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Solar power in the Netherlands

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Solar potential

Solar power in the Netherlands has an installed capacity of around 23,904 megawatt (MW) of photovoltaics as of the end of 2023. Around 4,304 MW of new capacity was installed during 2023.[1]

Market research firm GlobalData projects Dutch solar PV capacity could rise to 55,000 MW (55 GW) by 2035.[2] Longer-term projections from the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research estimate national PV capacity could reach 180 GW by 2050.[3]

Timeline

[edit]

2008 Subsidies of 33 euro cents per kWh were introduced[4] but initially failed to attract much development. However, when they were curtailed, the Dutch banded together to make large purchases at discount instead.[5]

2011 A 500-kilowatt solar array was added to the roof of Rotterdam's central train station.[6]

2012 Solar capacity more than doubled to 321 MW with new added capacity of 175 MW.[7]

2013 According to the Dutch grid operators, solar capacity grew to a cumulative power of 655.4 MW at the end of 2013 [8]

2014 By August 2014, the total had reached 1 GW mark for the first time.[9]

2015 The Netherlands saw its capacity grow by around 357 MW during 2015, the fourth highest in Europe in that year, its installed capacity per inhabitant remained low at 83.1 Watts per inhabitant compared to the European average of 186.1 Wp/inhab,[10] in particular compared to its neighbour Belgium at 286.7 Wp/inhab.[10]

2016 The largest solar installation in the Netherlands, the 6 MW array at the Wadden-Island Ameland was officially opened in June 2016.[11] Installed capacity per capita rose to 120.1 W, thirteenth position in the EU and nearer to the EU average of 197.8 W than in preceding years.

2019 The largest solar installation in the Netherlands, the 103 MWp array in Groningen, becomes operational.[12]

2020 The Netherlands passed the 10.000 MWp of installed PV capacity, becoming the 10th country to pass the 10 GW barrier.[1]

2022 A new solar carport measuring 1 kilometer by 500 meters opened in Flevoland. The 90.000 solar panels with 35 MWp will power 10.000 households.[13]

Statistics

[edit]
Cumulative installed solar capacity in the Netherlands since 2010
Yearly added solar capacity in the Netherlands since 2010

Deployment of photovoltaic systems in the Netherlands. Nameplate capacity in MWP.[14][15]

Year Installed capacity (MWp) Annual generation (GWh) % of electricity consumption Capacity factor in percent[a]
2000 13 8 0.01 7.025
2001 21 12 0.01 6.523
2002 26 16 0.01 7.025
2003 46 25 0.02 6.204
2004 50 34 0.03 7.763
2005 51 35 0.03 7.834
2006 53 37 0.03 7.969
2007 54 38 0.03 8.033
2008 59 40 0.03 7.739
2009 69 45 0.04 7.445
2010 90 56 0.05 7.103
2011 149 104 0.08 7.968
2012 287 191 0.16 7.597
2013 650 410 0.34 7.201
2014 1,007 725 0.61 8.219
2015 1,526 1,109 0.93 8.296
2016 2,135 1,602 1.33 8.566
2017 2,911 2,208 1.83 8.659
2018 4,608 3,709 3.04 9.188
2019 7,226 5,399 4.42 8.529
2020 11,108 8,568 7.25 8.805
2021 14,823 11,304 9.25 8.705
2022 19,600 17,079 14.53 9.947
2023 23,904 21,173 18.15 10.111

In addition to photovoltaics, solar energy is used extensively for heating water, with 669.313 m2 installed by the end of 2020. Generating a total of 326 GWh heat energy in 2020.[16]

Solar PV market by segment

[edit]
Installed solar capacity by class [17]
Installation type 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019
<15kW (MWp) 10,626 8,354 6,069 4,677 3,473
>15kW roof based (MWp) 9.102 7,359 5,749 4,330 2,714
>15kW ground based (MWp) 4,533 3,887 3,005 2,101 1,039
Total installations 2,808,438 2,294,154 1,730,285 1,383,888 1,062,265
Residential capacity (MWp) 10,106 8,028 5,843 4,488 3,236
Residential installations 2,581,279 2,129,616 1,611,689 1,267,651 960,248
Installed Capacity in the Netherlands by class size 2017[18]
<10 kW (approx 2,300 MW) 79.1%
10-100 kW (90 MW) 3.1%
100-500 kW (317 MW) 10.9%
>500 kW (200 MW) 6.9%

Nearly 80% of solar power installed in the Netherlands in 2017 was for small systems of less than 10 kW, a large part being rooftop Solar PV. Larger systems over 500 kW accounted for just 6.9% of the total. By the end of 2018 private residential rooftop systems had an installed capacity of 2,307 MW, businesses rooftop systems 1,662 MW whilst solar parks amounted to 444 MW.[19]

Residential Solar PV Capacity

[edit]
Houses with integrated PV rooftop in Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands
Residential solar capacity[20][17][21]
Year Capacity (MWp) Installations Number of homes Percentage
2012 182 71,166 7,449,298 0.96
2013 431 146,340 7,535,315 1.94
2014 671 216,788 7,587,964 2.86
2015 972 307,938 7,641,323 4.03
2016 1,261 397,390 7,686,178 5.17
2017 1,682 529,005 7,740,984 6.83
2018 2,329 720,522 7,814,912 9.22
2019 3,326 960,248 7,891,786 12.17
2020 4,488 1,267,651 7,966,331 15.91
2021 5,843 1,611,689 8,045,580 20.03
2022 8,028 2,129,616 8,125,229 26.20
2023 10,106 2,581,279 8,204,049 31.46

According to a report on behalf of the European Commission in 2015 the Netherlands had an estimated 1,086 MW of residential solar PV capacity with 232,000 residential solar PV prosumers in the country representing 3% of households.[22] The average size of residential solar PV systems is estimated to be 4.69 kW moving to 2030.[22] The technical potential for residential solar PV in the Netherlands is estimated at 13,945 MW.[22] The payback time for residential Solar PV in the Netherlands is 9.7 years as of 2015.[22] Some of the advantages of small scale residential Solar include eliminating the need for extra land, keeping cost saving advantages in local communities and empowering households to become prosumers of renewable electricity and thus raising awareness of wasteful consumption habits and environmental issues through direct experience. By 2018 residential Solar PV had more than doubled to 2,307 MW.[19] at the end of 2022 around 2 million households (25% of households) had solar rooftop systems installed.[23]

Solar roads

[edit]
SolaRoad cycle path in Krommenie

In November 2014 SolaRoad, the world's first experimental solar cycle path, was opened in the village of Krommenie. The aim of the project is to test the practicality and cost efficiency of embedding solar panels into a cycle path. The idea is that the path, which is expected to generate 50 to 70 kWh/m2 each year, can power anything from street lights or traffic lights to electric cars or houses. The developers of SolaRoad believe that up to 20% of the 140,000 km of road in the Netherlands could be used to harvest solar energy.[24]

In 2017 solar panels were installed in a cycle path in Blauwestad.[25] The solar panels were removed at the end of 2021 because of the reconstruction of the cycle path and the public space around it.[26]

In April 2017 the first heated solar cycle path was installed in the Bovenbuurtweg in Ede. The panels would stay free of snow and ice during the winter.[27] In February 2020 the solar panels were replaced with panels with a different surface coating to make the cycle path less slippery.[28] However by 2021 the solar panels were gone and replaced by a surface made of bricks.

In May 2018 a 20 meter long solar road with 48 solar panels opened on the N401 near Kockengen. The trial was supposed to last 2 years, but was stopped a year earlier on 16 May 2019 because of safety concerns. The rough surface had worn down and had become too slippery to safely drive on. In that time the solar road geretated around 2,200 kWh of electricity. The trial was seen as a success.[29]

In May 2018 a 10 meter long and 3.5 meter wide solar cycle path was built in Haaksbergen.[30]

In September 2018 solar panels were installed in the road surface of one of the shoulder lanes of the A2 motorway near Maarssen. The solar panels cover an area of 25 square meters.[31]

On 7 March 2019 a 2-year pilot project with a 100 meter long solar bus lane opened on the N218 in Spijkenisse. The solar road was supposed to generate 30,000 kWh per year. Enough to supply electricity to around 9 households.[32] One week after opening damage was found to the top layer of the solar road and the bus lane was closed for traffic. Investigation found that the solar panel and top layer had detached from the underlying concrete and repair would not be possible. In July 2019 the province of South Holland made the decision to discontinue the pilot and the solar road was removed.[33]

A Similar pilot project opened on 7 March 2019 with a 50 meter long solar road on the N232 in near Schiphol.[34] This solar road suffered from the same problems as the one in Spijkenisse. The road was closed on 13 March 2019, just one week after it was opened.[35]

In May 2019 the new Boekelose bridge with solar panels in the road surface opened in Hengelo.[36] In January 2020 a new coating layer was applied because the original coating had worn away and the panels had become too slippery for motorcycles to safely drive on.[37] In November 2022, the municipality of Hengelo announced its intention to remove the solar panels in the near future. The panels were not working as well as they originally expected and already showed considerable damage.[38] Half a year later by May 2023, a panel partially detached from the bridge. According to the municipality there was no danger to road safety, but it did place temporary signs warning of the poor road surface on the bridge.[39]

In May 2019 solar panels were installed in the cycle path next to the N324 in Grave.[40]

In February 2020 solar panels were installed in a cycle path on the Westerweg near Den Burg, Texel. The panels cover an area of 10 square meters.[41]

In February 2020 a 25 meter long solar cycle path was installed next to the N225 in Rhenen.[42]

In 2021 a 60 square meter solar road for testing different kind of solar panels was opened at the Chemelot Campus in Geleen.[43]

On 14 July 2021 a 330 meter long solar cycle path opened next to the N417 in Maartensdijk. It was the longest solar cycle path in the world when it opened.[44] The cycle path consists of 120 modules. Initially it was estimated that the cycle path would produce about 137,000 kWh per year, which is enough electricity for around 40 households. However, due to construction errors only half of the panels are properly connected and thus the actual generated electricity is a lot lower than originally estimated. The connections are buried within the concrete, thus making it hard to repair.[45]

In 2022 a 35 meter long solar cycle path was installed next to the N395 near Oirschot. The solar panels cover an area of 100 square meters.[46]

On 24 March 2023 a new solar footpath was opened in the city of Groningen. The footpath consists of 2544 individual solar tiles. It has a total area of 400 square meters.[47]

A 400 meter long solar cycle path is planned next to the N232 near Schiphol. Another 400 meter long cycle path is planned next to the N285 in Wagenberg. Both cycle paths are planned to open in 2023 and will be monitored for 5 years.[48]

Large scale solar parks

[edit]
Energiepark Haringvliet Zuid
Solar park Province Capacity (MWp) Commissioning Location Notes/Ref
Dorhout Mees Flevoland 144 2022 52°24′51″N 5°41′03″E / 52.4141°N 5.6841°E / 52.4141; 5.6841 (Dorhout Mees) [49]
Vloeivelden Hollandia Drenthe 120 2021 52°55′56″N 6°54′35″E / 52.9323°N 6.9097°E / 52.9323; 6.9097 (Vloeivelden Hollandia) [50]
Vlagtwedde Groningen 110 2020 52°58′41″N 7°04′40″E / 52.9781°N 7.0779°E / 52.9781; 7.0779 (Vlagtwedde) [51]
Fledderbosch Groningen 103.5 2024 53°15′22″N 6°41′11″E / 53.2560°N 6.6864°E / 53.2560; 6.6864 (Fledderbosch) [52][53]
Midden-Groningen Groningen 103 2019 53°10′34″N 6°46′31″E / 53.1760°N 6.7753°E / 53.1760; 6.7753 (Midden-Groningen) [54]
Stadskanaal Groningen 101 2020 53°00′38″N 6°56′32″E / 53.0106°N 6.9423°E / 53.0106; 6.9423 (Stadskanaal) [55]

Location map

Floating solar parks

[edit]
Solar park Province Capacity (MWp) Panels Commissioning Location Notes/Ref
Sellingen Groningen 41.4 76,616 2021 52°56′41″N 7°05′39″E / 52.9446°N 7.0943°E / 52.9446; 7.0943 (Sellingen) [56]
De Uivermeertjes Gelderland 29.7 56,056 2021 51°52′37″N 5°40′11″E / 51.8770°N 5.6698°E / 51.8770; 5.6698 (De Uivermeertjes) [57]
Bofhomsplas Overijssel 27.3 72,000 2020 52°32′43″N 6°09′03″E / 52.5453°N 6.1509°E / 52.5453; 6.1509 (Bofhomsplas) [58]
Oudehaske II Friesland 21.3 38.800 2023 52°58′07″N 5°52′45″E / 52.9685°N 5.8793°E / 52.9685; 5.8793 (Oudehaske II) [59]
Hattemerbroek Gelderland 16.4 30.000 2023 52°29′15″N 6°00′53″E / 52.4875°N 6.0146°E / 52.4875; 6.0146 (Hattemerbroek) [60]
Beilen Drenthe 16 40,000 2021 52°51′29″N 6°29′03″E / 52.8580°N 6.4841°E / 52.8580; 6.4841 (Beilen) [61]
Kloosterhaar Overijssel 16 40,000 2021 52°30′57″N 6°41′55″E / 52.5159°N 6.6985°E / 52.5159; 6.6985 (Kloosterhaar) [62]
Tynaarlo Drenthe 15.1 39,000 2019/2021 53°05′20″N 6°38′03″E / 53.0888°N 6.6341°E / 53.0888; 6.6341 (Tynaarlo) [63]
Sekdoornse Plas Overijssel 14.5 40,000 2020 52°29′01″N 6°08′29″E / 52.4836°N 6.1413°E / 52.4836; 6.1413 (Sekdoornse Plas) [64]
Lippe Gabriëlsplas Friesland 14 25,000 2022 53°06′54″N 6°10′24″E / 53.1151°N 6.1732°E / 53.1151; 6.1732 (Lippe Gabriëlsplas) [65]
Nij Beets Friesland 13.6 33,000 2021 53°03′57″N 6°02′03″E / 53.0659°N 6.0341°E / 53.0659; 6.0341 (Nij Beets) [66]
Oudehaske I Friesland 7 17,000 2021 52°58′13″N 5°52′20″E / 52.9704°N 5.8723°E / 52.9704; 5.8723 (Oudehaske I) [59]
Drakenrijk Limburg 7 12,896 2023 51°16′10″N 6°04′54″E / 51.2695°N 6.0816°E / 51.2695; 6.0816 (Drakenrijk) [67][68]
Lingepolder Gelderland 6.4 14.144 2022 51°55′24″N 5°28′36″E / 51.9234°N 5.4768°E / 51.9234; 5.4768 (Lingepolder) [69]
Amercentrale North Brabant 6.1 13,468 2022 51°42′34″N 4°50′18″E / 51.7094°N 4.8384°E / 51.7094; 4.8384 (Amercentrale) [70]
Berenplaat South Holland 4.8 9,000 2023 51°50′05″N 4°24′48″E / 51.8347°N 4.4133°E / 51.8347; 4.4133 (Berenplaat) [71]
Zonnevijver Boskoop South Holland 3.4 7,700 2021 52°05′47″N 4°40′07″E / 52.0965°N 4.6685°E / 52.0965; 4.6685 (Zonnevijver Boskoop) [72]
Lacustris North Holland 2.6 - 2019 52°46′26″N 5°03′33″E / 52.7739°N 5.0591°E / 52.7739; 5.0591 (Lacustris) [73]
Zaltbommel Gelderland 2.5 4,545 2023 51°47′56″N 5°16′52″E / 51.7990°N 5.2811°E / 51.7990; 5.2811 (Zaltbommel) [74]
Oosterwolde Friesland 2.1 5,500 2020 53°02′03″N 6°21′28″E / 53.0342°N 6.3578°E / 53.0342; 6.3578 (Oosterwolde) [75]
Lingewaard Gelderland 1.25 6,150 2018 51°55′34″N 5°54′10″E / 51.9262°N 5.9027°E / 51.9262; 5.9027 (Lingewaard) [76]
Havikerwaard Gelderland - 5,300 2022 51°59′59″N 6°05′38″E / 51.9998°N 6.0938°E / 51.9998; 6.0938 (Havikerwaard) [77][78]
Azewijnse Broek Gelderland - 3,140 2022 51°52′39″N 6°20′18″E / 51.8774°N 6.3382°E / 51.8774; 6.3382 (Azewijnse Broek) [79]

Location map

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Calculated value from total installed nameplate capacity and actual electricity generation. Statistical artifacts possible if new capacity was added late in the year

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar power in the Netherlands.
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