Jump to content

Santali language: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Disambiguating links to SOV (link changed to Subject–object–verb) using DisamAssist.
Line 1: Line 1:
[[File:Ol_chiki_script_(writing_of_santali_language_)_2014-05-30_15-21.jpg|thumbnail|ol chiki script (writing of santali language )]]
[[File:Ol_chiki_script_(writing_of_santali_language_)_2014-05-30_15-21.jpg|thumbnail|ol chiki script (writing of santali language )]]

{{Infobox language
|name=Santali
|altname=Satār
|states=[[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]]
|ethnicity=[[Santal]]
|speakers=6.2 million
|date=2001–2011
|ref=e17
|familycolor=Austro-Asiatic
|fam2=[[Munda languages|Munda]]
|fam3=[[North Munda languages|North Munda]]
|fam4=[[Kherwari languages|Kherwari]]
|dia1=Mahali (Mahli)
|script= [[Ol Chiki]]
|iso2=sat
|lc1=sat|ld1=Santali
|lc2=mjx|ld2=Mahali
}}

'''Santali''' is a [[language]] in the [[Munda languages|Munda]] subfamily of [[Austroasiatic languages]], related to [[Ho language|Ho]] and [[Mundari language|Mundari]].

It is spoken by around 6.2 million people in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]] and [[Nepal]], although most of its speakers live in India, in the states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]], [[Tripura]], and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sat|title=Santali: A Language of India|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref>

== Grammatical sketch ==

The following brief grammatical sketch is based on Ghosh 2008. It does not purport to give a full account of the language's grammar but rather give an impression of the structure of the language.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

Santali has 21 consonants, not counting the 10 aspirated stops which occur almost only in [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] loanwords and are given in parentheses in the table below.

{| class="wikitable IPA"
|-
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;
! Bilabial
! Alveolar
! Retroflex
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stops
! voiceless
| p (pʰ)
| t (tʰ)
| ʈ (ʈʰ)
| c (cʰ)
| k
| &nbsp;
|-
! voiced
| b (bʱ)
| d (dʱ)
| ɖ (ɖʱ)
| ɟ (ɟʱ)<br>{{angbr|j jh}}
| ɡ (ɡʱ)
| &nbsp;
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricatives
| &nbsp;
| s
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| h
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasals
| m
| n
| &nbsp;
| ɲ
| ŋ
| &nbsp;
|-
! colspan="2" | Trill
| &nbsp;
| r
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
! colspan="2" | Flap
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| ɽ
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
! colspan="2" | Lateral
| &nbsp;
| l
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
! colspan="2" | Glides
| w
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| j {{angbr|y}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
|}

In native words, the opposition between voiceless and voiced stops is neutralized in word-final position. A typical Munda feature is that word-final stops are "checked", i. e. glottalized and unreleased.

=== Vowels ===

Santali has eight non-nasal and six [[nasal vowel]]s.

{| class="wikitable IPA"
|-
! &nbsp;
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| i ĩ
| &nbsp;
| u ũ
|-
! Mid-high
| e
| ə ə̃
| o
|-
! Mid-low
| ɛ ɛ̃
| &nbsp;
| ɔ ɔ̃
|-
! Low
| &nbsp;
| a ã
| &nbsp;
|-
|}

There are numerous diphthongs.

== Morphology ==

Santali, like all Munda languages, is a suffixing [[agglutinating language]].

=== Nouns ===

==== Number ====

Three numbers are distinguished, singular, dual and plural.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
| seta.
| 'dog'
|-
! Dual
| seta-'''kin'''
| 'two dogs'
|-
! Plural
| seta-'''ko'''
| 'dogs'
|-
|}

==== Case ====

The case suffix follows the number suffix. The following cases are distinguished:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case
! Marker
! Function
|-
! Nominative
| -Ø
| Subject and object
|-
! Genitive
| -rɛn (animate)<br>-ak', -rɛak' (inanimate)
| Possessor
|-
! Comitative
| -ʈhɛn/-ʈhɛc'
| goal, place
|-
! Instrumental-Locative
| -tɛ
| Instrument, cause, motion
|-
! Sociative
| -são
| Association
|-
! Allative
| -sɛn/-sɛc'
| Direction
|-
! Ablative
| -khɔn/-khɔc'
| Source, origin
|-
! Locative
| -rɛ
| Spatio-temporal location
|-
|}

==== Possession ====

Santali has possessive suffixes which are only used with kinship terms: 1st person '''-ɲ''', 2nd person '''-m''', 3rd person '''-t'''. The suffixes do not distinguish possessor number.

=== Pronouns ===

The personal pronouns in Santali distinguish inclusive and exclusive first person and anaphoric and demonstrative third person.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | First person
! Exclusive
| iń
| ɘliɲ
| alɛ
|-
! Inclusive
| &nbsp;
| alaṅ
| abo
|-
! colspan="2" | Second person
| am
| aben
| apɛ
|-
! rowspan="2" | Third person
! Anaphoric
| ac'
| ɘkin
| ako
|-
! Demonstrative
| uni
| unkin
| oṅko
|-
|}

The interrogative pronouns have different form for animate ('who?') and inanimate ('what?'), and referential ('which?') vs. non-referential.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! &nbsp;
! Animate
! Inanimate
|-
! Referential
| ɔkɔe
| oka
|-
! Non-referential
| cele
| cet'
|-
|}

The indefinite pronouns are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! &nbsp;
! Animate
! Inanimate
|-
| 'any'
| jãheã
| jãhã
|-
| 'some'
| adɔm
| adɔmak
|-
| 'another'
| ɛʈak'ic'
| ɛʈak'ak'
|-
|}

The demonstratives distinguish three degrees of deixis (proximate, distal, remote) and simple ('this', 'that', etc.) and particulate ('just this', 'just that') forms.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Simple
! Animate
! Inanimate
|-
! Proximate
| nui
| noa
|-
! Distal
| uni
| ona
|-
! Remote
| həni
| hana
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Particularized
! Animate
! Inanimate
|-
! Proximate
| nii
| niə
|-
! Distal
| ini
| inə
|-
! Remote
| enko
| inəko
|-
|}

=== Numerals ===

The basic cardinal numbers are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| 1
| 2
| 3
| 4
| 5
| 6
| 7
| 8
| 9
| 10
| 20
| 100
|-
| mit'
| bar
| pɛ
| pon
| mɔ̃ɽɛ̃
| turui
| eae
| irəl
| arɛ
| gɛl
| isi
| sae
|-
|}

The numerals are used with [[numeral classifier]]s. Distributive numerals are formed by reduplicating the first consonant and vowel, e.g. ''babar'' 'two each'.

=== Verbs ===

Verbs in Santali inflect for tense, aspect and mood, voice and the person and number of the subject.

==== Subject markers ====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | First person
! Exclusive
| -ɲ(iɲ)
| -liɲ
| -lɛ
|-
! Inclusive
| &nbsp;
| -laŋ
| -bon
|-
! colspan="2" | Second person
| -m
| -ben
| -pɛ
|-
! colspan="2" | Third person
| -e
| -kin
| -ko
|-
|}

==== Object markers ====

Transitive verbs with pronominal objects take infixed object markers.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | First person
! Exclusive
| -iɲ-
| -liɲ-
| -lɛ-
|-
! Inclusive
| &nbsp;
| -laŋ-
| -bon-
|-
! colspan="2" | Second person
| -me-
| -ben-
| -pɛ-
|-
! colspan="2" | Third person
| -e-
| -kin-
| -ko-
|-
|}

== Syntax ==

Santali is an [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]] language, though topics can be fronted.

==Rising significance of Santali==
A great recognition of Santali was reached in December 2013 when the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission of India]] decided to introduce the language in the [[National Eligibility Test]] to prepare future lecturers for the language in colleges and universities.<ref>[http://www.ugcnetonline.in/Subject_Code_95.pdf Syllabus for UGC NET Santali, Dec 2013]</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Languages of India]]
*[[Languages with official status in India]]
*[[List of Indian languages by total speakers]]
*[[National Translation Mission]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* [[Byomkes Chakrabarti]] (1992). ''A comparative study of Santhali and Bengali''. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co. ISBN 81-7074-128-9
* Ghosh, A. (1994). ''Santhali: a look into Santal morphology''. New Delhi: Gyan Pub. House. ISBN 81-212-0451-8
*Ghosh, A. (2008). ''Santali''. In: Anderson, G. ''The Munda Languages''. London: Routledge.
*Hembram, P. C. (2002). ''Santhali, a natural language''. New Delhi: U. Hembram.
*Newberry, J. (2000). ''North Munda dialects: Mundari, Santhali, Bhumia''. Victoria, B.C.: J. Newberry. ISBN 0-921599-68-4
* Mitra, P. C. (1988). ''Santhali, the base of world languages''. Calcutta: Firma KLM.
* Зограф Г. А. (1960/1990). Языки Южной Азии. М.: Наука (1-е изд., 1960).
* Лекомцев, Ю. K. (1968). Некоторые характерные черты сантальского предложения // Языки Индии, Пакистана, Непала и Цейлона: материалы научной конференции. М: Наука, 311—321.
* Grierson, Sir George A. (ed.) (1906, reprinted 1967). ''The Linguistic Survey of India''. Vol. IV. Delhi-Varanasi-Patna.
* Maspero, Henri. (1952). ''Les langues mounda''. Meillet A., Cohen M. (dir.), Les langues du monde, P.: CNRS.
* Neukom, Lukas. (2001). ''Santhali''. München: LINCOM Europa.
* Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen. (1966). ''A comparative study of the verb in the Munda languages''. Zide, Norman H. (ed.) Studies in comparative Austroasiatic linguistics. London—The Hague—Paris: Mouton, 96-193.
*{{Cite book
| publisher = Anthropological Survey of India, Govt. of India,
| last = Sakuntala De.
| title = Santali : a linguistic study
| location = Kolkata
| series = Memoir (Anthropological Survey of India)
| accessdate = 2012-08-28
| year = 2011 }}
* [[Hans Vermeer|Vermeer, Hans J.]] (1969). ''Untersuchungen zum Bau zentral-süd-asiatischer Sprachen (ein Beitrag zur Sprachbundfrage)''. Heidelberg: J. Groos.

=== Dictionaries ===
* [[Paul Olaf Bodding|Bodding, Paul O.]] (1929). ''A Santal dictionary''. Oslo: J. Dybwad.
*{{cite book|author=A. R. Campbell|title=A Santali-English dictionary|url=http://archive.org/details/asantalienglish00campgoog|accessdate=26 August 2012|year=1899|publisher=Santal Mission Press}}
*[http://wesanthals.tripod.com/id54.html English-Santhali/Santhali-English dictionaries]
* Macphail, R. M. (1964). ''An Introduction to Santhali'', Parts I & II. Benagaria: The Santhali Literature Board, Santhali Christian Council.
* Minegishi, M., & Murmu, G. (2001). ''Santhali basic lexicon with grammatical notes''. Tōkyō: Institute for the Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. ISBN 4-87297-791-2

=== Grammars and primers ===
* Bodding, Paul O. 1929/1952. ''A Santal Grammar for the Beginners'', Benagaria: Santal Mission of the Northern Churches (1st edition, 1929).
*{{Cite book
| publisher = Manbhum
| last = Col
| first = F T
| title = Santạli primer
| accessdate = 2012-08-28
| year = 1896
| url = http://archive.org/details/santliprimer00colegoog }}
* Macphail, R. M. (1953) ''An Introduction to Santali''. Firma KLM Private Ltd.
* Muscat, George. (1989) ''Santali: A New Approach''. Sahibganj, Bihar : Santali Book Depot.
* [[Lars Olsen Skrefsrud|Skrefsrud, Lars Olsen]] (1873) [http://archive.org/details/aau0434.0001.001.umich.edu ''A Grammar of the Santhal Language'']. Benares: Medical Hall Press.
*Saren, Jagneswar "Ranakap Santali Ronor" (Progressive Santali Grammar), 1st edition, 2012.

=== Literature ===
* Pandit Raghunath Murmu (1925) ronor : Mayurbhanj, Odisha Publisher ASECA, Mayurbhanj
* Bodding, Paul O., (ed.) (1923—1929) ''Santhali Folk Tales''. Oslo: Institutet for sammenlingenden kulturforskning, Publikationen. Vol. I—III.
*{{Cite book
| publisher = Santal Mission Press
| last = Campbell, A.
| title = Santal folk tales
| location = Pokhuria, India
| accessdate = 2012-08-28
| year = 1891
| url = http://archive.org/details/cu31924024159489 }}
* Murmu, G., & Das, A. K. (1998). ''Bibliography, Santhali literature''. Calcutta: Biswajnan. ISBN 81-7525-080-1
*{{Cite book
| title = Santali Genesis Translation
| accessdate = 2012-08-28
| url = http://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_sat_gen-1 }}
* ''The Dishom Beura'', India's First Santali Daily News Paper. Publisher, Managobinda Beshra.

==External links==
{{Incubator|sat}}
*[http://wesanthals.tripod.com/index.html "We Santhals" web site]
*[http://www.ntm.org.in/languages/santhali/default_santhali.asp National Translation Mission's (NTM) Santhali Pages]
*[http://www.language-archives.org/language/sat OLAC resources in and about the Santali language]
*[http://www.language-archives.org/language/mjx OLAC resources in and about the Mahali language]

{{Languages of India}}

{{Austro-Asiatic languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santali Language}}
[[Category:Munda languages]]
[[Category:Languages spoken in West Bengal]]
[[Category:History of Bengal]]
[[Category:History of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Official languages of India]]
[[Category:Santhal]]

Revision as of 06:39, 4 September 2014

ol chiki script (writing of santali language )
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Santali_language&oldid=624120301"