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Politics of Minnesota

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Politics of Minnesota
Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Elections
Subdivisions
Congressional delegation

Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry, with populism being a longstanding force among the state's political parties. Minnesota has consistently high voter turnout, ranking highest or near-highest in recent elections.[1][2] This is due in part to its same-day voter registration laws; previously unregistered voters can register on election day with evidence of residency.[3][4]

The major political parties are the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) and the Republican Party of Minnesota, along with the state-recognized minor parties: Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis, Legal Marijuana Now, and the Libertarian Party of Minnesota.[5] The DFL was founded in 1944 when the Minnesota Democratic Party and Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party merged. The party is affiliated with the national Democratic Party. Supporters of the DFL are often referred to as "DFLers" in Minnesota as an alternative to "Democrats". The state Republican Party is affiliated with the national Republican Party.

History

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United States presidential election results for Minnesota[6]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2024 1,519,032 46.68% 1,656,979 50.92% 77,909 2.39%
2020 1,484,065 45.28% 1,717,077 52.40% 76,029 2.32%
2016 1,323,232 44.93% 1,367,825 46.44% 254,176 8.63%
2012 1,320,225 44.96% 1,546,167 52.65% 70,169 2.39%
2008 1,275,409 43.82% 1,573,354 54.06% 61,606 2.12%
2004 1,346,695 47.61% 1,445,014 51.09% 36,678 1.30%
2000 1,109,659 45.50% 1,168,266 47.91% 160,760 6.59%
1996 766,476 34.96% 1,120,438 51.10% 305,726 13.94%
1992 747,841 31.85% 1,020,997 43.48% 579,110 24.66%
1988 962,337 45.90% 1,109,471 52.91% 24,982 1.19%
1984 1,032,603 49.54% 1,036,364 49.72% 15,482 0.74%
1980 873,241 42.56% 954,174 46.50% 224,538 10.94%
1976 819,395 42.02% 1,070,440 54.90% 60,096 3.08%
1972 898,269 51.58% 802,346 46.07% 41,037 2.36%
1968 658,643 41.46% 857,738 54.00% 72,129 4.54%
1964 559,624 36.00% 991,117 63.76% 3,721 0.24%
1960 757,915 49.16% 779,933 50.58% 4,039 0.26%
1956 719,302 53.68% 617,525 46.08% 3,178 0.24%
1952 763,211 55.33% 608,458 44.11% 7,814 0.57%
1948 483,617 39.89% 692,966 57.16% 35,643 2.94%
1944 527,416 46.86% 589,864 52.41% 8,249 0.73%
1940 596,274 47.66% 644,196 51.49% 10,718 0.86%
1936 350,461 31.01% 698,811 61.84% 80,703 7.14%
1932 363,959 36.29% 600,806 59.91% 38,078 3.80%
1928 560,977 57.77% 396,451 40.83% 13,548 1.40%
1924 420,759 51.18% 55,913 6.80% 345,474 42.02%
1920 519,421 70.59% 142,994 19.43% 73,423 9.98%
1916 179,544 46.35% 179,152 46.25% 28,668 7.40%
1912 64,334 19.25% 106,426 31.84% 163,459 48.91%
1908 195,843 59.11% 109,401 33.02% 26,060 7.87%
1904 216,651 73.98% 55,187 18.84% 21,022 7.18%
1900 190,461 60.21% 112,901 35.69% 12,949 4.09%
1896 193,503 56.62% 139,735 40.89% 8,524 2.49%
1892 122,823 45.96% 100,920 37.76% 43,495 16.28%
1888 142,492 54.12% 104,385 39.65% 16,408 6.23%
1884 111,685 58.78% 70,065 36.87% 8,267 4.35%
1880 93,902 62.28% 53,315 35.36% 3,553 2.36%
1876 72,955 58.80% 48,587 39.16% 2,533 2.04%
1872 55,708 61.27% 35,211 38.73% 0 0.00%
1868 43,722 60.88% 28,096 39.12% 0 0.00%
1864 25,055 59.06% 17,367 40.94% 0 0.00%
1860 22,069 63.53% 11,920 34.31% 748 2.15%
Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election.

Historically, the state was a Republican stronghold, never voting Democratic from statehood until 1932, however, since then it has voted Democratic all but thrice- 1952, 1956, and 1972. 1952 is also the last time the state voted for a non-incumbent Republican, and only once (2016) has the state voted to the right of the nation since. Minnesotans have voted for Democratic presidential candidates ever since 1976, more times consecutively than any other state outside of the South, and longer than any other ongoing streak. Minnesota and the District of Columbia were the only electoral votes not won by incumbent Republican President Ronald Reagan in 1984. Minnesota voters instead chose former vice president and Senator Walter Mondale, a Minnesota native. Mondale or Hubert Humphrey were on the Democratic ticket as candidates for president or Vice President in the 1964, 1968, 1976, 1980, and 1984 elections.[citation needed]

Historically, Republicans have come close to winning Minnesota—Ronald Reagan lost by a small margin in 1984, and Donald Trump was defeated by 44,593 votes in 2016. Trump's near-win has motivated the GOP to invest heavily in the state, matching resources allocated to other key Midwestern battlegrounds like Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.

In the early 2000s, presidential campaigns have viewed the 27 electoral college votes from Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa as a bloc that is subject to swing toward either major party, and equal in value to Florida's 27 electoral votes.[7] This analysis resulted in dozens of visits by candidates in the final months of both the 2000 and 2004 campaigns.[8] However, in the 2008 United States presidential election, Barack Obama won the state by more than 10 percentage points.[citation needed]

Minnesota's congressional delegation is split with 4 Democratic and 4 Republican members of Congress and mostly has been split since the early 1990s. (See United States congressional delegations from Minnesota.)

In the 2006 mid-term election, Democrats were elected to all state offices except for governor and lieutenant governor, where Republicans Tim Pawlenty and Carol Molnau narrowly won reelection. The DFL also posted double-digit gains in both houses of the legislature, elected DFLer Amy Klobuchar to the U.S. Senate, and increased the Democratic U.S. House caucus by one, Tim Walz (MN-01).[citation needed]

However, in the 2010 mid-terms, the 8th district, a Democratic stronghold for decades in the Iron Range, elected Republican Chip Cravaack over long-time incumbent Jim Oberstar, splitting the delegation again, 4 to 4. Republicans also captured both houses of the Minnesota Legislature for the first time in decades. However, Democratic candidate Mark Dayton won control of the governorship, making all of Minnesota's statewide elected officials Democrats. In the 2012 election, Democrat Rick Nolan recaptured Oberstar's seat, bringing the ratio to 5 Democrats and 3 Republicans again at the national level. They also captured majorities in both chambers of the Minnesota Legislature.[citation needed]

In 2016, Donald Trump was defeated by just 44,593 votes in 2016. Trump's near-win has motivated the GOP to invest heavily in the state, matching resources allocated to other key Midwestern battlegrounds like Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.

During the 2018 mid-term elections the Republican party recovered both the 8th district and the 1st district, as the former representative of the first district, Tim Walz (D) ran for and was elected governor. The Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party flipped two Twin Cities suburban districts, the 2nd and the 3rd district with candidates Angie Craig and Dean Phillips, which maintained the ratio of 5 Democrats and 3 Republicans representing Minnesota at the national level.[citation needed] The 2018 mid-term election also saw the election of Ilhan Omar as representative of Minnesota's 5th congressional district. She gained national recognition for her involvement with The Squad, a progressive group of four newly-elected representatives including New York Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez.

State legislature

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From 1915 to 1973, elections to the Minnesota Legislature were nonpartisan, though members organized into a Conservative Caucus and a Liberal Caucus. Most Republicans joined the Conservatives and most Farmer Laborites joined the Liberals, while the Democrats were more split. The Farmer Labor Party was successful statewide in the 1930s but only controlled the Minnesota House of Representatives twice.[9] The DFL had more success by the 1950s but was hampered by malapportionment in the legislative maps.[citation needed]

Redistricting

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Redistricting has often been very contentious in Minnesota. For 1913, the legislature passed a legislative map which was litigated the following year, for reasons including malapportionment. The Minnesota Supreme Court upheld the map, following many other states in a pre-Reynolds v. Sims era.[10] The legislature also passed a congressional map for the state's new tenth district. Like many agriculture-based states, Minnesota lost a congressional seat after the 1930 census. The then-Conservative controlled legislature passed a map which Governor Floyd Olson then vetoed. The House of Representatives attempted to overrule and force the state Secretary of State to implement the map. He was sued, and the case made its way through the state courts before going to the United States Supreme Court. In Smiley v. Holm, the Court overturned the State Supreme Court and struck down the map, leading congressional seats in the 1932 House elections to be elected held at-large. The next year, a new congressional map was passed and implemented, staying in place until 1961.[11]

In 1958, a group of voters sued to overturn the still in place 1913 legislative maps, arguing the maps were grossly malapportioned. In Magraw v. Donovan, the courts agreed, but allowed the legislature time to redraw the maps. In 1959, the legislature passed a map which made minor changes, notably preserving the districts in Southeastern, Central, and Northeastern Minnesota. It increased the number of legislative districts in Hennepin and Ramsey County from 14 to 19 (two members were elected to each legislative district in Minneapolis while in Ramsey County two house districts were nested within each legislative district). Voters again sued to overturn the legislative maps in 1964 under the principle of one man, one vote and again the court deferred to the legislature to redraw the maps. The legislature and Governor Karl Rolvaag fought over new maps, before one was signed into law in 1966.[10]

In 1971, the legislature passed a new map during a special session, but Governor Wendell R. Anderson vetoed the map over its use of multimember districts in Minneapolis, Duluth, and the Iron Range to achieve an odd number of House and Senate seats, a longtime practice by the legislature. Voters also had sued to overturn the 1966 maps, and the federal district court intervened, drawing a map with 35 Senate districts and 105 House districts. In Minnesota State Senate v. Beens, the Supreme Court overturned the district court. The district court returned with a new plan, which brought the state legislature down to its current 67 senators and 134 representatives.[10]

Regional differences

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In 2020, The Washington Post released an article that categorized the state into five regions based on political attitudes: Minneapolis and Saint Paul, the suburban regions of those two cities, the Iron Range, a section of southeastern Minnesota, and the remaining parts of the state (dubbed "Greater Minnesota").[12]

Greater Minnesota is a largely rural area that saw a significant swing toward Republicans in 2016, with Trump carrying every county. While Democrats hoped to win back voters in 2020 and 2024 by highlighting the negative impact of Trump's trade policies on agriculture, Republicans made further gains by, among others, promoted the benefits of the USMCA trade agreement.[13]

Third-party movements

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The progressive Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party, formed in 1920, provided three governors, four United States senators, and eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives from the 1920s until its merger with the Democratic Party in 1944.

The moderate Reform Party was able to elect the former mayor of Brooklyn Park, and former professional wrestler, Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998. The Minnesota branch of the Reform party split off from the national party due to unhappiness about Pat Buchanan's influence in the party, and was renamed the Independence Party.[14] The Independence Party had been able to sustain sufficient support to maintain major party status until 2014.[15]

The state's Green Party has elected several city council members and other local office-holders in Duluth, Minneapolis and Winona, and has made strong runs for state legislature during the past two election cycles. In 2000, Green Party candidate Ralph Nader received just over 5% of the presidential votes cast, gaining Major Party status for the party.[16] The Green Party lost that status in 2004, but retains minor party status having exceeded a 2% threshold.[17]

In the 2006 election, voters in Minneapolis approved a referendum (by a decisive 65% to 35%) to utilize the single transferable vote (STV)—commonly referred to as "instant-runoff voting" and "ranked choice voting"—in future city elections, which is expected to be a boon for third parties.[18] The drive for IRV began in the 1990s as part of the Green Party's platform, although all political parties except the Republicans supported it in the Minneapolis referendum.

Government

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Main article: Government of Minnesota

Federal representation

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U.S. Senate

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Minnesota's two U.S. senators are elected at large:

U.S. House of Representatives

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Map of Minnesota's congressional districts.

Minnesota has eight congressional districts. There were 9th and 10th districts but they were eliminated in 1963 and 1933 respectively. Since the early 1960s, the state's congressional districts have been drawn by a judicial panel due to the legislature's failure to enact a redistricting plan after every decennial census.

U.S. House of Representatives:

District political leanings – 118th United States Congress
District 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th State
CPVI[19] R+7 D+1 D+8 D+17 D+30 R+12 R+19 R+8 D+1

Historical figures

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John Pillsbury

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John S. Pillsbury

John S. Pillsbury (July 29, 1828 – October 18, 1901) served as the 8th Governor of Minnesota from January 7, 1876, to January 10, 1882. Pillsbury was a noted philanthropist and often anonymously donated funds to causes he favored. In particular, he helped the University of Minnesota recover from debt in its early years, and later served as a regent. Since then, he has become known as "The Father of the University". Pillsbury Hall at the University of Minnesota is named in his honor. He tried his hand at several different types of businesses, including hardware, real estate and lumber, though his greatest success came when he founded C.A. Pillsbury and Company along with his family (it is named for his nephew, Charles Alfred Pillsbury).

Frank Kellogg

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Frank B. Kellogg

Frank B. Kellogg (December 22, 1856 – December 21, 1937) was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate from Minnesota in 1916 and served from March 4, 1917, to March 3, 1923. He was a delegate to the Fifth International Conference of American States at Santiago, Chile in 1923, and served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United Kingdom from 1923 to 1925. He was United States Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President Calvin Coolidge 1925–1929. In 1928, he was awarded the Freedom of the City in Dublin, Ireland and in 1929 the government of France made him a member of the Legion of Honor. As Secretary of State, he coauthored the Kellogg-Briand Pact, signed in 1928. Proposed by its other namesake, French foreign minister Aristide Briand, the treaty intended to provide for "the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy". He was awarded the 1929 Nobel Peace Prize in recognition. He was associate judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice from 1930 to 1935.

Floyd B. Olson

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Tribute to Floyd B. Olson at the Minnesota State Capitol

Floyd B. Olson (November 13, 1891 – August 22, 1936) served as the 22nd Governor of Minnesota from January 6, 1931, to August 22, 1936. He was a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party, and was the first member of the Farmer–Labor Party to win the office of governor in Minnesota. The party, founded in 1918 had a good deal of success in Minnesota as a statewide third party, with three governors and four U.S. senators serving during the 1920s and 1930s. The party platform called for protection for farmers and labor union members, government ownership of some industries, and social security laws. There were unsuccessful attempts to develop the party into a national Farmer–Labor Party in the early 1920s.[20] The Minnesota Democratic Party, led by Hubert H. Humphrey, was able to merge with the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1944. Since 1944 the two parties together make up the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party.

Harold Stassen

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Harold Stassen

Harold E. Stassen (April 13, 1907 – March 4, 2001) was the 25th Governor of Minnesota from 1939 to 1943 and a later perennial candidate for other offices, most notably and frequently President of the United States. At 31 he was the youngest governor to serve in Minnesota and was seen as an "up and comer" after delivering the keynote address at the 1940 Republican National Convention. At that convention, he helped secure the Republican Party nomination for Wendell Willkie. Stassen was a delegate at the San Francisco Conference that established the United Nations, and president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1948 to 1953.

Stassen was later best known for being a perennial candidate for the Republican Party nomination for president. His strongest bid for the presidential nomination was in 1948, when he won a series of upset victories in early primaries. Polls showed that he would beat Harry S. Truman if nominated. He lost the nomination to Thomas Dewey, however, who had already lost in the presidential election of 1944 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Stassen played a key role in the 1952 Republican contest when he released his delegates to Dwight D. Eisenhower. This helped Eisenhower to defeat Robert A. Taft on the first ballot. He served in the Eisenhower Administration, filling posts including director of the Mutual Security Administration (foreign aid) and Special Assistant to the President for Disarmament. During this period he held cabinet rank and led a quixotic effort to "dump Nixon" at the 1956 Republican National Convention. Stassen gained a reputation as a liberal, particularly when, as president of the American Baptist Convention in 1963, he joined Martin Luther King Jr. in his march on Washington, D.C. He was a prime representative of the socially-progressive "Rockefeller Republican" wing of American Republicanism.

Hubert Humphrey

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Hubert Humphrey

Hubert Humphrey (May 27, 1911 – January 13, 1978) was the 38th Vice President of the United States, serving under President Lyndon Johnson. Humphrey twice served as a United States Senator from Minnesota, and served as Democratic Majority Whip. He was a founder of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party and Americans for Democratic Action. He served as mayor of Minneapolis from July 2, 1945, to November 30, 1948. In 1968 Humphrey was the nominee of the Democratic Party in the United States presidential election but lost to Republican Richard Nixon. In one of the most renowned speeches in American political history, Humphrey told the 1948 Democratic National Convention: "the time has arrived in America for the Democratic Party to get out of the shadows of states' rights and walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights," winning support for a pro-civil-rights plank in the Party's platform.

Eugene McCarthy

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Eugene McCarthy

Eugene McCarthy (March 29, 1916 – December 10, 2005) was a longtime member of the U.S. Congress. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959 and the U.S. Senate from 1959 to 1971. His anti-war stance and popularity prior to the 1968 Democratic National Convention likely convinced Lyndon Johnson to drop out of the race. In the 1968 presidential election, McCarthy unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for President of the United States to succeed incumbent Lyndon Johnson on an anti-Vietnam War platform. He would unsuccessfully seek the presidency five times altogether. (He is not to be confused with Senator Joseph Raymond McCarthy who sought out Communist spies within the federal government.)

Orville Freeman

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Orville Freeman

Orville Freeman (May 9, 1918 – February 20, 2003) was a co-founder and chairman of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party and a three-term Governor of Minnesota, the first from the DFL. Freeman served as United States Secretary of Agriculture under presidents Kennedy and Johnson. He recognized that needy people were starving just as grain surpluses had driven prices down. Freeman advocated farm exports and supported controls on production sometimes idling farm land for years. Freeman worked toward the pilot school breakfast program and is most often remembered for today's U.S. Food Stamp Program.[21]

Walter Mondale

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Walter Mondale

Walter Mondale (January 5, 1928 – April 19, 2021) was the 42nd vice president of the United States (1977–1981) under President Jimmy Carter. He was also a two-term United States Senator from Minnesota and the Democratic Party nominee for president in 1984 against the incumbent, Republican Ronald Reagan. Mondale suffered a crushing defeat as Reagan was re-elected in a landslide victory in which Mondale carried only his home state of Minnesota and the District of Columbia. Mondale also quickly stepped into the 2002 U.S. Senate race against Norm Coleman, when Paul Wellstone died in a plane crash two weeks before the election. Coleman narrowly won the election, 49.5% to 47.3%.

Paul Wellstone

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Paul Wellstone

Paul Wellstone (July 21, 1944 – October 25, 2002) was a two-term U.S. Senator from Minnesota. He was a member of the Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party and was a professor of political science at Carleton College before being elected to the Senate in 1990. Wellstone was in a line of left-of-center or progressive senators of the DFL. The first three, Hubert H. Humphrey, Eugene McCarthy, and Walter F. Mondale, were all prominent in the national Democratic Party and Wellstone became a leading spokesman for the progressive wing in his time. He served in the Senate from 1991 until his death in a plane crash on October 25, 2002. His wife, Sheila, and daughter, Marcia, also died in the crash. They had two other grown children, David and Mark, who now co-chair the Wellstone Action nonprofit group.

Jesse Ventura

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Jesse Ventura
Main article: Jesse Ventura § Political career

Jesse Ventura (born July 15, 1951) was elected the 38th Governor of Minnesota in the Minnesota gubernatorial election of 1998 and served from January 4, 1999, to January 6, 2003, without seeking a second term. Ventura ran as a candidate for the Reform Party of Minnesota (but joined the Independence Party of Minnesota when it broke from its association with the Reform Party of the United States of America) and narrowly, but unexpectedly beat the major-party candidates: Saint Paul mayor Norm Coleman (Republican) and Minnesota Attorney General Hubert H. "Skip" Humphrey III (Democratic–Farmer–Labor). His campaign consisted of a combination of aggressive grassroots events and original television spots, designed by quirky advertising man Bill Hillsman, using the phrase "Don't vote for politics as usual." He spent considerably less than his opponents (about $600,000), and is widely regarded as one of the first candidates to effectively use the Internet as a medium of reaching out to voters in a political campaign.[22] Ventura went on to gain the highest approval rating of any governor in Minnesota history, with some polls ranking his public approval as high as the 73% in 1999, despite controversial statements of his.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Ingraham, Christopher (November 9, 2022). "Minnesota voter turnout shaping up to be highest in nation yet again". Minnesota Reformer. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
  2. ^ Derosier, Alex (November 16, 2022). "Minnesota outperforms US voter turnout again; No. 1 state still to be decided". Duluth News Tribune. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
  3. ^ Huefner, Steven F., Daniel P Tokaji, and Edward B. Foley (2007), From Registration to Recounts: The Election Ecosystems of Five Midwestern States (Archived March 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine), The Ohio State University Moritz College of Law, p. 137 (Archived March 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine). ISBN 978-0-9801400-0-2.
  4. ^ Most, Becca (August 23, 2022). "Why does Minnesota have the best voting record in the U.S.?". St. Cloud Times. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
  5. ^ "Political parties". Minnesota Secretary of State. June 21, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
  6. ^ Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Minnesota". US Election Atlas. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  7. ^ Moore, Rick (October 26, 2004). "2004 Elections Project – The latest trends in Wisconsin and Iowa". UMN News. Regents of the University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on May 26, 2006. Retrieved November 19, 2006.
  8. ^ King, David C.; David Morehouse. "Moving Voters in the 2000 Presidential Campaign: Local Visits, Local Media" (PDF). Lights, Camera, Campaign, edited by David Schultz, New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2004. Harvard University, Institute of Politics. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2006. Retrieved November 19, 2006.
  9. ^ "Caucus Chart - Minnesota Legislature". www.lrl.mn.gov. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  10. ^ a b c Stangl, Alexis; Gehring, Matt (November 2018). "History of Minnesota Legislative Redistricting" (PDF). Minnesota Legislative Coordinating Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  11. ^ Stangl, Alexis; Gehring, Matt (November 2018). "History of Minnesota Congressional Redistricting" (PDF). Minnesota Legislative Coordinating Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 5, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  12. ^ Weigel, David; Tierney, Lauren (September 13, 2020). "The five political states of Minnesota". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 10, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
  13. ^ "Minnesota Republican Delegation Sends Letter to Protect Minnesota's Dairy Farmers". Congressman Tom Emmer. July 22, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
  14. ^ "Reform Party votes to leave national group". Saint Paul Pioneer Press. March 5, 2000. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  15. ^ "Minnesota's Major & Minor Political Parties". Minnesota Secretary of State. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  16. ^ "Minnesota Still Democrat, no longer safe bet". Saint Paul Pioneer Press. November 8, 2000.
  17. ^ Conrad DeFiebre (November 9, 2004). "Greens, IP ponder their options after lackluster showing at polls". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012.
  18. ^ Cobb, David (November 9, 2006). "It's clear: Eureka is sharply divided". Times-Standard. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2006.
  19. ^ "2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List". Cook Political Report. Archived from the original on December 27, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  20. ^ Davenport, Tim. "The Farmer–Labor Party (1918–1924)". Early American Marxism. marxisthistory.org. Archived from the original on June 4, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2006.
  21. ^ Olson, Dan (February 21, 2003). "Remembering Orville Freeman". Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on December 7, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2007. and Stout, David (February 22, 2003). "Orville Freeman, 84, Dies; 60's Agriculture Secretary". The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
  22. ^ deFiebre, Conrad (July 22, 1999). "Record-high job approval for Ventura; Many Minnesotans like his style, don't mind moonlighting". Star Tribune.
  23. ^ Daves, Robert P. (August–September 1999). "Jesse "The Governor" Ventura Continuing to "Shock the World"" (PDF). Roper Center, Cornell University. Public Perspectives. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2024. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
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