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Rio Carnival

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Rio Carnival
A float at Rio Carnival, 2014
Typecultural, religious
SignificanceCelebration prior to fasting season of Lent.
CelebrationsParades, parties, open-air performances
BeginsFriday before Ash Wednesday (51 days to Easter)
EndsAsh Wednesday noon (46 days before Easter)
2023 dateAfternoon, April 20 - midday, April 29
2024 dateAfternoon, February 9 –
midday, February 14
2025 dateAfternoon, February 28 –
midday, March 5
2026 dateAfternoon, February 13 –
midday, February 18
Frequencyannual
Related toCarnival, Brazilian Carnival, Ash Wednesday, Lent

The Carnival in Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese: Carnaval do Rio de Janeiro) is a festival held every year before Lent; it is considered the biggest celebration of Carnival in the world, with two million people per day on the streets. The first Carnival festival in Rio occurred in 1723.[1][2]

The typical Rio Carnival parade is filled with revelers, floats, and adornments from numerous samba schools which are located in Rio (more than 200 approximately, divided into five leagues/divisions). A samba school is composed of a collaboration of local neighbours that want to attend the carnival together, with some kind of regional, geographical and common background.

There is a special order that every school has to follow with their parade entries. Each school begins with the "comissão de frente" (meaning "Front Commission"), that is the group of people from the school that appear first. Made of ten to fifteen people, the comissão de frente introduces the school and sets the mood and style of their presentation. These people have choreographed dances in elaborate costumes that usually tell a short story. Following the "comissão de frente" is the first float of the samba school, called "abre-alas" ("Opening Wing"). These are followed by the Mestre-sala and Porta-Bandeira ("Master of Ceremonies and Flag Bearer"), with one to four pairs, one active and three reserve, to lead the dancers, which include the old guard veterans and the "ala das baianas", with the drum line battery at the rear and sometimes a brass section and guitars. This brass section was included in the early 20th century as part of a more diverse musical ensemble which began to be offered at this time.[3]

History

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The origins of the Rio Carnival celebration dates back to the 16th and 17th centuries. Carnival was brought to Brazil by Portuguese colonizers between the 16th and 17th centuries, manifesting itself initially through the 'Entrudo', a popular festival where public games and lighthearted mockery would run wild in the streets. Over time, the festival acquired other ways of manifesting itself, such as in the use of masks and costumes. O Moleque by Lima Barreto, depicts an emergence of costume which was originally used in Carnival, tracing back to the European cultural roots. The costumes are symbolic of political and cultural themes of the time, which are then integrated into Carnival.[4] The emergence of carnival societies created by the monarch elite also contributed to the popularization of the party among the poor.

In 1840, the very first Rio masquerade took place, and polka and waltz took center stage.[5] Later in the beginning of the 20th century the Samba and Batucada rhythms classically associated with Rio Carnival were introduced by Afro-Brazilians and Pardos, by adapting different cultural inputs to produce a new musical genre. During this period, Carnival assumed its position as the biggest popular festival in Brazil.

In the 1920s and 1930s in Rio, Samba schools were beginning to become popular as a way for blocos to increase their legitimacy and avert police oppression. Blacks at the time were often oppressed by the police for any street Carnival activities due to the city's attempt to become a European-style capital at this time.[6]

There was no carnival in 1915–18 (due to World War I) or 1940–45 (due to World War II). Once more it was canceled with strict warnings against clandestine celebrations in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and was postponed in 2022 for similar reasons. It returned in 2023.[7]

Samba school parade

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Parade of Mangueira, one of the most traditional samba schools in the Rio Carnival

The pre-existing traditions of the 'Entrudos' and other popular festivities such as the 'ranches' and 'Cordão carnavalesco' that dated from the Empire would eventually be combined into carnival blocks by the 1920s, and evolve into their ultimate form - the Rio samba schools.

Estácio de Sá, together with Portela and Estação Primeira de Mangueira paraded for the first time in the city in 1929. All three were former carnival blocks which transformed into schools with professional staffing and city support. In 1930, seven schools were already active in the city. With the works of in Avenida Presidente Vargas, the parade moved there, and from 1942 to 1945 the parade was held in São Januário. From 1952 temporary stands for the public were annually assembled, and in 1961 paid tickets made their debut to take advantage of the rising international and national interest and the increasing tourist arrivals. In 1974, due to the works of the subway, the parade was held on Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, from where it was also broadcast for the first time in color television. In 1978, the parade was transferred to the Marquês de Sapucaí Avenue, where it remains up to this day. In 1983, the then governor Leonel Brizola commissioned the architect Oscar Niemeyer the project of a permanent local stadium for the parades in that same area, because until then the bleachers had continued to be temporary, and only assembled and disassembled for the event.[citation needed]

With the increase in the number of schools taking part, which made the parade longer and tiring for the public, in 1984 the parade was separated into two dates and categories: Friday evening into Saturday morning for the lower-level schools; and Sunday evening into Monday morning for the major schools, including the more recognizable ones. That year, a “super-champion” school was also announced following the parade of the champions that took place the following Saturday, which by that time were awarded for the best performances of the past nights of competition. Since this practice was never again repeated, Mangueira remains the only samba school to ever be awarded with the title and dignity of "super-champion" of the annual event.[8] Portela is the samba school that has the largest number of championships with 22.[when?]

The schools of the Special Group under LIESA parade over two days (Sunday and Monday), while the A Series schools parade on Friday and Saturday under LIERJ, which also has the B Series, which parades on Fat Tuesday. Both organizations were under the AESCRJ banner before it lost organizing rights, thus also providing for the establishment of new organizations like LIESB and Samba é Nosso for the lower level divisions.[9] The Gold Division (A Series) champion school which advances directly as a participant in the Special Group for the next year's Carnival parades last on Carnival Monday while the Special Group champion parades once more on the Saturday after Ash Wednesday.[citation needed]

As of 2018, LIESB handed over the management of the E series and its schools to ACAS, which now operates it as a rookie level organization for samba schools, in 2020 the C Series (Silver Division) fell under a new organization, LIVRES, with LIESB handling the divisions above and below it.[citation needed]

A typical performer of Samba dance

Dates

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Rio's Carnival begins on the Friday preceding Lent and ends on Ash Wednesday,[10] but the Winners' Parade happens on the Saturday after the carnival ends.[11][12] The winning school and runners' up of the Special Group, as well as the A Series champion school, all march past one final time in front of their supporters on this night. “Held the week before Ash Wednesday, the samba school parades thrive as both a cultural performance tradition and an urban entertainment business. The parades are an amalgamation of dance, fashion, music, narrative, spectacle, and competition in which thousands of performers process in the early morning hours through the Sambadrome (Sambódromo), a linear structure consisting of a runway for the parades and bleacher seating for 72,500 spectators.”[13]

  • February 21 to 26, 2020
  • February 12 to 17, 2021 (cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic)
  • April 20 to April, 2022 (moved up due to COVID-19 and coincide with Tiradentes' Day)
  • February 17 to 22, 2029

Tickets

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Sambadrome sectors diagram

In 1984, the government decided to give Rio Carnival its new home in the Sambadrome.[14] Today, some of the most famous events of Rio Carnival are ticketed events. There are different types of Sambadrome tickets that are available for purchase. Grandstand tickets are general admissions tickets that are available on a first-come, first-served basis and are not allocated ahead of time. Frisas are open air box seats located along the samba runway. Camarotes are luxury boxes situated between the frisas and the grandstands. Sector 9 is the tourist sector which are the same as grandstand tickets, with the difference being that they are allocated so people have assigned seats.[15]

Carnival ticket prices can vary depending on the ticket type, sector and season. The cheapest sectors are 12 and 13.[16] Tickets can be bought in advance through international brokers, or through local travel agents in Rio de Janeiro. 'Purchase of a ticket' normally means purchase of a voucher which is then exchangeable for the ticket close to the date. Ticket sales are organised by LIESA, who will often also make tickets available at late notice via a venue (often a bank) announced the day before. LIESA prices for grandstand tickets vary from Rs5 to Rs500 for the Tourist Sector (2014 prices)[17] (Rs500 = approx. US$250). LIESA publish the base price of the tickets, and agents and brokers charge more (sometimes significantly more) but offer considerable convenience and other benefits.[citation needed]

Street carnival

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Cordão da Bola Preta, the oldest street block of Rio de Janeiro's Carnival

As the parade is taking place in the Sambadrome and the balls are being held in the Copacabana Palace and beach, many carnival participants are at other locations. Street festivals are very common during carnival and are highly populated by the locals.[18] Elegance and extravagance are usually left behind, but music and dancing are still extremely common. Anyone is allowed to participate in the street festivals. Bandas are very familiar with the street carnival especially because it takes nothing to join in on the fun except to jump in. One of the most well known bandas of Rio is Banda de Ipanema. Banda de Ipanema was first created in 1965 and is known as Rio's most irreverent street band.[19]

Rio de Janeiro is "submerged", almost "invisible" and that emerges with full intensity during Carnival. Even though this is only clearly perceived during Carnival, this city is occupied (especially in the central area) extensively by actors who, in different locations, play, sing and dance, giving new meaning to their daily lives and their relationship with the city's public spaces.[20] Incorporated into every aspect of the Rio Carnival are dancing and music. The most famous dance in brazilian carnival is samba. The samba remains a popular dance not only in carnival but in the ghettos outside of the main cities. These villages keep alive the historical aspect of the dance without the influence of the western cultures.[21]

Music is another major part of all aspects of the carnival. As stated by Samba City, "Samba Carnival Instruments are an important part of Brazil and the Rio de Janeiro carnival, sending out the irresistible beats and rhythms making the crowd explode in a colourful dance revolution fantasy fest!"[22] The samba that is found in Rio is Battucanada, referring to the dance and music being based on percussion instruments. It "is born of a rhythmic necessity that it allows you to sing, to dance, and to parade at the same time."[23] This is why the batucada style is found in most all of Rio's street carnivals.

Street parades, blocos, and bandas take place throughout the city of Rio during Carnival, the most famous and largest carnival celebration of the world.[24] There can be more than 300 bandas taking place at any given point in time. While the biggest street party takes place right outside the Sambadrome, the largest organized street dance is typically found on Cinelândia Square in Rio's Centro. In 2012, more than 2 million revelers took to the streets of Rio de Janeiro to participate in the Cordão da Bola Preta bloco. According to police estimates, more than 5 million people attended a bloco during Rio Carnival 2012 and there was not one reported incident of crime.[25]

When the Sambadrome was built in 1984, it had the side-effect of taking street parades from the downtown area to a specific, ticketed performance area. Some samba schools have since been motivated by an agenda that focuses on regaining public space, and using the carnival tradition to occupy the streets with parades or blocos. Many of these represent a local community of the area but are open to all.[26]

Several of the Rio street carnival blocks that hold the parties are affiliated to the Rio de Janeiro State Street Carnival Blocks Federation (FBCERJ), established in 1965.[citation needed]

Corte real

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King Momo

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Main article: King Momo § King Momos of Rio de Janeiro

Queens of Carnival

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The Queen of the Carnival in Rio de Janeiro and up to two princesses having the duty to woo the revelry, along with the King Momo. Unlike some cities, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Queens of Carnival do not see a certain school of samba. In competitions, princesses are usually placed as second and third, and are correspondingly 1st and 2nd Princess. Some of them after the reign become queens or battery bridesmaids.[clarification needed]

Samba Parade at the Sambódromo (Sambadrome) during the Rio Carnival
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Cinema

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The movie Rio about Blu the blue macaw takes place during carnaval season in Rio de Janeiro.

Literature

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  • The novel A Grande Arte (1983), by Rubem Fonseca, is about the investigation of an ex private eye during Rio Carnival.[51]
  • The two novellas of Os Prisoneiros (1963), by Rubem Fonseca, take place during Rio Carnival.[52]

Twinning

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Hughes, Amani (February 22, 2019). "Rio Carnival 2019: How to attend Rio Carnival – do you need tickets?". Express.co.uk. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  2. ^ Duhig, H. (2018). Cultural Contributions from Latin America: Tortillas, Color TV, and More. Great Cultures, Great Ideas. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-5383-3829-2. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  3. ^ Snyder, Andrew (June 2020). "Politicizing Carnival Brass Bands in Olympic Rio de Janeiro: Instrumental Protest and Musical Repertoires of Contention". Latin American Music Review. 41 (1): 27–58. doi:10.7560/lamr41102. ISSN 0163-0350. S2CID 219462775.
  4. ^ Santos, Poliana dos (April 2020). "Diabos e diabinhos: uma história social e carnavalesca dos sentidos da roupa". Topoi (Rio de Janeiro). 21 (43): 97–121. doi:10.1590/2237-101x02104305. ISSN 2237-101X.
  5. ^ "Rio De Janeiro Carnival 2019 Travel Guide". Cheapfaremart. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
  6. ^ Raphael, Alison (1990). "From Popular Culture to Microenterprise: The History of Brazilian Samba Schools". Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música Latinoamericana. 11 (1): 73–83. doi:10.2307/780359. ISSN 0163-0350. JSTOR 780359.
  7. ^ "Cancelan tradicional carnaval en Río de Janeiro debido a la pandemia". jornada.com.mx (in Spanish). La Jornada. February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  8. ^ "Grupo Especial 1984". Academia do Samba. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
  9. ^ "Riotur confirma acordo no Acesso. Liesb fica com Série B e Samba é Nosso com o C, D e E". Carnavalesco. November 18, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
  10. ^ Louis, Regis St (March 3, 2011). "Carnaval in Brazil: Rio and beyond". BBC Travel. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  11. ^ "Brazil Carnival 2017". CarnivalBookers.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  12. ^ "Rio Carnival 2019 dates: When is Rio Carnival? Carnival start time, main events, schedule". Express.co.uk. February 28, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  13. ^ Gough, Daniel (2017). "Re-Contextualized Carnivals: A Brazilian Art Form in the Global Spaces of Festivalization". ASAP/Journal. 2 (1): 199–219. doi:10.1353/asa.2017.0023. ISSN 2381-4721. S2CID 51862648.
  14. ^ "About Sambadrome (Sambódromo)". Rio Carnival. March 2, 1984. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  15. ^ "Rio Carnival Tickets Guide". Rio Carnival. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  16. ^ "Sambadrome Parade Tickets < Rio Carnival Packages - Packages < South America - Green Toad Bus". greentoadbus.com.
  17. ^ "Liga Independente das Escolas de Samba do Rio de Janeiro (Alessandra Pirotelli/Camarote Brasil)". Liesa (in Portuguese). Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  18. ^ Pagnoncelli, Eduardo (February 3, 2011). "Everything is Possible: Street Carnival in Rio de Janeiro". Sounds and Colours. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  19. ^ "Banda de Ipanema". Ipanema.com. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  20. ^ Herschmann, Micael (December 2013). "Apontamentos sobre o crescimento do Carnaval de rua no Rio de Janeiro no início do século 21". Intercom: Revista Brasileira de Ciências da Comunicação. 36 (2): 267–289. doi:10.1590/s1809-58442013000200013. ISSN 1809-5844.
  21. ^ Shanachie Entertainment Corp, The Spirit of Samba: Black Music of Brazil, VHS, 1990, April 1, 2007.
  22. ^ Samba City, Samba Instruments, April 1, 2007.
  23. ^ Samba City, Samba Carnival Instruments, [sambacity.info][permanent dead link], April 1, 2007.
  24. ^ "Top 10 Carnivals Around The World". January 30, 2015. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  25. ^ "Rio Carnival Street Parties".
  26. ^ Jaguaribe B, Images of the crowd: carnival and media [1] Accessed May 13, 2014. Archived May 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ "Rei Momo magro inicia reinado no Rio de Janeiro" (in Portuguese). February 20, 2004. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  28. ^ a b "Ana Paula Evangelista:samba International" (in Portuguese). Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  29. ^ "Alex is the King Momo for the eighth time and Queen is bi" (in Portuguese). December 2, 2005. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
  30. ^ "Know the New River Momo King and Queen Carnival 2007" (in Portuguese). November 11, 2006. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  31. ^ "Rio already has Rei Momo and new Carnival Queen" (in Portuguese). October 27, 2007. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  32. ^ "Rio knows the new King Momo and Queen of Carnival 2009" (in Portuguese). September 29, 2008. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  33. ^ "Rio chooses princesses and Queen of Carnival 2010" (in Portuguese). October 12, 2009. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  34. ^ "After withdrawal of another princess, Rio features new cutting Carnival" (in Portuguese). January 18, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  35. ^ "Of tambourine in hand, dancer is elected Queen of Rio's Carnival 2012" (in Portuguese). November 11, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  36. ^ "King Momo and Queen of Carnival 2013 is elected at the Samba City" (in Portuguese). November 4, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  37. ^ "Meet the king momo, queen and princesses of Carnival 2013" (in Portuguese). November 4, 2012. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  38. ^ "Carnival 2014 already has its Official Court" (in Portuguese). Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  39. ^ "Queen and King Momo the 2014 Rio Carnival are elected" (in Portuguese). November 9, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  40. ^ "' Ecstatic ' Rio 2014 Carnival Queen celebrates coronation" (in Portuguese). November 9, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  41. ^ "King Momo and Carnival Queen are elected in Rio" (in Portuguese). November 15, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  42. ^ "Rio de Janeiro choose your new Court of King and Queen of Carnival 2015" (in Portuguese). November 15, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  43. ^ "Rio elege Rei Momo e Rainha do carnaval para 2016". G1. November 14, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  44. ^ "Corte do Carnaval: Wilson Dias e Clara Paixão voltam a reinar em 2016". Claudia Dias, para o UOL. November 14, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  45. ^ "Rei Momo, Rainha do Carnaval do Rio e Princesas são escolhidos". G1. October 12, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
  46. ^ "Milton Júnior e Jéssica Maia voltam a reinar na corte do carnaval de 2018". G1. October 30, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  47. ^ https://www.unifrance.org/film/4193/orfeu-negro20 July 2024
  48. ^ "Apaixonados".
  49. ^ Philippe Azoury (October 20, 1999). "Orfeu sans flamme. Le remix brésilien par Carlos Diegues n'offre ni plaisir ni déplaisir". Libération (in French). Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  50. ^ "Paquetá: a ilha da Moreninha". Lugares de memória (in Portuguese). Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  51. ^ a b "Carnaval na Literatura: Livros e Contos que Capturam a Magia da Folia". onehuman (in Portuguese). Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  52. ^ "Leitura para o final do carnaval: Rubem Fonseca". Uma biblioteca na cabeça (in Portuguese). Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  53. ^ "Tenerife-ABC". Archived from the original on March 8, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  54. ^ "Fiestas de España. El Carnaval de Tenerife". Archived from the original on September 21, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
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