its later phases.--Rob117 20:26, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

On the other hand, historically all Beaker areas west of the Celtic uhreimat were been non-IE until the Celts arrived, so it could represent the spread of a material culture, but not a language.--Rob117 18:46, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

As a far as I am aware there is nothing but speculation relating to the language of the 'beaker folk'. There are an obvious candidate for the origins of IE, but there are others that are just as valid and no evidence to distinguish between them. It is probably best just not to comment! (Thefuguestate 22:27, 15 February 2006 (UTC))

Massive survival advantage

Martijn Faassen, I am a bit puzzled by the explanation you supplied to your removal of the word "massive": let's just say "survival advantage". Clearly its not massive in random cultural contexts, as cultures with prevalent intolerance abound still. I mean, this description of the survival advantage of lactose tolerance being "massive" is sourced. Sure, the massive advantage of the gene diminished to the south (cow milk was hardly consumed in Italy, maybe wine was just as healthy?) and petered out further away. I suppose nowadays there is no advantage left at all. Still, the movement and mixture of people in such a short time, reflected by the rapid expanion of this particular gene, has been confirmed to be unprecedented and not equalled in any known historical context. Rokus01 23:02, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

I didn't realize that it was sourced - I hadn't realized the cite just before it was being referenced there. It's a newspaper article though and quotes from interviews with the scientists, so some exaggaration might've taken place in the translation for a popular audience. My reasoning to remove the word is because the survival advantage depends on actually drinking milk, and because many cultures have thrived without being outcompeted by people with this supposedly massive advantage. I have put in "big", which is also in the source, and I moved the cite to just behind it. Ok? It'd be nice if we could find some more other sources on this, as it's certainly a fascinating development.Martijn Faassen 00:12, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Old source?

The line "AOO beakers are consistently older than the maritime (BB) ones" is referenced to a publication written in the 1970s, when chronologies were still based on metalwork sequences, many of which have proven false. I feel very dubious about leaving this claim in unless a newer source can be found for it backed up by c14 dating.

To the contrary, you restrain from removing sourced information and stop calling information disputed as long you don't make yourself clear or manage to gather significant sources that seriously challenge generally accepted statements. Even Susana Oliveira Jorge, that published an old Portuguese AOC sherd, recognize this type of pottery to be very old and on the bedrock basement below other Beaker pottery. No more breaches of WP policy here. Rokus01 (talk) 17:47, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

I certainly will not contest that AOO pottery is very old (it is certainly among the very earliest forms of beakers), but I have a problem with it being claimed as being consistently older than BB. As I understood it these two forms had considerable chronological overlap. Perhaps I am being too punctilious about the issue, but I feel that to make such a strong statement requires it to be backed up by a source making use of the last 30 years of research. Thefuguestate (talk) 20:07, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

I would say the word "consistently" represents the tentative character of the statement well enough, since it does not extrapolate on all A00 finds, most of which have not been dated at all. In Iberia a typological stratification is still missing altogether. All we know so far is they are consistently older than other beaker pottery whenever dated. I consider some kind of overlap very likely, especially where different beaker cultures meet geographically, like in Ireland, or Iberia. Other apparent "All over ornamented pottery"-like styles might in reality pertain to other beaker groups, I think there is a dispute going on of such an issue in the Baleares. However, I inserted the quote for clarity on the Lantink classification that is still leading and generally accepted. If you want to expand on the incertainties I urge on persuing clarity and significant sourced information.Rokus01 (talk) 22:03, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

I also have reservations about the section on Ireland. The claim that "the typical Beaker wristguards seem to have entered Ireland only after the Irish Beaker Folk had already settled there" is bizarre considering that not a single wrist-guard in Ireland has been recovered from an archaeological context and therefore cannot possibly be dated to before or after the beaker horizon! It also dredges up Clarke's 1960's ideas of intrusive groups having specific pottery, an explanation that I haven't seen repeated since the 70s. Thefuguestate (talk) 18:44, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

First, the book I quoted is from 1998, not 1960, so here you have a source contradicting your statement, confirming this interpretation is all but obsolete. The wristguards found are many, most of them however not found in association with burials. This is NOT typical to English and Continental Beaker burials. Nobody ever claimed any of this many Irish finds don't belong to Beaker culture, where did you get this? The oldest wristguard was found in association with other Beaker objects in Corran, County Armagh, a site that relate to Wiltshire Beaker, not really recognized to be the oldest Beaker type. Please don't resort to bizarre WP:OR to make your point, whatever this would be. Rokus01 (talk) 17:47, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

The two Corran wrist-guards found in a box with some jet beads and gold sheet hardly make for good dating evidence. Other wrist-guards are poorly associated with other objects. One from Ballywholan, Tyrone was found in a dual court tomb, but that just gives a date of late neolithic/early bronze age. There is a 'metal working stone' from the beaker settlement at Newgrange that is loosely associated with a horizon containing a Killaha axe (~2200-1900BC) and could possibly be a broken wrist-guard. This is the sum of dating for Irish wrist-guards, so the Corran examples might be taken as the oldest dated examples, but they might equally be the youngest. Dateing the wrist-guard phenomenon in Ireland on the bases of 2 out of 111 objects is hardly a sound basis for the statement: "the typical Beaker wristguards seem to have entered Ireland only after the Irish Beaker Folk had already settled there"

Thefuguestate (talk) 20:07, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

It is not so much the dating of bracers, it's the documented lack of association with beaker burials that is striking archeologists about the finds in Ireland. Somehow the wristguards did not belong to the "cultural beaker package" in the same way as they did in almost all other beaker contexts in England and at the Continent. It is reasonable to think of the beaker expansion as a process that involves both demic and material diffusion. Associated finds as wristguards that never made it to the Irish graves obviously reflect a material diffusion of cultural items, and less a demic diffusion and customs that travelled with migrating people. Consequently, such an accumulating "beaker package" of items not essentially entrenched into the local beaker ideology, including Irish wristguards, hardly could have been accompanied by any significant contemporary immigration. However, this does not invalidate ideas of a significant demic diffusion having happened already before. The idea of such a gradual accumulation of material items to the already existing beaker cultures is generally accepted and to my knowledge the wristguards are no well documented exception. In Ireland they are not. Rokus01 (talk) 22:03, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

My main problem is the specific quote I highlighted above. There just isn't enough evidence to support the statement that wrist-guards were introduced later than the first beaker pottery. The same can be said of flint arrowheads and tanged copper daggers which are also mentioned (indeed the oldest tanged copper daggers in Britain have chemical compositions that suggest they were imported from Ireland). I do not disagree with the notion that Ireland is particularly different from elsewhere in Europe with reference to how the beaker package was utilised, but this is not necessarily a chronological issue (which the article does at least mention in the last line of the first paragraph). Part of the confusion may result from the fact that much of the dating of Food Vessel burials was newly published at the time of the source's writing and perhaps not available. It was not until the mid-late 1990's that it was realised Food Vessels in Ireland were as ancient as the Beaker pottery, a fact which accounts for the extraordinary paucity of Beaker burials in Ireland. Until that point it had been assumed that Food Vessels followed the British pattern of replacing Beaker pottery, and therefore any item with strong associations with Food Vessel burials may have been seen as entering Ireland at a later date than Beakers. Thefuguestate (talk) 21:19, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

My source clearly distinguish seven intrusive beaker groups and threee groups of purely insular character that evolved from them. The classification was based on style of beakers used. Indeed, separately it dedicates a whole chapter on the issue of Food Vessels, to conclude this concept should be discarded and be replaced by a concept of two different traditions that rely on typology : the bowl tradition and the vase tradition. The bowl tradition might have been the oldest as it has been found inserted in existing Neolithic (pre-beaker) tombs, both court tombs and passage tombs. You are right none of the existing beaker classification is incorporated here, though the rich ornaments definitely remind to A00 that, indeed, was never considered true Bell Beaker (like it is, strange enough, in Iberia). I read some bowls have been found in association with bronze bracelets, though nothing on wristguards. Considering this new evidence, even more I wonder why you have problems with wristguards being introduced only later by cultural diffusion. There is not any evidence of wristguards in the earliest finds. However, since it was rather the burial context I was referring to, maybe the quote could be improved a bit. I'll take a look. Rokus01 (talk) 12:32, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

'the people of Stonehenge'

moved from Talk:Celts.

It isn't established that there was an 'intrusive Bell Beaker culture'. The Britannica site, which I would definitely not see as a suitable source for this anyway (Timothy Champion is fine, I'd just think that this stuff always needs to be up to date, and it doesn't take into account the recent redating of Stonehenge), doesn't claim that, in fact it says "Both of these burial rites have been attributed to invading population groups. On the other hand, they may also be seen as a new expression of an ideology of social status, emphasizing control of resources rather than ancestral descent. Such an explanation fits better with a picture of slow internal development within European society." I agree with this in fact. The newspaper article just says a bit of Beaker pottery was found, right? --Doug Weller (talk) 17:53, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

"The newspaper article just says a bit of Beaker pottery was found, right?"

If you really want to make a positive contribution, what I doubt, you should have yourself informed. Stonehenge is an expession of the Wessex culture. It is not a matter of a bit of Beaker pottery more or less. The Wessex culture IS Bell Beaker culture.Rokus01 (talk) 13:33, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

yes. Can we please stop discussing the Bronze Age on this page? The European Bronze Age is interesting. It has its own article (which is essentially a stub! why does everyone insist on cluttering the Celts page instead of working on the article for which they would actually have relevant material??). It is off-topic at this article. What we definitely do not want this article to do is perpetuate the fuzzy popular association of Celts with Stonehenge etc. dab (𒁳) 17:56, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

If I'm right, the fuzz is about this quote:

... people of Stonehenge, recently identified however as part of the intrusive Bronze Age Bell Beaker culture. Recently the Iberian Celts were proposed to be descendents of this same culture.

First, I think the presumed Bell Beaker origin has historic as well as actual relevance to the Celtic issue. So, continuating on this - whether or not this has affinity to the Bronze Age article - I gather the criticism on the quote is centered on two academic issues:

• the intrusive character of Bell Beaker culture in England
• the association of Stonehenge with Bell Beaker culture

Concerning the first, I showed at least the intrusive character of Bell Beaker to England has been observed by notable sources. You are right, however, in the sense that no generally accepted view concerning the Bell Beakers as to their identity or the archeological phenomenon as a whole exists. Still, a cultural turnaround is generally accepted, much more than in any other possible later "Celtic" period, including Hallstatt or La Tene. Actually, archeological evidence on Hallstatt or La Tene intrusions in England are considered quite flimsy.
About the association of Stonehenge with Bell Beaker: I really can't believe you deny all references made recently to the Bell Beaker presence in the most important building stages of Stonehenge. Either I don't understand what recent redating of Stonehenge has to do with it. The base of Stonehenge already existed when the first Bell Beakers arrived, definitely, though even recent dating fits the later building stages perfectly well within the Bell Beaker phenomenon or, more accurately, the (Bell Beaker) Wessex culture, and all of this arguments do not justify at all mentioning Colin Burgess in this article to ridiculize the more recent and prominent Bronze Age proposals concerning this particular possibilty to the Celtic origin - that has been revived recently to explain the Iberian Celts.
I am sure we could dedicate a whole chapter to this issue, even more so since scholars seem to be quite shaky to pronounce themselves right now, facing continuing research and rapid progress in technological methods. However, since some "wikipedia opponents" to the Bell Beaker view don't seem to allow this, at least we should agree to a less POV representation of this view. Rokus01 (talk) 23:20, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

References

Recent deletion of OR

I've just deleted some apparent OR added by an IP editor. In doing so, I also deleted
Even though indications of their use of stream sediment copper instead, low in traces of lead and arsenic, and Beaker finds connected to mining and metalworking at Ross Island, County Kerry, provide an escape to such doubts, in general, the early Irish Beaker immigrants appear to be ignorant of the overall "Beaker package" of innovations that, already fully developed, swept Europe elsewhere. This Irish peculiarity could be due to the ancientness of Irish Beaker immigrations, to isolation and to influences and surviving traditions of autochthons I did this because it only seemed fair, as it is no more sourced than the edit I deleted. Why should it be restored without a source? Doug Weller (talk) 15:24, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

The whole section on Ireland was sourced at first creation, and refers to "Ancient Ireland, Life before the Celts - Laurence Flanagan,Gil & MacMillan, 1998, ISBN 0-7171-2433-9" Rokus01 (talk) 22:57, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

It still needs a citation. Doug Weller (talk) 08:34, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

You mean to say: "Ok, I was wrong in my accusation that the text I deleted was unsourced. Instead, I would still appreciate a citation." Please don't become entrenched in your point of view beforehand, I have seen too many examples here and I don't want to start another pointless discussion like above on Stonehenge, where obviously you want to give prevalence to what you already knew. Sure, I'll look for the book again for what is fit to cite. Rokus01 (talk) 10:17, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Dough is meaning to say, {{page number}}. After you've been caught repeatedly in blatant misrepresentation of your sources, you should not be surprised that "sourcing" entire paragraphs summarily to an entire monograph[6] rouses scepticism. --dab (𒁳) 12:14, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Dbachmann, don't abuse the talkpage for waging your personal wars, this is against the Talkpage guidelines. It is not my fault that you are a frustrated Kurganist that can't live with the demise of the "holy Kurgan theory" after FOUR hard years of tampering wikipedia as an administrator with your obsolete truths and misrepresentations. Or do you really think you did a good job in messing up articles on subjects you don't understand? [7]Rokus01 (talk) 14:21, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Rokus01, please don't tell me what I meant to say. What I deleted was unsourced when I deleted it. If it had been sourced properly, as dab points out, I wouldn't have deleted it. Doug Weller (talk) 12:24, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Don't lie.Rokus01 (talk) 13:54, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

as the diff I provide shows, Rokus had cited the monograph in question in a footnote to the section title. That's better than nothing, I suppose, but certainly not good enough. If we were forced to read an entire book for every one of Rokus' edits, we might as well take his word for stuff. Using amazon, it appears the page in question is 78f., although I cannot quite spot how the grand "the early Irish Beaker immigrants appear to be ignorant of the overall "Beaker package" of innovations that, already fully developed, swept Europe elsewhere" came about. --dab (𒁳) 12:28, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

I'll check this paraphrasing of a whole book in one sentence out for you. Rokus01 (talk) 13:54, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Section title? I've never seen a footnote for a section title before. Anyway, for books, we need page numbers, that's pretty much agreed for most circumstances. Inline citations within text is I believe what the guidelines call for. Doug Weller (talk) 13:21, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Another thing you didn't say was "thank you for your efforts to supply information on Ireland, for it wasn't there at all before you decided to put your shoulders under it." Why didn't you? Good manners are no luxory and of public concern. Feel free to improve on content, be diligent in keeping track of inconsistencies but keep your bad behaviour to yourself and give me a break.Rokus01 (talk) 13:54, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

You're calling me a liar and lecturing me about good manners? (as well as expecting me to know you added the Ireland stuff). Doug Weller (talk) 14:46, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Don't lie about this either. I requested you not to lie. Is it so hard to admit a mistake? What if everybody starts hammering the other one just because they can't admit a mistake? Rokus01 (talk) 15:13, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

I encourage people to check out Rokus' changes to other pages like Kurgan hypothesis, where his edits at the best are introducing contradictory material into the text and at the worst are misrepresenting sources (at the expense of the Kurgan hypothesis, as usual; I have no particular love or deep knowledge of this or other theories, but POV pushing of any type raises my hackles). If anyone has the Oxford source he is now using, I'd appreciate a full quote from it to check out the context. - Merzbow (talk) 17:35, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

And Rokus' practice of "sourcing" long rambling sections of prose to entire books or monographs without page numbers is something he's done before. It makes it impossible to separate out what the sources are saying vs. what Rokus' opinion is. - Merzbow (talk) 17:43, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Hopefully now he knows that page numbers are expected, he will provide them. Doug Weller (talk) 18:31, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

And he did. I've finally gotten around to doing some checking, and so far I've spotted several problems. Doug Weller (talk) 21:30, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

You have to verify your findings about crouched unburned remains, since these are not so rare in the older Irish finds as you suggest. Rokus01 (talk) 06:50, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

That was from Flanagan, used correctly. Doug Weller (talk) 07:14, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Now you suggest that no more crouched and / or unburned remains are found in Ireland, while this is not the case to the bowl tradition. Maybe it would help if you tell me to what school you belong, in order I can evaluate the point of view you seek to represent? Like this your edits basically look like original research in making your private point of view. Rokus01 (talk) 07:54, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Talk about ironic. How about you telling me what school you belong to? There is no original research in my edits. And I'm the one advocating using neutral language such as 'Beaker-using people'.

So, tell us about the sources for this sentence " The Irish Beaker period is characterized by the ancientness[38] of Beaker immigrations, by isolation[43] and by influences and surviving traditions of autochthons.[44]" Please give us the quotes from which you get those three characteristics. Thanks. Doug Weller (talk) 08:50, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

"Ancientness" isn't even a word. The noun corresponding to "ancient" is "antiquity". Unless you want to write in Early Modern English, where auncientnesse was in use. Rokus chiding Doug for presenting a "private point of view" is, of course, the wiki-irony of the day. "surviving traditions of autochthons" is bullshit. Checking p. 91 in the much-quoted Flanagan, the sentence this "paraphrases" is We are left with at least a suspicion that the wedge tombs are an indigenous invention. I've just about had it with Rokus' consistently dishonest doctoring of sources. --dab (𒁳) 10:28, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Food vessels

Britannica: "In contrast, in the eastern half of the country a people in the single-burial tradition dominate. Their burial modes and distinctive pottery, known as food vessels, have strong roots in the Beaker tradition that dominates in many areas of western Europe. They may have reached Ireland via Britain from the lowland areas around the Rhine or farther north." Rokus01 (talk) 22:09, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Can we please stick to sources from archaeologists for this. Flanagan doesn't explicitly link food vessels with his 'Beaker People'. Nor does Waddell. Encyclopedias are never a good source for archaeology in my experience. Doug Weller (talk) 03:33, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Rokus is making similar edits to Food Vessel, they should be checked also. - Merzbow (talk) 05:02, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Are you stalking me? Rokus01 (talk) 13:15, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Editors' contribution histories are public for a reason. Following an editor to unrelated pages is typically not allowed, but you're making almost the same edits to similar pages, even after having problems pointed out with them. - Merzbow (talk) 17:41, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Even Waddell distinguishes Vase and Bowl traditions (not cultures) and classify pottery of this traditions as Beaker Period: [8] Don't tell me you have a real book of Waddell that doesn't give you any clues? This is exactly the problem of untrained laymen that start reading advanced specialized literature: a lack of basic knowledge for understanding what the book is all about. Then, a smart reader would be inclined to step back and read a simple overview. For this purpose the Britannica is generally accepted as a valid authority, unless you can find new developments in journals that would point to the contrary. Just consider nationalist ideas of splendid isolation obsolete. Rokus01 (talk) 13:15, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

You mention untrained laymen, are you claiming to be an archaeologist? Doug Weller (talk) 17:31, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Immigration in Ireland section

This is a contentious issue.
The article has these two sentences: "in general, the early Irish Beaker immigrants appear to be ignorant[44] of the overall "Beaker package" of innovations that, once fully developed, swept Europe elsewhere, leaving Ireland behind.[45] The Irish Beaker period is characterized by the ancientness[41] of Beaker immigrations, by isolation[46] and by influences and surviving traditions of autochthons.[47]"
This is assuming something that is contentious. And I don't see how the source that is footnoted actually backs these sentences, which to me look like a synthesis of some statements by Flanagan rather than a report of what Flanagan actually says. It is not our job to do a synthesis but rather to report what reliable sources have actually said. I haven't removed them yet as I would like very much to be able to cooperate with Rokus, but I've already asked him to justify the second sentence and he ignored my request. Note that I complained about this sentence when I originally deleted it as OR, after which the references were added in a post hoc justification of the sentence. Doug Weller (talk) 03:43, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Indeed. Talking of "Beaker immigrants" as if they were taken for granted isn't permissible, seeing how it is more likely that the "Beaker people" were something like travelling tinkers selling fashionable pottery. --dab (𒁳) 08:04, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Strange discussion, how did you know only real weirdos will scare me away from Wikipedia? lol.

"Beaker immigrants" are indeed not taken for granted with all the Beaker folk: just the first ones that met up with their megalithic predecessors and whose traces could be discerned between megalithic remains. Instead, the later Irish Beaker folk evolved in relative isolation. This should be clear from the text. I don't know of any sourced reference that considers Beaker culture a local Irish development that did not involve immigration. Rokus01 (talk) 13:31, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

• I'm not questioning that. What I am hoping is that you will show the cooperation you want, and that I am happy to give you, by explain how your sources above backs the two sentences I am questioning. I think that's a reasonable request and one that can lead to further cooperation. Doug Weller (talk) 17:36, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Below the sentences as copied from the current text.Rokus01 (talk) 17:47, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Sentence 1

In general, the early Irish Beaker intrusions don't attest the overall "Beaker package" of innovations that, once fully developed, swept Europe elsewhere, leaving Ireland behind.

Ok here? Rokus01 (talk) 17:47, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Yes, thanks. I think your recent edit is an improvement. I don't think you mean the sentence that starts "Recently, the concept of this food vessels was discarded and replaced by a concept" to read the way it does, 'concept of this food vessels'? Doug Weller (talk) 18:38, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Ok, I am happy for this. About the "Recently..", do you refer to stylistics or the way content is represented? Rokus01 (talk) 14:43, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Sentence 2

The Irish Beaker period is characterized by the ancientness of Beaker intrusions, by isolation and by influences and surviving traditions of autochthons

This are just plain observations. Ok here? Rokus01 (talk) 17:47, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Ok, 'ancientness' is a word I'm ok with -- minor problem is that I doubt many readers will know what 'autochthon' means, leaving it and explaining it in parentheses is probably a good idea, better than just replacing it. Again, thanks. Doug Weller (talk) 18:41, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Ireland section

I'm not happy with the way it is written. Part of the problem is the way the main source, Flanagan, is used, part of the problem is the use of Flanagan. Flanagan is a fine archaeologist, but this is a fairly thin book. Cunliffe commented "For a reader wishing to have quick access to the tangible re- mains of Irish prehistory, this book is a useful introduc- tion: it can be used rather like an extended card index. But for someone who wants to be led into the debates that have so enriched the discipline in recent decades, Ancient Ireland is a disappointment. Better by far is John Waddell's The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland (Galway 1998). Both books were published in the same year by professional archaeologists, and they cover the same range of material, but they serve very different audiences. Ancient Ireland does from time to time warn readers that issues are contentious; the author, for example, dis- misses the intricate problems surrounding the origins of megalithic tombs with the phrase, "There is, inevitably, some controversy about which particular monuments were the first to be erected," yet introduces nothing of the debate." The book has no specific references, just a list of resources used for each chapter. I removed the first sentence and it was replaced with a comment about avoiding plagiarism, but I can't find where Flanagan actually says anything like what the first sentence says. 'Crouched burial' is referenced to pages 96 (where Flanagan says suggestive of Beaker practice) and 151, where there is no mention of Beakers, and John Waddell's (much better) The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland says that outside of a minority of wedged tombs where some Beaker fragments and cremated bones have been found, Beaker burials are rare, the Beaker deposits in those tombs may be secondary deposits, and it is the makers of Bowl tradition pottery (late 3rd millennium) who adopt the Beaker crouched unburnt burials.(pp118-119). Waddell also talks of 'Beaker-using people', rather than Beaker People or Beaker Folk, which I think is a much better way to write about Beaker users. Doug Weller (talk) 07:55, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

I am not happy the way you try to invalidate an excellent and scholarly source. Just read the whole book and don't seek to violate WP:AGF by extrapolating the separate quotes you've happened to put your hands on. For instance, one quote not mentioning the word Beaker in a chapter exclusively about Beakers... Such kind of criticism arouses suspection of severe hypercritic bias and POV pushing. Such revision does not suffice to the quality of validation you pretend. However, I will take a look at the crouched burials by way of content dispute. Beaker people or "people using Beakers": here you shuffle away the sourced reference of this people also making the beakers. I gather you intend to push your point of view that no such thing as immigrating Beaker people ever existed? Again, of what school of thought did you derive your point of view in this particular context? Without mentioning sources you are risking WP:OR. Rokus01 (talk) 10:35, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

I have to agree with Doug Weller, Flanagan's book is poor basis for discussing the beaker period in Ireland. His account is more in line with thinking from a decade or two before it was written. I did my masters on the Irish beaker period and dismissed the book entirely. Waddell on the other hand is an excellent starting point. Thefuguestate (talk) 18:42, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

I keep looking at the copy of Waddell I've got out from the library and wonder what to do about the section. My thoughts are that it is so convoluted and difficult to read it needs to be replaced entirely. What do you think? Doug Weller (talk) 18:54, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

I am afraid Thefuguestate's main reason to reject Flanagan is because it explicitly rejects any colonisation directly from Iberia.Rokus01 (talk) 10:06, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

I'm not sure where the colonization from Iberia comes in to it? And in any case, I really don't mind an author having a different opinion to my own. I think Doug Weller is right and the section needs a complete rewrite to make it comprehensible. Reconsidering the situation, I think Bradley's 2007 The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland would make the best starting point. It would also be good to use it for writing the long overdue British entry. It's clearly written and as up to date as could be hoped for. I think one of the problems we have is that there are no clear guidelines for what should go in the national sections. They end up a mishmash of technical terms for pots, descriptions of random sites with no explanation as to why they are relevant, a bunch of random factoids and speculation on who introduced what and from where. I think what we need are some clear guidelines on what we want to say about the beaker phenomenon in each area. I will start a separate section below. Thefuguestate (talk) 17:58, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

every article Rokus touches will become an unreadable mess suggestively discussing genes, the paleolithic, and the fallacies of the Kurgan hypothesis. This has got to stop. This is an article about the bleeding Beaker culture, its scope is the early European Bronze Age. I will insist that all material discussed here directly concerns the archaeological culture, as opposed to dreams about the deep paleolithic, Aryan genes or Kurgan warriors. dab (𒁳) 11:26, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

The Aryan dreams on Kurgan warriors are entirely yours. Now you puzzle me on your paleolithic nightmares as well, since none of this was included in the scope of this article. And, to contradict yourself, why did you delete my nuances on a clear Dutch physical anthropologic link?

On "size and robustness to be subject to environmental and cultural influences":

This has been confirmed also by studies on the Dutch that throughout time, though lately cited for being the largest people of the world, showed a remarkable variation in average length in comparison to other people. + The metric research on skeletal remains, once decisive in proving this migrationst theory, became subject to severe criticism. Subsequent to the discovery of cultural continuity and the location of the most likely origin in the Netherlands (J. P. Mallory,EIEC p. 53), new studies showed metrics like brachycephaly, size and robustness to be subject to environmental and cultural influences. Thus, surviving traits, like more than average length, robustness or high degree of brachycephaly, would be due to surviving favorable environmental conditions rather than genetics.

Rokus01 (talk) 12:24, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

because the brachycephaly, size and robustness of the Dutch people are of supreme irrelevance to this article on the Early Bronze Age archaeological culture. I'm not the one here going on about the Aryan Swiss, am I? Give it a rest. dab (𒁳) 18:40, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

• "Flint arrow-heads and tanged copper daggers, found in association with Beaker pottery in many other parts of Europe, have a 'post-Beaker' date in Ireland, that is, a date later than the initial phase of Beaker People activity". This is simply not true. The late dating of copper daggers in Ireland came from the fact that they were found with food vessel burials as oppose to beaker burials, and people assumed Irish food vessels were later than beakers. Carbon dates available since the mid 1990s make it quite apparent that irish food vessels are entirely contemporaneous with Irish beakers (Needham 1996). In fact, the oldest copper daggers in Britain are found with early style beakers and have a chemical and isotope signature that suggest with a level of certainty almost unparalleled in archaeology that they were made at Ross Island, SW Ireland (O’Brien 2004).Thefuguestate (talk) 19:49, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

All it says here that the items did not arrive before the Beaker period. It does not suggest any distinction between Beaker culture and food vessel traditions.Rokus01 (talk) 10:06, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

No it doesn't, it says they have 'a date later than the initial phase of Beaker People activity'. If it was trying to impart that these objects arrive with the beaker package (as oppose to before), I have no problem, but it has to be reworded to make it clear. At the moment it implies that beakers and daggers arrived at the same time in most parts of europe, but daggers were relatively late in reaching Ireland. I only mentioned the food vessels to account for where this confusion might have arisen from in the literature of the 20th century. Thefuguestate (talk) 17:58, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

• "the relative scarcity of beakers, and Beaker-compatible material of any kind, in the south-west are regarded as an obstacle to any colonisation directly from Iberia, or even from France". I believe the oldest beaker material in Ireland is indeed from the SW, namely, Ross Ireland (O’Brien 2004). The huge disparity in densities of beaker finds between the SW and NE is better accounted for in terms of land use (Mount 1995), prolithic local antiquarian activity (Harbison 1969) and a strong 19th century antique trade (Simpson 1996). Thefuguestate (talk) 19:49, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

You are free to insert the results of more recent research, though on basis of clear references, not of what you think personally.Rokus01 (talk) 10:06, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

I will make some changes pending the response to my rewrite proposal. Thefuguestate (talk) 17:58, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

• "Recently, the concept of this food vessels was discarded and replaced by a concept of two different traditions that rely on typology". This is untrue. Some authors have chosen to distinguish between food vessel bowls and food vessel vases (confusingly just calling them 'vessels') but this is by no means universal. Thefuguestate (talk) 19:49, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

The main "recent" publications make the distinction and refer to traditions.Rokus01 (talk) 10:06, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Recently, the concept of food vessels was contested in favour of splitting them into 'bowls' and 'vases.' Would this solution be acceptable? Thefuguestate (talk) 17:58, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

• "Boats capable of transporting cattle by sea must have been available, possibly skin-covered, wood-framed vessels that so far have not been unearthed yet". Yes, it is true to say that hide vessels unknown to us may have been used, but there are two existing types of boat that we know about! Between the dates 2500-1700BC thirteen large logboats have been found in Ireland and fourteen in Britain (Lanting and Brindley 1996). There are also 5 large plank built boats dateing to the early bronze age in Britain (Wright 2001). Thefuguestate (talk) 19:49, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Logboats are not capable of transporting cattle by sea.Rokus01 (talk) 10:06, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

The Lurgan and Carrownden logboats from Co. Galway were 15m long (large enough to carry adult cows, never mind calves) and had modifications interpreted as out-riggers for sea travel (Robinson et al 1999) - ethnographically speaking, the most common way to make a canoe sea worthy. Also, logboats have been recovered from the floor of the Baltic (Hale 1980, 121), so people definitely did use them at sea in some places. Thefuguestate (talk) 17:58, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

• "The introduction of the horse by the same people using beakers must have facilitated land transport, in particular in the Later Bronze Age when appear a number of timber-built trackways". I am not aware of any evidence that horses were used for more than food in western Europe in the early bronze age, and why even mention the late bronze age? (This is a beaker period article). Thefuguestate (talk) 19:49, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Still this opinion is sourced, not yours. Later Bronze Age is a continuation of Beaker culture features and the trackways is cited to probably belong to this category.Rokus01 (talk) 10:06, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

I think the source is poor and erroneous in this context. I require an actual piece of evidence that horses were used as transport in this part of the world at this time. Opinion varies wildly as to when the horse was first ridden or used for traction, and I think the author is citing their opinion as fact for the sake of a non-academic audience. Thefuguestate (talk) 17:58, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

• "The first mill-stones are attested in the Later Bronze Age". Again, why mention the later bronze age? Thefuguestate (talk) 19:49, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Again: the later bronze age is cited as a continuation of Beaker culture and as an indication of the impact it has on later developments. I really don't understand the fervor in removing sourced information since the object of Wikipedia is to supply information. Rokus01 (talk) 10:06, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia is here to supply clear and well present information to an uninformed audience. Digressions into the later bronze age clutter the article and make it unreadable. Sourced or not, it is irrelevant. Thefuguestate (talk) 17:58, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

References

National Entries: Some guidelines?

I think the national entries are a horrible and unhelpful mishmash of facts and data. I was thinking that a set of guidelines as to what we are actually trying to say about beaker users in each locality might help keep the sections focused and legible. Input is most welcome. In the ones below I was mostly thinking about Ireland and possibly Britain, but they should be applicable to most areas. Additons and alterations welcome. Thefuguestate (talk) 18:43, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Things to know:

• When did beakers arrive in the area and when did they fall out of use?
• Was the adoption a major event (archaeologically speaking), or are they few and far between?
• If burial traditions changed, what did they go from and to?
• Is there any major detectable change in subsistence patterns?
• Are there any 'stand-out' sites, such as Ross Island or Stonehenge, that people might be interested in and help archaeologists shed an unusual amount of light on the period?
• Are there any major developments in this period that go on to influence other areas? E.g. the irish halberd, which became a common weapon in Europe until the development of the sword.
• Are there any stand-out idiosyncrasies with the beaker package in the rest of europe? E.g. the irish aversion to using beakers as funerary vessels, or the irish/british love for stone wrist-guards
• Does the area have a raw resource that was being traded to the rest of europe (perhaps for the first time?), such as irish copper, cornish tin, baltic amber, itialian jadite or iberian gold?

What we don't need to know:

• The various classifications of pottery in the area. I.e. No W/MR, AOC or N1-N4. This is supposed to be for casual readers and these technical details are an esoteric turn off. Besides, we cannot possibly do justice to all the classifications by all the many commentators in the last 40 years.
• A site description, unless it is to explain why a particular aspect of society is thought to be one way rather than the other. E.g. don't write 'at JOE BLOGS SITE many cattle and a few sheep bones were found along with beaker sherds'. Do write, 'in the beaker period cattle were thought to have become more important than sheep, as at may sites, such as JOE BLOGS SITE and IAN VANDAAL SITE, the number of cattle bones vastly out weighs the number of sheep (/source)'

Thanks! This gets to the heart of the problems with the article. We certainly are not aiming this as specialists but at the moment it is just off-putting and confusing for the casual reader. And the idea of guidelines so that the different geographical areas cover as much as possible the same ground would greatly improve the article. I presume you mean 'subsistence patterns' where you wrote 'substance patterns'? Doug Weller (talk) 18:51, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

He he, yeah, subsistence patterns is what I meant (darn spell checkers) Thefuguestate (talk) 18:54, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Ok, since no objection has been raised, I have made some major edits. It has much less information, but hopefully is easier to read. I may do something similar with the other national entries over the next few weeks. I realise I have missed out subsistence practice. I think the paragraph from the previous version of may be useful and relevant, but it isn't clear whether some of the statements are intended to apply to the whole of Ireland or just the specific sites mentioned and I don't have Flanagan to hand. It is also difficult to read in its current format:

"Cattle was presumingly imported in significant numbers from Britain. The most abundant remains of cattle come from the Beaker settlement at Newgrange. Here, pigs were the second most important animal in the stock list. Excavations on Knockadoon Hill (County Limerick) show evidence that pig and -in second place- cattle husbandry formed the basis of the economy. The ageing data suggest that a greater proportion of cattle than pigs reached full adulthood and may have been exploited for secondary products. Horses lived to a greater age than the majority of the food species, suggesting their primary value may have laid in their use as mounts, pack animals or perhaps items of status. Some evidence of cereal production was also recovered. Sheep and goats were poorly represented. Medium sized dogs often survived to a fairly advanced age, suggesting their use as pets. The introduction of the horse by the same people using beakers must have facilitated land transport, in particular in the Later Bronze Age when appear a number of timber-built trackways. Agriculture of wheat and emmer was already practiced by the megalithic autochthons and maybe extended by the Beaker people, as indicated by the introduction on new varieties of cereal."

If no one else feels up to it, I will have a go at reintegrating this paragraph at a later date, but for now I am all edited out Thefuguestate (talk) 13:48, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

Can you please give a full quote to prove this is what Case actually said?"

The earliest Irish beakers are similar to those from Iberia (Case 2001), but later pottery is most similar to British examples (Case 1993).

Sure, I'll hunt that down for you, it may well be over simplified by my paraphrasing Thefuguestate (talk) 19:12, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

I don't agree with your removal of sourced information. You impose your point of view that the Bell Beakers are actually from Iberia. A coincidence that you removed Flanagan, who oposed to such a view?

I don't believe I have imposed this view, my major edit was to make the article more readable. Also, since beakers were so late arriving in Britain and Ireland, I don't think it matters where the original genesis point was. On a side note though, the early Irish beaker users were most likely in regular contact with Iberia or western France, given that the early beakers, wrist-guards and copper smelting technology all find their best parallels in northern Iberia, and the earliest dates are in Co. Cork and Co. Kerry (i.e. the SW of Ireland, closest to Iberia). However, I have stopped short of saying this in the article.Thefuguestate (talk) 19:12, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

I don't mind the Irish section to be slimmed down, even though I can't respect the argument that Wikipedia should be for casual readers only. Remember the superfluous footnoting, that indeed makes the chapter more difficult to read, was especially requested for purposes of verification.

Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not:

• A Wikipedia article should not be presented on the assumption that the reader is well versed in the topic's field. Introductory language in the lead and initial sections of the article should be written in plain terms and concepts that can be understood by any literate reader of Wikipedia without any knowledge in the given field
• Merely being true, or even verifiable, does not automatically make something suitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia.

Hopefully, these quotes explain some of my reasoning. Also, I think, whilst the subjects are still controversial, the footnoting needs to stay.Thefuguestate (talk) 19:12, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

I really don't know. I am not happy with your obvious Spano-Portuguese nationalism. Also, I don't want to delete your efforts. Maybe it would be best to remove some lines that I consider arguable interpretations of the original text and possibly nationalistically biased/POV. Also, I would like a full account and justication of your removal of sourced and verified information.

Feel free to point out any more lines you have a problem with, I'll endeavour to amend them. Thefuguestate (talk) 19:12, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

By the way, by far the majority of publications on Bell Beakers is organized per country. There is hardly any such thing as an international consensus on the subject. If any, I think the Britannica view comes closest to general consensus since it gives a synthesis on ideas, cultures and styles. The recent dating information did not result to a consistent revision yet. Remeber the Iberian view is not supported at all with a chronological assessment on styles and developments. That is why the national entry approach is the best.Rokus01 (talk) 16:55, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

I agree that beakers are normally dealt with in a nation by nation manner, but there are some good comparative studies out there. I do not like the idea of using britannica as its archaeological articles tend to be woefully out-dated. You call me a Spano-Portuguese nationalist, but I think of myself very much as an Irish nationalist. This is perhaps the reason I would rather rely on C14 dates than comparative studies: it has been the case that almost every BA artifact in Ireland has been ascribed as a late import from another area on the basis of comparative studies. However, in the last 2 decades, c14 dates have thrown the comparative studies out of the window, and the past makes a lot more sense for it. Food vessels did not originate in Britain and halberds did not originate in germ any, both came first from Ireland. I could talk about 'danish' neckrings and 'Cypriots' daggers as well (although not just with Ireland in mind). I think, as a compromise where conflicts occur, it would be fair to state in the article both points of view, and give the reasoning behind them. Thefuguestate (talk) 19:12, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

References

Relationship to Y Haplogroups

I have removed the unsupported text for which references were requested last month:

It is also worth noting that the distribution of the bell-beaker culture matches exactly the distribution of Y-chromosome Haplogroup I-M26, and that M26 peaks on Sardinia. The small percentage of M26 males in the other lands would be consistent with a cultural exchange marked by elite dominance or "elite mimickry."

I know of no references that could be supplied making that connection. My online article The Peopling of Europe suggests a strong relationship between Beaker Culture and R1b, accompanied by a lower level of hg I. I know of no print publication which makes that connection. --Genie (talk) 20:19, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

[Editing to add blockquote]--Genie (talk) 22:10, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Reducing technical jargon

I think if technical jargon is going to be used it should be explained (e.g. wiki link) or alternative common language terminology used.I've replaced a couple of instances where people have either lifted jargon from books or used technical expressions that make the article less approachable to average wiki readers, e.g. what was "previous traditions of the megalithic autochthons" I have changed to "traditions of the earlier inhabitants". If my correction is incorrect please modify but if you are going to use expressions like "autochthons" I think you should explain what this term means. Thanks. --mgaved (talk) 09:44, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

Bell Beakers, Corded Ware

The chapter "origin" was extremely inconsistent and had to be altered: Since we now know that Bell Beakers originated in West Iberia -2900 at the same time as the (presumable Indo-European) Corded Ware Culture in Poland, the Bell Beakers cannot have been the origin of the Celts. HJJHolm (talk) 14:34, 30 October 2010 (UTC)

map

This is the worst one in the whole wikipedia. Spain/Iberia is completely overloaded, in Italy nearly all finds are missing! A bad sign! HJJHolm (talk) 14:31, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

Origins, precursors

Those sections are only partially correct/ complete. The bell Beaker decoration style indeed appears earliest in Iberia, however, the totality of the BB phenomenon also included the burial sstyles (single tumuli; gender differentiation), presence of weapons, etc. These latter features clearly derived in the central Western part of the BB region - ie the lower Rhine region, and not Iberia; as they ultimately derived from the local Corded Ware culture. Moreover, the Corded Ware styles fused with maritime Bell Beaker style to form the fully -fledged BB decoration style in pottery. I will be putting these changes in soon, with due references. Slovenski Volk (talk) 08:09, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

Beaker 'culture'

Actually those were not at all meant to be 'scare quotes', I took that from the Encylopedia of Indo-European Culture [9]. Somehow the lead has to avoid suggesting that everyone agrees that there is something called a 'Beaker culture' - or Beaker folk, etc. Waddell talks about 'Beaker-using people'. And by the way, no where in the article could I find the phrase Beaker assemblage, did I miss it? Doug Weller (talk) 19:29, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

well, yes, the point is granted entirely, and should indeed be emphasized in the lead. WP:NAME still tells us to go with the established term, which is "(Bell-)Beaker culture". It's just a name. --dab (𒁳) 19:56, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Mister new here, say "Beaker package". And NOW be quiet and read a book on archeology.Rokus01 (talk) 21:15, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Anyone else get the feeling that if Rokus keeps up the way he's been going he won't be long for this site? Just an observation... - Merzbow (talk) 21:20, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

If you didn't know yet: "Beaker package" is the same as "Beaker assemblage". Sorry, I'm running out of patience: not because you don't know, but because you display this kind ignorance in waging stupid edit wars. Rokus01 (talk) 22:23, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

You miss the point. For the reader's sake, we need to make sure that we use the phrases that archaeologists use, and although I agree they are the same, leaving out the one most used, "Beaker assemblage", from this article is leaving out something important. Doug Weller (talk) 03:37, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Sigh, I even linked to WP:NAME. But yes, Rokus has been with us far too long already, and it's beginning to show. I have no problem with the designations "Beaker package" or "Beaker assemblage". I still maintain that the most common term for this "phenomenon" is "Beaker culture", whether we like it or not. The ratio of hits on google scholar for "culture", "assemblage" and "package", respectively, is 90:5:3. Enough said. dab (𒁳) 07:54, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

I'm keen to know the nature of this hair which modern archeologists are splitting. What's the difference between a culture, an assemblage, and a package? What's it an assemblage of, if not an assemblage of things that make up a culture? Am I allowed to think about Beaker people or not? I don't get it. 213.122.58.200 (talk) 01:54, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

See Archaeological culture and Assemblage (archaeology). It's unlikely that the beakers can be associated with a distinct, separate ethnic group; if the phenomenon does have Indo-European origins, it does not seem to have established Indo-European languages permanently in Western Europe. It rather looks like an élite phenomenon, perhaps associated with (Indo-European-speaking?) ruling classes establishing themselves in the region but later assimilating to the non-IE-speaking cultures previously present in Western Europe. It's also possible that the Beaker phenomenon initially spread with the culture which originated it, but later took on a life of its own, independent of language, like a fashion trend.

The only clearly IE languages attested in Iron Age Iberia are Celtic and Lusitanian, with ancient Celtic languages all very similar to each other and Lusitanian apparently close to Italic, so these languages are unlikely to have been present in Iberia since the Early Bronze Age. Unless the established view that Proto-Celtic was spoken in the early 1st millennium BC in Central Europe (specifically Austria), Proto-Italic in the 2nd millennium BC south of the Alps and Proto-Germanic in the late 1st millennium BC in Northern Europe (presumably in Northern Germany or the Cimbrian Peninsula) is spectacularly wrong (and so far there is no clear indication that it is), it does appear that Western Europe was non-IE-speaking throughout the Bronze Age, at least until the Urnfield expansion (which may be associated either with Celtic or a group of IE languages which may have included Pre-Proto-Celtic and languages closely related to Celtic but later absorbed by the Celtic expansion, analogous to Latin/Romance absorbing the rest of Italic). While the presence of IE languages in Bronze Age Western Europe (especially the northern part of the region, i. e., France, Northern France specifically, and the British Isles), cannot be excluded with certainty, there is nothing in particular to suggest IE speakers (especially in proportionally large numbers) there in the period, either, such as cultural accessories typical of Bronze Age IE-speaking cultures; at least I know of no such indications. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 14:44, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

I might note that an alternative possibility is that the Beaker phenomenon originated and was (at least in its initial phases) spread by a community speaking a language (family) whose only historically attested continuation (if there is any at all, of course) is a non-IE Paleo-Hispanic language such as Iberian, Tartessian or even Aquitanian-Basque! There are typological and lexical indications linking a place as far afield as Sardinia (where the Beaker phenomenon is attested) to Iberia, specifically the Pyrenees region (right in the middle of the Beaker area), possible ... well, apparent traces of a substratum related to Basque, and perhaps in Northwestern Iberia, too, close to the origin of the Beaker phenonemon. That the Basques are the last remainder and distant – at least linguistic – heirs of at least the original "Beaker people", i. e., the originators of the custom, looks to me like a far more plausible possibility, on purely geographical grounds, even if it must remain unproven speculation. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 15:10, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

Latest update.

http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v4/n4/full/ncomms2656.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.203.97.65 (talk) 22:34, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

Article needs to be bought.

Still here are some parts of the text:

http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2013/04/mtdna-haplogroup-h-and-origin-of.html

Here is part of the text:

From around 2800 BC, the LNE Bell Beaker culture emerged from the Iberian Peninsula to form one of the first pan-European archaeological complexes. This cultural phenomenon is recognised by a distinctive package of rich grave goods including the eponymous bell-shaped ceramic beakers. The genetic affinities between Central Europe’s Bell Beakers and present-day Iberian populations (Fig. 2) is striking and throws fresh light on long-disputed archaeological models3. We suggest these data indicate a considerable genetic influx from the West during the LNE. These far-Western genetic affinities of Mittelelbe-Saale’s Bell Beaker folk may also have intriguing linguistic implications, as the archaeologically-identified eastward movement of the Bell Beaker culture has recently been linked to the initial spread of the Celtic language family across Western Europe39. This hypothesis suggests that early members of the Celtic language family (for example, Tartessian)40 initially developed from Indo-European precursors in Iberia and subsequently spread throughout the Atlantic Zone; before a period of rapid mobility, reflected by the Beaker phenomenon, carried Celtic languages across much of Western Europe. This idea not only challenges traditional views of a linguistic spread of Celtic westwards from Central Europe during the Iron Age, but also implies that Indo-European languages arrived in Western Europe substantially earlier, presumably with the arrival of farming from the Near East41.

It seems that genetic evidence supporting the Iberian hypothesis, paired with archaelogy, is ever-growing. A lot has been already published concerning the Iberian-Basque-British Isles connection. Now this seems to continue in other European areas like Germnay.

"Genetic evidence" should only be given peripheral attention in arhcaeological articles. Becauase "genetecists" have , at best, cursory understanding of the intricacies of 'spreading archaeological horizons/ fashions/ 'cultures'. They ften d more harm than good; so we need to be wary of their inclusion. Certainly, most current scholars do not see the Bell Beaker fashion as a spread of people, but multiple , criss-crossing lines of interaction thorughout western & Atlantic Europe, with no clear origin, or rather, multiple origins for. Slovenski Volk (talk) 22:19, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

Well, it does seem very convincing. It is now all over the web. Just google gentics in Europe or something like that. How come then that these skeletons are so close to Modern populations form Portugal and Spain?

Cut and pasted from this article:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22252099

The origins of the "Beaker folk" are the subject of much debate. Despite having been excavated from the Mittelelbe Saale region of Germany, the Beaker individuals in this study showed close genetic similarities with people from modern Spain and Portugal.

Pipo — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.203.97.65 (talk) 21:48, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

Just because it is all over the web , it doesn't make it correct. Genetecists who have no real knowledge of history, archaeology nor linguistics start making their own hypothese based on what is essentially "noise" (ie genetic 'data') interpreted a particular way. They cannot even agree whether a 'haplogroup' falls in the Mesolithic or the Iron Age, eg. With such hopeless confidence intervals, many mainstream archaeologists are more than justified for vehemently being against "genetic" evidence. Anyway, I think it warrants inclusion in a separate sub-section; not as a major point of the article. Slovenski Volk (talk) 23:11, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

There is already that genetic section and in that context this article is an update. I am not editing it though. It is up to you guys. Bye. Pipon. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.203.97.65 (talk) 22:27, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

As HJJHolm points out, Iberia, especially southwestern Iberia, is highly unlikely as the origin of the Celtic languages. The idea rests on no more than the highly controversial interpretation of Tartessian as a (strikingly early, I might add) Celtic language. In reality, Tartessian is much more likely to be effectively an isolate like Iberian and Aquitanian-Basque. What can be tentatively concluded from the genetic evidence is that the probability that the Beaker phenomenon was accompanied by demic diffusion, i. e., actual migration of people and not just an idea, is much higher than previously suspected. What language these people spoke, however, cannot be concluded from the genetic evidence, because we don't know what languages were spoken in Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age Iberia. But Indo-European is highly improbable and the idea that something identifiably Celtic existed in the period when the Beaker phenomenon arose is pure nonsense. (I'd look in the Pannonian Basin for Western Indo-European in 2900 BC: Indo-European had probably just entered the Danubian basin in the period 3100–2900 BC.) Some early predecessor of Basque is a much more plausible candidate than anything Indo-European. If the genetic evidence is not misleading, it can be pretty much excluded that the Beaker phenomenon has any connection with speakers of Indo-European languages. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 17:43, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

I personally agree that the linguistic issue is much more complicated than genetics. Still, what seems clear is that genetic markers speak for continuity, in other words, if those populations are close to modern Iberians, here we have a famous genetic map of modern Europe indicating male and female lines. It is perfectly coherent with this paper. And genetic studies are rewriting a lot of history and anthropology. It may also help linguistics, even though language and ancestry do not often coincide. That is the big problem. Here is the said modern genetic map of Europe

http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf

And here is another article supporting the Beaker Folks origins and Spain, again perfectly coherent with the genetic evidence paired with archaeology, which is, by the way, the main issue here, not linguistics. Today this is mainstream.

http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/stonehenge/stonehenge.php http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/57200/Beaker-folk — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.203.97.65 (talk) 00:06, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

Still, in relation to linguistics, Indo-European and Celtic, the Lusitanian language is very interesting. In fact, it was spoken in the areas of the earliest Bell Beakers in Portugal and Spain, around the Tagus river:

http://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/889/what-is-necessary-to-decide-if-lusitanian-is-a-celtic-language

This is a different issue, though.

Pipo. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.203.97.65 (talk) 16:12, 9 November 2013 (UTC)

This passage is pure editorializing and has been removed: Authors often take for granted that the expansion of a lineage is related to real demography rather than other evolutionary events, such as random genetic drift or natural selection. Moreover, they overlook detailed analyses of the archaeological record which demonstrate the genesis of cultural phenomena representing multiple, complex lines of interaction criss-crossing far-flung regions rathern than simple 'folk migrations'.Burdenedwithtruth (talk) 09:25, 23 November 2013 (UTC)

Here is another recently published article that mentions the Beaker People: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-24475342

Pipo. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.203.97.65 (talk) 21:48, 30 November 2013 (UTC)

See above. Lusitanian looks closer to Italic than Celtic. Archaeological and genetic continuity are almost ubiquitous, while linguistic continuity is rare on this scale, so they are hardly connected. However, I disagree completely with Burdenedwithtruth – as Dbachmann has mentioned above, some kind of migration must be assumed, because beakers and languages don't spread on their own. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 00:38, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

Beaker Origins

This article seems to be quite outdated in claiming the Rhine area as the origin for beaker pottery. It is now widely accepted that the oldest beakers can be found in Portugal, although eastern corded ware had a big stylistic influence on the beakers that were used in central Europe and Britain. I don't have any references to hand, but I will probably be back with to do an edit if no one else feels up to the task. Thefuguestate 13:54, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

I am very curious. To me it is to the contrary, that the previous claim of Iberia being the origin has been widely abandoned in favour of the lower Rhine area. In Wikipedia there is a lot of reference going on to obsolete publications and books. Say books on this subject of before the 1970 are in general not valid anymore. Also, recent publications don't shun the possibility of the Bell Beakers being IE at all. This would be a reversal of previous views, that already took Bell Beakers for being ancestral to Celtic-Italic and Ligurian languages a long time ago. 134.146.0.12 09:52, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

The assertion that bell beakers originated in the lower Rhine area comes from stylistic work done by van der Waals in the early 1970s, which drew strong parallels between bell beakers and local corded ware. You are correct is saying that this replaced the old speculative theory of Iberian origins. However, more recently it has become apparent that the oldest C14 dates associated with bell beakers are indeed in Iberia and the argument has come full circle. This has gone unnoticed in some popular and general literature (for example the oxford illustrated prehistory of europe still sticks to the theory of Rhinish origins), but Iberian origins are now accepted by the academic community pending any further developments. Examples include Bradley 2007 (The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland:143) and Needham 2005 (Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society71:176).

If memory serves, a good english translation of the discussion of Iberian origins can be found in Nicolis, F. (2001) Bell Beakers Today: pottery, people, culture, symbols in prehistoric europe (2 volumes). Torento: Servizio Beni Culturali Ufficio Beni Archeologici. Thefuguestate 10:29, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

All C14 dates need to be calibrated. Besides, it is a well known problem to extract dates from biological material that is truely associated to some pottery. Outlandish C14 dates are very prone to bias. The oldest Bell Beaker pottery, even in Iberia, is confirmed to be of the All-Corded type, very similar to the protruding foot beaker pots - officially not Bell Beaker yet. It would be very interesting to have the Beaker phenomenon already started a few centuries earlier. However, I know of one Portugese sherd associated to a C14 measurement of 3000 BC, while simultaneously associated to a site that was inhabited from 2400 BC on. This kind of claims are not taken very serious. Unfortunately prehistoric Iberia does not have a local development towards corded pottery. Still I would be very interested to know to what sherds this Bradley and Needham are referring to. Rokus01 23:28, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Certainly everything you say is true. Unfortunately I do not have the books to hand to offer specific examples at this time. If anyone is near a library and can get hold of Nicolis (2001) they might be able to verify the claims. As a side note though, I am 100% sure the c14 dates are properly calibrated and 85% sure that they represent a significant group of dates rather than a few outliers that are common with c14 dating. It is also worth pointing out that the idea of Rhinish origins rest on an evolutionary morphological sequence, a technique that is no more certain than c14 dating. Sorry I can't be any more help at the moment! Thefuguestate 18:34, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

My understanding is that the Iberian origin hypothesis is entirely based on suppositions about development of decoration - see for example this 2015 paper from Christian Jeunesse - https://www.academia.edu/11325848/The_dogma_of_the_Iberian_origin_of_the_Bell_Beaker_attempting_its_deconstruction Markaeologist (talk) 17:45, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

Beaker People & NPOV

This phrase is not one unanimously used or accepted by archaeologists, yet it is used in the article as though it was. I believe we need to replace it by something more neutral. eg Beaker-using people. Doug Weller (talk) 03:46, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

the crux of the problem is that a "Beaker people" or a "Beaker culture" was assumed in Abercromby's day, and the name has stuck, even though it is perfectly clear today that this is better described as a "scattered cultural phenomenon". I am not sure how you can claim that "Beaker-using people" is a phrase in actual wide use. I get exactly six hits for "Beaker-using people" and 136 hits for "Beaker phenomenon" on google scholar, as opposed to 922 hits for "Beaker culture", 441 for "Beaker people" and 493 for "Beaker folk". This is just a matter of terminology, your caveats in terms of content are, of course, granted. --dab (𒁳) 08:01, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Oh, I don't think it is widely used, simply that having found it in Waddell, and seeing Mallory use Beaker 'culture', I feel we need to so something about it. What Google won't show you is what the archaeologists who don't use the 3 phrases you searched for use. I still think we need to avoid using 'Beaker people' as a phrase as much as possible.

I don't know who here is aware of Mike Parker Pearson's project at Sheffield University:

The Beaker people: diet and mobility in Britain 2500-1700 BC

Since the 19th century antiquarians and archaeologists have argued whether the appearance in Britain of burials with pots known as Beakers marked the arrival of continental migrants around 2400-2200 BC. These people have been variously credited with introducing metalworking to Britain, spreading the Indo-European language group and building Stonehenge. In recent decades many prehistorians have argued that the changes in material culture were due to the introduction of a 'Beaker package' rather than a wave of immigration but isotope results from the skeleton of the Amesbury Archer, found near Stonehenge, indicate that he grew up in Europe. This new project is a major scientific research programme which is being carried out jointly by Sheffield and Bradford Universities with the British Geological Survey, the British Museum and the National Museum of Scotland, together with many of the local and regional museums across Britain with the aim of analysing up to 250 Beaker-period burials from England, Scotland and Wales for strontium, oxygen, lead, sulphur, hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen isotopes in order to investigate their dietary and mobility histories. Accompanying studies of tooth wear and osteology should also yield important results on prehistoric health and lifestyle.

This might help clear stuff up a bit about Britain, but as the article suggests, not necessarily about Ireland. A bit only. as there would probably still be a question, if most or all of the burials showed a European source, whether we are talking about a relatively large number of people or only a small elite.--Doug Weller (talk) 11:42, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

But we are doing something about it. We state it is a "scattered cultural phenomenon" right there in the lead. I am not sure what more you are asking for. I think it boils down to this:

• a peculiar kind of beakers appear all over western Europe in the 3rd millennium
• this has formerly been associated with an "invasion" or "immigration" of a "Beaker people"
• there has been a lot of debate on associated migrations (which would have left traces in the genetic record) vs. cultural diffusion (which would not). This is the "Beaker problem". Interest in the debate has been fuelled by the Bell-Beaker period corresponding to the earliest period for which presence of Indo-European speakers in Europe can reasonably be assumed.
• most archaeologists are highly sceptical of any migrating "Beaker people" today, and tend towards considering this fashion of "bell-beakers" as mostly transmitted by cultural contact. The "bell-beakers" are now mostly seen as a cultural "package" deriving from the late western Corded ware horizon.
• all of this is complicated by some people still enjoying to ramble on about "brachycephaly and robustness" and stuff. This has probably something to do with the greatness of the Dutch people, but we're not sure.

--dab (𒁳) 13:26, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

---

lol. The incredible efforts that diehard Kurganists still invest in vain for proving migrations from the steppes that should have reached far into central and western Europe, are only superseded by their simultaneous efforts to deny the superfluous indications for migrations of Beaker people. I can just imagine how jealous they must be! Flanagan does not shun to mention Beaker People, invading groups and immigrants. To what "majority" among archeologist you refer to? Spanish archeologists? German? Dutch? Swiss? Or just one or two authors that are recommended lecture to the true Kurganist church? Here we are talking about the Irish situation! Rokus01 (talk) 13:52, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Ah! Before I forget, talking about genes. Any Beaker migration to Ireland that would have originated from pre-Anglosaxon Britain, Iberia or Belgium, wouldn't pose the same huge problems as other migrationary routes. All the contrary since R1b-S116 is found all over the place. Even more challenging, the latest proposed age of S116 is now discussed to be about 4000-4700 year ago. Rokus01 (talk) 14:02, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Who has referred to a 'mayority', or even a 'majority', of archaeologists? And can we not bring the Kurganist debate into this? Doug Weller (talk) 17:39, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

I agree with Dab that "Beaker culture" is the term to use per WP naming conventions. Whether it corresponded to an ethnos or several is irrelevant here, since the article deals with an archaeological culture, which as a concept has little or nothing to do with ethnicity.--Berig (talk) 18:39, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

I think the last "diehard Kurganist" died in 1994 (M. Gimbutas). I am completely agnostic as to the extent of population movements involved in the spread of these beakers to Ireland, or in the spread of IE languages to Europe. That some population movement must have been involved is obvious, since beakers don't have legs, and languages didn't travel by radio waves in those days. If these movements were of the order of 0.3%, 3% or 30% of the resident population is for the archaeogeneticists to determine. I would find 0.3% surprisingly little, 30% surprisingly much, and 3% perfectly plausible, but I am perfectly open to revising this view in the light of positive evidence. dab (𒁳) 15:22, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

I hope you are right, because diehards build systems that thrive on circular thinking. The evidence is ever as thick as one is ready to accept and archeological signs of destruction that accompanied a cultural change, even the ones generally believed to be due to immigrants like in the Indus valley, have been challenged. No "believes" should be introduced, though the sourced indications of destruction like burning of Megalithic remains etc. can't be left out because of contrary believes. Sometimes, a dispute just exists and endures while data and facts remain inconclusive.

For the genetic evidence, the "required" intrusive DNA for any language expansion theory will only make sense by comparing what we know from history. In the light of history, how many cultures ever changed their language with the few genetic input you mention? Certainly this did not happen in both the Americas, where even indigenous populations became affected by intrusive DNA, almost everywhere. Compared to what didn't happened in Africa or Asia, at least in relation to European languages - and to Northern Africa in relation to Arab - you'll have to recognize there are virtually NO examples of true cultural diffusion that led to a change of the mother tongue, at least not within a period of 500 years. Don't let this be the modern myth that render the archeological gaps in our knowledge to mere wishful thinking. Rokus01 (talk) 18:22, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

The number of 'Anglo-Saxons' in eastern Britain may have been of the order of a few thousand in a population of more than a million. The number of 'English' from 1600-1900 in Ireland was rather small. And yet, the overwhelming majorities of modern Britons and modern Irish speak English - without massive genetic input. It seems that languages don't depend on DNA. Markaeologist (talk) 18:03, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

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The vessels themselves?

Maybe this information is buried deeply somewhere in this article but if so, I didn't find it. Early in the article it should describe the vessels themselves. What precisely were they? What were they made from (presumably local clays?), and how were they made--coiled? Thrown on a wheel? Presumably fired in a kiln of some kind? 160.111.254.17 (talk) 21:28, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

Olalde et al. (2017): The Beaker Phenomenon And The Genomic Transformation Of Northwest Europe

The latest study presents some fairly powerful science: Iñigo Olalde et al. (2017), The Beaker Phenomenon And The Genomic Transformation Of Northwest Europe. Explainador (talk) 21:42, 10 May 2017 (UTC)

See also Eurogens Blog (10 may 2017), The Bell Beaker Behemoth (Olalde et al. 2017 preprint) . So, who's going to add this info? Joshua Jonathan -Let's talk! 04:21, 11 May 2017 (UTC)

Expansion

The description of the expansion routes and times does not match the map. So please decide or propose a common view. Thank you. HJJHolm (talk) 09:43, 9 August 2017 (UTC)

"of reflux"?

In the Legend of the map in the Expansion and culture contact section, two of the colour-coded Groups are annotated by the words ". . . of reflux". As a BrE speaker with only a lay interest in archaology and related subjects, the meaning of this term in this context is opaque to me. I suspect that it's a faulty translation (of di rifusso) from the map's original Italian version. Can anyone explain what it means and, if possible, amend the Legend suitably? {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 2.122.60.183 (talk) 03:17, 23 May 2017 (UTC)

Actually, German "Rückfluß", a theory originating with Eduard Sangmeister Sommerx2015 (talk) 20:43, 5 January 2018 (UTC)

Population of Britain replaced by people introducing the beaker culture?

See this Nature article.

"From around 2750 to 2500 ??, Bell Beaker pottery became widespread across western and central Europe, before it disappeared between 2200 and 1800 ??. The forces that propelled its expansion are a matter of long-standing debate, and there is support for both cultural diffusion and migration having a role in this process. Here we present genome-wide data from 400 Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age Europeans, including 226 individuals associated with Beaker-complex artefacts. We detected limited genetic affinity between Beaker-complex-associated individuals from Iberia and central Europe, and thus exclude migration as an important mechanism of spread between these two regions. However, migration had a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker complex. We document this phenomenon most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker complex introduced high levels of steppe-related ancestry and was associated with the replacement of approximately 90% of Britain’s gene pool within a few hundred years, continuing the east-to-west expansion that had brought steppe-related ancestry into central and northern Europe over the previous centuries." Doug Weller talk 07:45, 8 March 2018 (UTC)

Pots and/or people

Recent DNA studies of burials in Great Britain come down fairly certainly on the side of migration. See Mike Pitts, "Was Beaker Invasion Greatest of All?" British Archaeology July/August 2017: 6, for a summary of research.

This is not my field, so I hesitate to write it up. I'm sure there is other recent DNA work on the topic that I don't know of. Would one of the original authors of this excellent article be prepared to take this on and bring the discussion up to date? KC 15:27, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

• Nature (https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-03773-6) has a sensationalist (and over-simplified) discussion that includes references to even-more-recent DNA studies and commentary on their meaning and use (in general and with respect to migration in Europe in specific). Kdammers (talk) 05:15, 28 April 2018 (UTC)

There seem to be some inconsistencies in the paper. Haak et al. showed that Modern Britons have around one third Yamnaya/steppe ancestry - and roughly a third each of Early Neolithic and Western Hunter-gatherer ancestry. The paper in question is suggesting a 90% replacement of the pre-Bronze Age British population by the, ultimately steppe-derived, 'Beaker People'. What happened in the intervening time? Did the genetics of the earlier populations mount a remarkable come-back? I suspect that there is a massive element of extrapolation going on here. If the investigators were looking only at burials with Beaker grave-goods then they were 'cherry-picking', in which case they are really only saying that 90% of British burials containing Beaker identifiers, were of ultimate Steppe ancestry, which is something far away from 90% of the contemporary (Chalcolithic-Early Bronze Age) British population. I am perplexed. Urselius (talk) 11:04, 1 October 2018 (UTC)

Map differs from text

Regrettably, the bad map ignores the Jutland Beakers described in the text, and thus mistakenly could support the false "gap" mentioned in Olalde et al. (2018).2003:DD:F14:6264:4DF7:91EF:EFFE:63F4 (talk) 16:48, 4 July 2018 (UTC)

Again, this map is the worst available in the net. I have not the knowledge of handling the conditions of wiki to replace it, however, anybody with this knowledge could easily find better maps, which must include the northern and eastern extensions of the bell beaker culture, e.g., in google pictures.2003:DD:F15:C5F1:EDAF:31B3:B978:22F2 (talk) 09:45, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

The map is based on

RJ Harrison, The Beaker Folk. Copper Age archaeology in Western Europe. Ancient Peoples and Places 97, London 1980.

It represents 1970s knowledge, so it is perfectly possible that it is outdated. Your first step in "replacing" it would be to cite a specific source for an improved map. --dab (𒁳) 08:16, 18 October 2018 (UTC)

Logic

1. If and as long as, "Radiocarbon dating seems to support that the earliest "Maritime" Bell Beaker design style is encountered in Iberia, specifically in the vibrant copper-using communities of the Tagus estuary in Portugal around 2800–2700 BC and spread from there to many parts of western Europe.[3][13]" the Iberian finds are the absolute oldest ones, I see no logic in postulating any other locations of origin.

2. If and because the source "An overview of all available sources from southern Germany concluded that Bell Beaker was a new and independent culture in that area, contemporary with the Corded Ware culture.[14][15]" is limited to southern Germany, it does not justify the conclusion written here. HJJHolm (talk) 08:54, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

I would suggest to be bold and edit the article yourself. These articles do not have many watchers or receive much attention. Hrodvarsson (talk) 12:23, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

The problem is that a beaker doesn't make a culture. The culture is only named after this type of beaker, it isn't equivalent to them. The existence of early examples of this beaker type does not translate to early presence of the Bell Beaker culture. The delineation of archaeological cultures is best left to experts looking at the whole picture, and attributed to such experts with respect to the full context of the argument being made.

People get too hung up on such "characteristics", e.g. our "Iron Age" articles are completely obsessed with the earliest evidence for iron metallurgy -- while, of course, the Iron Age is only named for iron metallurgy, it isn't completely equivalent to the presence of such.

If people in Neolithic Portugal happened to make bell-shaped beakers, this doesn't make them "Beaker people" as long as they do not also have the characteristic fibulae, bronze daggers, etc. It makes them, at best, one of several possible predecessor cultures.

--dab (𒁳) 08:20, 18 October 2018 (UTC)

Artefact or artifact?

Mixed use throughout the article. Oxford English Dictionary effectively states that both are acceptable. General use seems to be "artefact" in UK and Commonwealth countries, excepting Canada, and "artifact" which is the accepted norm in North America. Being English, I know which one I would choose, but in reality, I think the importance is that all should be spelt consistently. Tgl59 (talk) 22:41, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

 Fixed The article was written in British English, so I've changed all instances of "artifact" or "artifacts" accordingly. Thanks for pointing out the discrepancy. Carlstak (talk) 23:37, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

BB-Csepel group in Hungary

Anthony (2007:367) gives the age of the BB-Csepel group in Hungary by 2800-2600 BC, however, without any sources. In contrast, on p 204, he gives 2500BC for the same culture. His book contains no other mentions. In addition, the Budapest Historical Museum gives 2600-2000BC for its BB-Csepel finds (2015). Thus I suggest to trust the latter here. Regrettably, the probably mistaken 2800BC is used in a recent genetic approach, thus leading to completely wrong conclusions. 2A02:8108:9640:AC3:4821:5430:9551:968A (talk) 08:19, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

Population replacement Genetic history of the British Isles

Is this correct?

"There is evidence to suggest that a population from the continent, originating ultimately from the steppes, occupied Britain in the early Bronze Age. It is claimed that ~90% of the Neolithic gene pool of early Bronze Age Britain was replaced between 2,400 BC and 2,000 BC by a population characterised by the Bell Beaker Culture, which originated in the lower Rhine area. These people exhibiting the Beaker Culture were likely an offshoot of the Corded Ware Culture, as they had little genetic affinity to other Bell Beaker populations, such as the Iberian Beaker People. This population had a large steppe-derived Yamnaya component, in addition to some continental Neolithic and Western Hunter Gatherer DNA."

References

I don't see how we can use Eurogenes, clearly self-published anonymously (well, by Davidski, but that's still anonymous).[10] Thanks. Doug Weller talk 14:20, 9 September 2019 (UTC)

At first sight, it's correct, yes. Eurogenes can't be used as a reference; as a note, it would be accpetable to me (Davidski has a good reputation). Joshua Jonathan -Let's talk! 18:49, 9 September 2019 (UTC)

@Joshua Jonathan: the only source I've found so far using Davidski was self-published. Doug Weller talk 10:15, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

No, as a reference would not be okay; but as a source for additional info, well, for me that's okay. Joshua Jonathan -Let's talk! 18:02, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

The problem with Davidski is that he regards his own view as sufficient and thinks he knew everything. Every critique is shut down in a primitive way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8108:9640:AC3:D986:F619:CBAE:D718 (talk) 14:12, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

Age

"Arising from around 2800 BC, ..." this date is the greatest extent of the statistical scatter, and probably not the correct one. Second, in all genetic papers, the oldest dates appear on the Iberian peninsula, and NOT in Hungary/Czechia. And third, they are not only found with R1b-Genes, but even earlier with mt-Hg I. All remains a big riddle.2A02:8108:9640:AC3:D986:F619:CBAE:D718 (talk) 14:17, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

Outdated map?

Early diffusion of the Bell Beaker culture. [Map based on Stuart Piggott, Ancient Europe (2007)]

It seems to me that this map is outdated, as it portrays the Beaker culture expanding from Germany to Spain. It is based on a source from 1965; I've removed it. See also here and here for better maps. Joshua Jonathan -Let's talk! 07:40, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Problematic sentences

There are some problematic sentences in the Origins-section:

• In the Carpathian Basin, the Bell Beaker culture came in contact with communities such as the Vučedol culture, which had evolved partly from the Yamnaya culture, so shared the same type of metallurgy practised by Bell Beaker metalworkers."

What exactly does the "so" refer to? Maybe this, from Vučedol culture:

Marija Gimbutas characterized the Bell Beaker culture complex as an amalgam of the Vučedol and Yamna culture, formed after the incursion of the Yamna people into the Vučedol milieu and the interaction of these peoples for three or four centuries, from circa 3000 BC.

References

• The Corded Ware culture shared a number of features with the Bell Beaker culture, derived from their common ancestor, the Yamna culture."

References

Corded Ware in Spain, as the ancestor of the Bell Beaker culture? Harrison and Heyd, p.203:

We know now that the Bell Beakers develop very early in central Portugal (Fig. 51), and by 2700–2600 BC the maritime style is the dominant luxury ceramic in settlements and in collective tombs (Harrison 1977; 1988; Cardoso/Monge Soares 1997; Cardoso 2001; Salanova 2004; Case 2004). This date places the Beaker phenomenon firmly in the context of the advanced cultures of central Portugal

I have removed " derived from their common ancestor." Joshua Jonathan -Let's talk! 07:40, 22 November 2020 (UTC) / update Joshua Jonathan -Let's talk! 10:20, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Bell Beaker Northwest Indo-European which includes Balto-Slavic?

See Talk:Indo-European migrations#Source check needed: Mallory (2013), The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe. Joshua Jonathan -Let's talk! 08:14, 4 January 2021 (UTC)

Page name and map gives misleading impression of one single unified culture

Any thoughts? Tewdar (talk) 19:42, 4 July 2021 (UTC)

Okay, I boldly and unilaterally changed the map. Tewdar (talk) 17:35, 5 July 2021 (UTC)

Recent additions

@Tewdar and Hunan201p: I don't know if this page is on your watchlist, but the latest addition[11] raises a SYNTH/OR alert. If I remember it correctly, Papac et al. (2021) only cover a locally very confined area (Bohemia), so applying their findings to the population turnover in Iberia is SYNTH/OR. Not sure if the first part of the edit reflects the source faithfully. Austronesier (talk) 14:43, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

@Sirfurboy: Looks like it's on your watchlist :) I have little time to scrutinize this, maybe you want to have a look as well. –Austronesier (talk) 14:45, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Sorry for adding the below without checking this. Yes, it is on my watch list and yes I had the same concerns, but the issue is more general. I could revert the latest addition but would prefer to simply rewrite the section. Sirfurboy🏄 (talk) 14:51, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Papac et al. does not say this. Villalba-Mouco et al. say if the ancestral compo-nent is statistically higher on the X chromosome, this indicates a female bias. On the basis of this rationale, we do not observe significant male bias in steppe-related ancestry using either distal or proximal sources.  Tewdar  15:25, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

The figure shows slight steppe-related female bias, but probably not in a form we can use...  Tewdar  15:28, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Thanks, I removed the addition. But see section below where we are all counting on you!! ;) Sirfurboy🏄 (talk) 15:37, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Yikes. I actually did not have this article on my watchlist, and didn't even see this content. Austronesier saves the day, again. - Hunan201p (talk) 16:48, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Genetics

This section is, in my opinion, a bit of a disaster! It is essentially presented as an incomplete list of primary research with sometimes contradictory statements and opaque paragraphs like In yet another 2015 study published in Nature, the remains of eight individuals ascribed to the Beaker culture were analysed. Two individuals were determined to belong to Haplogroup R1, while the remaining six were determined to belong to haplogroup R1b1a2 and various subclades of it. This is meaningless to most readers. I would delete the whole thing, except that there really should be something about genetics here. Do we have any secondary sources that look at the genetics issue in the round? The primary sources would hopefully be covered by the secondary source and could be dropped from here. Sirfurboy🏄 (talk) 14:48, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Ugh, that's of course another story beyond first aid. So many studies, so many Y-haplogroups (I mean, they're quite relevant here, but this looks as if Nick Patterson never had worked on genetics). Definitely needs a rewrite. @Tewdar has made some decent ones before that are concise and not too technical. –Austronesier (talk) 15:34, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Disaster is right! We could pretty much summarise that section as "early Beakers in Iberia had no steppe ancestry. Later so-called East Bell Beakers had substantial steppe ancestry but not as much as Corded Ware because there was more Farmer ancestry in 'em. And they were mainly R1b-P312." How's that for "concise and not too technical"? 😁👍  Tewdar  15:41, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Nice n terse LOL. This is pretty similar to what Furholt writes in his 2021 paper "Mobility and social change [...]". I guess we can afford to be a little bit more elaborate. –Austronesier (talk) 21:03, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

I'm just (half) kidding 😁. I've actually started a rewrite, should be finished tomorrow evening unless someone else wants to do it...  Tewdar  21:19, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

10 days later and still not quite finished, but I suppose it won't be too long now. Feel free to contribute over at the sandbox, even just on the talk page if you want to complain about something...😁  Tewdar  17:03, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

Took a look, and just thought, wow, that is a bit more detailed than early Beakers in Iberia had no steppe ancestry. Later so-called East Bell Beakers had substantial steppe ancestry but not as much as Corded Ware because there was more Farmer ancestry in 'em. And they were mainly R1b-P312. :) Great work. I will have to spend more time reading it before I can offer anything more useful than "good job" though! Sirfurboy🏄 (talk) 17:55, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

There's some "regional differences" that need merging, and some sex bias stuff to prosify, but I think that's probably a good start...  Tewdar  18:45, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

did you miss this paper?:

Olalde et al. 2019, The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years Ario1234 (talk) 21:32, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

Hi! No, it's in the bibliography already...I just didn't think it added very much about Bell Beaker genetics that wasn't already there. Is there anything in particular you think I should add from that article?  Tewdar  21:56, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

We reveal sporadic contacts between Iberia and North Africa by ~2500 BCE, and by ~2000 BCE the replacement of 40% of Iberia’s ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with Steppe ancestry. … the lineages common in Copper Age Iberia (I2, G2, H) were nearly completely replaced by one lineage, R1b-M269. Ario1234 (talk) 22:06, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

The haplogroup replacement is already mentioned...I suppose Olalde 2019 is a little more explicit, so perhaps I'll switch that around a bit. I worry that the 40% figure isn't explicitly referring to Bell Beaker populations...what do you think?  Tewdar  22:15, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

On page 64 of the supplementary material they model it as coming from Germany Bell Beaker. Ario1234 (talk) 23:12, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

"We started by modeling the earliest individuals with steppe ancestry in Iberia (Iberia_CA_Stp), dated to ~2500-2000 BCE. We used an outgroup set that included Neolithic and Copper Age populations from Europe that could be a source for the non-steppe-related ancestry in Iberia_CA_Stp, as well as European groups that could be a proximate source for the population that introduced steppe ancestry into Iberia. ...

Only one 2-way model fits the ancestry in Iberia_CA_Stp with P-value>0.05: Germany_Beaker + Iberia_CA. ...

For Iberia_BA, we added Iberia_CA_Stp to the outgroup set as a possible source. The same Germany_Beaker + Iberia_CA model shows a good fit, but with less ancestry attributed to Germany_Beaker. Another working model is Iberia_CA+Iberia_CA_Stp, suggesting that Iberia_BA is a mixture between the local Iberia_CA population and the earliest individuals with steppe ancestry in Iberia." Ario1234 (talk) 23:17, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

Is that too obscure? Ario1234 (talk) 01:38, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

Looks fine to me, I'll add it to the draft. Let me know if you have any more suggestions 😁  Tewdar  08:24, 28 January 2023 (UTC)