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Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

Coordinates: 31°31′27″N 35°06′42″E / 31.52417°N 35.11167°E / 31.52417; 35.11167
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Cave of the Patriarchs massacre
Part of Israeli settler violence
The compound in 2009
Hebron is located in the West Bank
Hebron
Hebron
class=notpageimage|
Location of Hebron within the West Bank
Hebron is located in State of Palestine
Hebron
Hebron
class=notpageimage|
Location of Hebron within the de jure State of Palestine
LocationHebron, West Bank
DateFebruary 25, 1994; 30 years ago (1994-02-25)
TargetMuslim worshippers
Attack type
Zionist terrorism, mass murder, mass shooting
WeaponsIMI Galil
Deaths30 (including the perpetrator)
Injured125
PerpetratorBaruch Goldstein
MotiveAnti-Palestinian racism, Jewish extremism
Part of a series on
Islamophobia
No mosque
Issues
Status by country
Examples
Attacks on mosques:

Genocide:

Massacres, torture, expulsion:

Other incidents:

Media
Opposition

The Cave of the Patriarchs massacre, also known as the Ibrahimi Mosque massacre[1] or the Hebron massacre,[2] was a mass shooting carried out by Baruch Goldstein, an American-Israeli physician and extremist of the far-right ultra-Zionist Kach movement. On 25 February 1994, during the Jewish holiday of Purim, which had overlapped in that year with the Islamic holy month of Ramadan,[3] Goldstein, dressed in Israeli army uniform,[4] opened fire with an assault rifle on a large gathering of Palestinian Muslims praying in the Ibrahimi Mosque in Hebron. He killed 29 people, including children as young as 12, and wounded 125 others.[5] Goldstein was overpowered and beaten to death by survivors.

The atrocity strained the Israeli-Palestinian Oslo Accords peace process, immediately setting off mass protests by Palestinians throughout the West Bank. During the ensuing clashes, 20 to 26 Palestinians were killed while 120 were injured in confrontations with the Israeli military,[6] and 9 Israeli Jews were also killed.[7]

Goldstein was widely denounced in Israel and by communities in the Jewish diaspora,[8] with many attributing his act to insanity.[9] Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin condemned the attack, describing Goldstein as a "degenerate murderer" and "a shame on Zionism and an embarrassment to Judaism".[10][11][12] Some Jewish settlers in Hebron lauded him as a hero, viewing his attack as a pre-emptive strike and his subsequent death as an act of martyrdom.[13] Following statements in support of Goldstein's actions, the Jewish ultranationalist Kach party was banned and designated a terrorist organization by the Israeli government.[14]

Background of Baruch Goldstein

In the 1970s, Baruch Goldstein, who was born and lived in Brooklyn, New York, was a charter member of the Jewish Defense League.[15] After emigrating to Israel in 1983,[16] he served as a physician in the Israel Defense Forces, first as a conscript, then in the reserve forces. Following the end of his active duty, Goldstein worked as a physician and lived in the Kiryat Arba settlement near Hebron, where he served as an emergency doctor.[17] Goldstein became involved with Kach, and maintained a strong personal relationship with Kahane, whose views, regarded by the Israeli government as racist, had caused his party to be banned from the Knesset in 1988.[18] Kahane was assassinated in 1990 by Arab terrorist El Sayyid Nosair in New York City, and Goldstein reportedly swore to take revenge for the killing.[19] Goldstein was elected to Kiryat Arba city council and in this capacity assisted in establishing a memorial park dedicated to Kahane.

In 1981, Goldstein wrote a letter, published in The New York Times, which said that Israel "must act decisively to remove the Arab minority from within its borders", which "could be accomplished by initially offering encouragement and incentives to Arabs to leave of their own accord".[20] In October 1993, inside the Ibrahimi mosque, acid was poured over the floor, leaving giant holes in the carpets, and six worshippers were assaulted. From the evidence of the sanctuary guards, Goldstein was identified as the culprit. A letter was written to Yitzhak Rabin, the then Israeli Prime Minister, by the Muslim authorities "regarding the dangers" of Goldstein and asking for action to be taken to prevent daily violations of the mosque.[21] Four years before the massacre, an agent of Shin Bet, the Israeli internal security service, who had infiltrated Kach, passed a warning to his superiors about the danger posed by Goldstein. The agent ascribed to Goldstein the statement, "There will be a day when one Jew will take revenge on the Arabs."[21]

In Hebron, as elsewhere in the West Bank, tensions ran high after the Oslo Accords were signed in 1993.[22] Israeli sociologist Baruch Kimmerling however noted that before the massacre, "expressions of Palestinian armed resistance were rare and lacked broad popular support, despite the growing colonization of the West Bank and obstacles to Palestinian economic growth."[23] On 6 December 1993, Goldstein's close friend Mordechai Lapid and his son Shalom Lapid were killed in Hebron.[24][25] As the settlement's emergency responder, Goldstein was present at the murder scene, and he referred to the killers as "nazis".[16]

As the settlement's main emergency doctor, Goldstein was involved in treating victims of Arab-Israeli violence prior to that incident as well. He expressed anti-Arab feelings far before the massacre. Israeli press reports stated that Goldstein refused to treat Arabs, even those serving in the IDF; this was also reflected in comments by his acquaintances. He was known to refuse to treat Druze soldiers who served in the West Bank, claiming that it was against Jewish laws to treat non-Jews.[26][27] However, these anonymous claims were repudiated by a number of sources, including Dr. Manfred Lehman and Dr. Chaim Simons, quoting the Shamgar Commission report.[28][better source needed]

Massacre

The date 25 February 1994 coincided with the Jewish festival of Purim and fell during the Muslim Ramadan. On the eve of the massacre, Goldstein listened to a reading in the Hall of Abraham of the Scroll of Esther, and spoke to others of the need to behave like Esther. Some[who?] consider it not coincidental that he then carried out the murders as Purim was celebrated. In this context, the festival of Purim was associated with a reading that concerns Amalek, with whom, in Israeli extremist rhetoric, Palestinians are often identified.[8] Joseph Tuman has conjectured he saw himself as Mordecai.[29] Ian Lustick thinks it likely Goldstein thought of Yasser Arafat as a modern-day Haman.[30][31] Both Jews and Muslims were permitted to access their respective parts of the compound. At 5:00 a.m. on February 25, around 800 Palestinian Muslims passed through the east gate of the cave to participate in Fajr, the first of the five daily Islamic prayers.[32] The cave was under Israeli Army guard, but of the nine soldiers supposed to have been on duty, four were late turning up, and only one officer was there.

Shortly afterwards, passing through the Hall of Abraham, Goldstein entered the Hall of Isaac, where some 800 Muslims were at prayer.[33] He was dressed in his army uniform and carried an IMI Galil assault rifle and four magazines of ammunition, which held a total of 140 rounds in 35 rounds per magazine. He was not stopped by the guards, who assumed that he was an officer entering the tomb to pray in an adjacent chamber reserved for Jews. Standing in front of the only exit from the hall and positioned to the rear of the Muslim worshippers, he is reported as having thrown a grenade into the middle of the hall before opening fire,[33][34] eventually killing 29 people and wounding another 125, among them children. Several people were left with paralyzing wounds.[35] According to survivors, Goldstein bided his time until sujūd, the part of the prayer where worshippers prostrate themselves with their heads on the floor.[36] He was overcome when someone in the crowd hurled a fire extinguisher which struck him on the head, allowing the crowd to disarm and then beat him to death.[3]

Reports after the massacre were often contradictory. There was initial uncertainty about whether Goldstein had acted alone; it was reported that eyewitnesses had seen "another man, also dressed as a soldier, handing him ammunition".[37] There were many testimonies that made mention of Israeli guards outside the cave having opened fire. Israeli military officials claim that no Israeli troops fired on the Palestinian worshippers. However, The New York Times interviewed over 40 Palestinian eyewitnesses, many of whom were confined to hospital beds with gunshot wounds, and thus "unable to compare notes".[38] All witnesses corroborated that three Israeli guards opened fire, likely in panic amid the confusion, as the Muslims fled the shrine, with at least one soldier firing into the crowd.[34] During the inquiry, an Israeli Army official said three worshippers died in the stampede following the attack and five Palestinians were killed in street riots within Hebron later that day.[38]

The testimony of various Israeli military officials was often contradictory. For instance, Danny Yatom asserted that two of the guards had fired six or seven shots in the confusion "but only in the air," while the two guards themselves, sergeants Kobi Yosef and Niv Drori, later testified to firing four shots "chest high".[39] The guards' testimony was also at odds with the testimony of their ranking officer in claiming they had seen another Jewish settler enter the cave bearing arms.[39] Tikva Honig-Parnass wrote that 10 Palestinians were killed and more than 100 injured by Israeli soldiers who continued to shoot at those who were trying to flee the mosque, at those who were evacuating the wounded, and at people who were rioting at the Ahli hospital. Arafat Baya’at, for one, is reported as having been shot dead by Israeli troops outside the hospital when he picked up a stone to throw at soldiers after seeing a friend of his being carried out of an ambulance.[40] Several Palestinian survivors have told that they believe Israeli soldiers collaborated with Goldstein, stating there were fewer soldiers than usual at the mosque, and that exclusively on that day the metal detector was turned-off and no-one conducted searches: "they [the soldiers] were relaxed and laughing, they didn't think anybody was going to get out alive", said one man who was left paralyzed as a result of being shot by Goldstein.[35]

Violence in the aftermath

As word of the incident spread throughout the occupied territories, confrontations broke out in which a further 20 Palestinians were killed and 120 injured.[33]

In Israel

Two separate suicide bombings took place in April 1994, carried out by Palestinian militants inside Israel and launched by Hamas' Izzedine al-Qassam Brigades in retaliation for the massacre carried out by Goldstein.[41] A total of 8 Israeli civilians were killed and 55 wounded in the first attack, which took place in Afula on 6 April,[42] at the end of the forty-day mourning period for Goldstein's victims.[43] Six more were killed and 30 injured in Hadera bus station suicide bombing a week later. Those were the first suicide bombings carried out by Palestinian militants inside Israel. According to Matti Steinberg, then Shin Bet head's advisor on Palestinian affairs, Hamas had until then refrained from attacking civilian targets inside Israel, and the change in this policy was a result of Goldstein's massacre.[44]

In the United States

Four days after the massacre, on 1 March 1994, on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City, Lebanese-born immigrant Rashid Baz shot at a van of 15 Chabad-Lubavitch Orthodox Jewish students, killing one and injuring three others.[45] During the shooting spree, the gunman reportedly shouted in Arabic "Kill the Jews," expressing revenge for the massacre four days prior.

Palestinian casualties

Goldstein murdered 29 Palestinians in the attack, including six children fourteen years old or younger.[46] Several people were left with paralyzing wounds. In an article commemorating the event's 20th anniversary, Al Jazeera reported that local Palestinians estimated the total number of deaths to be between 50 and 70, with an additional 250 people injured that day.[35]

Response

Israeli government

The Kach movement, with which Goldstein was affiliated, was outlawed as a terrorist organization after issuing statements supporting Goldstein.[47] The cabinet decided to confiscate the weapons of a small number[48] they regarded as right-wing extremists and put them in administrative detention, all the while denying the PLO's request that all settlers be disarmed and that an international force be established to protect Palestinians from Israeli aggression. The Israeli government also took extreme measures against Palestinians following the massacre, banning them from certain streets in Hebron, such as Al-Shuhada Street, where many Palestinians have homes and businesses, and opening them to the exclusive access of Jewish Israelis and foreign tourists.[49]

In an address to the Knesset, Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin denounced Goldstein. Rabin, addressing not just Goldstein and his legacy, but also other settlers he regarded as militant, declared,

You are not part of the community of Israel... You are not part of the national democratic camp which we all belong to in this house, and many of the people despise you. You are not partners in the Zionist enterprise. You are a foreign implant. You are an errant weed. Sensible Judaism spits you out. You placed yourself outside the wall of Jewish law... We say to this horrible man and those like him: you are a shame on Zionism and an embarrassment to Judaism.[10]

Rabin considered that his failure to close down the Jewish settlements in Hebron after the massacre one of his greatest political mistakes.[50] He was himself assassinated by another right-wing extremist one and a half years later, after signing the Oslo Accords.

Benjamin Netanyahu, then head of the opposition Likud party, declared, "This was a despicable crime. I express my unequivocal condemnation."[51]

Shamgar Commission

The Israeli government appointed a commission of inquiry headed by then president of the Supreme Court, Judge Meir Shamgar. The commission in the epilogue to its report called the massacre "a base and murderous act, in which innocent people bending in prayer to their maker were killed". Among its specific conclusions were:

  • Goldstein acted alone in planning the massacre, telling no one of his scheme.[52]
  • Coordination between the IDF, the police, and the Civil Administration was problematic.
  • The political leadership and security forces could not have been expected to predict the massacre.
  • Testimony from survivors referring to IDF assistance and grenade explosions in the massacre was found to be contradictory and inconsistent; investigators did not find any grenade fragments.[1]
  • There were, as claimed by some Jews seeking to justify Goldstein's actions as a preemptive strike, substantial warnings of a coming Hamas terror attack against Jews.[52] It further stated:
8.2a "... warnings were issued regarding an expected attack by Hamas following the distribution of its leaflets in Hebron."
8.7a "Following an incident in Abu-Dis, which ended in the deaths of a number of members of Az-A-Din Al-Qassam [of Hamas], emotions ran high among the Moslem worshipers (about two hundred), who shouted hostile slogans ("Qassam", "kill the Jews"), [at the Jewish worshipers], making it necessary to call in army and Border Police forces. According to one of the Moslem witnesses, the Jews also shouted hostile slogans." (This is in reference to persons present on the previous evening.)
8.8a "Those in charge of security at the Tomb were given no intelligence reports that an attack by a Jew against Moslem worshipers could be expected, particularly since intelligence reports warned of the opposite: an attack by Hamas. Therefore, there was concern about an attack by Arabs against Jews."[53]

Critics of the commission have suggested that Shamgar's judicial record has "consistently displayed his leniency toward the settlers, including those convicted of crimes against the Palestinians, but especially toward the soldiers who had fired at the Palestinians" and that his career reflected a history of pro-settler activism by promoting expropriation of Palestinian land to Jewish settlement that is against international law.[54]

Israeli public

There was widespread condemnation of the massacre in Israel.[55] The Jewish Settler Council declared that the act was "not Jewish, not humane".[56] A poll found that 78.8% of Israeli adults condemned the Hebron massacre, while 3.6% praised Goldstein.[57] A more recent poll indicates 10% of Israeli Jews see Goldstein as a hero, 57% as a terrorist, and the rest are undecided.[58]

Most religious leaders denounced the attack. The Sephardi Chief Rabbi said "I am simply ashamed that a Jew carried out such a villainous and irresponsible act",[59] and suggested that he be buried outside the cemetery.[56] His Ashkenazi counterpart, Yisrael Meir Lau, called it "a desecration of God's name".[59] Rabbi Yehuda Amital of Gush Etzion said Goldstein had "besmirched the Jewish nation and the Torah".[60] Some rabbis reacted with ambivalence to the massacre,[61] and a few praised Goldstein and called his undertaking "an act of martyrdom".[62] At Goldstein's funeral, Rabbi Yaacov Perrin claimed that even one million Arabs are "not worth a Jewish fingernail".[63][64][65] In eulogizing Goldstein, Rabbi Israel Ariel called him a "holy martyr", and questioned the innocence of the victims by claiming they were responsible for the massacre of Hebron's Jews in 1929.[66] Rabbi Dov Lior of Kiryat Arba said he was a saint whose "hands are innocent, his heart pure", and compared him to the martyrs of the Holocaust.[67] At the time, settler rabbi Yitzhak Ginzburgh was the only prominent Orthodox rabbi who praised the massacre.[68] He has since been detained several times for espousing extremist views.[69]

Veneration of Goldstein

In the weeks following the massacre, a group of around 10,000 Jews traveled to Hebron to protest the Israeli government's response to the massacre - namely, for considering the removal of the 450 Jews that lived there. Of this group, hundreds came to Goldstein's grave to celebrate Goldstein's actions.[70] The New York Times report states that though "Israelis who worship the Brooklyn-born Dr. Goldstein are a small minority... they may be more than the minuscule fraction the Government claims."[70]

In a pamphlet titled Baruch HaGever[Note 1] published in 1994, and a book of the same name in 1995, various rabbis praised Goldstein's action as a pre-emptive strike in response to Hamas threats of a pogrom and wrote that it is possible to view his act as following five Halachic principles.[71][72]

The phenomenon of the adoration of Goldstein's tomb persisted for years, despite Israeli government efforts to crack down on those making pilgrimage to Goldstein's grave site.[73] The grave's epitaph said that Goldstein "gave his life for the people of Israel, its Torah and land".[74] In 1999, after the passing of Israeli legislation outlawing monuments to terrorists, the Israeli army dismantled the shrine that had been built to Goldstein at the site of his interment.[74] In the years after the dismantling of the shrine, radical Jewish settlers would celebrate Purim by invoking the memory of the massacre, sometimes even dressing up themselves or their children to look like Goldstein.[29][73][75]

Jewish diaspora

In the United Kingdom, Chief Rabbi Dr. Jonathan Sacks stated,

Such an act is an obscenity and a travesty of Jewish values. That it should have been perpetrated against worshippers in a house of prayer at a holy time makes it a blasphemy as well... Violence is evil. Violence committed in the name of God is doubly evil. Violence against those engaged in worshipping God is unspeakably evil.[76]

An editorial in The Jewish Chronicle written by Chaim Bermant denounced the Kach organisation to which Goldstein belonged as "Neo-Nazis" and a U.S. creation, funded by American money and a product of American gun culture.[77] The same edition also reported that some Liberal synagogues in the UK had begun fundraising for Goldstein's victims.[78]

Palestinian public

Israeli security forces preventing Palestinians from entering Al-Shuhada Street during a demonstration on the 20th anniversary of the massacre

Palestinian protesters took to the streets in the aftermath of the massacre. There were widespread protests and clashes in both the occupied territories and within Israel itself, in Nazareth and Jaffa.[79]

Sociologist Baruch Kimmerling wrote that the massacre "created perceptions of religious warfare." He also argued that the attack formed the roots of the Second Intifada.[23]

As a reaction to the trauma-induced in children in Hebron, the Palestinian Child Arts Center (PCAC), a non-governmental, nonprofit organization was founded. The activities of the centre primarily involve the intellectual development of Palestinian children, and to reinforce a positive role for the child within Palestinian society and culture.[80]

United Nations

The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 904 condemning the massacre and called for measures to protect Palestinian civilians including disarming Israeli settlers.[81]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ ברוך הגבר; meaning both Baruch the Man and "blessed be the man". From Jeremiah 17:7

References

  1. ^ "Remembering the Ibrahimi Mosque massacre". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  2. ^ Yoram Peri, The Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, Stanford University Press, 2000, pp. 100–103: "The Hebron massacre in perspective".
  3. ^ a b George J. Church,"When Fury Rules", Time 7 March 1994 (subscription required)
  4. ^ Cook, William (2010). The plight of the Palestinians: a long history of destruction (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 45. ISBN 9780230100374.
  5. ^ Issacharoff, Avi; Levinson, Chaim (28 February 2010). "Settlers Remember Gunman Goldstein; Hebron Riots Continue". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  6. ^ Ami Pedahzur, Arie Perliger Jewish Terrorism in Israel (Archived 3 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine). Columbia University Press, 2011. p. 70.
  7. ^ Paul G. Pierpaolo, Jr, "Hebron Mosque Massacre", in Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Roberts (eds.), The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History (Archived 3 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine). ABC-CLIO, 2008. p. 438.
  8. ^ a b Brekke, Torkel (13 March 2006). The Ethics of War in Asian Civilizations: A Comparative Perspective. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-29152-6. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017.
  9. ^ 1 Wilson, Rodney. 2007. Review Article: Islam and Terrorism. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 34(2):203–213. {{Doi:10.1080/13530190701427933}}. Accessed 29 August 2010).
  10. ^ a b Haberman, Clyde (1 March 1994). "West Bank Massacre: The Overview; Rabin Urges the Palestinians To Put Aside Anger and Talk". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 February 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  11. ^ Alan Cowell (2 March 1994). "West Bank Massacre; In 'Tragic Error,' Soldiers Kill a Settler". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  12. ^ Youssef M. Ibrahim (6 March 1994). "The World; Palestinians See a People's Hatred in a Killer's Deed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  13. ^ Sarah Helm (28 February 1994). "Hebron settlers shed no tears after slaughter: Militant Jews are turning mass killer Baruch Goldstein into a folk hero, writes Sarah Helm from Kiryat Arba". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  14. ^ In the Spotlight: Kach and Kahane Chai Center for Defense Information, 1 October 2002 Archived 22 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Erroll Southers, Homegrown Violent Extremism Archived 3 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Routledge, 2014 p.43
  16. ^ a b Lacayo, Richard; Lisa Beyer; Massimo Calabresi; Eric Silver (7 March 1994). "The Making of a Murderous Fanatic". Time. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  17. ^ BBC NEWS Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine "Goldstein had lived in Israel for 11 years and was a doctor in the Jewish settlement of Kiryat Arba, just outside Hebron."
  18. ^ Juergensmeyer, Mark. Terror in the Mind of God. 2003, p. 55
  19. ^ Pringle, Peter (27 February 1994). "Hebron Massacre: Brooklyn doctor with a prescription for hatred". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  20. ^ Goldstein, Baruch (26 February 1994). "A History of Anti-Arab Feeling". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2012. Rabbi Arthur Hertzberg is correct when he asserts that in annexing Judea and Samaria (which he refers to as the West Bank), with its large Arab population, Israel would be endangering its Jewish character. According to statistics published by the Israeli Government in 1980, the Arabs of Israel have an average of eight children per household, as compared with an average of 2.9 children per Jewish home in Israel. However, Rabbi Hertzberg fails to note that even within the pre-1967 borders of Israel this same disparity of birth rates, associated with a declining Aliyah, assures Israel of an Arab majority in Israel (70 years?) unless steps are taken to prevent this from occurring. Ceding the "West Bank" to the "Palestinians" would, therefore, not solve the problem which Rabbi Hertzberg raises; it would serve only to further jeopardize Israel's security and betray a Biblical trust.
    The harsh reality is: if Israel is to avert facing the kinds of problems found in Northern Ireland today, it must act decisively to remove the Arab minority from within its borders. This could be accomplished by initially offering encouragement and incentives to Arabs to leave of their own accord, just as the Jewish population of many Arab countries has been persuaded to leave, one way or another. Before instinctively defending democracy as inviolate, Israelis should consider whether the prospect of an Arab majority electing 61 Arab Knesset members is acceptable to them. Israelis will soon have to choose between a Jewish state and a democratic one.
    Baruch Goldstein Brooklyn, June 30, 1981.
  21. ^ a b Helm, Sarah. Jewish killer attacked mosque last year: Evidence is mounting that Baruch Goldstein was known to be dangerous well before the massacre Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. The Independent. 1 March 1994.
  22. ^ Beinin, Joel; Stein, Rebecca L. (13 March 2018). The Struggle for Sovereignty: Palestine and Israel, 1993–2005. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804753654 – via Google Books.
  23. ^ a b Kimmerling, Baruch. Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies. Columbia University Press, 2008, 261.
  24. ^ "מרדכי לפיד ז"ל Mordechai Lapid, killed in Hebron 6/12/1993". Archived from the original on 3 August 2012.
  25. ^ "אזרחים חללי פעולות איבה – חיפוש לפי שם, אירוע או מקום מגורים – שלום לפיד ז"ל" [Civilians victims of hostilities - search by name, event or place of residence - Shalom Lapid, the late]. www.laad.btl.gov.il (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 4 August 2012.
  26. ^ Gurvitz, Yossi (8 April 2012). "Jewish soldiers refuse to share Seder table with Druze comrades". 972mag. Archived from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  27. ^ Israel Shahak. "The Real Significant of Baruch Goldstein". The Unjust Media. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  28. ^ АКЦИЯ ДОКТОРА БАРУХА ГОЛЬДШТЕЙНА В ПЕЩЕРЕ МАХПЕЛА Archived 9 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Russian)
  29. ^ a b Tuman, Joseph S. (2003). Communicating Terror: The Rhetorical Dimensions of Terrorism. Sage Publications, Inc. p. 93. ISBN 9781412973243. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2010. Although Goldstein did not say anything during his attack to explain his actions, it is known that the night before his assault he had attended a service at the Jewish side of the Cave of the Patriarchs where after listening to the traditional reading from the Scroll of Esther, he told others there that they should all behave like Esther. The timing of his attack the next day at the same site hardly seems the product of happenstance or coincidence. It was the day of Purim. Moreover, although his actions seemed to be the product of a mind that had snapped or become depraved, there did not seem to be any sign that he was suffering from a mental disorder. His actions were deliberate and intentional. Goldstein was troubled by the ongoing peace negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians in Oslo and openly concerned that a Palestinian state was about to be created. His attack on Muslim worshippers at the same site, while Purim coincided with Ramadan, was an attempt to cast himself symbolically in the story as Mordecai. Indeed that was exactly the way his actions were interpreted by other settlers at Kiryat Arba, and in the years to come after 1994, there would be numerous instances in which the settlers would celebrate Purim by also invoking Goldstein's memory and image in a provocative manner.
  30. ^ Lustick, Ian (1994) [1988]. For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel. Council on Foreign Relations. pp. x–xi. ISBN 978-0-87609-036-7.
  31. ^ Block, Thomas (2012). A fatal addiction: war in the name of God. New York: Algora. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9780875869322.
  32. ^ Report of Shamgar Commission p. 15
  33. ^ a b c Ami Pedahzur, Arie Perliger, Jewish Terrorism in Israel Archived 3 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Columbia University Press, 2011 pp.69ff.
  34. ^ a b Hedges, Chris (16 March 1994). "That Day in Hebron – A special report.; Soldier Fired at Crowd, Survivors of Massacre Say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  35. ^ a b c Wiles, Rich (24 February 2014). "Remembering the Ibrahimi Mosque massacre". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016.
  36. ^ Yoram Peri, The assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, Stanford University Press, 2000 p. 101.
  37. ^ "Hebron Massacre: Hell comes to a holy place", The Independent (London), 27 February 1994
  38. ^ a b "Israeli Army Says Security Was Lax at Massacre Site". The New York Times. 8 March 1994. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  39. ^ a b Haberman, Clyde (18 March 1994). "Confusing Israeli Testimony Poses Possibility of Hebron Accomplice". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  40. ^ "Remembering the Ibrahimi Mosque massacre". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  41. ^ Martin, Gus (2009). Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues (3rd, illustrated ed.). SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-7059-4. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  42. ^ Pape, Robert; American Political Science Review (2003). The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  43. ^ Stork, Joe; Human Rights Watch (2002). Erased in a moment: suicide bombing attacks against Israeli civilians (Illustrated ed.). Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-280-7. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  44. ^ Akiva Eldar (3 November 2008). "Evacuate Jewish Hebron". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  45. ^ Murphy, Mary (1 March 2011). "Back at Police Plaza, Bratton and Miller recall 20th anniversary of Brooklyn Bridge shooting". WPIX. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  46. ^ Jacobs, S.L. (2020). Antisemitism: Exploring the Issues. Religion in Politics and Society Today. ABC-CLIO. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4408-6874-0. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  47. ^ In the Spotlight: Kach and Kahane Chai Center for Defense Information, 1 October 2002 Archived 22 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ^ Haberman, Clyde (3 March 1994). "West Bank Massacre; Israel Eases Curfew in Territories; Ensuing Riots Deepen Pessimism". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved 23 November 2015. Faced with rage in the territories and its own revulsion over the Hebron massacre, the P.L.O. has dug in on its demands that all settlers be disarmed and that an international force be created to protect Palestinians. Mr. Rabin has said no to both demands. But he [Rabin] has imposed tougher measures against a relatively small number of the most militant settlers, which, while far from what the Palestinians want, represents a significant shift for the Government. Several days after ordering the arrest of five people faithful to the anti-Arab preaching of the late Rabbi Meir Kahane, the army began today to carry out other measures, telling 18 settlers to stay out of Arab towns and to turn in their army-issued rifles.
  49. ^ Waldman, Ayelet (June 2014). "The Shame of Shuhada Street". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  50. ^ Amos N. Guiora, Freedom from Religion: Rights and National Security, Oxford University Press, 2013 p.39 and n.15.
  51. ^ quotes from The Jewish Chronicle (London) 4 March 1994, pp. 1, 2
  52. ^ a b Commission of Inquiry Into the Massacre at the Tomb of the Patriarchs in Hebron – Excerpts from the Report Archived 12 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  53. ^ "Commission of Inquiry Into the Massacre at the Tomb of the Patriarchs in Hebron-26-Jun-94". GxMSDev. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  54. ^ Dr. Israel Shahak. "The Background and Consequences of the Massacre in Hebron". Middle East Policy Council. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
  55. ^ Oliver & Steinberg 2005, p. xix: "These acts were widely regarded with revulsion by Israeli citizens and condemned as acts of lunacy and terror by Israeli politicians, right and left."
  56. ^ a b Jacobson 1997, p. 91
  57. ^ The Jewish Chronicle. London. 4 March 1994. p. 2. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  58. ^ "10% of Israeli Jews think terrorist Baruch Goldstein is a 'national hero' - poll". The Jerusalem Post. 6 March 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  59. ^ a b Rayner 1998, p. 90
  60. ^ Hacohen 2008, pp. 5–6
  61. ^ Inbari 2012, pp. 134–6: "The response of Rabbi Shlomo Aviner to the massacre was characterized by ambivalence."
  62. ^ Linnan 2008, p. 198: "Despite general and overwhelming condemnation from Jews around the world about this unprovoked attack on unarmed civilians, a few rabbis and lay leaders in Israel and North America praised Goldstein's murderous action and death as an act of martyrdom (Kiddush Hashem)."
  63. ^ Kraft, Scott (28 February 1994). "Extremists Pay Tribute to Killer of 48 at Funeral". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  64. ^ Brownfeld, Allan C. (March 1999). "Growing Intolerance Threatens the Humane Jewish Tradition". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs: 84–89. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  65. ^ Emran Qureshi; Michael Anthony Sells (2003). The new crusades: constructing the Muslim enemy. Columbia University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-231-12667-0.
  66. ^ Gershom Gorenberg (2002). The end of days: fundamentalism and the struggle for the Temple Mount. Oxford University Press. p. 205. ISBN 0-19-515205-0. Did he kill innocent people? The same supposedly innocent people slaughter innocents in 1929... The whole city of Hebron slaughtered Jews then. Those are the 'innocent people' who were killed in the Tomb of the Patriarchs", said Ariel.
  67. ^ Lichtenstein & Lior 1994, p. 59: "Yes, I did eulogise the late Baruch Goldstein (may God avenge his blood), who was lynched by the non-Jews in the Cave. A Jew who is killed because he is a Jew must certainly be called a kadosh, a holy martyr, just as we refer to the kedoshei ha-Shoah, the holy martyrs of the Holocaust, without investigating their previous conduct. How much more so in this case, for we knew him intimately as God-fearing and compassionate, as one who loved humanity and saved lives. [...] In my eulogy, I intentionally did not mention the deed, but focused on his personality and his achievements, and I did not take a public position on the deed."
  68. ^ Cohen, Richard I. (30 October 2012). Visualizing and Exhibiting Jewish Space and History. Oxford University Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-19-993425-6. In 1994, Ginzburg was the only Orthodox rabbi of stature who praised Baruch Goldstein's massacre...
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  70. ^ a b Haberman, Clyde (1 April 1994). "Hundreds of Jews Gather To Honor Hebron Killer". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
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  76. ^ The Jewish Chronicle (London) 4 March 1994, p. 1 and then expanded on p. 23
  77. ^ Chaim Bermant "Has one settler settled the settlers future?" in The Jewish Chronicle (London), 4 March 1994
  78. ^ The Jewish Chronicle (London), 4 March 1994
  79. ^ "Palestinians Battle Israelis To Protest Hebron Massacre". The New York Times. 27 February 1994. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  80. ^ Irving Epstein (2008) The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Children's Issues, Worldwide Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-33878-7 p. 197
  81. ^ "U.N. Security Council Condemns the Hebron Slayings". The New York Times. 19 March 1994. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2017.

Bibliography

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