Paleobiota of the Green River Formation
The Green River Formation is a geological formation located in the Intermountain West of the United States, in the states of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. It comprises sediments deposited during the Early Eocene in a series of large freshwater lakes: Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta, and Fossil Lake (the last containing Fossil Butte National Monument). It preserves a high diversity of freshwater fish, birds, reptiles, and mammals, with some sections of the formation (including Fossil Lake and the Parachute Creek member of Lake Uinta) qualifying as Konservat-Lagerstätten due to their extremely well-preserved fossils.
Cartilaginous fish
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asterotrygon | A. maloneyi | Fossil Lake | A stingray of uncertain affinities.[1] | ||
Heliobatis | H. radians | A stingray of uncertain affinities. |
Bony fish
[edit]Primarily based on Grande (2001), with changes where necessary:[2]
Acipenseriformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Crossopholis | †C. magnicaudatus | Fossil Lake | A paddlefish. |
Lepisosteiformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atractosteus | †A. atrox | Fossil Lake | An alligator gar relative. A. atrox is the largest Green River gar. |
||
†A. simplex | Fossil Lake, possibly Lake Gosiute | ||||
†Cuneatus | †C. cuneatus | Lake Gosiute Lake Uinta Fossil Lake? |
A gar. | ||
†C. wileyi | Lake Uinta | ||||
Lepisosteus | †L. bemisi | Fossil Lake | A gar.[3] | ||
†Masillosteus | †M. janeae | Fossil Lake | A gar. |
Amiiformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amia | †A. pattersoni | Fossil Lake, Lake Gosiute | An amiid related to modern bowfins. | ||
†Cyclurus | †C. gurleyi | Fossil Lake | Only 8 specimens known | An amiid. |
Hiodontiformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hiodon | †H. falcatus | Fossil Lake | A hiodontid. |
Osteoglossiformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Phareodus | †P. encaustus | Fossil Lake Lake Gosiute |
A bonytongue. | ||
†P. testis | Fossil Lake |
Ellimmichthyiformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Diplomystus | †D. dentatus | Fossil Lake Lake Gosiute Lake Uinta |
An armigatid ellimmichthyiform. |
Clupeiformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Gosiutichthys | †G. parvus | Lake Gosiute | A clupeiform. | ||
†Knightia | †K. alta | Fossil Lake Lake Gosiute Lake Uinta |
The most common articulated vertebrate fossil worldwide.[4] | A clupeid.[5] | |
†K. eocaena | The most common fish of the formation. |
Gonorynchiformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Notogoneus | †N. osculus | Fossil Lake | A beaked sandfish. |
Cypriniformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Amyzon | †A. gosiutensis | Lake Gosiute | A sucker. |
Siluriformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Astephus | †A. antiquus | Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta, Fossil Lake | Only one specimen known from Fossil Lake. | An ictalurid catfish. | |
†Hypsidoris | †H. farsonensis | Lake Gosiute | A hypsidorid catfish. |
Esociformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Esox | †E. kronneri | Fossil Lake | Only a single specimen known. | A pickerel. |
Percopsiformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Amphiplaga | †A. brachyptera | Fossil Lake | A trout-perch relative. | ||
†Erismatopterus | †E. levatus | Lake Gosiute Lake Uinta |
A trout-perch relative. |
Perciformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Mioplosus | †M. labracoides | Fossil Lake, Lake Uinta | A relative of lates perches.[4] |
Moroniformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Cockerellites | †C. liops | Fossil Lake | A temperate bass.[4] | ||
†Hypsiprisca | †H. hypsacantha | Fossil Lake | A temperate bass.[4] | ||
H. sp. | |||||
†Priscacara | †P. serrata | Fossil Lake, Lake Uinta | A temperate bass.[4] | ||
P. sp. a | Fossil Lake | ||||
P. sp. b. |
Incertae sedis
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Asineops | †A. squamifrons | Fossil Lake Lake Gosiute Lake Uinta |
An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities Possibly a percopsiform, polymixiiform, or perciform.[2] |
||
A. sp. | Fossil Lake |
Amphibians
[edit]Frogs
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Aerugoamnis | †A. paulus | Fossil Lake | 2 specimens | A relative of parsley frogs.[6] |
Salamanders
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Paleoamphiuma | †P. tetradactylum | Fossil Lake | A sirenid salamander. |
Reptiles
[edit]Squamates
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†A. avius |
Fossil Lake | ||||
†B. ammoskius |
A relative of the Chinese crocodile lizard. |
||||
†B. idelmani |
A boa. |
||||
D. sp. |
|||||
†S. ensidens |
A stem-monitor lizard. |
||||
Indeterminate |
Indeterminate |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) |
1 specimen |
A relative of Shinisaurids |
Crocodilians
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†B. wilsoni |
Fossil Lake |
A eusuchian of uncertain affinities. |
|||
Lake Uinta (Manti beds) |
1 specimen |
A Crocodyloidea of unplaced affinity. |
|||
†T. greenriverensis |
Fossil Lake |
Turtles
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Axestemys | A. sp. | Fossil Lake | A softshell turtle. | ||
Baptemys | B. wyomingensis | A dermatemydid. | |||
Chisternon | C. undatum | A baenid. | |||
Echmatemys | E. wyomingensis | A geoemydid.[12] | |||
Oliveremys | O. uintaensis | A softshell turtle. | |||
Plastomenus | P. thomasii | A softshell turtle. |
Birds
[edit]Lithornithiformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calciavis | C. grandei | Fossil Lake | A lithornithid.[13] | ||
Pseudocrypturus | P. cercanaxius | A lithornithid. |
Anseriformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paakniwatavis | P. grandei | Fossil Lake | An anseriform of uncertain affinities. | ||
Presbyornis | P. pervetus | A presbyornithid anseriform. |
Galliformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallinuloides | G. wyomingensis | Fossil Lake | A gallinuloid galliform. |
Coliiformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anneavis | A. annae | Fossil Lake | A sandcoleid mousebird. |
Leptosomiformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plesiocathartes | P. major | Fossil Lake | A stem-cuckoo roller.[14] | ||
P. wyomingensis |
Coraciiformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paracoracias | P. occidentalis | A coraciiform.[15] | |||
Primobucco | P. mcgrewi | Fossil Lake | A primobucconid coraciiform. |
Piciformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neanis | N. schucherti | Fossil Lake | A possible piciform of uncertain affinities. | ||
Pristineanis | P. kistneri | A possible piciform of uncertain affinities.[16] |
Strisores
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eocypselus | E. rowei | Fossil Lake | A eocypselid apodiform.[17] | ||
Fluvioviridavis | F. platyrhamphus | A basal strisore, possibly a stem-frogmouth.[18][19] | |||
Prefica | P. nivea | A stem-oilbird.[20] |
Musophagiformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foro | F. panarium | Fossil Lake | A stem-turaco.[21] |
Mirandornithes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Juncitarsus | J. merkeli | Fossil Lake | A mirandornithine, possibly an early phoenicopteriform. |
Suliformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Limnofregata | L. azygosternon | Fossil Lake | An early frigatebird. | ||
L. hasegawai |
Pelecaniformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rhynchaeites | R. sp. | An ibis, known from a largely complete but undescribed specimen.[22] | |||
Vadaravis | V. brownae | Fossil Lake | Potentially a stem-ibis, but may be an indeterminate aequornithine.[22][23] |
Charadriiformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
indeterminate | Indeterminate | Lake Uinta | 1 trace specimen | A shorebird Potentially the earliest record of recurvirostrids Known from a 3 footprint trackway.[24] |
Gruiformes
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Messelornis | M. nearctica | Fossil Lake | A messelornithid. |
Eufalconimorphae
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Avolatavis | A. tenens | Fossil Lake | A quercypsittid. | ||
Cyrilavis | C. colburnorum | A halcyornithid. | |||
C. olsoni | |||||
Eofringillirostrum | E. boudreauxi | A psittacopedid.[25] | |||
Eozygodactylus | E. americanus | A zygodactylid.[26] | |||
Tynskya | T. eocaena | A messelasturid. | |||
Zygodactylus | Z. grandei | A zygodactylid.[27] |
Neoaves incertae sedis
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nahmavis | N. grandei | Fossil Lake | Either a stem-gruiform or a stem-charadriiform.[28] |
Two other genera, "Eoeurypyga" (a stem-sunbittern) and "Wyomingcypselus" (an early apodiform) are mentioned only in a 2002 dissertation,[29] and are presently nomina nuda.
Mammals
[edit]Partially based on Grande (1984). Aside from the few well-preserved mammals found in Fossil Lake, a majority of Green River mammals are based on isolated bones and teeth:[30]
Metatheria
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Herpetotherium | H. innominatum | Lake Gosiute Lake Uinta |
An opossum-like basal metatherian Originally described as Peratherium innominatum. |
||
H. knighti | Lake Gosiute |
Cimolesta
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Palaeosinopa | P. didelphoides | Fossil Lake | A pantolestid. |
Chiroptera
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Icaronycteris | I. gunnelli | Fossil Lake | 2 specimens[31] | An icaronycterid bat. | |
I. index | |||||
Onychonycteris | O. finneyi | An onychonycterid bat. |
Eulipotyphla
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nyctitherium | N. nitidum | Lake Gosiute | A nyctitheriid. Originally described as Talpavus nitidus. |
||
N. sp. | Lake Uinta |
Pan-Carnivora
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
"Miacis" | "M." gracilis | Lake Uinta | A carnivoraform of uncertain affinities. | ||
Sinopa | S. minor | Lake Uinta | A sinopid hyaenodont. | ||
Viverravus | V. minutus | Lake Uinta | A viverravid. | ||
Vulpavus | V. profectus | Lake Gosiute | A miacid. |
Pan-Perissodactyla
[edit]family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Hyopsodontidae | †Hyopsodus |
†H. minusculus |
Lake Gosiute |
A hyopsodontid. |
||
†H. paulus (=H. vicarius) |
Lake Uinta |
A hyopsodontid. |
||||
†H. wortmani |
Fossil Lake |
A hyopsodontid. |
||||
†L. popoagicum |
Fossil Lake |
A small-sized basal brontothere. |
||||
†P. venticolus |
Fossil Lake |
2 specimens |
An equid. |
|||
Indeterminate |
Indeterminate |
Indeterminate |
Fossil Lake |
1 specimen |
A juvenile tapiromorph, the largest mammal known from the formation. |
Apatotheria
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. chardini Jepsen, 1930 |
Fossil Lake |
1 specimen |
Rodentia
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ischyromyidae |
P. sp. [citation needed] |
Lake Uinta |
||||
T. sp. [citation needed] |
Lake Gosiute |
An undescribed ischyromyid rodent.[citation needed] |
||||
Sciuravidae | Sciuravus |
S. eucristadens (Burke, 1937) |
Lake Uinta (Douglas Creek Member) |
A sciuravid rodent. |
||
S. sp.[citation needed] |
Lake Uinta |
An undescribed sciuravid. |
Primatomorpha
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Microsyopidae |
M. elegans |
Lake Gosiute |
||||
U. parvulus |
Lake Gosiute |
A microsyopid stem-primate. |
||||
Notharctidae |
N. sp. |
Lake Gosiute |
||||
S. gracilis |
Lake Uinta |
A notharctid adapiform. |
||||
Omomyidae |
O. carteri |
Lake Uinta |
||||
T. sp. |
Lake Uinta |
An omomyid primate. |
||||
W. insignis |
Lake Gosiute |
An omomyid primate. |
Arthropoda
[edit]Arachnida
[edit]Acariformes
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indeterminate |
Indeterminate |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A Chelytidae mite. |
Araneae
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. sp |
6 specimens |
Possible orbweb-spiders, known from partial fossils | ||||
Hersiliola (sensu lato) |
H. sp. |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
1 male |
|||
Indeterminate |
Indeterminate |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
1 specimen |
|||
Indeterminate |
Indeterminate |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
2 males, 1 juv female |
|||
Uloboridae |
M. sp. |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
1 female, 2 males |
|||
Indeterminate |
Indeterminate |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
A uloborid spider.[37] |
|||
Unidentified |
†Araneaovoius (Scudder, 1878) |
†A. columbiae[38] |
1 specimen |
An orb-web spider egg sack. |
Parasitiformes
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†"I." tertiarius Scudder, 1885 |
Lake Uinta (Laney Member) |
1 specimen |
A punitive ixodid hard tick.[36] |
Scorpiones
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†U. halandrasi Perry, 1995 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
1 specimen |
Crustacea
[edit]Branchiopoda
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†C. wyomingensis |
Lake Gosiute (Laney) |
|||||
†P. laneyensis |
Lake Gosiute (Laney) |
A clam shrimp.[42] |
Decapods
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†B. rostrata |
Fossil Lake |
|||||
Fossil Lake |
Ostracoda
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candonidae | Candona |
C. artesensis Swain, 1964 |
Fossil Lake |
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C. rangliensis Swain, 1964 |
Fossil Lake |
|||||
C. whitei Scott & Smith, 1951 |
Fossil Lake |
|||||
T. centronotus Swain, 1964 |
Lake Unita |
|||||
†C. bisulcata Swain, 1949 |
Lake Unita |
|||||
Cyprididae |
†A. umbonata Swain, 1964 |
Lake unita |
||||
†H. watsonensis Swain, 1964 |
Lake unita |
A cypridid ostracod. |
||||
Heterocypris |
†H. riflensis Swain, 1964 |
Lake unita |
||||
†H. whiteriverensis Swain, 1964 |
Lake unita |
|||||
†P. williamsi Swain, 1964 |
Fossil Lake |
|||||
†P. ravenridgensis]] Swain, 1964 |
Lake Unita |
A cypridid ostracod. |
||||
†P. pagei (Swain) Swain, 1956 |
Lake Unita |
A cypridid ostracod. |
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†S. subquadrata Swain, 1964 |
Lake Unita |
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Cf. S. sinuata G.W. Müller, 1898 |
Lake Unita |
|||||
Limnocytheridae |
L. sp. |
Lake Unita |
Indistinct limnocytherid fossils.[44] |
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†M. paracordata Swain, 1964 |
Lake Unita |
|||||
†C. ephraimensis Swain, 1964 |
Fossil Lake |
Myriapoda
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
"J." telluster Scudder, 1878 |
1 specimen |
A punitive parajulidae millapede[36] |
Insecta
[edit]Coleoptera
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†P. eocaenicus Legalov, 2018 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
||||
†P. rasnitsyni Legalov, 2018 |
Lake Uinta |
|||||
Chrysomelidae |
†P. monrosi Legalov, 2021 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
|||
†P. attenboroughi Krell & Vitali, 2021 |
Lake Uinta |
1 specimen |
||||
Curculionidae | †Archaeoheilus |
†A. deleticius (Scudder, 1893) |
Lake Uinta |
A Molytini tribe molytine weevil. |
||
†A. ovalis Legalov, 2018 |
Lake Uinta |
|||||
†A. packardii (Scudder, 1893) |
Lake Gosiute |
A Molytini tribe molytine weevil. |
||||
†A. provectus (Scudder, 1876) |
Lake Gosiute |
A Molytini tribe molytine weevil. |
||||
†A. scudderi Legalov, 2018 |
Lake Uinta |
|||||
†E. vossi Legalov, 2018 |
Lake Uinta |
|||||
†E. brevirostris Legalov, 2018 |
Lake Uinta |
|||||
Geraeus |
†G. anvilis Legalov, 2018 |
Lake Uinta |
||||
†G. fossilis Legalov, 2018 |
Lake Uinta |
|||||
†L. greenriverensis Legalov, 2018 |
Lake Uinta |
|||||
†N. curvirostris Legalov, 2018 |
Lake Uinta |
|||||
†P. longirostris Legalov, 2018 |
Lake Uinta |
|||||
†P. wickhami (Scudder, 1876) |
Lake Uinta |
An Eustylini tribe entimine weevil. |
||||
†P. wickhami Legalov, 2018 |
Lake Uinta |
|||||
†C. exhumatus Cockerell, 1925 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
||||
Mordellidae | †Petrimordella |
†P. priscula (Cockerell, 1924) |
1 specimen |
A tumbling flower beetle morphospecies. |
||
†P. rasnitsyni (Odnosum & Perkovsky, 2016) |
1 specimen |
A tumbling flower beetle morphospecies.[51] |
||||
Scarabaeidae |
†A. rupta Scudder, 1890 |
An aegialiine scaraboid beetle.[53] |
||||
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A melolonthine scaraboid beetle. |
Dictyoptera
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alienopteridae |
†C. brevipes Barna, 2018 |
Lake Unita |
||||
†G. viridifluvius Aristov, 2018 |
Lake Unita |
|||||
†P.? smithiae Barna, Zelagin & Šmídová, 2023 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) |
1 specimen |
A possible periplanetean blattid cockroach.[55] |
Diptera
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†P. pealei Scudder, 1890 |
Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member) |
Most common insect in Fossil Lake |
||||
Cylindrotomidae | †Cyttaromyia |
†C. fenestrata Scudder, 1877 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A cylindrotomine long bodied cranefly species.[56] |
|
†C. freiwaldi Cockerell, 1925 |
Lake Unita |
2 specimens |
A cylindrotomine long bodied cranefly species.[56] |
|||
†C. fuscula Cockerell, 1925 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A cylindrotomine long bodied cranefly species.[57][56] |
|||
†C. gelhausi Kania-Kłosok et al., 2021 |
Lake Unita |
3 specimens |
A cylindrotomine long bodied cranefly species.[56] |
|||
†C. obdurescens Cockerell, 1925 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A cylindrotomine long bodied cranefly species.[50][56] |
|||
†C. reclusa Cockerell, 1924 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A cylindrotomine long bodied cranefly species.[56] |
|||
†E. grimaldii Nel, Garrouste & Engel, 2023 |
Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member) |
1 specimen |
A Hippoboscoidea fly Pupipara. [58] |
|||
Undescribed |
Undescribed |
Lake Unita |
Numerous |
|||
†C. ascarides (Scudder, 1877) |
Lake Unita |
Numerous |
||||
Undescribed |
Lake Unita |
Numerous |
undescribed larvae.[35] |
|||
Undescribed |
Undescribed |
Lake Unita |
Numerous |
undescribed larvae.[35] |
||
Undescribed |
Undescribed |
Lake Unita |
Numerous |
undescribed larvae.[35] |
||
Undescribed |
Undescribed |
Lake Unita |
Numerous |
undescribed larvae.[35] |
||
Lake Unita |
Hemiptera
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cicadellidae |
†A. wyomingensis Scudder, 1890 |
Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member) |
1 specimen |
|||
†T. packardi Cockerell, 1925 |
An Athysanini tribe deltocephaline planthopper.[50] |
|||||
†T. parallelus Scudder, 1890 |
Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member) |
|||||
†A. danjuddi Swanson et al., 2021 |
||||||
Incertae sedis | †Eoliarus |
†E. lutensis (Scudder) Cockerell, 1925 |
A fulgoroid leafhopper. |
|||
†E. quadristictus Cockerell, 1925 |
Hymenoptera
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. sp. |
An old world Bethylidae wasp.[63] |
|||||
Formicidae |
†A. rostratus Cockerell, 1923 |
Lake Unita |
Numerous |
A myrmeciine ant.[64] |
||
†C. vetus (Scudder, 1877)[64] |
Green River Formation? |
1 specimen |
A formicine ant of uncertain affiliation. |
|||
†D. kohlsi Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003 |
Lake Uinta |
Numerous |
A Dolichoderus species ant.[66] |
|||
†Eoformica |
†E. globularis Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003 |
Lake Unita |
2 specimens |
An ant of unidentified affiliation.[66] |
||
†E. magna Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
An ant of unidentified affiliation.[66] |
|||
†E. pinguis (Scudder, 1877) |
Lake Gosiute |
Numerous |
An ant of unidentified affiliation. |
|||
Indeterminate |
Lake Unita |
2 specimen |
Two partial specimens that may be referable to Eoformica.[66] |
|||
†Kohlsimyrma |
†K. gracilis Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003 |
Lake Unita |
2 specimens |
An ant of uncertain affiliation.[66] |
||
†K. laticeps Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
An ant of uncertain affiliation.[66] |
|||
†K. longiceps Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003 |
Lake Unita |
3 specimens |
An ant of uncertain affiliation.[66] |
|||
†Mianeuretus |
†M. eocenicus Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003 |
Lake Unita |
2 specimens |
An aneuretine ant.[66] |
||
Indeterminate |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A partial specimen that may belong to Mianeuretus.[66] |
|||
†M. rotundiceps Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
||||
†P. labandeirai Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003 |
Lake Gosiute |
1 specimen |
A Pachycondyla species ant.[66] |
|||
†Ponerites |
†P. coloradensis Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
|||
†P. eocenicus Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
||||
†P. hypoponeroides Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
||||
†Proiridomyrmex |
†P. vetulus Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A dolichoderine of uncertain affinity.[66] |
||
Indeterminate |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A partial specimen that may belong to Proiridomyrmex.[66] |
|||
†S. minutus Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A Solenopsis like ant of uncertain affiliation.[66] |
|||
†T. lubei Archibald et al., 2011 |
Fossil Lake (Angelo Member) |
3 specimens |
||||
Indeterminate |
Indeterminate |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
|||
Indeterminate |
Indeterminate |
Lake Unita |
3 specimens |
Partial ant specimens of unidentified subfamily placement.[66] |
||
Ichneumonidae |
†C. molestus Spasojevic et al., 2018 |
Lake Unita |
A darwin wasp of uncertain subfamily placement.[69] |
|||
†I. appendicrassum |
Lake Unita |
|||||
Lake Unita |
A possible Coleocentrini tribe acaenitine darwin wasp.[69] |
|||||
Scambus? |
Lake Unita |
A possible Ephialtini tribe pimpline darwin wasp.[69] |
||||
Lake Unita |
A possible Ephialtini tribe pimpline darwin wasp.[69] |
|||||
†T. amasidis (Cockerell & LeVeque, 1931) |
lake Unita |
A darwin wasp of uncertain subfamily placement. |
||||
†E. lacoi Archibald, Aase & Nel, 2021 |
Fossil Lake |
1 specimen |
A siricid Horntail wood-wasp.[70] |
|||
†E. karimae Nel, Niu & Wei, 2022 |
Lake Unita |
|||||
†P. pankowskii Jouault, Aase & Nel, 2021 |
Fossil Lake |
1 specimen |
Megaloptera
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indeterminate |
Indeterminate |
1 specimen |
A probable alderfly larvae[73] |
Neuroptera
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†X. angustialata Makarkin, 2017 |
Lake Unita (Parachute Creek Member) |
1 specimen |
||||
Hemerobiidae |
†M.? coloradensis Makarkin, 2024 |
Lake Unita |
A possible Megalomus brown lacewing.[75] |
|||
†P. kohlsi Makarkin, 2024 |
Lake Unita |
|||||
†P. mantispinoformis Makarkin, 2019 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
||||
†O. taliae Makarkin, Archibald, & Mathewes, 2021 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
Raphidioptera
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†A. protomaculata (Engel, 2011) |
Lake Unita (Parachute Creek Member) |
ca. 18 specimens |
A raphidiid snakefly.[78] |
Odonata
[edit]Primarily based on Bechly et al (2020):[80]
Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. basalis Cockerell, 1921 |
Fossil Lake |
An amphipterygine amphipterygid damselfly.[57] |
||||
C. eocenica Bechly et al., 2020 |
Fossil Lake |
1 specimen |
||||
C. inopinata Sroka, Howells & Nel, 2023 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) |
A cordulibellulid dragonfly |
||||
Dysagrionidae | †Dysagrion |
D. fredericii Scudder, 1878 |
Lake Gosiute (Laney Member) |
16 specimens |
A dysagrionine dysagrionid damselfly. | |
D. integrum Bechly et al., 2020 |
Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member) |
1 specimen |
||||
D. lakesii Scudder, 1890 |
Lake Gosiute (Laney Member) |
1 specimen |
||||
D. packardii Scudder, 1885 |
Lake Gosiute (Laney Member) |
1 specimen |
||||
†Petrolestes |
†P. hendersoni Cockerell, 1927 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
1 specimen |
A petrolestine dysagrionid damselfly. |
||
†P. inexpectatus Nel, 2024 |
Lake Uinta |
1 specimen |
A petrolestine dysagrionid damselfly.[82] |
|||
†Tenebragrion |
†T. tynskyi Nel, Palazzo & Aase, 2023 |
Fossil Lake |
A dysagrionid damselfly.[83] |
|||
†T. shermani Bechly et al., 2020 |
Fossil Lake |
A dysagrionid damselfly. |
||||
E. atavina Cockerell, 1920 |
Lake Gosiute |
1 specimen |
A calopterygid damsefly.[57] |
|||
Euphaeidae |
E. magnifica Bechly et al., 2020 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) |
A euphaeid damselfly. | |||
E. avus Cockerell, 1925 |
Lake Unita |
|||||
†Labandeiraia |
L. americaborealis Petrulevičius et al., 2007 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) |
1 specimen |
|||
L. riveri Bechly et al., 2020 |
Fossil Lake |
1 specimen |
||||
L. coloradensis Petrulevičius et al., 2007 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) |
1 specimen |
||||
E. syntheticus Cockerell, 1940 |
Lake Unita |
An eolestid damselfly. |
||||
V. aasei Nel, 2022 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
1 specimen |
A "megapodagrionid" damselfly.[84] |
|||
Thaumatoneuridae |
†G. coloratum Nel, 2024 |
Lake Uinta |
1 specimen |
An eodysagrionine thaumatoneurid damselfly.[82] |
||
O. tenebris Bechly et al., 2020 |
Fossil Lake |
A thaumatoneurid damselfly. |
||||
T. brookeae Bechly et al., 2020 |
Fossil Lake |
A thaumatoneurid damselfly. |
||||
†Urolibellulidae |
K. lini Nel, 2020 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) |
A urolibellulid dragonfly |
|||
U. eocaenica Zeiri et al., 2015 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) |
A urolibellulid dragonfly |
||||
Zacallitidae | †Zacallites |
Z. balli Cockerell, 1928 |
A zacallitid damselfly. | |||
Z. cockerelli Bechly et al., 2020 |
Fossil Lake |
|||||
incertae sedis | †Eopodagrion |
"E." abortivum (Scudder, 1878) |
Lake Gosiute (Laney Member) |
1 specimen |
A damselfly of uncertain affinities. |
|
E. scudderi Cockerell, 1921 |
Lake Gosiute (Laney Member) |
3 specimens |
A damselfly of uncertain affinities.[57] |
Orthoptera
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†A. solterae Heads, Thomas & Hedlund, 2023 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) |
1 specimen |
Trichoptera
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†L. eocenicus Cockerell, 1921 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A northern caddisfly species.[57] |
|||
Incertae sedis |
†L. yinani Robinson, Thomas & Heads, 2018 |
Lake Unita |
A caddis fly of uncertain affiliations.[87] |
Mollusks
[edit]Based on Grande (1984):[30][88]
Bivalvia
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. sp. |
Lake Gosiute | |||||
Unionidae | Plesielliptio |
P. priscus |
A unionid river mussel. | |||
P. sp. "A" |
Gastropoda
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O. sp. |
? |
An undescribed bulimulid land snail. |
||||
G. sp. |
An undescribed gastrocoptid land snail.[88] |
|||||
Hydrobiidae | Hydrobia |
†H. aff. utahensis C. A. White, 1876 |
Lake Gosiute (Laney, Tipton Shale, Wilkins Peak) |
An undescribed mud snail. |
||
H. sp. |
Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale) |
An undescribed mud snail. |
||||
Lymnaeidae | Lymnaea |
L. similis Meek, 1860 |
Lake Gosiute (Laney) |
A pond snail. |
||
L. sp. |
Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale) |
A undescribed pond snail. |
||||
P. tenuicosta (Meek & Hayden, 1856) |
Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale?) |
A pond snail. |
||||
Planorbidae | Biomphalaria |
B. aequalis (C. A. White, 1880) |
Lake Gosiute (Laney, Tipton Shale) |
|||
B. storchi (L. S. Russell, 1931) |
Lake Gosiute (Laney?, Tipton Shale) |
A ramshorn snail. |
||||
†H. pseudoammonius (Schlotheim, 1820) |
Lake Gosiute (Laney, Tipton Shale) |
A ramshorn snail |
||||
?D. sp. |
Lake Gosiute (Laney) |
An undescribed ramshorn snail. |
||||
G. militaris (C.A. White, 1880) |
Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale) |
A ramshorn snail. |
||||
†O. cirrus (C. A. White, 1879) |
Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale) |
A ramshorn snail. |
||||
Physidae | Physa |
†?P. longiuscula Meek & Hayden, 1856 |
Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale) |
An bladder snail. |
||
P. sp. |
Lake Gosiute (Laney) |
An undescribed bladder snail. |
||||
Physella |
†P. bridgerensis (Meek, 1873) |
Lake Gosiute (Laney, Tipton Shale) |
A bladder snail. |
|||
†P. pleromatis (C. A. White, 1877) |
Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale) |
A bladder snail. |
||||
†E. tenera (J. Hall, 1845) |
Lake Gosiute (Laney, Tipton Shale, Wilkins Peak) |
A pleurocerid snail. |
||||
H. sp. |
||||||
Valvatidae | Valvata |
†V. subumbilicata (Meek & Hayden, 1856) |
Lake Gosiute (Laney, Tipton Shale) |
A valve snail. |
||
An undescribed valve snail. |
||||||
Viviparidae | Viviparus |
†V. meeki Wenz, 1930 |
Lake Gosiute (Laney, Tipton Shale) |
A river snail. |
||
†V. paludinaeformis (J. Hall, 1845) |
Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale) |
A river snail. |
Fungi
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Caenomyces |
C. eucalypti Knowlton, 1923 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A possible ascomycotan leaf spot fungus morphospecies. |
|
†C. planerae R.W. Brown, 1929 |
1 specimen |
A possible ascomycotan leaf spot fungus morphospecies. |
|||
†C. sapindicola Knowlton, 1923 |
1 specimen |
A possible ascomycotan leaf spot fungus morphospecies. |
|||
†E. longipes Bradley, 1931 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A Staurosporaen fungal spore of uncertain affiliation.[35][95] |
||
†E. willoughbyi Bradley, 1967 |
Lake Gosiute (Wilkins Peak Member) |
An aquatic chytridialean fungi.[96] |
|||
†P. askaulos Bradley, 1967 |
Lake Gosiute (Wilkins Peak Member) |
An aquatic chytridialean fungi.[96] |
|||
†S. myricae (Lesquereux) Meschinelli, 1892 |
Lake Gosiute |
1 specimen |
A possible ascomycotan leaf spot fungus morphospecies. |
Unicellular microbiota
[edit]Cyanobacteria
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chroococcaceae | Chroococcus |
?Cf. C. dispersus (Von Keissler) Lemmerman |
Lake Unita |
An aquatic chroococcacean cyanobacteria.[35] |
||
Lake Unita |
An aquatic chroococcacean cyanobacteria.[35] |
|||||
Coleofasciculaceae |
†S. anchistina Bradley, 1970 |
Lake Gosiute (Wilkins Peak Member) |
An aquatic coleofasciculacean cyanobacteria.[98] |
|||
†S. hedraia Bradley, 1970 |
Lake Gosiute (Wilkins Peak Member) |
An aquatic coleofasciculacean cyanobacteria.[98] |
||||
Gomontiellaceae | Crinalium |
?Cf. C. endophyticum Crow |
Lake Unita |
An aquatic gomontiellaceous cyanobacteria.[35] |
||
C. sp. |
Lake Unita |
An aquatic gomontiellaceous cyanobacteria. |
||||
H. confervaceus Borzi |
Lake Unita |
An aquatic hapalosiphonaceous cyanobacteria.[35] |
Algae
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cf. S.? lubricum (Dillwyn) Kützing |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A possible chaetophoraceous chlorophyte green algae.[35] |
|||
Chlorellaceae |
†C. coloniata Reis, 1923 |
A unicellular stromatolite forming green algae.[99] |
||||
†C. mantiensis Bradley, 1929 |
Lake Uinta (Manti beds) |
A filamentous stromatolite forming green algae.[99] |
||||
Cf. T. regulare var. torsum (Turner) Brunnthaler |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
||||
Cf. M. pachyderma (Wille) Lagerheim |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
||||
E. sp. |
Lake Unita |
|||||
Cf. C. verrucosum Retnsch |
Lake Unita |
|||||
†S. haywellensis Bradley, 1970 |
Lake Gosiute (Wilkins Peak Member) |
Charophytes
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†S. wyomingia Bradley, 1970 |
Lake Gosiute (Wilkins Peak Member) |
Euglenozoans
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cf. P. caudata Hübner, 1886 |
1 specimen |
A Euglenozoan algal flagellate.[35] |
Amoebozoans
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†D. calcifera Bradley, 931 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A difflugiid lobose testate amoeba.[35] |
|||
†Q. minuta Bradley, 1931 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
Cercozoans
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†E. robusticornis Bradley, 1931 |
Lake Unita |
Plants
[edit]Liverworts
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†J. eophilus (Cockerell) Steere, 1947 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A leafy liverwort morphospecies. |
Ferns
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aspleniaceae | Asplenium |
†A. delicatula (R.W. Brown) MacGinitie, 1969 |
A spleenwort fern leaf morphospecies.[101] |
|||
†A. eoligniticum Berry, 1916 |
Lake Unita |
2 specimens |
A spleenwort fern leaf morphospecies.[91][102] |
|||
Equisetaceae | Equisetum |
†E. haydenii Lesquereux, 1872 |
Not Green River Formation |
A scouring rush morphospecies. |
||
†E. winchesteri Brown, 1929 |
Lake Gosiute |
1 specimen |
A scouring rush morphospecies.[89][102] |
|||
†E. wyomingense Lesquereux, 1873 |
Lake Gosiute |
A scouring rush morphospecies.[89][102] |
||||
Lygodiaceae | Lygodium |
†L. dentoni Lesquereux, 1875 |
Rejected |
1? specimen |
A climbing fern species. |
|
†L. kaulfussi Heer, 1861 |
Fossil Lake |
Numerous |
A climbing fern species. |
|||
†D. coloradensis Knowlton, 1923 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A possible marattiaceous fern leaf morphospecies. |
|||
†M. sprungerorum Hermsen, 2019 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
Numerous |
||||
†Q.? sepulta (Newberry) Knowlton, 1923 |
Lake Gosiute |
2 specimens |
A possible osmundaceous fern leaf morphospecies. | |||
†A. berryi Brown, 1934 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A mosquito fern morphospecies.[91][102] |
|||
†A. hesperium Newberry, 1883 |
Lake Gosiute |
3 specimens |
A parkerioid leather fern leaf morphospecies.[89][102] |
Cycadalean palynomorphs
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†C. sp. |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
Numerous |
|||
†D. sp. |
5 specimens |
Conifers
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pinaceae |
†P. pinifructus Brown, 1929 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
First identified as a spruce seed. |
||
†P. balli Brown, 1934 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
||||
incertae sedis |
†T. eocenica Brown, 1929 |
Lake Uinta |
1 specimen |
Isolated conifer needles of uncertain affiliation. |
Conifer palynomorphs
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†A. concolipites Wodehouse, 1933 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
2 specimens |
A true fir palynomorph similar to Abies concolor.[104][102] |
||
†A. antiquus Wodehouse, 1933 |
2 specimens |
||||
†C. eocenicus Wodehouse, 1933 |
1 specimen |
A Cedrus libani cedar-like palyonomorph.[104][102] |
|||
†Inaperturopollenites |
†I. concedipites (Wodehouse) Krutzsch, 1971 |
6 specimens |
A Cunninghamia-like palyonomorph. |
||
†I. vacuipites (Wodehouse) Krutzsch, 1971 |
1 specimen |
A Chinese swamp cypress-like palyonomorph. |
|||
†P. grandivescipites Wodehouse, 1933 |
6 specimens |
||||
Pinus |
†P. scopulipites Wodehouse, 1933 |
Numerous |
A pine palyonomorph.[102] |
||
†P. strobipites Wodehouse, 1933 |
Numerous |
||||
†P. tuberculipites Wodehouse, 1933 |
6 specimens |
||||
†T. hiatipites Wodehouse, 1933 |
Numerous |
A bald cypress palyonomorph.[104][102] |
|||
†T. viridifluminipites (Wodehouse) R. Potonié, 1958 |
1 specimen |
A hemlock-like palyonomorph. |
Gnetalean palynomorphs
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†G. eocenipites (Wodehouse) R. Potonié, 1958 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
12 specimens |
An Ephedra-like palyonomorph. |
Magnoliids
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†I. eocenica Manchester & O'Leary, 2010 |
Lake Unita |
||||
Ocotea |
†O. coloradensis (R.W. Brown) LaMotte, 1952) |
Lake Unita |
2 specimens |
An Ocotea leaf morphospecies. |
|
†O. lancifolia (Lesquereux) LaMotte, 1952 |
Lake Gosiute |
2 secimens |
An Ocotea leaf morphospecies. |
Magnoliid palynomorphs
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†L. psilopites Wodehouse, 1933 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
1 specimen |
A Liriodendron tulipifera-like tulip tree palyonomorph.[104][102] |
Monocots
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†A. reperta Lesquereux, 1876 |
Lake Uinta |
Several specimens |
A giant cane grass morphospecies. | ||
†Cyperacites |
†C.? filiferus |
Lake Unita |
A number of specimens |
Likely rhizomes of monocots?. |
|
†C. haydenii (Lesquereux) Knowlton, 1898 |
Lake Gosiute |
Several specimens |
A sedge-like leaf morphospecies. |
||
†C. chavannesi Heer, 1855 |
1 specimen |
A sedge leaf morphospecies. |
|||
Dioscorea |
†D. lindgrenii Herrera & Manchester |
Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member) |
2 specimens |
sweet potato fruits[117] | |
†D. shermanii Herrera & Manchester |
1 specimen |
||||
Indeterminate |
Lake Uinta |
? |
Scrappy material tentatively identified as rush leaves. |
||
†M. complicatum Lesquereux, 1873 |
Lake Gosiute |
5 specimens |
A zingiberaceous monocot leaf morphotaxon.[89][102] |
||
†P. florissanti (Lesquereux) Read & Hickey, 1972 |
Fossil Lake |
A palm pinnate veined leaf morphospecies. |
|||
†P. haydenii (Newberry) Read & Hickey, 1972 |
1 specimen |
A palm palmate veined leaf morphospecies. |
|||
†S. powellii (Newberry) Berry, 1930 |
Fossil Lake |
A palm palmate veined leaf morphospecies. |
|||
Sparganium |
†S. antiquum (Newberry) Berry, 1924 |
Lake Gosiute |
A bur-reed leaf morphospecies. |
||
†S. eocenicum R.W. Brown, 1929 |
Lake Gosiute |
1 specimen |
Monocot palynomorphs
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Arecipites |
†A. punctatus Wodehouse, 1933 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
1 specimen |
A Phoenix dactylifera-like palm palyonomorph.[104][102] |
|
†A. rugosus Wodehouse, 1933 |
1 specimen |
||||
†P. davisii Wodehouse, 1933 |
1 specimen |
A tuckahoe-like arrow-arum palyonomorph.[104][102] |
|||
†P. hollickipites Wodehouse, 1933 |
Numerous |
A Potamogeton palyonomorph.[104][102] |
|||
†Smilacipites |
†S. echinatus Wodehouse, 1933 |
2 specimen |
|||
†S. herbaceoides Wodehouse, 1933 |
1 specimen |
||||
†S. molloides Wodehouse, 1933 |
1 specimen |
A Smilax mollis-like palyonomorph.[104][102] |
Ceratophyllales
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†C. muricatum incertum (Brown) Herendeen, Les, & Dilcher, 1990 |
Fossil Lake |
19 Specimens |
A prickly hornwort subspecies. |
Eudicots
[edit]Basal Eudicots
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†L.? microphylla Lesquereux, 1876 |
Rejected |
specimens missing |
First identified as a guitarplant leaf morphospecies. |
||
†M. wyomingensis (Knowlton & Cockerell) Manchester, 1986 |
A sycamore relative species. |
||||
"Mahonia" |
†"M." eocenica (R.W. Brown) C.A. Arnold, 1936 |
Lake Uinta |
1 Specimsn |
An oregon grape leaf morphospecies.[121] |
|
†N. borealis Heer, 1870 |
Rejected |
A basal trochodendroid |
|||
Lake Uinta (Wilkins Peak Member) |
Numerous |
Superasterids
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†A. cichorioides Knowlton, 1923 |
Lake Uinta |
1 specimen |
An asteraceous seed morphospecies.[102] |
||
†A. quinus (Macginitie) Doweld |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
An Apialean leaf mophogenus.[124] |
|||
†A. revelatus Cockerell, 1925 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A caryophyllacous flower morphotaxon.[50][102] |
||
†A. delicatula Lesquereux, 1885 |
2 specimens |
A possible bog rosemary morphospecies.[89][101] |
|||
†A. coloradensis Brown, 1929 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
An apocynaceous seed morphospecies.[92][91] |
||
†G. hueberi Lot, Manchester, & Dilcher, 1998 |
Fossil Lake |
1 specimen |
A polemoniaceous herb species.[125] |
||
†L. calycina Deanna et al. |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
3 specimens |
A nightshade family fruit[126] |
||
†O. elongatum MacGinitie, 1969 |
Lake Unita |
An Oreopanax leaf morphospecies. |
|||
†O. viridiflumensis (Knowlton) MacGinitie, 1969) |
Lake Uinta |
1 specimen |
An Osmanthus leaf morphospecies.[101] |
Superrosids
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†A. lesquereuxii Cockerell, 1927 |
A tree of heaven fruit morphospecies[102] |
||||
†A. flexifolia (Lesquereux) MacGinitie, 1969 |
Lake Gosiute |
4 Specimens |
An Allophylus leaf morphospecies.[101] First named Euonymus flexifolia (1885)[102] A. flexifolia synonymy
|
||
†A. utensis Cockerell, 1925 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
|||
†A. lindgreni Herendeen & Herrera, 2019 |
Fossil Lake |
3 specimens |
|||
†A. balli (R.W. Brown) MacGinitie, 1969 |
Lake Unita |
A sapindaceous leaf morphotype. |
|||
†B. schinoloxa (R. W. Brown) Manchester & Judd |
Lake Gosiute (Laney Member) |
Numerous |
An anacardiaceous samara.[128] |
||
†B. inaequalateralis (Lesquereux) MacGinitie, 1969 |
A bursera leaf morphotype.[101][128] First named as Alnites unaequalateralis (1876) B. inaequalateralis synonymy
|
||||
†"C." coloradensis (Knowlton) MacGinitie, 1969 |
Lake Uninta |
Numerous |
A possible ballon vine leaf morphospecies. Moved from Lomatia coloradensis (1929) "C." coloradensis synonymy
|
||
†C. nervosum (Newberry) Manchester, 1989 |
Lake Uinta |
Numerous |
An ulmaceous species. First named as Planera nervosa (1883) C. nervosum synonymy
|
||
†C. winchesteri (Knowlton) MacGinitie, 1969 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A staff vine leaf morphospecies.[101] |
||
†C. emarginatum |
Lake Unita |
A staff vine relative leaf morphospecies. |
|||
†C. mccoshii Lesquereux, 1883 |
Lake Gosiute |
2 specimens |
A hackberry leaf morphospecies. |
||
†C. tenuinervis (Lesquereux) R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Lake Gosiute |
1 specimen |
A redbud leaf morphospecies.[89][91][102] |
||
†C. parrottiaefolia Lesquereux, 1876 |
Rejected |
3 specimens |
A grape relative leaf morphospecies. |
||
†D. eocenica (R.W. Brown) MacGinitie, 1969 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A winter-hazel leaf morphotype. |
||
†G. hesperia (R.W. Brown) MacGinitie, 1969 |
Lake Uinta |
A coffeetree leaf morphospecies.[92]Moved from Cassia hesperia (1929) |
|||
Juglans |
†J. crossii Knowlton, 1898 |
Lake Gosiute |
1 specimen? |
||
†J. bilinica Unger, 1850 |
1 specimen |
A walnut leaf morphospecies.[89] Moved from Hicoria juglandiformis (1898)[102] |
|||
†J. schimperi Lesquereux, 1873 |
Lake Unita |
A walnut leaf morphospecies. |
|||
†Leguminosites |
†L. alternans Lesquereux, 1875 [1876] |
Rejected |
A legume leaf morphospecies.[89] |
||
†L. lesquereuxiana Knowlton, 1898 |
Lake Unita |
A legume leaf morphospecies.[89] L. lesquereuxiana synonymy
|
|||
†L. callarche Cockerell, 1925 |
Lake Unita |
2 specimens |
|||
†M. salicina Unger, 1850 |
Rejected |
sp missing |
Identified as an European Myrica species |
||
†P. lepidioides (Cockerell) Deanna et al. |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
Numerous |
A tetramelaceous leaf morphotype.[130] |
||
†P. coloradensis (Knowlton) Call & Dilcher, 1994 |
Lake Uinta |
A legume leaf morphospecies. Moved from Mimosites coloradensis (1923).[131] P. coloradensis synonymy
|
|||
†P. castaneopsis (Lesquereux) Wing & Hickey, 1984 |
Fossil Lake |
A Platycarya species. |
|||
Populus |
†P. cinnamomoides (Lesquereux) MacGinitie, 1969 |
Lake Uinta |
Numerous |
An Aspen/cottonwood relative. First described as Ceanothus cinnamomoides (1872) P. cinnamomoides synonymy
|
|
†P. wilmattae Cockerell, 1925 |
Lake Uinta |
Numerous |
An Aspen/cottonwood relative.[50][133] |
||
†P. tidwellii Manchester, Judd, & Handley, 2006 |
Lake Uinta |
Numerous |
An Aspen/cottonwood relative.[133] |
||
†P. stewarti MacGinitie, 1969 |
Lake Gosiute |
A cherry leaf morphospecies. |
|||
†P. handleyi Boucher, Manchester, & Judd, 2003 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
A salicaceous species.[134] |
|||
†P. paliuruoides (R.W. Brown)Manchester & O'Leary, 2010 |
Lake Unita |
A Rhamnaceae seed morphospecies.[111] | |||
†P. glandulosa (Brown) Manchester, Judd, & Kodrul, 2023 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
Numerous |
A tetramelaceous leaf morphotype.[130] |
||
Quercus |
†Q. castaneopsis Lesquereux, 1883 |
Lake Gosiute |
Several fragmentary specimens |
An oak morphospecies. P. cinnamomoides synonymy
|
|
†Q. drymeja Unger, 1847 |
Rejected |
An oak morphospecies. |
|||
†Q. utensis Cockerell, 1927 |
Lake Unita |
An oak morphospecies.[102] Considered nomen dubium by MacGinitie (1969).[101] |
|||
Rhus |
†R. longepetiolata (Lesquereux) R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Lake Gosiute |
An anacardiaceous leaf morphotype. |
||
†"R." nigricans (Lesquereux) Knowlton, 1923 |
Lake Gosiute (Laney Member) |
Numerous |
An anacardiaceous leaf morphotype.[128] Moved from Myrica nigricans (1929). Possibly the leaves of Barkleya schinoloxa. "R." nigricans synonymy
|
||
RainbowiaRainbowia |
†R. rhamnoides Manchester & O'Leary, 2010 |
Lake Unita |
A Rhamnaceae seed morphospecies.[111] | ||
Salix |
†S. cockerelli R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Lake Unita |
4 Specimens |
||
†S. longiacuminata Knowlton ex R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Lake Gosiute |
1 specimen |
A willow leaf morphospecies.[89][102] |
||
Sapindus |
†S. dentoni Lesquereux, 1876 |
Lake Unita |
A soapberry leaf morphotype. |
||
Lake Unita |
A soapberry leaf morphotype. |
||||
†S.? hesperium Knowlton, 1923 |
Lake Uinta |
1 specimen |
A possible stonecrop leaf morphospecies.[89] |
||
†S. vexans Cockerell, 1906 |
Lake Gosiute |
A sumac leaf morphospecies. |
|||
†S. coloradensis R.W. Brown, 1929 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A sterculioid leaf morphospecies.[92][101] |
||
†S. americana (Lesquereux) Manchester, Dilcher, & Wing, 1998 |
Lake Unita |
Circa 26 specimens |
A myrtaceous species. |
||
†T. eocenica R.W. Brown, 1929 |
Lake Unita |
A soap berry leaf morphospecies.[92][101] |
|||
†T. winchesteri (Knowlton) MacGinitie, 1969 |
Lake Gosiute |
A poison oak leaf morphospecies. |
|||
†W. multiseriatum Boonchai, Manchester & Wheeler |
Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale Member) |
1 specimen |
Eudicot palynomorphs
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†A. berryi Wodehouse, 1933 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
An Ailanthus glandulosa-like soapberry family palynomorph.[104][102] |
|||
†A. speciipites (Wodehouse) Raatz, 1938 |
Numerous |
An alder-like palynomorph. |
|||
†B. claripites Wodehouse, 1933 |
3 specimens |
A Betula lenta-like birch palynomorph.[104][102] |
|||
†C. viridi-fluminis Wodehouse, 1933 |
1 specimen |
A caprifoliaceous-like palynomorph.[104][102] |
|||
†C. ancipites Wodehouse, 1933 |
|||||
Carya |
†C. juxtaporipites (Wodehouse) LaMotte, 1952 |
1 specimen |
A hickory-like palynomorph. |
||
†C. viridi-fluminipitis (Wodehouse) Wilson & Webster, 1944 |
1 specimen |
A Carya myristiciformis-like hickory palynomorph. |
|||
Ericipites |
†E. brevisulcatus Wodehouse, 1933 |
1 specimen |
A Calluna vulgaris-like heath family palynomorph.[104][102] |
||
†E. longisulcatus Wodehouse, 1933 |
2 specimens |
A heath family-like palynomorph.[104][102] |
|||
†J. nigripites (Wodehouse) Wingate & Nichols, 2001 |
1 specimen |
A walnut-like palynomorph. |
|||
†Momipites |
†M. corylipites (Wodehouse) D.J. Nichols, 1973 |
2 specimens |
An Engelhardia-like palynomorph. |
||
†M. coryloides Wodehouse, 1933 |
Numerous |
A Celtis iguanaea-like hackberry palynomorph.[104][102] |
|||
†M. dubius Wodehouse, 1933 |
1 specimen |
||||
†M. ambiguipites Wodehouse, 1933 |
1 specimen |
A Myriophyllum spicatum-like watermillfoil family palynomorph.[104][102] |
|||
†R. bradleyi Wodehouse, 1933 |
4 specimens |
A Rhus typhina-like cashew family palynomorph.[104][102] |
|||
†S. discoloripites Wodehouse, 1933 |
Numerous |
A Salix discolor and S. fragilis-like willow palynomorph.[104][102] |
|||
†T. fischeri Wodehouse, 1933 |
Numerous |
A Talisia depressa-like soapberry family palynomorph.[104][102] |
|||
Tilia |
†T. crassipites Wodehouse, 1933 |
1 specimen |
A Tilia americana-like linden palynomorph.[104][102] |
||
†T. tetraforaminipites Wodehouse, 1933 |
3 specimens |
A Tilia americana-like linden palynomorph.[104][102] |
|||
†T. vescipites Wodehouse, 1933 |
1 specimens |
A Tilia americana-like linden palynomorph.[104][102] |
|||
†V. dubius Wodehouse, 1933 |
1 specimen |
A Vitis vinifera-like grape family palynomorph.[104][102] |
Angiosperms of uncertain affiliation
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†A. cichorioides Knowlton, 1923 |
A achene like structure of unidentified affiliation.[89][101] |
||||
†Antholithes |
†A. dubia R.W. Brown, 1929 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
An 8-lobed/petaled flower of unidentified affiliation.[89] |
|
†A. improbus Lesquereux, 1883 |
2 specimens |
A flowering structure of unidentified affiliation.[89] |
|||
†A. vitaciflora R.W. Brown, 1929 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
|||
†A. winchesteri (Knowlton) MacGinitie, 1969 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A flowering structure of unidentified affiliation.[101] |
||
†A. sp 1 R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Fossil Lake |
1 specimen |
A possibly cruciferous or orrograceous flower of unidentified affiliation.[91] |
||
†A. sp 2 R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A flower with many stamens of unidentified affiliation.[91] |
||
†A. sp 3 R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A malvaceous looking flower of unidentified affiliation.[91] |
||
†A. sp 4 R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A flower with a superior ovary surrounded by the five-toothed calyx.[91] |
||
†A. sp 5 R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A flower with tubular receptacle surmounted by a four-parted calyx.[91] |
||
†A. sp 7 R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Fossil Lake |
1 specimen |
A large flower or a badly distorted leaf of a Nelumbo?[91] |
||
†B. sprungerorum Manchester & Lott, 2019 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
Numerous |
|||
†Carpites |
†C. inquirenda Knowlton, 1923 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A nutlet or fruit of unidentified affiliation.[89] |
|
†C. newberryanus Knowlton, 1923 |
3 specimens |
A nutlet of unidentified affiliation. |
|||
†C. viburni Lesquereux, 1878 |
1 specimen |
A seed or nutlet of unidentified affiliation.[89] |
|||
†Carpolithus |
†C. alabaccus R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A winged or membranous fruit of unidentified affiliation.[91] |
|
†C. caryophylloides Knowlton, 1923 |
Lake Unita |
A dry capsular fruit of unidentified affiliation.[89] |
|||
†C. cassioides R.W. Brown, 1929 |
Lake Unita |
2 specimens? |
|||
†C. insectoides R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A winged fruit of unidentified affiliation.[91] |
||
†C. palrnites R.W. Brown, 1929 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A palm fruit or husk like fossil of unidentified affiliation.[92] |
||
†C. prunoides R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A flattened fruit of unidentified affiliation.[92] |
||
†C. serratifolius R.W. Brown, 1929 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
Branchlet with leaves and fruits of possible salicaceous affinity.[92][134] |
||
†C. vitaceus R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
|||
†Caulinites |
†C. acanthus R.W. Brown, 1929 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A thorny stem of unidentified affiliation.[92] |
|
†C. prehensus R.W. Brown, 1929 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A climbing plant tendril of unidentified affiliation.[92] |
||
†D. lesquereuxii (Knowlton) J.A. Wolfe & Tanai, 1987 |
1 specimen |
A leaf of uncertain affiliation. |
|||
†P. comptonifolia (Brown) Manchester, Judd, & Kodrul, 2023 |
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member) |
A pentapetalean eudicot of uncertain affiliation.[144] |
|||
†Phyllites |
†P. ericoides R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A thick leaf of unidentified affiliation.[91] |
|
†P. fremonti Unger, 1850 |
Rejected |
1 specimen |
A leaf of unidentified affiliation.[89] |
||
†P. glandiferus R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
An odd-pinnately compound leaf of possible fabaceous affinity.[91] |
||
†P. juncoides R.W. Brown, 1929 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A leaf of unidentified affiliation.[92] |
||
†P. ouratea R.W. Brown, 1934 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A possibly herbaceous leaf of unidentified affinity.[91] |
||
†P. winchesteri Knowlton, 1923 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A leaf of unidentified affiliation.[89] |
Plants of uncertain affiliation
[edit]Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Rhizocaulon |
†R. dichotomum R.W. Brown, 1929 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A root of unidentified affiliation. |
|
†R. natans R.W. Brown, 1929 |
Lake Unita |
1 specimen |
A rootlet of unidentified affiliation. |
References
[edit]- ^ De Carvalho, Marcelo R.; Maisey, John G.; Grande, Lance (June 2004). "Freshwater Stingrays of the Green River Formation of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With the Description of a New Genus and Species and an Analysis of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 284: 1–136. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2004)284<0001:FSOTGR>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0090.
- ^ a b Grande, Lance (2001), Gunnell, Gregg F. (ed.), "An Updated Review of the Fish Faunas From the Green River Formation, the World's Most Productive Freshwater Lagerstätten", Eocene Biodiversity: Unusual Occurrences and Rarely Sampled Habitats, Topics in Geobiology, vol. 18, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1–38, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1271-4_1, ISBN 978-1-4615-1271-4
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- ^ Brochu, Christopher A. (2010-07-14). "A new alligatorid from the lower Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming and the origin of caimans". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (4): 1109–1126. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1109B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.483569. ISSN 0272-4634.
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- ^ Clarke, Julia A.; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Smith, N. Adam; Norell, Mark A. (2009-10-26). "Combined phylogenetic analysis of a new North American fossil species confirms widespread Eocene distribution for stem rollers (Aves, Coracii): NEW SPECIES FROM THE EOCENE GREEN RIVER FORMATION". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 157 (3): 586–611. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00550.x.
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- ^ Wetmore, A. (1930). "The Supposed Plumage of the Eocene Diatryma" (PDF). Auk. 47 (4): 579–580. doi:10.2307/4075897. JSTOR 4075897.
- ^ Chaney, R.W. (1944). "A fossil cactus from the Eocene of Utah". American Journal of Botany. 31 (8): 507–528. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1944.tb08065.x. JSTOR 2437414.
- ^ Brown, R.W. (1959). "Some Paleobotanical Problematica". Journal of Paleontology. 33 (1): 120–124. JSTOR 1300816.
- ^ Becker, H. F. (1962). "Reassignment of Eopuntia to Cyperacites". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 89 (5): 319–330. doi:10.2307/2482937. JSTOR 2482937.
- ^ Herrera, F.; Manchester, S. R. (2024). "Earliest Dioscorea fruits (Dioscoreaceae) from North America". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 185 (5): 474–481. doi:10.1086/729607. S2CID 267284371.
- ^ a b Read, R.W.; Hickey, L.J. (1972). "A revised classification of fossil palm and palm-like leaves". Taxon. 21 (1): 129–137. doi:10.2307/1219237. JSTOR 1219237.
- ^ Herendeen, P.S.; Les, D.H.; Dilcher, D.L. (1990). "Fossil Ceratophyllum (Ceratophyllaceae) from the Tertiary of North America". American Journal of Botany. 77 (1): 7–16. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1990.tb13522.x.
- ^ Manchester, S. R. (1986). "Vegetative and reproductive morphology of an extinct plane tree (Platanaceae) from the Eocene of western North America". Botanical Gazette. 147 (2): 200–226. doi:10.1086/337587. S2CID 83715341.
- ^ Arnold, C.A. (1936). "Some fossil species of Mahonia from the Tertiary of Eastern and Southeastern Oregon". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 5 (4): 63.
- ^ Manchester, S. R.; Crane, P. R.; Dilcher, D. L. (1991). "Nordenskioldia and Trochodendron fruits (Trochodendraceae) from the Miocene of northwestern North America". Botanical Gazette. 152: 357–368. doi:10.1086/337898. S2CID 84230472.
- ^ Han, M.; Manchester, S.; Fu, Q.-Y.; Jin, J.-H.; Quan, C. (2018). "Paleogene fossil fruits of Stephania (Menispermaceae) from North America and East Asia". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 56 (2): 81–91. doi:10.1111/jse.12288. S2CID 90749898.
- ^ Alexander B. Doweld (2017). "Allopanax and Boreopanax, New Names of Fossil Araliales". Annales Botanici Fennici. 54 (4–6): 263–266. doi:10.5735/085.054.0608. S2CID 90295525.
- ^ Lott, T.A.; Manchester, S.R.; Dilcher, D.L. (1998). "A unique and complete polemoniaceous plant from the middle Eocene of Utah, USA". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 104 (1): 39–49. Bibcode:1998RPaPa.104...39L. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(98)00048-7.
- ^ Deanna, R.; Martínez, C.; Manchester, S.; Wilf, P.; Campos, A.; Knapp, S.; Chiarini, F. E.; Barboza, G. E.; Bernardello, G.; Sauquet, H.; Dean, E.; Orejuela, A.; Smith, S. D. (2023). "Fossil berries reveal global radiation of the nightshade family by the early Cenozoic". New Phytologist. 238 (6): 2685–2697. Bibcode:2023NewPh.238.2685D. doi:10.1111/nph.18904. PMID 36960534. S2CID 257715632.
- ^ Patrick S. Herendeen; Fabiany Herrera (2019). "Eocene fossil legume leaves referable to the extant genus Arcoa (Caesalpinioideae, Leguminosae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 180 (3): 220–231. doi:10.1086/701468. S2CID 92041312.
- ^ a b c Manchester, S. R.; Judd, W. S. (2022). "Extinct Anacardiaceous Samaras and Sumac-Like Leaves from the Eocene of Western North America". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 183 (5): 357–366. doi:10.1086/719948. S2CID 247868997.
- ^ Manchester, S.R. (1989). "Attached reproductive and vegetative remains of the extinct American-European genus Cedrelospermum (Ulmaceae) from the Early Tertiary of Utah and Colorado". American Journal of Botany. 76 (2): 256–276. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1989.tb11309.x.
- ^ a b c d Correa Narvaez, J. E.; Allen, S. E.; Huegele, I. B.; Manchester, S. R. (2023). "Fossil leaves and fruits of Tetramelaceae (Curcurbitales) from the Eocene of the Rocky Mountain region, USA, and their biogeographic significance". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 184 (3): 177–200. doi:10.1086/724018. S2CID 256185427.
- ^ Call, V.B.; Dilcher, D.L. (1994). "Parvileguminophyllum coloradensis, a new combination for Mimosites coloradensis Knowlton, Green River Formation of Utah and Colorado". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 80 (3–4): 306. Bibcode:1994RPaPa..80..305C. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(94)90007-8.
- ^ Wing, S. L.; Hickey, L. J. (1984). "The Platycarya perplex and the evolution of the Juglandaceae". American Journal of Botany. 71 (3): 388–411. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1984.tb12525.x.
- ^ a b c Manchester, S.R.; Judd, W.S.; Handley, B. (2006). "Foliage and fruits of early poplars (Salicaceae: Populus) from the Eocene of Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 167 (4): 897–908. doi:10.1086/503918.
- ^ a b Boucher, L.D.; Manchester, S.R.; Judd, W.S. (2003). "An extinct genus of Salicaceae based on twigs with attached flowers, fruits, and foliage from the Eocene Green River Formation of Utah and Colorado, USA". American Journal of Botany. 90 (9): 1389–1399. doi:10.3732/ajb.90.9.1389. PMID 21659238.
- ^ Manchester, S.R.; Dilcher, D.L.; Wing, S.L. (1998). "Attached leaves and fruits of myrtaceous affinity from the Middle Eocene of Colorado". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 102 (3–4): 153–163. Bibcode:1998RPaPa.102..153M. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(98)80002-X.
- ^ Nareerat Boonchai; Steven R. Manchester; Elisabeth A. Wheeler (2015). "Welkoetoxylon multiseriatum: fossil moraceous wood from the Eocene Green River Formation, Wyoming, U.S.A.". IAWA Journal. 36 (2): 158–166. doi:10.1163/22941932-00000093.
- ^ "Alni-pollenites speciipites". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
- ^ "Carya juxtaporipites". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
- ^ "Carya viridi-fluminipitis". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
- ^ "Juglanspollenites nigripites". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
- ^ "Momipites corylipites". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
- ^ Steven Manchester; Terry A. Lott (2019). "Bonanzacarpum sprungerorum sp. nov. – a bizarre fruit from the Eocene Green River Formation in Utah, USA" (PDF). Fossil Imprint. 75 (2): 281–288. doi:10.2478/if-2019-0016. S2CID 209378482.
- ^ Wolfe, J.A.; Tanai, T. (1987). "Systematics, Phylogeny, and Distribution of Acer (maples) in the Cenozoic of Western North America". Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and Mineralogy. 22 (1): 1–246.
- ^ Manchester, S. R.; Judd, W. S.; Kodrul, T. (2023). "First recognition of the extinct eudicot genus Palibinia in North America: Leaves and fruits of Palibinia comptonifolia (R.W.Br.) comb. nov. from the Eocene of Utah and Colorado, USA". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 62: 149–163. doi:10.1111/jse.13011.