Solar eclipse of April 17, 1912
| Solar eclipse of April 17, 1912 | |
|---|---|
 Map | |
| Type of eclipse | |
| Nature | Hybrid |
| Gamma | 0.528 |
| Magnitude | 1.0003 |
| Maximum eclipse | |
| Duration | 2 s (0 min 2 s) |
| Coordinates | 38°24′N 11°18′W / 38.4°N 11.3°W |
| Max. width of band | 1 km (0.62 mi) |
| Times (UTC) | |
| Greatest eclipse | 11:34:22 |
| References | |
| Saros | 137 (30 of 70) |
| Catalog # (SE5000) | 9308 |
A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's ascending node of orbit on Wednesday, April 17, 1912,[1][2][3] with a magnitude of 1.0003. It was a hybrid event, starting and ending as an annular eclipse, with only a small portion of totality (only 1.3 km (0.808 mi or 4,265 feet) wide). A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring 7.4 days after apogee (on April 10, 1912, at 0:50 UTC) and 5.5 days before perigee (on April 22, 1912, at 22:20 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.[4]
Annularity was first visible from southeastern tip of Venezuela, northern tip of Brazil, British Guyana (today's Guyana), Dutch Guiana (today's Suriname) and Porto Santo Island in Madeira, Portugal, then totality from Portugal and Spain, with annularity continuing northeast across France (including northwestern suburbs of Paris), Belgium, Netherlands, Germany and Russian Empire (the parts now belonging to northern Latvia, southern Estonia and Russia). A partial eclipse was visible for parts of eastern South America, eastern North America, West Africa, Europe, and West Asia.
It was the 30th eclipse of the 137th Saros cycle, which began with a partial eclipse on May 25, 1389, and will conclude with a partial eclipse on June 28, 2633. This eclipse occurred two days after the RMS Titanic sank in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean under the darkness of new moon.[5]
Observations
[edit] The Observatory of Paris had the Globule balloon aloft for the 17 April 1912 hybrid eclipse, reported by Camille Flammarion.[6] |
 The Le Petit Journal cover, on 1912 April 21, shows eclipse watchers in 1912 along with the solar eclipse of May 22, 1724, the previous total solar eclipse visible from Paris, France[7] |
 The 1 May 1912 edition of the luso-Brazilian Brasil-Portugal magazine publishes photographs of the eclipse, as it was seen in Lisbon. An editorial says: "One can tell, on that moment, the mathematical regularity that presides over everything that goes on above and the considerable achievements that the oldest of sciences — Astronomy — has been meeting. While some, strong spirits, point out the fact and point out how precise are scientific calculi, the others, believers, consider that what we can grasp is still too little and, not being able to conceive a Creation without a Creator, pay homage to science but continue to kneel before God. The reader can judge the interest that the phenomenon sparked among us by himself though the photographs that follow, where one can see it all; the wise and the godless, the noble and the commoners, women and men, everyone paid no attention to earthly matters and, for a moment, observed with better or worse instruments what was going on up above. It was even a momentaneous rest for politics." |
|
During a hybrid solar eclipse, the apex of the moon's umbral cone was very close to the Earth's surface, and the magnitude was very large. The edges of the moon and the sun were very close to each other as seen from the Earth in both the total and annular portion of the path. A series of Baily's beads on the lunar limb provided an excellent opportunity to measure the size and shape of the Earth, as well as the mountains and valleys on the lunar limb. Measurements were made in Europe to locate precisely the limits of the umbral shadow by spreading people every 100 metres along a straight road.[8]
The hybrid solar eclipse of April 28, 1930, also belonging to Solar Saros 137, also occurred with a magnitude close to 1. Similar observations were made near Camptonville, California. Such observations were also made during two later annular solar eclipses of May 9, 1948 in Rebun Island, Japan and May 20, 1966 in Greece and Turkey, also belonging to the same solar Saros cycle. Similar measurements were also done in New York City during the total solar eclipse of January 24, 1925, which did not belong to the same Saros cycle 137 had a magnitude much larger than 1.[8]
Eclipse details
[edit]Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[9]
| Event | Time (UTC) |
|---|---|
| First Penumbral External Contact | 1912 April 17 at 08:53:53.3 UTC |
| First Umbral External Contact | 1912 April 17 at 10:00:21.2 UTC |
| First Central Line | 1912 April 17 at 10:00:52.4 UTC |
| Greatest Duration | 1912 April 17 at 10:00:52.4 UTC |
| First Umbral Internal Contact | 1912 April 17 at 10:01:23.5 UTC |
| Greatest Eclipse | 1912 April 17 at 11:34:21.9 UTC |
| Ecliptic Conjunction | 1912 April 17 at 11:40:06.1 UTC |
| Equatorial Conjunction | 1912 April 17 at 12:03:39.6 UTC |
| Last Umbral Internal Contact | 1912 April 17 at 13:07:04.3 UTC |
| Last Central Line | 1912 April 17 at 13:07:32.6 UTC |
| Last Umbral External Contact | 1912 April 17 at 13:08:00.8 UTC |
| Last Penumbral External Contact | 1912 April 17 at 14:14:32.4 UTC |
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Eclipse Magnitude | 1.00032 |
| Eclipse Obscuration | 1.00064 |
| Gamma | 0.52797 |
| Sun Right Ascension | 01h40m32.0s |
| Sun Declination | +10°26'25.1" |
| Sun Semi-Diameter | 15'55.5" |
| Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax | 08.8" |
| Moon Right Ascension | 01h39m36.3s |
| Moon Declination | +10°53'32.1" |
| Moon Semi-Diameter | 15'42.9" |
| Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax | 0°57'40.6" |
| ΔT | 13.7 s |
Eclipse season
[edit]This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.
| April 1 Descending node (full moon) |
April 17 Ascending node (new moon) |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Partial lunar eclipse Lunar Saros 111 |
Hybrid solar eclipse Solar Saros 137 |
Related eclipses
[edit]Eclipses in 1912
[edit]- A partial lunar eclipse on April 1.
- A hybrid solar eclipse on April 17.
- A partial lunar eclipse on September 26.
- A total solar eclipse on October 10.
Metonic
[edit]- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of June 28, 1908
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of February 3, 1916
Tzolkinex
[edit]- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of March 6, 1905
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of May 29, 1919
Half-Saros
[edit]- Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of April 12, 1903
- Followed by: Lunar eclipse of April 22, 1921
Tritos
[edit]- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of May 18, 1901
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of March 17, 1923
Solar Saros 137
[edit]- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of April 6, 1894
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of April 28, 1930
Inex
[edit]- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of May 6, 1883
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of March 27, 1941
Triad
[edit]- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of June 16, 1825
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of February 16, 1999
Solar eclipses of 1910–1913
[edit]This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[10]
The partial solar eclipse on August 31, 1913 occurs in the next lunar year eclipse set.
| Solar eclipse series sets from 1910 to 1913 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ascending node | Descending node | |||||
| Saros | Map | Gamma | Saros | Map | Gamma | |
| 117 | May 9, 1910 Total |
−0.9437 | 122 | November 2, 1910 Partial |
1.0603 | |
| 127 | April 28, 1911 Total |
−0.2294 | 132 | October 22, 1911 Annular |
0.3224 | |
| 137 | April 17, 1912 Hybrid |
0.528 | 142 | October 10, 1912 Total |
−0.4149 | |
| 147 | April 6, 1913 Partial |
1.3147 | 152 | September 30, 1913 Partial |
−1.1005 | |
Saros 137
[edit]This eclipse is a part of Saros series 137, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 70 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on May 25, 1389. It contains total eclipses from August 20, 1533 through December 6, 1695; the first set of hybrid eclipses from December 17, 1713 through February 11, 1804; the first set of annular eclipses from February 21, 1822 through March 25, 1876; the second set of hybrid eclipses from April 6, 1894 through April 28, 1930; and the second set of annular eclipses from May 9, 1948 through April 13, 2507. The series ends at member 70 as a partial eclipse on June 28, 2633. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.
The longest duration of totality was produced by member 11 at 2 minutes, 55 seconds on September 10, 1569, and the longest duration of annularity will be produced by member 59 at 7 minutes, 5 seconds on February 28, 2435. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit.[11]
| Series members 24–46 occur between 1801 and 2200: | ||
|---|---|---|
| 24 | 25 | 26 |
 February 11, 1804 |
 February 21, 1822 |
 March 4, 1840 |
| 27 | 28 | 29 |
 March 15, 1858 |
 March 25, 1876 |
 April 6, 1894 |
| 30 | 31 | 32 |
April 17, 1912 |
 April 28, 1930 |
 May 9, 1948 |
| 33 | 34 | 35 |
 May 20, 1966 |
 May 30, 1984 |
 June 10, 2002 |
| 36 | 37 | 38 |
 June 21, 2020 |
 July 2, 2038 |
 July 12, 2056 |
| 39 | 40 | 41 |
 July 24, 2074 |
 August 3, 2092 |
 August 15, 2110 |
| 42 | 43 | 44 |
 August 25, 2128 |
 September 6, 2146 |
 September 16, 2164 |
| 45 | 46 | |
 September 27, 2182 |
 October 9, 2200 | |
Metonic series
[edit]The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's ascending node.
| 23 eclipse events between February 3, 1859 and June 29, 1946 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| February 1–3 | November 21–22 | September 8–10 | June 28–29 | April 16–18 |
| 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 |
 February 3, 1859 |
 November 21, 1862 |
 June 28, 1870 |
 April 16, 1874 | |
| 119 | 121 | 123 | 125 | 127 |
 February 2, 1878 |
 November 21, 1881 |
 September 8, 1885 |
 June 28, 1889 |
 April 16, 1893 |
| 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 | 137 |
 February 1, 1897 |
 November 22, 1900 |
 September 9, 1904 |
 June 28, 1908 |
April 17, 1912 |
| 139 | 141 | 143 | 145 | 147 |
 February 3, 1916 |
 November 22, 1919 |
 September 10, 1923 |
 June 29, 1927 |
 April 18, 1931 |
| 149 | 151 | 153 | 155 | |
 February 3, 1935 |
 November 21, 1938 |
 September 10, 1942 |
 June 29, 1946 | |
Tritos series
[edit]This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.
| Series members between 1801 and 2200 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
 February 21, 1803 (Saros 127) |
 January 21, 1814 (Saros 128) |
 December 20, 1824 (Saros 129) |
 November 20, 1835 (Saros 130) |
 October 20, 1846 (Saros 131) |
 September 18, 1857 (Saros 132) |
 August 18, 1868 (Saros 133) |
 July 19, 1879 (Saros 134) |
 June 17, 1890 (Saros 135) |
 May 18, 1901 (Saros 136) |
April 17, 1912 (Saros 137) |
 March 17, 1923 (Saros 138) |
 February 14, 1934 (Saros 139) |
 January 14, 1945 (Saros 140) |
 December 14, 1955 (Saros 141) |
 November 12, 1966 (Saros 142) |
 October 12, 1977 (Saros 143) |
 September 11, 1988 (Saros 144) |
 August 11, 1999 (Saros 145) |
 July 11, 2010 (Saros 146) |
 June 10, 2021 (Saros 147) |
 May 9, 2032 (Saros 148) |
 April 9, 2043 (Saros 149) |
 March 9, 2054 (Saros 150) |
 February 5, 2065 (Saros 151) |
 January 6, 2076 (Saros 152) |
 December 6, 2086 (Saros 153) |
 November 4, 2097 (Saros 154) |
 October 5, 2108 (Saros 155) |
 September 5, 2119 (Saros 156) |
 August 4, 2130 (Saros 157) |
 July 3, 2141 (Saros 158) |
 June 3, 2152 (Saros 159) |
 April 1, 2174 (Saros 161) | |
Inex series
[edit]This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.
| Series members between 1801 and 2200 | ||
|---|---|---|
 June 16, 1825 (Saros 134) |
 May 26, 1854 (Saros 135) |
 May 6, 1883 (Saros 136) |
April 17, 1912 (Saros 137) |
 March 27, 1941 (Saros 138) |
 March 7, 1970 (Saros 139) |
 February 16, 1999 (Saros 140) |
 January 26, 2028 (Saros 141) |
 January 5, 2057 (Saros 142) |
 December 16, 2085 (Saros 143) |
 November 27, 2114 (Saros 144) |
 November 7, 2143 (Saros 145) |
 October 17, 2172 (Saros 146) |
||
Notes
[edit]- ^ "April 17, 1912 Total Solar Eclipse". timeanddate. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
- ^ "TO'DAY'S ECLIPSE OF THE SUN". The Guardian. London, Greater London, England. 1912-04-17. p. 16. Retrieved 2023-11-04 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Few saw eclipse". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, New York. 1912-04-17. p. 20. Retrieved 2023-11-04 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
- ^ www.astronomeer.com: The "Titanic" eclipse of 17 April 1912 Archived 7 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine The last annular eclipse in the Netherlands was 17 April 1912, just two days after the Titanic hit an iceberg and sank.
- ^ [1] Archived 2009-05-30 at the Wayback Machine Societe Astronomique, pp. 234–248, 1912 – By Camille Flammarion (Translation from French by LRM) p. 240 "A balloon dirigible, having on board Admiral Fournier and Colonel Bourgeois permitted good perception of the moon's shadow at a speed of 800 m/sec ... From a captive balloon near Saint-Nom-de-la-Breteche, Captain Dupic made analogous observations which confirmed those made from the dirigible."
- ^ [2] 17th April 1912: Eclipse fever grips Europe Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Xavier M. Jubier. "Eclipse hybride de Soleil du 17 avril 1912 en Europe (Hybrid Solar Eclipse of 1912 April 17 over Europe)". Archived from the original on 24 January 2019.
- ^ "Hybrid Solar Eclipse of 1912 Apr 17". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
- ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
- ^ "NASA - Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 137". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.
References
[edit]- Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC
- Photo of Solar Corona April 17, 1912
- Russia expedition for solar eclipse of April 17, 1912 Archived August 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- The Eclipse of April 17, 1912 as Visible in France Popular Astronomy, vol. 20, pp. 372–375, [3]
- [4] Flickr photo of eclipse watchers from France
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