Siege of Karachi
The siege of Karachi (Sindhi: ڪراچي جو گهيرو) took place between Talpur Dynasty and Khanate of Kalat for control of Karachi between 1792 and 1795 ending with Talpur Victory.[1][2][3]
| Siege of Karachi | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Talpur Dynasty |
 Khanate of Kalat | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur Mir Karam Ali Khan Talpur Mian Fakiro Brahmani Palia |
Muhammad Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai Mir Mahmud Khan I Ahmadzai Shafee Ali Khan Haji Sadu Seth Balramdas Seth Dharianamal | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 20,000 | Garrison | ||||||||
  Location within Sindh | |||||||||
Background
[edit]The Kalhora reign is significant not only for the reason that the founding of Karachi as a town, but it also prospered and turned it into a district from a small town. Actually, the history of Karachi began to be recorded systematically from this era. When the Kalhoras established their rule in Sindh. Karachi is mentioned in Chakar Hala division during this period. The Kalhora rule began in 1681 CE from certain parts of northern Sindh. The eras of the Kalhora rulers, Mian Naseer Mohammad and Mian Deen Mohammad' are known as the beginning of the independent Kalhora rule which ended in 1700 CE. Mian Yar Mohammad became the ruler in 1701 CE, and reigned for eighteen years. His rule was extended from Sibi to Sehwan. Yar Mohammad died in 1719 CE, and then his son Noor Muhammad became the ruler of the whole region. Karachi was founded in 1729 CE, ten years after his death. In this context Naomal sheds light and further writes that:
"Beebee Muradan was advised by Aasodo Mal on the basis of Bhojamal's suggestion that a castle should be built for the protection of Karachi. This suggestion was supported by everyone."
Karachi was under rule of the Kalhoras, when Mian Noor Mohammad was granted Thatta by the Mughuls in 1737 CE. The native and other contemporary historical documents prove that the city and port of Karachi was under the Kalhora rule from the period of Mian Noor Muhammad till the period of Abdul Nabi. Karachi was handed over to the Khan of Qalat only in 1781 CE, during the second era of Abdul Nabi In the Kalhora period, not only the city evolved and prospered but the port also progressed. Though there was not an appropriate industrial system in the city, the local trading ships lingered at Kach, Kathiawar, Bombay, Malabar, Bandar Abbas and Zanjibar.
In an engagement with the Kalhoras, Zarak Khan, brother to the ruling Khan of Kalat, was killed, and in recompense for his blood, the Kalhoras ceded Karachi to the Khan of Kalat. Karachi was soon after garrisoned by Kalat men.[4]
However, Khan of Qalat's indifference to the welfare and well-being of the people of Karachi has been summed up by Mehmooda Rizvi in her book titled Malka-i-Mashrig as follows:
"The Khan of Qalat did not take any interest in the development of Karachi. He neither appointed any regular administrator nor did he allocate soldiers to save port or residents from robbers or foreign attack. A man named Allah Rakho Lohar was appointed as s tax-collector, who gave Rs. 250 annually to the Khan as tax revenue, the rest he kept for himself. It seems that Khan considered Karachi only a source of income and did not take any interest in its progress and development."[5]
Siege
[edit]In about 1792-93 Mir Fateh Ali sent an army in number of 15,000 men for the capture of Karachi. These came well armed with cannon and shell, and encamped on the other side of the Lyari and along the gardens (to the north-east of the town). Karachi was then subject to the Khan of Kalat, but it was ill-garrisoned. The inhabitants lived all within the fort, which was on the outside surrounded by a jungle of timar and thuar trees. The invading army of the Talpurs was led by Mian Fakiro and Palia. Cannon were fixed against the fort, the walls of which were manned by the ryots and 500 fishermen, and mariners belonging to the ships of my ancestors, under the guidance of one of my forefathers, Seth Balramdas. The cannonballs and gunpowder made use of in the defence of the town by Seth Balramdas were obtained from the city's own godowns, where in there always lay a store of ammunition for the use of some of the merchantmen. The invading army lay before Karachi for exactly two and a half months; all the inhabitants kept within the fort walls. They had ample provisions within; and the entrance to the town from the sea-side being moreover left open to them, they did not experience any stress on that account. During the period, however, the people could not obtain water from the bed of the Lyari, either for culinary or drinking purposes; and they had to be content with the brackish water of the wells within the fort. After the expiration of two and a half months the Talpur army got wearied of the siege and withdrew.
Again in 1792-3 Mir Fateh Ali Khan sent another force against Karachi, which also encamped along the Lyari, and the garden quarter, and opened their guns on the fort of Karachi. Then, too, Seth Balramdas as before defended the town at the head of the ryot and the mariners belonging to his own ships, and answered the fire of the enemy with the ammunition in store for his vessels. This time the siege lasted three months, after which the Talpur soldiers withdrew as before, and returned to Hyderabad.
Again in 1794-95 in the month of Srawan, a third army composed of about 20,000 fighting men were sent by Mir Fateh Ali for the capture of Karachi. Mir Karamali and Seth Dharianamal were (as has been stated) on terms of friendship. He therefore wrote to say:
"It has come to our knowledge for certain that the Khan of Kalat has no garrison in Karachi. He is too weak to carry on warfare. We have learnt with regret that you have opposed our men, and that it is you who have employed the ammunition intended for your ships against our troops, whom you have thus twice defeated in their purpose and whom you have compelled to retire disappointed. We, too, have long been old friends and belong to the same part of the country. It does not therefore behoove you to act against us."
The letter went on to say much more to the same effect. Seth Dharianamal thereon dispatched two or three messengers to the Khan of Kalat, and informed him that the Mirs had sent armies twice for the capture of Karachi, and that on both occasions with much toil and trouble he had succeeded in driving them back in discomfiture and saved Karachi; that the Mirs had sent a third army against the town and the people felt themselves unable to hold out longer, that the town was subject to him, and he should send more troops for its defence. The Khan wrote in reply to say: -
"I am unable to carry on any warfare, nor can I command any army for the purpose. If you can defend the town well and good, or else you are not to blame."
Thereupon Seth Dharianamal sent a letter to the address of Mir Karam Ali and entrusted it for delivery to his confidential servant, Fakira. The epistle stated:
"It is true we have long been friends. I shall be glad to respect your letter, but I would request you to agree that when Karachi is surrendered, no Talpur soldiers, who are a wild and unruly class of people, shall enter the town, and that the Nawab, whom it shall please you to appoint shall act with our advice and shall not oppress the ryots."
Mir Karam Ali wrote in reply that he agreed to the conditions proposed by Seth Dharianamal, and promised to direct the Nawab, likely to be appointed to represent the Amirs at Karachi, to take his advice in all matters and consider him as the de facto master.
In 1793-94 Shafee Ali Khan ruled Karachi as the Nawab of the Khan of Kalat. He once attacked a Hindu temple, known as the Daria Than, and erected a mosque between the Daria Than and Hindu houses. This led to a scuffle between the Hindus and the Muslims. After this event, Seth Dharianamal wrote to the Khan of Kalat informing him of the tyranny exercised by Shafee Ali Khan, whereupon Shafee Ali Khan was dismissed by the Khan of Kalat, and Haji Sadu was placed in his stead. He was in office in 1794-95, when the Amirs sent their force the third time for the capture of Karachi. Haji Sadu expressed his inability to fight, and desired to be sent to Kalat in safety. Seth Dharianamal gave him a strong escort, and let him go to Kalat. The army of the Amirs continued all this time firing shells into the town. A few balls did some mischief, but the Commanders, Mian Fakiro and Palia, soon received instructions from Mirs Fateh Ali Khan and Karam Ali Khan to desist from fighting, and to act in consultation with Seth Dharianamal, as they had come to an understanding with him.
Thereafter in 1794-5 on the 11th of the month of Badh (12th Bares) Seth Dharianamal took the keys of the fort gates to the Commanders of the army of the Amirs. Seth Dharianamal sent his servant, Fakiro Khan, the headman of the Bahramee clan, in advance to Fakiro and Palia to inform them of his intention to visit them, and they therefore went out to meet him and received him with great respect. Seth Dharianamal handed over the keys of the Mitha and Khara Gates to Mian Fakiro and Mian Palia, who promised to let no soldier enter the town, as they had received orders to that effect. Mian Fakiro and Palia accompanied Seth Dharianamal back to the town, and after inspecting for a short time the "raised platforms" erected for Government sepoys, they visited Seth Dharianamal's otaks and there partook of sherbat, and refreshed themselves with rose water, and then returned to their camp.[6][7]
Aftermath
[edit]Mirs Fateh Ali and Karam Ali were much pleased when they heard of the surrender of Karachi, and Mir Fatehali proposed to Mir Karam Ali that Seth Dharianamal might be allowed to receive a fixed share of the revenues of Karachi, as a mark of distinction, or that he might be granted a remission of duty on all merchandise imported by him. Seth Dharianamal was accordingly written to by Mir Karamalikhan, but he declined to take any share of the revenue, saying that people in general, or the Khan of Kalat might think that he had betrayed the town from considerations of personal benefit. Mir Fateh Ali, however, gave orders for the remission of one-third of all excise duty on the Seth's trade, and of the land tax on his gardens, and permitted him to extract liquor for his private use at his own distillery, a privilege which his family had enjoyed from the time of the Kalhoras and even during the rule of the Khan of Kalat. The intercourse between the Amirs and the Seth was gradually strengthened, and after a short time the Mirs asked the Seth to visit Hyderabad. He was received with great distinction and numerous valuable presents were exchanged. The Seth remained at Hyderabad for a month and then returned to Karachi.[6][7]
References
[edit]- ^ Quddus, Syed Abdul (1987). Pakistan from Khyber to Karachi. Islamic Book Center. ISBN 978-969-436-008-9.
- ^ Kamdar, Muhammad Saleem (1996). Development of Capitalism in Agriculture: An Essay on the Nature of Transformation (change) of the 19th Century Agrarian Structure of Sindh Province in Pakistan. M.S. Kamdar. ISBN 978-0-9652762-0-7.
- ^ Netton, Ian Richard (2013-12-19). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-17960-1.
- ^ Haider, Azimusshan (1974). History of Karachi: With Special Reference to Educational, Demographical, and Commercial Developments, 1839-1900. Haider.
- ^ Naz, H. (2021). THE EARLY HISTORY OF KARACHI CITY: AN EXPLORATION. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, 69(4), 69-88.
- ^ a b Hotchand, Naomul (1915). A Forgotten Chapter of Indian History as Described in the Memoirs of Seth Naomul Hotchand, C.S.I. of Karachi, 1804-1878. William Pollard.
- ^ a b Kalmatī, Gulu Ḥasanu (2022). Karachi: Glory of the East. Endowment Fund Trust for Preservation of the Heritage of Sindh. ISBN 978-969-9860-41-6.