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Queen of the Lakes is the unofficial but widely recognized title given to the longest vessel active on the Great Lakes of the United States and Canada.[1] A number of vessels, mostly lake freighters, have been known by the title.

History of name

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Queen of the Lakes has been used as the name of three vessels that sailed on the Great Lakes, but none was the longest on the lakes at the time. The first was a three-masted Canadian schooner built in 1853 as Robert Taylor, measuring 133 feet (41 m). It was renamed Queen of the Lakes sometime before 1864.[2] She sank nine miles (14 km) off Sodus Point, New York on November 28, 1906. The second was a propeller-driven vessel launched in Cleveland, Ohio, on May 12, 1853, measuring 196 feet (60 m). She was lost to fire in port on June 17, 1869.[3] The third was a small side-wheel steamer built in Wyandotte, Michigan in 1872, measuring 108 feet (33 m). While anchored near South Manitou Island she caught fire and burned in 1898. The iron hull was later scrapped.[4]

The title has also been bestowed upon vessels that were especially liked[5] or those considered to be especially beautiful or richly appointed. Such was the case as late as 1949, at which time Noronic was so honored.[6] It has been applied to the United States Coast Guard cutter Mackinaw for its long and significant role in facilitating Great Lakes shipping and safety.[7] The most common use of the title, however, at least since the early 1940s, is to honor the largest vessel on the lakes. On April 20, 1841, the Detroit Free Press referred to the steamer Illinois as "Queen of the Waters",[8] but given that three vessels in that century were named Queen of the Lakes, its use as a title for the longest ship was not then common. The title is applied retroactively to vessels launched before this use of the title became popular. While some use gross tonnage, capacity, or length between perpendiculars as the criterion, the most commonly accepted standard is length overall (LOA). This article uses LOA as the standard.

Early Queens

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The earliest vessels on the Great Lakes were human powered canoes and bateaux. Sources differ as to what vessel qualifies as the first real "ship" on the lakes. Many say it was Le Griffon, built by LaSalle through the winter and spring of 1678 and 1679, and launched in May of that year to sail the upper lakes (above Niagara). Reports of its size vary from 40 to 70 feet (12 to 21 m) long. Contemporary chroniclers called it both a bark and a brigantine. Le Griffon was soon lost. It was last seen on September 18, 1679 and was lost with all hands. Her final location is unknown. Those who consider Le Griffon to have been the first ship on the lakes—and hence, the first Queen—also consider her to have been the first lost.[9]

Other sources say the first ship was a smaller vessel built by LaSalle at Fort Frontenac beginning in September 1678, for the purpose of conveying supplies and material to Niagara. This vessel, which is called Frontenac in some reports,[10] is said to have been about 10 tons burthen, measuring from 35 to 45 feet (11 to 14 m) long. Expedition journalists called it a brigantine. It departed Fort Frontenac under La Motte's and Louis Hennepin's leadership on November 18, 1678, and arrived at the east bank of the Niagara River on December 6, 1679. Shortly thereafter, LaSalle and Tonty came with more supplies, and their vessel (carrying the anchor, rigging, and guns for Le Griffon) foundered in the surf less than thirty miles (48 km) from Niagara. Hennepin called this vessel a "great bark." One source says the loss occurred on January 8, 1679. Supplies and extra clothing were lost, but LaSalle and his men rescued material for the ship, dragged them to the mouth of the Niagara, rested a few days in an Indian village, and arrived at the settlement above the falls on January 20.[11] Some say the lost vessel was Frontenac. Historian Francis Parkman says that by 1677, there were already four vessels on Lake Ontario between 25 and 40 tons burthen.[12] He does not say if any of them were named. Tonty's journal indicates that the vessel he and LaSalle used was a 40-ton vessel, but he does not associate a name with it.[13]

Records of ship sizes on the lakes between 1678 and 1816 are rare. According to the Detroit Tribune, the vessels Gladwin, Lady Charlotte, Victory, and Boston were on the lakes in 1766 and Brunswick, Enterprise, and Charity were launched in 1767, 1769, and 1770, respectively, but no dimensions are given.[14] HMS Ontario, at 80 feet (24 m), was launched on Lake Ontario on May 10, 1780, and sank in a storm on October 31, that same year.[15] A history of Washington Island in Door County, Wisconsin notes that the schooner Washington, used to supply the fitting out of Fort Howard at the head of Green Bay in 1816, was the longest ship on the lakes at the time, but no details are given.[16]

A succession of Queens

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On September 7, 1816, the steamer Frontenac was launched. She was fitted out as both a schooner and a side-wheel steamer and designed for both passenger and freight transport. At 170 feet (52 m) she laid claim to the honor of longest active vessel[i] on the lakes, though she saw service only on Lake Ontario. She was scrapped at Niagara in 1827, and the next verifiable Queen was not launched until 1830.

The chart below identifies the succession of vessels known to qualify as Queen of the Lakes from 1813 to the present. The succession of queens is not known to be continuous before David Dows. Those from Frontenac through City of Buffalo were side-wheel steamships, though Michigan, like Frontenac was dual fitted as an operational schooner. The heyday of the luxurious passenger steamers was waning even as some of them were launched. Mississippi, Plymouth Rock, and Western World were all out of service by 1859, and the Queens that had not already been lost by 1862 were rebuilt as barges or schooners or dismantled within a year. Nebraska was a propeller-driven steamer for freight and passenger use, but given what had happened to her predecessors, she was likely not so richly appointed. In 1904, Nebraska was refitted as a lumber carrier, after which time she resembled a classic bulk carrier. David Dows was a 5-masted schooner used primarily for transporting wheat. Susquehanna, Owego, and Chemung were propeller-driven package freighters. The whaleback Christopher Columbus was a celebrated passenger vessel. Onoko and all other vessels from Curry on were or are propeller-driven bulk carriers.

The steamship Quebec, launched in 1865, appears in lists of Great Lakes vessels. At 283 feet, she was longer than both Nebraska and David Dows, but her service was on the St. Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec, not on the Great Lakes proper. She continued in service for many years and was dismantled in 1938.

Queen of the Lakes: 1813 to present
Ship Reign begins Reign ends Length (ft) Length (m) Vessel type Launched Final disposition Date Notes
USS General Pike June 12, 1813 May 2, 1814 145 44.2 Corvette June 12, 1813 sold 1825  
USS Superior May 2, 1814 September 10, 1814 unknown[ii] unknown Frigate May 2, 1814 sold 1824 not active after the war[iii]
HMS St Lawrence September 10, 1814 undetermined[iv] 194  2  59.2[v] First-rate ship[vi] September 10, 1814 sold[vii] 1832 British
Washington undetermined 1816 unknown unknown Sloop unknown unknown unknown Name of Washington Island traced to this ship
Frontenac September 7, 1816 undetermined 170 51.8 Side-wheel steamer/schooner September 7, 1816 scrapped, Niagara, New York 1827 First steamboat on the lakes; Canadian
Great Britain October 16, 1830 undetermined 147 or 160 44.8 or 48.8[viii] Side-wheel steamer October 16, 1830 converted to barque 1845 Canadian
George Washington September 1, 1833 October 9, 1833 180 54.9[20] Side-wheel steamer September 1, 1833 aground and broke, Long Point, Lake Erie October 9, 1833 sank on third trip
Michigan October 9, 1833 undetermined 156 47.5 Side-wheel steamer/schooner September 30, 1833 dismantled 1855 First to have passenger deck above main deck
James Madison [ix] December 13, 1836 August 2, 1837 181 55.2 Side-wheel steamer December 13, 1836      
Buffalo August 2, 1837 September 23, 1837 194 59.1 Side-wheel steamer August 2, 1837      
Illinois September 23, 1837 undetermined 205 62.5 Side-wheel steamer September 23, 1837 dismantled 1849  
Empire June 5, 1844[22] 1848 265 80.8 Side-wheel steamer June 5, 1844 grounded and broke apart November 16, 1870 World's largest steamboat[23]
Atlantic 1848 1849 267 81.4 Side-wheel steamer 1848 Sank after collision August 19, 1852  
Mayflower 1849 1853 285 86.9 Side-wheel steamer 1849 grounded in fog November 29, 1854  
Mississippi 1853 1854 326.66 99.6 Side-wheel steamer 1853 dismantled 1862  
Plymouth Rock March 21, 1854[24] April 18, 1854 335.5 102.3 Side-wheel steamer March 21, 1854 dismantled May 1863  
Western World April 18, 1854[25] 1863 337 102.7 Side-wheel steamer April 18, 1854 converted to dry dock 1863 Largest in world at launch
City of Buffalo[x] April 11, 1857[26] July 30, 1866 340 103.6[xi] Side-wheel steamer [xii] April 11, 1857 burned; Buffalo, New York July 30, 1866[28]
(reverts to Empire ?)   undetermined 265 80.8 rebuilt as sloop/barge 1862[29]        
Nebraska 1867 undetermined 267.33 81.5 Propeller steamer 1867 burned at South Manitou October 4, 1904 rebuilt August 1904 as lumber carrier
David Dows April 21, 1881 February 16, 1882 278 84.7 5-masted schooner April 21, 1881 sank in 35 ft (11 m) of water November 29, 1899  
Onoko February 16, 1882 November 6, 1884 302 92.0 Bulk carrier February 16, 1882 sank August 14, 1915 First iron Queen
SS Lansdowne November 6, 1884 August 4, 1886 312 95.1 Sidewheel rail ferry November 6, 1886 scrapped April 2009 Iron hulled rail ferry
Susquehanna August 4, 1886 July 7, 1887 326  6  99.5 Package freighter August 4, 1886 scrapped 1926  
Owego July 7, 1887 December 3, 1892 350  7  106.9 Package freighter July 7, 1887 sank in China 1944  
Chemung February 29, 1888 (shared) 350  7  106.9 Package freighter February 29, 1888 torpedoed in the Mediterranean Sea November 26, 1916  
Christopher Columbus December 3, 1892 April 29, 1893 362 110.3 Whaleback passenger December 3, 1892 scrapped, Manitowoc, Wisconsin 1936  
Curry April 29, 1893 June 29, 1895 377  6  115.1 Bulk carrier April 29, 1893 scrapped, Fairport, Ontario 1937  
Merida May 1, 1893 (shared) 377  6  115.1 Bulk carrier May 1, 1893 sank in storm October 20, 1916  
Centurion August 30, 1893 (shared) 377  6  115.1 bulk carrier August 30, 1893 scrapped, Hamilton, Ontario 1947  
Victory June 29, 1895 December 23, 1895 398 121.3 Bulk carrier June 29, 1895 sunk as breakwater July 21, 1969  
Zenith City August 16, 1895 (shared) 398 121.3 Bulk carrier August 16, 1895 scrapped, Hamilton, Ontario 1947  
W. D. Rees December 23, 1895 February 22, 1896 413 125.9 Bulk carrier December 23, 1895 scrapped, Lackawanna, New York 1955  
Coralia February 22, 1896 August 1, 1896 432 131.7 Bulk carrier February 22, 1896 scrapped, Hamilton, Ontario 1964  
Sir Henry Bessemer May 5, 1896 (shared) 432 131.7 Bulk carrier May 5, 1896 scrapped, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin 1971  
Sir William Siemens July 25, 1896 (shared) 432 131.7 Bulk carrier July 25, 1896 sank in collision April 27, 1944  
Sir William Fairbairn August 1, 1896 April 13, 1898 445 135.6 Bulk carrier August 1, 1896 scrapped    
Robert Fulton September 10, 1896 (shared) 445 135.6 bulk carrier September 10, 1896 scrapped, Hamilton, Ontario 1948  
Superior City April 13, 1898 July 31, 1898 450 137.2 Bulk carrier April 13, 1898 sank in collision August 20, 1920  
Samuel F.B. Morse July 31, 1898 January 20, 1900 475 144.8 Bulk carrier July 31, 1898 scrapped, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin 1975  
Douglas Houghton June 3, 1899 (shared) 475 144.8 Bulk carrier June 3, 1898 sunk as breakwater, Toronto 1969  
John W. Gates January 20, 1900 April 9, 1904 497 151.5 Bulk carrier January 20, 1900 scrapped, Conneaut, Ontario 1961  
James J. Hill January 24, 1900 (shared) 497 151.5 Bulk carrier January 24, 1900 sunk as breakwater, Cleveland, Ohio 1961  
Isaac L. Ellwood May 5, 1900 (shared) 497 151.5 Bulk carrier May 5, 1900 scrapped, Conneaut, Ontario 1961  
William Edenborn May 20, 1900 (shared) 497 151.5 Bulk carrier May 20, 1900 sunk as breakwater, Cleveland, Ohio 1961  
Augustus B. Wolvin April 9, 1904 May 8, 1905 560 170.7 Bulk carrier April 9, 1904 scrapped, Santander, Spain September 24, 1967 First to have telescoping steel hatch covers
Elbert H. Gary May 8, 1905 May 26, 1906 569 173.4 Bulk carrier May 8, 1905 scrapped, Santander, Spain July 1973  
William E. Corey June 24, 1905 (shared) 569 173.4 Bulk carrier June 24, 1905 sunk as breakwater, Port Credit, Ontario 1970  
George W. Perkins June 26, 1905 (shared) 569 173.4 Bulk carrier June 26, 1905 scrapped, Ashtabula, Ohio November 3, 1981  
Henry C. Frick August 26, 1905 (shared) 569 173.4 Bulk carrier August 26, 1905 sank on way to scrapper November 15, 1972  
J. Pierpont Morgan May 26, 1906 August 18, 1906 601 183.2 Bulk carrier May 26, 1906 scrapped, Lauzon, Quebec March 30, 1979 First "standard design"
Henry H. Rogers June 16, 1906 (shared) 601 183.2 Bulk carrier June 16, 1906 scrapped, Duluth, Minnesota 1975  
Norman B. Ream August 18, 1906 (shared) 601 183.2 bulk carrier August 18, 1906 scrapped, Turkey 1990  
Edward Y. Townsend August 18, 1906 December 29, 1906 603 183.8 Bulk carrier August 18, 1906 sank on way to scrapper October 7, 1968  
Daniel J. Morrell August 22, 1906 December 29, 1906 603 183.8 bulk carrier August 22, 1906 sank in a storm November 29, 1966  
William B. Kerr December 29, 1906 May 1, 1909 605  9  184.6 bulk carrier Dec. 29. 1906 scrapped, Santander, Spain July 21, 1974  
Legrande S. DeGraff May 1, 1907 (shared) 605  9  184.6 bulk carrier May 1, 1907 scrapped 1975  
William M. Mills July 17, 1907 (shared) 605  9  184.6 bulk carrier July 17, 1907 scrapped 1976  
Shenango May 1, 1909 July 1, 1911 606 184.7 bulk carrier May 1, 1909 scrapped, Port Maitland, Ontario November 1, 1984  
SS Col. James M. Schoonmaker July 1, 1911 April 14, 1914 617 188.1 bulk carrier July 1, 1911 Museum ship SS Col. James M. Schoonmaker Out of service, 1980; Museum ship, 2014 Oldest Queen still afloat
William P. Snyder Jr. January 27, 1912 (shared) 617 188.1 bulk carrier January 27, 1912 scrapped, Port Colborne, Ont. Jan. 1988
W. Grant Morden April 14, 1914 June 23, 1926 625 190.5 bulk carrier April 14, 1914 scrapped, Bilbao, Spain July 12, 1969  
Glenmohr/Lemoyne June 23, 1926 April 9, 1927 634 193.2 bulk carrier June 23, 1926 scrapped, Santander, Spain June 1969 Third Canadian Queen
SS Carl D. Bradley April 9, 1927 June 28, 1949 640 195.1 bulk carrier April 9, 1927 sank in storm November 18, 1958 Second longest reign
Wilfred Sykes June 28, 1949 Nov. 1952 678 206.7 bulk carrier June 28, 1949 still active present First streamlined design
Joseph H. Thompson Nov. 1952 November 7, 1953 714  3  217.7 bulk carrier 1944 converted to barge 1991 present Queen by lengthening
T.R. McLagan November 7, 1953 1957 714  6  217.8 bulk carrier November 7, 1953 scrapped, India 2004 renamed Oakglen
SS Cliffs Victory 1957 June 7, 1958 716  3  218.3 bulk carrier 1945 scrapped, Taiwan 1987 Queen by lengthening
Edmund Fitzgerald June 7, 1958 September 17, 1959 729  3  222.3 bulk carrier June 7, 1958 sank in storm November 10, 1975 Largest ship to have sunk on the Lakes; Most well known Queen; most recent lake freighter to sink
Murray Bay September 17, 1959 December 7, 1962 730 222.5 bulk carrier September 17, 1958 renamed Comeaudoc Out of service December 4, 1996; scrapped, Port Colborne, Canada 2002 First 730 ft vessel on the Lakes
Arthur B. Homer November 7, 1959 (shared) 730 222.5 bulk carrier November 7, 1959 scrapped 1987  
SS Edward L. Ryerson January 26, 1960 (shared) 730 222.5 bulk carrier January 26, 1960 Laid up, Superior, Wisconsin Out of service, 2009 most streamlined
Whitefish Bay November 16, 1960 (shared) 730 222.5 bulk carrier November 16, 1960 Scrapped Out of service 1990s  
Red Wing 1960 (shared) 730 222.5 bulk carrier 1960 scrapped 1986  
Leecliffe Hall September 10, 1961 (shared) 730 222.5 bulk carrier September 10, 1961 sank after collision September 5, 1964  
Leon Falk, Jr. 1961 (shared) 730 222.5 bulk carrier 1945 scrapped, Spain 1985 Queen by lengthening
Paul H. Carnahan 1961 (shared) 730 222.5 bulk carrier 1945 scrapped, Taiwan 1987 Queen by lengthening
Pioneer Challenger 1961 (shared) 730 222.5 bulk carrier 1943 Renamed American Victory Scrapped, Turkey, August 2018
Lake Winnipeg 1961 (shared) 730 222.5 bulk carrier November 28, 1943 scrapped, Lisbon, Portugal May 1985 Queen by lengthening
SS Walter A. Sterling 1962 (shared) 730 222.5 bulk carrier 1942 Renamed Lee A. Tregurtha present Queen by lengthening
Montrealais April 12, 1962 (shared) 730 222.5 bulk carrier April 12, 1962 scrapped 2015  
Hamiltonian April 7, 1962 (shared) 730 222.5 bulk carrier April 7, 1962 scrapped, Alang, India 1997  
Black Bay September 20, 1962 (shared) 730 222.5 bulk carrier September 20, 1962 Scrapped, India 2002  
Baie St. Paul November 30, 1962 (shared) 730 222.5 bulk carrier November 30, 1962 scrapped, Taiwan May 1995  
Frankcliffe Hall December 7, 1962 April 14, 1965 730  2  222.6 bulk carrier December 7, 1962 Renamed Halifax Scrapped, Turkey, June 22, 2001
Lawrencecliffe Hall April 14, 1965 January 1, 1972 730  4  222.6 bulk carrier April 14, 1965 Renamed Canadian Venture Scrapped, India, 2004
Stewart J. Cort January 1, 1972 August 7, 1976 1,000 304.8 bulk carrier January 1, 1972 still active present Last "classic" Queen
Presque Isle 1973 (shared) 1,000 304.8 bulk carrier 1973 still active present Integrated barge
James R. Barker August 7, 1976 April 25, 1981 1,004 306.0 bulk carrier August 7, 1976 still active present First stern-ender Queen
Mesabi Miner February 14, 1978 (shared) 1,004 306.0 bulk carrier February 14, 1978 still active present  
George A. Stinson July 15, 1978 (shared) 1,004 306.0 bulk carrier July 15, 1978 still active present  
Edwin H. Gott July 19, 1978 (shared) 1,004 306.0 bulk carrier July 19, 1978 still active present  
Edgar B. Speer May 8, 1980 (shared) 1,004 306.0 bulk carrier May 8, 1980 still active present  
William J. De Lancey April 25, 1981 present 1,013  6  308.9 bulk carrier April 25, 1981 Renamed Paul R. Tregurtha present Longest reigning queen
1. First with stanchion-less hold, side ballast tanks, and telescoping hatches

Notes

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  1. ^ USS Superior and HMS St Lawrence were still afloat, but were inactive.
  2. ^ Available records indicate only her tonnage. At 1,605 tons she was 80% larger than USS General Pike. Her length, therefore, could have been about 180 feet. At her launch she was the largest ship in the U.S. Navy[17]
  3. ^ Two other U.S. Naval vessels, USS New Orleans and USS Chippewa, were under construction at Sackett's Harbor, New York in 1815. At 204 feet and 2,805 tons they might have shared the title, but they were not finished before the end of the war and were never launched. They were sold for scrap in 1833.[18]
  4. ^ Not active after the war
  5. ^ This is the length of her gun deck. LOA was slightly more. At 2,305 tons she was not as large as the American vessels planned and under construction the following year.
  6. ^ She was the only first-rate ship-of-the-line built by the British Navy for fresh water seas.
  7. ^ See further details at HMS St Lawrence
  8. ^ The files at BGSU say she was 147 feet. The report in [19] say she was 160 feet. Contemporary length figures sometimes refer to keel length, sometimes to deck length, sometimes to length overall. If the Kingston Chronicle figure is correct, Great Britain eclipses Michigan. The hull of Great Britain was converted to a barque in early 1845, and renamed Eleanora. The final disposition of Eleanora is not known. Links accessed March 12, 2011
  9. ^ Thompson says that Great Western was the largest for a time, as do a number of contemporary reports. Built in 1839, at 183 feet, Great Western was the first ship with a second passenger deck. A search of transcripts of contemporary newspaper articles at [21] indicates that three other vessels were longer, even though Great Western with a wider beam had greater capacity. The Great Lakes paddle steamer Great Western is not to be confused with the oceangoing SS Great Western.
  10. ^ Not to be confused with a later side-wheel steamer of the same name.
  11. ^ Contemporary reports list 330, 340, and 350 feet.
  12. ^ Dismantled in 1862 [27] her hull was converted into a propeller freighter April 11, 1864.

Citations

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  1. ^ The source of data for this article, unless otherwise cited, is the book Queen of the Lakes by Mark L. Thompson or the vessel files included in the Historical Collections of the Great Lakes Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio. Where contradictions in records have been found, the data from Mark Thompson's book has been given preference.
  2. ^ Boatnerd Great Lakes Shipwrecks Q Archived May 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Accessed February 28, 2011
  3. ^ Lewis, Walter Queen of the Lakes (Propeller) Maritime History of the Great Lakes, Image search; Accessed February 28, 2011
  4. ^ BGSU [1] Accessed February 28, 2011
  5. ^ Modderman, Mary; March 27, 1998 Requiem for a Ferry Queen Accessed February 28, 2011
  6. ^ Death of a Great Lakes Queen [2] Archived February 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine LostLiners.com; Accessed February 28, 2011
  7. ^ United States Coast Guard, April 21, 2006 "The Need for Ice Breakers on the Great Lakes". Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2011. Accessed February 28, 2011
  8. ^ Detroit Free Press Illinois (Steamboat) 20 Apr 1841 Maritime History of the Great Lakes; Accessed March 3, 2011
  9. ^ See LaSalle's Griffin and Thompson, pp. 13-14
  10. ^ Mansfield, John Brandt (ed.), History of the Great Lakes, J.H. Beers & Co., Chicago, 1899, p. 81
  11. ^ Cox, Isaac Joslin; The journeys of Rene Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle. Volume 1, (hosted by the Portal to Texas History Archived February 10, 2000, at the Wayback Machine)
  12. ^ Parkman, Francis; LaSalle and the Discovery of the Great West; Little, Brown, & Co.; Boston; 1879; p. 109
  13. ^ Cox, p.2
  14. ^ About the Great Lakes Early Sail and Steam Vessels Archived February 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Accessed March 3, 2011
  15. ^ About the Great Lakes History and Development of Great Lakes Ships Archived January 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine; Accessed March 3, 2011
  16. ^ Eaton, Conan Bryant (1966). The Naming: A Part of the History of Washington Island. Sturgeon Bay, WI: the Door County Advocate. p. 7.
  17. ^ Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 by David and Jeanne Heidler; Accessed March 15, 2011
  18. ^ Ships-of-the-Line; Accessed March 20, 2011
  19. ^ The Kingston Chronicle on May 14, 1831
  20. ^ Cleveland Weekly Herald George Washington (Steamboat) Maritime History of the Great Lakes; Accessed March 14, 2011
  21. ^ Maritime History of the Great Lakes
  22. ^ Buffalo Commercial Advertiser Empire (Steamboat), 5 Jun 1844 Maritime History of the Great Lakes, Images; Accessed February 28, 2011
  23. ^ Lewis, Walter Passenger Steamboat Empire Maritime History of the Great Lakes; Accessed February 28, 2011
  24. ^ Buffalo Daily Republic Plymouth Rock (Steamboat) Maritime History of the Great Lakes, Images; Accessed February 28, 2011
  25. ^ Buffalo Commercial Advertiser Western World (Steamboat), 21 Apr 1854 Maritime History of the Great Lakes, Images; Accessed February 28, 2011
  26. ^ Buffalo Daily Republic Maritime History of the Great Lakes; Accessed March 2, 2011
  27. ^ Buffalo Daily Courier (Maritime History of the Great Lakes; Accessed March 2, 2011)
  28. ^ The Buffalo Post, et al Maritime History of the Great Lakes; Accessed March 2, 2011
  29. ^ Lewis, Walter Empire (Steamboat) U8559, 10 May 1862 Maritime History of the Great Lakes, Images; Accessed February 28, 2011

Sources

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