Royal Tank Museum
Established | 2018, January 29 |
---|---|
Location | Amman, Jordan |
Coordinates | 31°54′31.0″N 35°55′28.0″E / 31.908611°N 35.924444°E |
Type | Military Museum |
Website | https://rtm.jo/ |
The Royal Tank Museum (Arabic: متحف الدبابات الملكي) is a military museum located in Amman, Jordan, was inaugurated on January 29, 2018. Located next to the King Abdullah II Park in Al Muqabalain.[1] The Royal Tank Museum spans an area of approximately 20,000 square meters and houses around 110 tanks and armored vehicles from Jordan, Arab nations, and foreign countries, displayed in chronological order.[2] The collection includes a number of American, British, Soviet, and German-made vehicles, with a dedicated hall showcasing local military industries.[3] The museum features both original and restored rare items, illustrating the historical evolution of military vehicles since 1915. The museum's design was created by Jordanian architect Zaid Dawood.[4]
It is dedicated to Jordan's military heritage, showcasing vehicles used in Jordan and the region.[5] These exhibits illustrate the impact of wars on Jordan's historical transformations, offering an educational and interactive experience through audiovisual technologies. In addition to its permanent displays, the museum features a demonstration program of tanks and armored vehicles in an outdoor arena. The museum and its grounds cover 100,000 square meters.[6] Construction took nearly ten years, and it is managed by a Board of Trustees, which includes organizations such as the Greater Amman Municipality, the King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau, the Royal Special Operations, and the Royal Automobile Museum.[7][8][9]
History
[edit]Establishment of the museum
[edit]Since 1977, Jordan had only one military museum dedicated to its military history, the Martyr's Memorial Museum, located in the Sports City of Amman. This museum showcases military vehicles and weapons in chronological order.[10]
The Royal Tank Museum was established following a transformation in the quality, size, and specialization of museums in Jordan. The idea for creating the museum dates back to 2002 when it was initially planned to be located in Aqaba, southern Jordan, specifically adjacent to the Port of Aqaba, where many military vehicles were stored. However, the construction site was later moved to the eastern part of the capital, Amman, after the Greater Amman Municipality provided the land for the project, which spans 100,000 square meters.[11]
Construction of the Royal Tank Museum in Amman began following the issuance of an official royal decree in 2007.[12] The project took more than ten years to complete and was inaugurated by King Abdullah II of Jordan on January 29, 2018, as part of the kingdom's celebrations marking the centenary of the Arab Revolt and the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Karama.[13][14][15]
The museum's primary objective is to preserve and showcase tanks and armored vehicles from the Jordanian Armed Forces, as well as other military heritage from around the world, for public viewing.[16] Each tank retains its original color and military unit number, with efforts made to restore its interior components. The restoration process was supervised by the museum's board of trustees and the Jordanian Department of Heritage, with assistance from international specialists.[17][18]
During its first four days of operatioweln, the museum comed over 13,000 visitors, including officials and military attaches from various countries.[13] Since its opening, the museum has also organized educational tours for school students, employing interactive methods to explain the history of tanks. A portion of the construction and operational costs was covered through donations.[19][20]
This museum is the second of its kind in the Middle East; Israel opened a tank and armored vehicle museum in Latrun in 1982, following its occupation of the West Bank in the 1967 war, which had been under Jordanian administration prior to that.[21] Most other tank museums worldwide are located in countries such as Germany, Spain, Australia, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Poland, the Czech Republic, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, China, France, Finland, Canada, India, the Netherlands, and the United States.[22] Several international tank museums, including the Tank Museum in Dorset and the Imperial War Museum in London, contributed to the organization of this project.[23]
Ground Force History
[edit]The Royal Tank Museum displays a wide array of weapons used by the Royal Jordanian Army since its establishment in 1920. The collection features a total of 46 types of tanks, armored vehicles, and other military vehicles, some of which remain in active service while others have been retired. As of 2018,[24][25][26] Jordan possesses a diverse inventory of 1,321 tanks, 2,547 armored vehicles, and 461 self-propelled guns, placing it 18th globally in terms of tank strength, 30th in armored vehicle strength, and 15th in self-propelled artillery strength.[27]
Additionally, the Jordanian military has acquired various other assets, including wheeled and tracked tank destroyers, artillery pieces, infantry fighting vehicles, and rocket launchers. Notably, the Bofors 40mm was the first anti-aircraft artillery to serve in the Jordanian forces, while the South African Marmon-Herrington was the first armored vehicle. The American M4 Sherman was the first tank in the Jordanian arsenal, followed by the British Centurion, American M47 Patton, American M48 Patton, American M60, British Chieftain, and British Challenger 1.[28]
The Jordanian Armed Forces have implemented modifications to some of these tanks, enhancing their operational range, increasing payload capacity, and reducing operational costs related to spare parts and repairs.[29]
Diversity in presentation
[edit]Several countries have contributed to the Royal Tank Museum by providing tanks, armored vehicles, and supporting machinery. The Czech Republic and France have engaged in exchanges of tanks with Jordan, while nations such as Albania, Brunei, Spain, Switzerland, South Africa, Syria, and Azerbaijan have donated tanks, some of which have participated in various conflicts.[30] Israeli media reported that Israel gifted the museum a Merkava tank; however, Jordanian official sources denied these claims.[31][32]
Jordan's strong diplomatic relations with various governments have facilitated the acquisition of a diverse and rare collection of military vehicles, many of which served in NATO forces, while others were part of the Warsaw Pact. The museum features a wide range of exhibits that encompass various time periods and conflicts, dividing its display halls into sections that guide visitors through different military histories.[33][34]
In addition to showcasing weapons from regional and global conflicts—ranging from World War I and World War II to the Arab-Israeli wars and the Gulf War—the museum provides a detailed account of Jordan's military history. It emphasizes the role of tanks within the Jordanian Armed Forces and Jordan's involvement in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Despite this variety, the majority of the tanks on display are of American and British manufacture, reflecting the historical alliance between Jordan and these nations.
Location
[edit]The Royal Tank Museum is located within the King Abdullah II Gardens, which span approximately 550 dunams in the Al-Muqabalain area of eastern Amman. Specifically, it is situated at the intersection of Al-Sakhra Al-Musharrafah Street and Jamal Badran Street. The building is adjacent to several landmarks, including Jordan Media City, the Jordan Radio and Television Corporation, the Jordan Post Office, the Border Guards Center, and the South Amman Police Directorate. It is also located just 5 kilometers south of the city center.[35][36]
Access to the museum can be achieved via public transportation, specifically through bus line 103, as well as neighboring routes 144 and 145; however, a supplementary means of transport may be required.[37] Photography is permitted within the museum, and entry requires a ticket priced between 2 to 5 Jordanian dinars, depending on the visitor's age and residency status (children under 12 years of age are admitted free of charge). The museum is open every day except Tuesday and features ample parking for both cars and buses, with facilities accommodating individuals with special needs.[38]
Design and construction
[edit]The Royal Tank Museum features a futuristic design, consisting of two levels shaped like a square fort with four main pillars. This design is inspired by the desert palaces found in the Jordanian Badia, symbolizing the actual power and durability of tanks while reflecting the general form of a tank itself. At the center of the building sits a glass dome from which a Cobra attack helicopter is suspended, representing the transition from Jordan's ancient heritage to the future.[39]
Various materials were utilized in the design of the museum during its construction, including a metal structure, woodwork, acoustic insulation, glass, and fiberglass-reinforced concrete. The museum is considered a green building, as it collects water in a large reservoir located beneath it for later reuse. [40]Additionally, solar panels are installed to generate clean electrical energy, and special energy-saving lighting systems based on LED technology illuminate the interior of the museum.[41][42]
The architectural design was crafted by the Jordanian firm Zaid Dawood Architects, which also created all multimedia works and graphics within the museum.[43] Design oversight was managed by Sigma Engineering Consultants, and several contracting companies executed the project in phases starting from 2007, including the Central Contracting Company and the Consolidated Contractors Company. The project has received several international awards for its unique design.[44][45]
The exhibition halls are divided into 14 different sections, both temporally and spatially, featuring sound effects, soldier mannequins, and display screens to enhance the visitor experience.[46]
Ground floor
[edit]This floor is the main level of the building and includes all fourteen halls that comprise the museum's sections. Visitors start at the reception and ticket area, located in the pre-arming zone. This is followed by a space dedicated to the Great Arab Revolt and World War I, succeeded by the area focusing on World War II.
Next, the halls for Jerusalem, the Arab Army, and the Royal Armored Corps from the 1950s and 1960s overlap, leading visitors to the Hall of the Battle of Karama. Following this, the area covering the Arab-Israeli wars is presented, culminating in the heart of the museum, represented by the Hall of King Abdullah II, which features the distinctive Cobra helicopter suspended from the museum's glass dome.
Adjacent to this space are additional halls, including the cutaway tank and support and reinforcement sections. Visitors then proceed to the battle tank halls and the international hall, concluding with the local military industries hall affiliated with the King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau. This floor also houses service areas, such as a gift shop displaying locally made souvenirs.[3]
First floor
[edit]The floor includes service and administrative areas, housing the offices of the museum's management, staff, and operators. It also encompasses the museum library, a research center and archive, a lecture hall, and a platform for distinguished visitors overlooking the outdoor track designated for military demonstrations involving tanks and armored vehicles. Additionally, there is a section for military-themed electronic games for children, situated between this floor and the ground floor.[47]
Sections
[edit]The museum is divided into several sections, organized chronologically along two main axes: the first highlights the development of tank usage within the Jordanian Armed Forces, while the second traces the global evolution of tanks. This layout allows visitors to explore both the national and international history of tanks, reflecting in Jordan's military history and their broader global context.[21]
Reception hall
[edit]The exhibition features a model of the first tank conceptualized by Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century, known as Leonardo's fighting vehicle.[48] This model, capable of rotating 360 degrees and designed to carry multiple weapons, was created by Jordanian designer Islam Kharim.[49] Additionally, the exhibition showcases the Al-Hussein tank, developed in Jordan, as well as a statue of a medieval knight in full armor. These displays highlight both historical innovations in warfare and modern Jordanian military advancements.
The Great Arab Revolt and World War I Lounge
[edit]The collection features a three-dimensional panorama depicting the events of the Arab Revolt in the South Jordan Theater, alongside a rare Rolls-Royce Limited military car used by Prince Faisal. Additionally, it includes some of the world’s first tanks, invented during World War I, with a particular highlight being the British Mark I tank, renowned as the first tank used in combat. These exhibits offer visitors a comprehensive view of early military vehicles and their role in shaping historical events.[3]
World War II Lounge
[edit]The museum houses a collection of rare Western and Eastern tanks, armored vehicles, and artillery from World War II, representing both the Allied and Axis powers in the North African and Middle Eastern theaters, where Jordanian forces also played a role. Notable exhibits include the Grant M3 tank, symbolizing the beginning of American aid to Britain during the Battle of El Alamein, and German tanks and tank destroyers like the Panther, Panzer IV, and Hetzer, many of which belonged to the Afrika Korps and are displayed in desert camouflage.[50]
The collection also features British tanks such as the Churchill and Crusader, alongside armored vehicles like the T17 Staghound, M8 Greyhound, and the iconic M4 Sherman, the most mass-produced tank of the era. Soviet contributions to the war are represented by tanks like the T-34 and the SU-100 tank destroyer, which played crucial roles in the Eastern Front. These Soviet tanks are part of a three-dimensional scene depicting key battles in Stalingrad and Berlin, providing visitors with an immersive experience of the war's major turning points.[51]
Al-Quds hall 1948
[edit]The exhibit features a three-dimensional representation of a section of Jerusalem's fortifications, highlighting the Jordanian Armed Forces' defensive efforts against Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Among the vehicles displayed is the South African Marmon-Harrington, the first armored vehicle used by the Royal Jordanian Land Forces, along with other armored vehicles like the Canadian Otter and the British Humber. The hall also includes a depiction of the 1948 Battle of Latrun, located west of Jerusalem. Both scenes showcase Jordanian soldiers in traditional Arab attire, reflecting their preference for not wearing helmets at the time.
Royal Jordanian Armored Corps hall
[edit]The collection includes military vehicles that were developed domestically during the 1950s and 1960s, as well as photographic documentation of military personnel, including officers, from that era.[8]
Battle of Karameh hall
[edit]Battle of Karameh, also known as the Battle of Dignity, took place in 1968 between the Jordanian army, alongside Palestinian Fedayeen forces, and the Israeli army. A wide array of military equipment was used during the conflict, including Jordanian M47 and M48 Patton tanks. The exhibit also features the M42 Duster, a self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon, as well as anti-aircraft and anti-tank guns, such as the Ordnance QF 25-pounder. Additionally, original Israeli military vehicles destroyed in the battle and later towed to Amman are on display, including the British Centurion tank and the American Super Sherman tank. The hall also includes a detailed three-dimensional battle plan of the conflict, which unfolded along a 40-kilometer front.[52]
Arab-Israeli Wars Lounge
[edit]The tanks and armoured vehicles employed by the Jordanian army, along with other Arab armies, in the Arab-Israeli wars, commencing with the 1967 war, through the War of Attrition and concluding with the 1973 war in the Golan Heights, represent an aspect of military history. Among the most notable are the Jordanian Alvis Saladin armoured vehicle, the T-55 tank utilised by Egypt, Syria and Iraq, and the T-62 tank.
Sectional Tank Lounge
[edit]The exhibit includes a bisected Jordanian M48 Patton tank, allowing visitors to observe its interior, which contains the remains of soldiers and ammunition that were originally housed within. Additionally, the display features the tank's engine and a selection of different types of shells used in various tank models.
Support and Operations Lounge
[edit]The document outlines the auxiliary services provided by tanks, detailing the associated management structures and the training programs established for the use of auxiliary weapons. Furthermore, it presents a conceptual model of the battlefield operations room.[8]
Tank Lounge in combat
[edit]The exhibit illustrates the operational principles of tanks using audiovisual effects and showcases a variety of military vehicles. This includes reconnaissance vehicles, tanks equipped with anti-aircraft weapons, motorized infantry units designed to neutralize enemy strongholds, and support guns utilized to facilitate breakthroughs.
International Hall
[edit]The collection includes tanks from both Eastern and Western countries, acquired through gifts or military exchange programs. The tanks are categorized by their origin, with those from Western NATO countries grouped together and those from Eastern Warsaw Pact countries classified separately. Notable examples in the collection include the Soviet Iosif Stalin III, BMP-1, PT-76, T-34, T-54, T-64, and T-72 tanks, as well as the American M22 Locust and M41 tanks, along with the M36 and M50 Ontos tank destroyers. Additionally, the British Chieftain, Conqueror, and Comet tanks are prominently featured.[53]
King Abdullah II Center for Design and Development Hall
[edit]The museum features a section dedicated to Jordanian local military industries, developed by the King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau. This area showcases several armored vehicles, including the Mard and Jawad, as well as the Stallion, which are employed in peacekeeping operations, internal security, and patrol duties. Additionally, the exhibition includes multi-purpose military vehicles such as the Desert Lily, Lynx, and Beast, all of which are four-wheel-drive armored vehicles.[54]
Museum collections
[edit]The museum's collections encompass an archive of personal and official documents, photographs depicting battles and members of the Jordanian Armed Forces, as well as film and video materials. It also features oral history recordings, including battle speeches that visitors can hear during their tours of the respective historical periods. A notable artistic collection is displayed, including a panorama of the Arab Revolt and three-dimensional scenes from battles within sections dedicated to Jerusalem, the Royal Armored Corps, and the Battle of Karama, among other artworks.[55]
Additionally, the museum houses a library containing numerous military books and research conducted by its research center.[56][57] It features specialized halls that narrate events from Jordanian, regional, and global history, offering an educational and engaging experience for visitors through visual and audio technologies. The museum has also published calendars that highlight a curated selection of exhibits showcasing tanks from World War II, photographed in various locations throughout Jordan.[58]
The following list comprises the names of the majority of tanks and armored vehicles on display, most of which were produced in the Soviet Union/Russia, Nazi Germany, Britain, or the United States. Additionally, the list includes vehicles that have been modified, reproduced, or renamed in Jordan and the Middle East,[59] as well as a considerable number of other weapons, including cannons, transport vehicles, support vehicles, military motorcycles, and others.
Middle East Group
[edit]State | Military Machine | Type | Photo | Country of origin | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jordan | Ratel IFV | Infantry Fighting Vehicle | South Africa | It was produced in the 1970s at a time when the South African government was internationally accused of practicing apartheid policies.[60][61] | |
Jordan | Marmon-Herrington armoured car | Light Armored Vehicle | South Africa | Entered service in 1940. Used by Jordan against Israel in the 1948 war.[62] | |
Jordan | Otter Light Reconnaissance Car | Light Reconnaissance Vehicle | Canada | It entered service in 1941 and was used for reconnaissance during World War II, by the British Mandate government in Palestine for police, and by Jordan against Israel in the 1948 war.[63][64] | |
Jordan | Alvis Saladin | Armored vehicle | United Kingdom | It was produced in 1958 and used by several Arab armies. Participated against Israel in the 1967 war.[65] | |
Jordan | Ordnance QF 25-pounder | Field gun Howitzer | United Kingdom | He participated in the battles of Jerusalem in 1948 against Israeli forces, as well as in the Battle of Karama in 1968.[66] | |
Jordan | Charioteer | Cruiser tankTank destroyer | United Kingdom | It entered service in 1950 as a development of the British Cromwell tank. It was used by the Jordanian army in the 1950s and was later sold to Lebanon, where it was later used by several parties in the Lebanese Civil War. | |
Jordan | Challenger 1 | Main Battle Tank | United Kingdom | Jordan has been modifying the Challenger 1 tank since 1983. It currently owns 390 of them.[67] | |
Jordan | Khalid ibn al-Walid | Main Battle Tank | United Kingdom | Jordan has been modifying the Chieftain tank gun since 1981, introducing an advanced fire control system. Jordan has 274 of these tanks.[68] | |
Jordan | Daimler Dingo | Reconnaissance tank | United Kingdom | A four-wheel-drive armored vehicle produced in Britain between 1940 and 1945. Other countries continued to produce it until 1968, and it was used by Jordan in the 1950s.[69] | |
Jordan | Centurion | Main Battle Tank | United Kingdom | It participated against Israel on the Golan front in the 1973 war as part of the 40th Armored Brigade.[70] | |
Jordan | Tariq bin Ziyad | Main Battle Tank | United Kingdom | Jordan has been modifying the Centurion since 1986, introducing an advanced fire control system to the tank's gun, which includes a laser rangefinder and a wind sensor. The tank's engine was replaced with a more advanced one and the original suspension was replaced with an air-hydraulic system. Jordan has 293 of these tanks. | |
Jordan | Archer (tank destroyer) | Self-propelled artillery | United Kingdom | It went into production in 1943 and was installed on the Valentine tank during World War II. It was also used by several Arab armies, such as the Egyptian army during the 1956 Tripartite Aggression.[71] | |
Jordan | Humber armoured car | Armored car | United Kingdom | Produced in 1941, it fought against Israel in the 1948 war.[72] | |
Jordan | M4 Sherman | Medium tank | United States | The first tank to serve in the Royal Jordanian Land Forces since 1942.[73] | |
Jordan | M42 Duster | Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon | United States | It participated against Israel in the 1968 Battle of Karama. One of them was recently sunk in the waters of the Gulf of Aqaba for tourism and environmental purposes.[74] | |
Jordan | M47 Patton | Main Battle Tank | United States | It participated against Israel in the Battle of Karama in 1968 and before that in the 1967 war.[75] | |
Jordan | M48 Patton | Main Battle Tank | United States | It participated against Israel in the Battle of Karama in 1968 and before that in the 1967 war.[76] | |
Jordan | M60 tank | Main Battle Tank | United States | Jordan has been modifying the M-60 Patton tank since 2003 with different armor and armament that improves accuracy when firing on the move. It has 182 of these tanks.[77] | |
Jordan | M113 armored personnel carrier | Troop carrier | United States | An amphibious tracked troop carrier that participated against Israel in the 1967 and 1973 wars, and was also used by Israel in the same wars and in the 1982 invasion of Lebanon.[78] | |
Israel | AMX-13 | Light Tank | United Kingdom | It entered service in 1952, and was used by Israel in the 1956 War, the 1967 War, and the 1973 War on the Sinai, Golan, and Jordan fronts. It was also used by many parties in the Lebanese civil war. | |
Israel | Centurion (tank) | Main Battle Tank | United Kingdom | It participated against Jordan in the Battle of Karama in 1968, and a number of them were destroyed and withdrawn to Amman. Participated in the 1967 and 1973 wars.[79] | |
Israel | Super Sherman | Main Battle Tank | United States | It participated against Jordan in the Battle of Karama in 1968, and a number of them were destroyed and withdrawn to Amman. Participated in the 1967 and 1973 wars.[80] | |
Syria | T-55 | Main Battle Tank | Soviet Union | Participated against Israel on the Golan front in the 1973 war.[81] | |
Egypt | T-62 | Main Battle Tank | Soviet Union | It participated against Israel on the Sinai front in the 1973 war.[82] |
Global Military Tanks
[edit]State | Military Machine | Type | Photo | Country of origin | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Germany | Panther tank | Medium Tank | Nazi Germany | Operational from 1943 until the end of World War II in 1945, it was intended as a counter to the Soviet T-34 tank and to replace older German tanks such as the Panzer III and Panzer IV.[83] | |
Germany | Panzer IV | Medium Tank | Nazi Germany | Operational from 1939 until the end of World War II in 1945, it was designed as an infantry support tank and was not originally intended to engage enemy armor, but it served as a battle tank against the Soviet T-34 battle tank. It was one of the most exported German tanks of the period.[84] | |
Germany | Jagdpanther | Light Tank destroyer | Nazi Germany | This destroyer entered service in 1944 and is based on the Panther tank design.[85] | |
Germany | 8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41 | Anti-aircraft and anti-tank gun | Nazi Germany | It was introduced in 1932. It was one of the most famous and powerful weapons of World War II, and was known for its accuracy and intensity of fire and the ability of its shells to penetrate various armor, so it was manufactured in large numbers.[86][87] | |
Germany | Sd.Kfz. 2 | Motorcycle Half-track | Nazi Germany | Produced in 1939, it was used on several fronts in World War II, such as the Eastern and Western Fronts and the North African Theater.[88] | |
Germany | Hetzer | Light Tank destroyer | Nazi Germany | This destroyer was built in 1943 based on the design of the Czechoslovakian Panzer 38 light tank and the Romanian Marshall tank destroyer.[89] | |
South Africa | Eland armoured car | Light Armored Vehicle | South Africa | This 4x4 armored vehicle was introduced in 1962 and is based on the design of the Benhard AML 4x4 armored vehicle.[90] | |
South Africa | Ratel IFV | Infantry vehicle | South Africa | It was produced in 1977 and has been involved in a number of conflicts, African civil wars and the Yemen War. Jordan has been using it since 2003.[91] | |
United Kingdom | Churchill tank | Heavy Infantry tank | United Kingdom | The British developed it so that it could beat the German Tiger-1 tank in the North African theater.[92] | |
United Kingdom | Chieftain (tank) | Main Battle Tank | United Kingdom | It entered service in 1966 and was the UK's main battle tank during the 1970s before being replaced by the Challenger 1. It served in several armies in the region, including Jordan, Iraq, Iran and Israel.[93] | |
United Kingdom | Valentine tank | Infantry tank | United Kingdom | ||
United Kingdom | Crusader tank | Cruiser tank | United Kingdom | It was produced in 1941 and served in the North African Theater during World War II, and was replaced by the M3 Lee Grant in the Battle of El Alamein.[94] | |
United Kingdom | Comet (tank) | Cruiser tank | United Kingdom | It was produced in 1943 as a development of the British Cromwell tank to counter the German Panther and Tiger-1 tanks.[95] | |
United Kingdom | Conqueror (tank) | Heavy Tank | United Kingdom | A heavy tank produced against the Soviet Iosif Stalin in the post-World War II period in 1955, its role was to provide long-range anti-tank support to the British Centurion tank.[53] | |
United Kingdom | Loyd Carrier | Armoured personnel carrier | United Kingdom | ||
United Kingdom | Mark 1 | Heavy Tank | United Kingdom | The world's first manufactured tank. It participated in World War I against the Germans for the first time on the French front in 1916, but it suffered from multiple issues due to its primitive nature.[96] | |
United Kingdom | Matilda I (tank) | Infantry tank | United Kingdom | Production began in 1937 and continued until 1940, with a total of 140 tanks produced.[97] | |
United Kingdom | Universal Carrier | Armoured personnel carrier | United Kingdom | ||
Russia | SU-100 | Tank Destroyer | Soviet Union | It was developed in 1943 based on the design of the T-34 tank. It was heavily used at the end of World War II, the Suez Crisis, the 1967 War, the 1973 War, and the Yemen War.[98][99][100] | |
Russia | IS tank family | Heavy Tank | Soviet Union | It began to be used globally in 1943. In the Middle East, it was part of the Egyptian forces in the 1967 war against Israel.[101] | |
Russia | BMP-1 | Armoured fighting vehicle | Soviet Union | An amphibious vehicle that entered service in 1966. It was used in the 1973 war, the Lebanese Civil War, the Syrian crisis, and the Ukrainian revolution. Jordan has used the BMP-2 since 1987. | |
Russia | BRDM-2 | Amphibious vehicle | Soviet Union | ||
Russia | T-34 | Medium Tank | Soviet Union | Introduced in 1940, it was instrumental in ending World War II on the Eastern Front and protecting Moscow from falling to the Germans.[102] | |
Russia | T-50 tank | Light Infantry tank | Soviet Union | A very limited number were manufactured in 1941 due to their high cost, complexity of design, and difficulty in mobility, although they did incorporate upgrades from earlier Soviet tanks.[103] | |
Russia | T-64 | Main Battle Tank | Soviet Union | Production began in 1964. It is considered a second generation main battle tank.[104] | |
Russia | T-72 | Main Battle Tank | Soviet Union | Production began in 1971. It is considered a second generation main battle tank.[105] | |
Russia | Strela (rocket) | Surface-to-air missile | Soviet Union | It was introduced in 1976 and has been used in several conflicts, including the Syrian crisis.[106] | |
France | AMX-30 | Main Battle Tank | France | It was introduced in 1966.[107] | |
France | Panhard EBR | Armored vehicle | France | This eight-wheeled armored vehicle was typical of the French army during the 1950s. It was later found to be too heavy for many missions and could be driven in opposite directions.[108] | |
United States | M3 Lee | Medium Tank | United States | Produced in 1941, it was the beginning of the United States' assistance to the Allied forces in World War II.[109] | |
United States | M4 Sherman | Medium Tank | United States | A medium tank that began production in 1942, it was the most produced tank of World War II with more production than all tanks in the Third Reich for the entire war period. It was simple, uncomplicated, and armored, although it was not very efficient.[110] | |
United States | M8 Greyhound | Lightly armored six-wheel drive | United States | It was produced in 1942.[111] | |
United States | M22 Locust | Light Tank | United States | It was produced in 1941 when the U.S. Ordnance Department received a request from the British War Office and began working on design and production. It was used by the Allies in World War II and by Egyptian forces in the 1948 war.[112] | |
United States | M36 tank destroyer | Tank destroyer | United States | Production began in 1943, and it participated in World War II in Europe a year later, the Korean War, and the Iran-Iraq War.[113] | |
United States | M41 Walker Bulldog | Light Tank | United States | Produced in 1952 for reconnaissance purposes. It was used by several NATO countries, Arab countries such as Jordan, Tunisia and Lebanon, and Asian and African countries. It participated in the Lebanese Civil War and the Vietnam War.[114][115][116] | |
United States | M60 tank | Main Battle Tank | United States | Production began in 1960 and has been used by troops from NATO and allied countries such as Jordan. Egypt and Turkey are currently the largest operators in the world.[117][118][119] |
Other countries
[edit]Additionally, the museum features a variety of military vehicles from several countries, including Sweden, Canada, Norway, and Austria. The collection includes tanks, armored vehicles, and other military equipment.
Cobra Attack Helicopter
[edit]The Cobra attack helicopter, suspended in the center of the museum, stands as one of the most distinctive and prominent exhibits. King Abdullah II piloted this helicopter during his service in the Jordanian Armed Forces, reflecting his passion for aviation, which began in his youth after graduating from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1980. The helicopter remains operational, having undergone several upgrades. It has been utilized by the Royal Jordanian Air Force, along with other helicopters from two Cobra squadrons, since the 1980s as part of the combat helicopter wing, which was relocated to King Abdullah Air Base in 1999.[120][121]
The Cobra helicopter was first produced in the United States in 1967, specifically for the Vietnam War. It was employed by both the U.S. military and navy and was sold to several countries, including Japan, Iran, and South Korea. Known as a "tank killer," the Cobra is equipped with eight TOW missiles, guided by optical tracking, with a range of up to 3.7 kilometers. Additionally, it is armed with 38 rocket launchers capable of hitting targets up to 6 kilometers away. The helicopter can reach speeds of up to 350 kilometers per hour.
Jordanian Military Industries
[edit]Since the 1920s, the workshops of the Royal Jordanian Maintenance Corps have been responsible for maintaining and modifying a variety of military vehicles, including later additions of armored vehicles and tanks, to align with the operational requirements of the Jordanian Armed Forces.[122]
The museum features a dedicated hall highlighting Jordanian local military industries developed by the King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau (KADDB) since its establishment in 1999. [123]The bureau specializes in manufacturing various military vehicles, armored units, and equipment, as well as modifying existing models to meet the specific requirements of the Jordanian Armed Forces. KADDB is known for its expertise in armoring light, medium, and heavy vehicles to meet user specifications, and in producing custom armored vehicles that adhere to NATO protection standards. The bureau's services are utilized by over 35 countries globally.[124]
Among the most notable vehicles produced by KADDB are the "Mared" and "Jawad" (also known as the Stallion), which are four-wheel-drive armored vehicles used in peacekeeping missions, internal security operations, and patrols.[125] A number of these vehicles have been exported to various countries, including the Russian Federation. KADDB also modifies multi-purpose military vehicles, such as the MAP 2, and produces high-mobility armored vehicles like the "Washa" and "Monster." Additionally, the "Desert Iris," a vehicle with advanced capabilities that began production in 2002, has been exported to several Arab countries.[126]
Furthermore, since 2008, Jordan has collaborated with Russia to enhance the armament of the FV 101 Scorpion reconnaissance vehicle, improving its operational effectiveness.[127]
Museum garden
[edit]The outdoor park surrounding the Royal Tank Museum features a range of Jordanian tanks and armored vehicles used by the Jordanian Armed Forces at various times, with several having participated in historical conflicts. Notable exhibits include the British "Alvis Saladin" armored vehicle, the South African/British "Marmon-Herrington" armored car, and the British-made "Khalid bin al-Walid" (Chieftain) and "Tariq" (Centurion) tanks, as well as American-made M60 and M47 tanks. Over the years, Jordan has modified several of these vehicles.
The park spans approximately 80 dunams (around 20 acres) and features parking areas, a tank and armored vehicle track, green spaces, display areas, outdoor walkways, and vehicle entrances. It is part of the larger King Abdullah II Gardens, managed by the Greater Amman Municipality, and forms the northwestern section of the gardens.[7]
Renting guns for movies
[edit]The military equipment rental section at the Royal Tank Museum is a notable feature, established in 2015 to support international film production in Jordan and beyond. This initiative aims to provide a centralized location for military equipment, facilitating the needs of filmmakers through collaboration with the Royal Jordanian Film Commission.
This section offers a wide array of items, including civilian and military vehicles, motorcycles, heavy tanks, armored vehicles, military trucks, supply vehicles, field artillery, small arms, ammunition, radio equipment, field gear, tents, furniture, and military uniforms.[128]
Collaboration with museums
[edit]- Russia - Museum of Military Vehicles in Vadim Zodorozhny (May 7, 2018)[129]
- United Kingdom - Dorset Tank Museum.
- United Kingdom - Imperial War Museum in London
Museum management
[edit]The museum is governed by a board of trustees that includes representatives from various organizations, such as the Greater Amman Municipality, the King Abdullah II Center for Design and Development, the Royal Special Operations, and the Royal Automobile Museum, among others.
Museum director | period |
---|---|
Mr. Maher Al-Tarawneh | (2018-now) |
Gallery
[edit]-
An illustration of a vehicle on display.
-
Coalition and Axis tanks and vehicles.
-
World War II scenes from Stalingrad and Berlin
-
Entrance to the museum.
-
A number of tank shells.
-
The center of the museum from above
-
Arab Army Hall
-
Panorama of the Battle of Latrun 1948.
-
Arab-Israeli Wars Lounge.
-
Tank clip.
-
A model of the battlefield operations room.
-
Leonardo da Vinci's tank model.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Jordan inaugurates "Royal Tank Museum" | Arab48 Archived June 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ New day: Jordan's Royal Tank Museum The story of the Arab army's struggle | Al Ghad Channel Archived March 5, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b c A century of Middle East wars on display at Jordanian museum | Times of Israel Archived February 21, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ King opens Royal Tank Museum | The Jordan Times Archived January 31, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Royal Tank Museum | Future Newspaper Archived May 5, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Shawarbeh stresses on working at maximum capacity to complete the work in the squares surrounding the Royal Tank Museum | Greater Amman Municipality Archived July 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b Shawarbeh stresses on working at maximum capacity to complete the work in the squares surrounding the Royal Tank Museum | Greater Amman Municipality Archived July 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b c Towering Monuments Program - Royal Tank Museum Archived January 10, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Royal decree to reconstitute the Board of Trustees of the Tank Museum | Al-Dustour Newspaper Archived February 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "MUSEUM - The Martyrs' Memorial and Museum, Jordan". Military History Monthly. June 18, 2013. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Accessed 2016-12-30.
- ^ Royal Tank Museum in Aqaba | Preserved Tanks Archived July 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Royal Tank Museum | Al Arabiya Net Archived June 28, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b The Royal Tank Museum tells Jordan's military history | Al Jazeera Mubasher Archived December 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ The Royal Tank Museum tells Jordan's military history | Sharjah 24 Archived December 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ On the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Eternal Dignity - Royal Tank Museum | Jordan TV Archived December 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ The Royal Tank Museum is a tale of a nation | Al-Rai newspaper Archived June 28, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Surviving German WW2 Tanks | Tank-Hunter Archived February 15, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Surviving Czechoslowakian Tanks and Armored Vehicles | Shadock Archived December 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Military attachés visit the Royal Tank Museum | Iraq News Archived June 25, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ FAQ | Royal Tank Museum Archived July 18, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b King inaugurates the Royal Tank Museum in Mqabalain area in Amman | Al-Rai Newspaper Archived February 06, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Tank Museum & Collections | Tank Encyclopedia Archived July 03, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Tank museum displaying 110 battle-worn tanks opens in Jordan | Washington's Top News Archived June 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Tank Strength by Country | Global Fire Power Archived June 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Self-Propelled Artillery Strength by Country | Global Fire Power Archived September 02, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Armored Fighting Vehicle Strength by Country | Global Fire Power Archived February 05, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ 2018 Jordan Military Strength | Global Fire Power Archived September 02, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Jordan Land Systems List (Current and Former Types) | Global Fire Power Archived September 02, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ The Jordanian Tariq Tank | TankNutdave.com Archived November 08, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ A tank museum in Jordan will show what was fought in the Middle East for 100 years | EA Daily archived 25 Jun 2018 on website Wayback machine.
- ^ Israel gives Jordan an IDF Merkava tank, for a museum | Jerusalem Post Archived July 18, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ An informed source denies that Israel gifted a Merkava tank to Jordan | Al-Rai newspaper Archived August 17, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Jordan showcases its arsenal in a new tank museum | Al-Monitor Archived June 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Jordan displays military tech Israel faced in early wars | Jerusalem Post Archived March 04, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ One thousand square meters of vegetation for the third phase of King Abdullah II Gardens | Al-Rai newspaper Archived December 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Google Earth
- ^ Public Transport Lines - Popular Map of Amman Transportation | Ma'an Nasl Archived July 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Tickets | Royal Tank Museum Archived June 24, 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Architecture Concept | Royal Tank Museum Archived June 30, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Zaid Daoud Architects | Royal Tank Museum Archived June 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ M. Zaid Dawood - Engineering Design Creativity for the Nation The Royal Tank Museum - This Morning Archived December 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ M. Zaid Dawood - Engineering Design Creativity for the Nation The Royal Tank Museum - This Morning Archived December 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Opening of the Royal Tanks Museum | Babel Contracting Co. Archived June 25, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Royal Tank Museum | Am 1170 The Answer Archived June 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Al Manaseer modernizes its concrete fleet and introduces new technology | Amman Jo Archived June 25, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Tank museum displaying 110 battle-worn tanks opens in Jordan | Arab News Archived February 17, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Contents of the Royal Tank Museum | Ruya Channel Archived December 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Leonardo da Vinci's Tank | Leonardo da Vinci's Inventions Archived June 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Leonardo da Vinci's most famous inventions you may not know about | Al Masry Al Youm Archived June 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Jordan Shows Off Its Arsenal in New Tank Museum | Real Clear Defense Archived June 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Types of tanks on display at the Royal Tank Museum | Ruya Channel Archived June 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Today In History: The Battle Of Karameh | Tzion Learning Archived July 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b International Hall- Royal Tank Museum Archived January 10, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ King Abdullah II Center for Design and Development - Royal Tank Museum Archived January 10, 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ The Royal Tank Museum tells Jordan's military history | Reuters Archived June 28, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Royal Tank Museum | Al-Dustour Newspaper Archived February 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Royal Tank Museum | Nine Production Archived June 28, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Jordan's Legacy - A Priority on the Royal Agenda | Jordan's Legacy Archived October 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Jordan Armed Forces Page | The Fighter's Encyclopedia Archived September 08, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Arms Trade - SIPRI | Jordan Archived July 08, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Ratel Armored Fighting Vehicle (1974) | Tank Encyclopedia Archived July 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Marmon-Herrington Mk.I and II | Tank Encyclopedia Archived January 08, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Surviving Otter Light Reconnaissance Cars | The Shadock's website Archived July 09, 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Otter light reconnaissance car | Tank Encyclopedia Archived July 17, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Alvis Saladin | Tank Encyclopedia Archived July 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Dignity" is the first victory. Testimonies of heroes who are not afraid of death | Madar Al Hour Archived July 17, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ FV4101 Charioteer | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ The British Chieftain Tank | Tanknutdave.com Archived July 01, 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Daimler Dingo | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Hawiyan: Jordan sent its troops to the Syrian front despite its great duty on the longest fronts with Israel | Al-Dustour newspaper Archived December 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Archer, Self Propelled 17 Pdr Anti-tank gun | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived October 17, 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Humber Armored Car | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Jordan Land Systems List (Current and Former Types) Archived July 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ M42 Duster Anti-Aircraft Vehicle | Dive Aqaba Archived July 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ 90mm Gun Tank M47 Patton II | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 05, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ The War on the Jordanian Front | The Fighter's Encyclopedia Archived March 04, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ M60 Phoenix Main Battle Tank | Military-Today.com Archived January 14, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ M113 APC (1961) | Tank Encyclopedia Archived June 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Israeli Tanks | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 05, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Israeli Tanks | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 05, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Yom Kippur War: Sacrificial Stand in the Golan Heights | History Net Archived July 09, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Egyptian Tanks | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 05, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Jentz, der deutsche Panther-Panzer: Das Streben nach Vorherrschaft im Kampf, S. 17
- ^ Panzer IV | Tank Encyclopedia Archived July 05, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Jagdpanther | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Cañones para Hitler en A Coruña: el Monte de San Pedro". Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Accessed 2014-12-23.
- ^ "TM E9-369A: German 88-mm Antiaircraft Gun Materiel - Technical Manual, U.S. War Department, June 29, 1943 (Lone Sentry)". Archived from the original on 2018-09-27. Accessed 2014-12-23.
- ^ 1943 German NSU Kettenkrad HK 101 Tracked Motorcycle | Lyon Air Museum Archived October 17, 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Jagdpanzer 38(t) Hetzer | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 05, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Sandstone-estates.com Archived July 11, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Steve, Pinetown: 30 Degrees South, p. 160–180
- ^ Churchill NA 75 | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 05, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ FV4201 Chieftain | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived January 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Crusader, Cruiser Mk.VI, A15 | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 16, 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Comet, Cruiser Tank, A34 | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 05, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Tank Mark I | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 05, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Matilda, Infantry Tank Mk.I, A11 | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived February 17, 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Higgins، David R. (2014). Jagdpanther vs SU-100. Eastern Front 1945. Osprey Publishing
- ^ Lovac tenkova SU-100 Archived February 2, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. members.multimania.co.uk. Retrieved on 2012-04-14.
- ^ "WWII era Soviet armor engaged in Yemen conflict". Archived from the original on 2020-01-12.
- ^ Al-Bitar, The Political and Military Encyclopedia: Part V, p. 1724
- ^ T-34-85 | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 05, 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ T-50 | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 11, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ T-64 | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "T72 Tank". Fas.org. Archived from the original on 2017-10-19. Accessed on 2014-11-15.
- ^ "Department of Defense Press Briefing by Pentagon Chief Spokesperson". U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 2018-08-17. Accessed on 2018-04-23.
- ^ AMX-30 | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived December 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Ogorkiewicz, R. M. AFV Weapons Profile 039 Panhard Armoured Cars (Windsor, Berks: Profile Publications).
- ^ Medium Tank M3 Lee/Grant | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 05, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Abdel Fattah, Atlas of the Two World Wars: Land, War and Peace, p. 441
- ^ Armored Car M8 Greyhound | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 05, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Light Tank (Airborne) M22 Locust | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 05, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ 90mm GMC M36 Jackson | Tanks Encyclopedia Archived July 05, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Matthew, Rosen Publishing Group, New York, p. 74-79
- ^ Department of the Army Technical Manual FM 17-80:Tanks, 76-mm Gun M41 and M41A1. Washington 25, D. C.: Department of the Army. 1956. P. 4.
- ^ 76mm Gun Tank M41 Walker Bulldog | Tank Encyclopedia Archived July 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ M60A1 Patton Main Battle Tank | Flying Heritage Archived June 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Army Equipment - Egypt". Alexandria, VA: GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Accessed 2014-11-13.
- ^ "Cerablus'ta tanka roket atıldı: 1 asker şehit oldu". NTV (بالتركية). Istanbul, Turkey: Doğuş Media Group. Anadolu Agency. 27 Aug 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-07-17. Retrieved 2016-09-14. (بالتركية)
- ^ Profile | King Abdullah II Official Website Archived July 29, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ 11 photos showing King Abdullah II of Jordan being a total badass | Business Insider Archived December 22, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Official website of the Royal Jordanian Maintenance Corps Archived July 17, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ King Abdullah II Center and Cadbee Group stand out at SOFEX | Jordan News Agency Archived June 21, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Jordan enters the armored vehicle manufacturing market through its widest doors | Al Madinah News Archived June 21, 2018, from the original on June 21, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Russia parades Stallion II light armoured vehicle received from Jordan Archived June 21, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Providing Bahrain with four Desert Sawsanah vehicles | Al-Rai newspaper Archived June 21, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Jordan and Russia develop the Scorpion tank | Al-Dustour newspaper Archived January 10, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Film Rental Division Archived June 30, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ The Royal Tank Museum's official Twitter page Archived March 5, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.