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Foreign relations of Peru

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Politics of Peru
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Eduardo Salhuana
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President Javier Arévalo Vela [es]

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The foreign relations of Peru are managed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. is an important first-tier state in South America,[1] Peru has been a member of the United Nations since 1945,[2] and Peruvian Javier Pérez de Cuéllar served as UN Secretary General from 1981 to 1991. Former President Alberto Fujimori's tainted re-election to a third term in June 2000 strained Peru's relations with the United States and with many Latin American and European countries, mainly small countries like Yemen but relations improved with the installation of an interim government in November 2000 and the inauguration of Alejandro Toledo in July 2001.

Peru is planning full integration into the Andean Free Trade Area. In addition, Peru is a standing member of APEC and the World Trade Organization, and is an active participant in negotiations toward a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Peru maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  Colombia 6 July 1822[3]
2  Chile 8 October 1822[4]
3  Mexico 23 January 1823[5]
4  United Kingdom 10 October 1823[6]
5  Bolivia 24 June 1826[7]
6  Brazil 3 February 1827[8]
7  United States 21 May 1827[9]
8  Ecuador 26 September 1831[10]
—  Venezuela (suspended)[11] 23 December 1833[12]
9  Denmark 18 May 1848[13]
10  Belgium 16 May 1850[14]
11  Costa Rica 28 April 1851[15]
12  Uruguay 21 April 1852[16]
13  Portugal 26 March 1853[17]
14  Guatemala 20 April 1857[18]
15  El Salvador 10 July 1857[19]
16  Nicaragua 5 October 1857[20]
17  Paraguay 5 February 1858[21]
18  France 9 March 1861[22]
19  Italy 25 February 1864[23]
20  Japan 21 August 1873[24]
21  Dominican Republic 6 April 1874[25]
—  Holy See 10 October 1877[26]
22  Spain 15 November 1879[27]
23   Switzerland 1884[28]
24  Argentina 20 December 1885[29]
25  Cuba 11 January 1905[30]
26  Panama 2 March 1908[31]
27  Netherlands 13 May 1921[32]
28  Czech Republic 11 July 1922[33]
29  Norway 3 August 1923[34]
30  Poland 6 September 1923[35]
31  Sweden 11 February 1938[36]
32  Romania 10 October 1939[37]
33  Haiti 13 December 1939[38]
34  Canada 30 January 1944[39]
35  Austria 2 November 1949[40]
36  Lebanon 1949[41]
37  Germany 28 June 1951[42]
38  Turkey 1952[43]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 15 April 1953[44]
39  Honduras 21 December 1957[45]
40  Israel 1 January 1958[46]
41  Luxembourg 16 June 1962[47]
42  Australia 1 March 1963[48]
43  India 25 March 1963[49]
44  Finland 29 March 1963[50]
45  South Korea 1 April 1963[51]
46  Egypt 7 October 1963[52]
47  Morocco 18 June 1964[53]
48  Ivory Coast 18 August 1964[54]
49  Thailand 10 November 1965[55]
50  Niger November 1965[56]
51  Greece 3 December 1965[57]
52  Burkina Faso March 1966[58]
53  Cyprus 12 September 1966[59]
54  Tunisia 30 May 1967[60]
55  Ethiopia 10 September 1967[61]
56  Iceland 14 November 1967[62]
57  Trinidad and Tobago 5 February 1968[63]
58  Barbados 29 February 1968[64]
59  Russia 1 February 1969[65]
60  Hungary 16 April 1969[66]
61  Bulgaria 18 April 1969[67]
62  Serbia 12 December 1969[68]
63  Jamaica 29 April 1970[69]
64  Zambia 5 October 1970[70]
65  Nigeria 5 July 1971[71]
66  Guyana 17 July 1971[72]
67  China 2 November 1971[73]
68  Albania 6 December 1971[74]
69  Algeria 10 March 1972[75]
70  New Zealand 4 July 1972[76]
71  Iran 20 November 1973[77]
72  Libya 28 April 1974[78]
73  Pakistan 1 September 1974[79]
74  Philippines 30 November 1974[80]
75  Guinea 8 January 1975[81]
76  Sri Lanka 17 March 1975[82]
77  Republic of the Congo 12 July 1975[83]
78  Tanzania 12 July 1975[83]
79  Democratic Republic of the Congo 3 August 1975[84]
80  Indonesia 12 August 1975[85]
81  Syria 16 August 1975[86]
82  Kuwait 1 December 1975[87]
83  Iraq 1975[88]
84    Nepal 28 January 1976[89]
85  Kenya 25 February 1976[90]
86  Cambodia 31 May 1976[91]
87  Malta 27 April 1977[92]
88  Suriname 22 June 1978[93]
89  Singapore 27 October 1980[94]
90  Equatorial Guinea 28 April 1981[95]
91  Bangladesh February 1983[96]
92  Grenada 16 March 1983[97][98]
93  Papua New Guinea 14 September 1983[99]
94  Kiribati 29 October 1983[100]
95  Fiji 1983[101]
96  Tonga 20 January 1984[102]
97  Samoa 23 January 1984[103]
98  Nauru 1984[104]
99  Antigua and Barbuda 24 June 1985[105]
100  Angola 6 September 1985[106]
101  Jordan 21 October 1985[107]
102  Saint Lucia 1985[108]
103  Mozambique 25 February 1986[109]
104  Dominica 18 March 1986[110]
105  Saudi Arabia 19 March 1986[111]
106  Malaysia 24 April 1986[112]
107  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5 May 1986[109]
108  Oman 14 May 1986[109]
109  Vanuatu 30 May 1986[109]
110  United Arab Emirates 17 June 1986[113]
111  Guinea-Bissau 29 September 1986[114]
—  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (suspended) 5 May 1987[115]
112  Ghana 23 June 1987[109]
113  Cape Verde 1 November 1988[116]
114  North Korea 15 December 1988[117]
115  Maldives 6 February 1989[109]
116  Myanmar 17 April 1989[109]
117  Laos 27 April 1989[109]
118  São Tomé and Príncipe 4 May 1989[109]
119  Sierra Leone 15 May 1989[109]
120  Eswatini 8 June 1989[109]
121  Lesotho 21 July 1989[109]
122  Qatar 7 November 1989[118]
123  Brunei 1 June 1990[119]
124  Mauritania 19 June 1990[109]
125  Namibia 11 July 1990[109]
126  Marshall Islands 14 November 1991[120]
127  Belize 27 November 1991[109]
128  Seychelles 15 January 1992[109]
129  Federated States of Micronesia 7 May 1992[109]
130  Ukraine 7 May 1992[109]
131  Armenia 9 September 1992[121]
132  Slovenia 9 September 1992[122]
133  Slovakia 1 January 1993[123]
134  Croatia 12 January 1993[124]
135  South Africa 28 July 1993[125]
136  Vietnam 14 November 1994[109]
137  Estonia 27 July 1995[126]
138  Moldova 11 August 1995[127]
139  Azerbaijan 25 June 1996[109]
140  Liechtenstein 5 July 1996[128]
141  Latvia 23 July 1996[109]
142  Kazakhstan 6 February 1997[129]
143  Belarus 19 February 1997[130]
144  Turkmenistan 7 May 1997[131]
145  Mongolia 30 May 1997[109]
146  Andorra 3 June 1997[109]
147  Lithuania 9 June 1997[109]
148  Bosnia and Herzegovina 23 January 1998[132]
149  Mali 16 July 1998[133]
150  Ireland 27 June 1999[134]
151  Kyrgyzstan 2 July 1999[109]
152  Uzbekistan 22 December 1999[109]
153  Tajikistan 21 January 2000[109]
154  East Timor 30 September 2002[135]
155  Zimbabwe 12 December 2004[136]
156  North Macedonia 29 June 2005[109]
157  San Marino 29 September 2005[137]
158  Montenegro 12 September 2006[138]
159  Bahrain 22 September 2009[109]
160  Georgia 14 January 2010[109]
161  Monaco 13 October 2010[139]
—  State of Palestine 12 November 2010[140]
162  Solomon Islands 14 March 2012[109]
163  Tuvalu 29 March 2012[109]
164  Afghanistan 27 September 2012[141]
165  Sudan 22 July 2013[142]
—  Cook Islands September 2017[143]
166  Benin 22 November 2017[144]
167  Rwanda 7 December 2017[145]
168  Togo 18 December 2017[146]
169  Djibouti 28 February 2018[147]
170  Palau 14 February 2019[148]
—  Niue 13 July 2020[149]
171  Uganda 4 June 2021[109]
172  Saint Kitts and Nevis 24 April 2023[150]
173  Gabon 3 August 2023[151]
174  Bahamas Unknown
175  Cameroon Unknown
176  Senegal Unknown

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria 10 March 1972
Main article: Algeria–Peru relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 March 1972[152]

 Angola 6 September 1985
  • Angola and Peru established diplomatic relations on 6 September 1985[154]
  • Angola is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília.[153]
 Burkina Faso March 1966
Congo-Brazzaville 12 July 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 July 1975[83]
  • The Republic of the Congo is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília.[153]
 Egypt 7 October 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1963.[155]
Main article: Egypt–Peru relations
 Ghana 23 June 1987
Main article: Ghana–Peru relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1987[156]

 Kenya 25 February 1976

Peru formerly had an embassy from 1987 to 1990. The embassy in Nairobi was re-opened in 2023.[157]

  • Kenya is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
  • Peru has an embassy in Nairobi.
 Libya 28 April 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1974.[158]
Main article: Libya–Peru relations
 Morocco 18 June 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1964[159]
Main article: Morocco–Peru relations
 Namibia 11 July 1990
Main article: Namibia–Peru relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1990[160]

  • Peru established relations with SWAPO, preceding Namibian independence.[161]
  • Namibia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília.[153]
 Nigeria 5 July 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1971[162]
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 5 May 1987, broken 9 September 1996
8 September 2021, broken 18 August 2022
15 September 2022, broken 8 September 2023[163]
Main article: Peru–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations
  • The SADR has an embassy in Lima.
  • Peru established formal relations with the SADR on 5 May 1987,[164] under Alan García, but recognition existed since 16 August 1984. Said relations expired on 9 September 1996, with Peru taking a neutral part in the Western Sahara conflict.[165][166][167]
  • On September 8, 2021, Peru and the SADR re-established their bilateral relations,[168] but the former again severed them on August 16, 2022,[169] renovating them one month later.[170]
 South Africa 28 July 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 July 1993[171]
Main article: Peru–South Africa relations
  • Peru has an embassy in Pretoria. A Consulate was also maintained in Cape Town which closed in 1985.[172]
  • South Africa is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago.[153]
 Sudan October 7, 1988
 Tanzania 12 August 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1975[83]
 Tunisia September 1966
  • Peru is accredited to Tunisia from its embassy in Algiers.
  • Tunisia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Buenos Aires.[153]
 Zambia 5 October 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1970[173]
  • Peru is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Pretoria. It previously maintained an embassy in Lusaka until 1990.[174]
  • Zambia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasilia.[153]
 Zimbabwe March 1986
  • Peru is accredited to Zimbabwe from its embassy in Pretoria. It previously maintained an embassy in Harare until 1990.[174]
  • Zimbabwe is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasilia.[153]

Americas

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 10 July 1822
Main article: Argentina–Peru relations
 Bolivia 24 June 1826 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1826[177]
Main article: Bolivia–Peru relations
 Brazil 3 February 1827 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1827.[178]
Main article: Brazil–Peru relations
 Canada 30 January 1944 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 January 1944[179]
Main article: Canada–Peru relations
 Chile 8 October 1822 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 October 1822[183]
Main article: Chile–Peru relations

In November 1999, Peru and Chile signed three agreements which put to rest the remaining obstacles holding up implementation of the 1929 Treaty of Lima, which officially ended the 1879 War of the Pacific. In December 1999, President Alberto Fujimori made the first visit ever to Chile by a Peruvian head of state.

Relations between the two nations have since mostly recovered. In 2005, the Peruvian Congress unilaterally approved a law which increased the stated sea limit with Chile. This law superseded the Peruvian supreme decree 781 for same purpose from 1947, which had autolimited its maritime border to geographical parallels only. Peru's position was that the border has never been fully demarcated, but Chile disagreed reminding on treaties in 1952 and 1954 between the countries, which supposedly defined seaborder. The border problem has still not been solved. However, Chile's Michelle Bachelet and Peru's Alan García have established a positive diplomatic relationship, and it is very unlikely any hostilities will break out because of the dispute.

Nevertheless, in early April 2007, Peruvian nationalistic sectors, mainly represented by left wing ex-presidential candidate Ollanta Humala decided to congregate at 'hito uno' right at the border with Chile, in a symbolic attempt to claim sovereignty over a maritime area known in Peru as Mar de Grau (Grau's Sea) just west of the Chilean city of Arica. Peruvian police stopped a group of nearly 2,000 people just 10 km from the border, preventing them from reaching their intended destination. Despite these incidents, the presidents of both Chile and Peru have confirmed their intentions to improve the relationships between the two countries, mainly fueled by the huge amount of commercial exchange between both countries' private sectors.

 Colombia 6 July 1822 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1822.[184]
Main article: Colombia–Peru relations
 Costa Rica 28 April 1851
Main article: Costa Rica–Peru relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1851[185]

 Cuba 11 January 1905 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1905.[186]
Main article: Cuba–Peru relations
  • Peru had relations with Cuba prior to 1972, but broke them off in the 1960s.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Lima.[153]
  • Peru has an embassy in Havana.
 Dominican Republic 6 April 1874 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 April 1874[187]
Main article: Dominican Republic–Peru relations
 Ecuador 26 September 1831 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1831[188]
Main article: Ecuador–Peru relations
See also: Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute
  • In October 1998, Peru and Ecuador signed a peace accord which definitively resolved border differences which had, over the years, resulted in armed conflict. Peru and Ecuador are now jointly coordinating an internationally sponsored border integration project. The United States Government, as one of four guarantor states, was actively involved in facilitating the 1998 peace accord between Peru and Ecuador and remains committed to its implementation. The United States has pledged $40 million to the Peru-Ecuador border integration project and another $4 million to support Peruvian and Ecuadorian demining efforts along their common border.
  • In November 2009, Peru made an agreement with Ecuador in which Peru would export between 40 and 50 megawatts of electricity until April 2010 in order to help Ecuador with its energy crisis.[189] Rafael Correa, Ecuador's president, expressed his gratitude to Peru for its generous aid during Ecuador's energy crisis.[190]
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Lima.[153]
  • Peru has an embassy in Quito and a consulate in Guayaquil.
 El Salvador 10 July 1857 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1857[191]
Main article: El Salvador–Peru relations
 Guatemala 20 April 1857
Main article: Guatemala–Peru relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 1857[192]

 Guyana 17 July 1971
 Haiti 1929
 Honduras 5 August 1856
Main article: Honduras–Peru relations
 Jamaica 29 April 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1970[197]
  • Jamaica has a consulate in Lima
  • Jamaica is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Caracas.[153]
 Mexico 23 January 1823 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1823[198]
Main article: Mexico–Peru relations

Peru and Mexico have historically had a unique relationship solidly based on that they share two of the most significant ancient cultures in the Americas. Both countries have expressed solidarity over the need to defend the recovery of cultural and archaeological heritage in the form of artifacts that have been illegally stolen from Peru and Mexico and which are to this date, illegally or legitimately kept in foreign locations. Peru's President Alan García and Mexico's Felipe Calderón signed a joint declaration in April 2011 aimed at deepening the two countries' friendship, cooperation, integration, trade, investments and the permanent fight against poverty and organized crime. The two countries aim to achieve a new model of integration within Latin America, and to represent a positive, realistic, and active example of integration amongst two "brotherly" nations.

 Nicaragua 28 June 1850
Main article: Nicaragua–Peru relations
 Panama 2 March 1908
Main article: Panama–Peru relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 March 1908[201]
See also: List of ambassadors of Peru to Panama
 Paraguay 5 February 1858 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 February 1858[202]
Main article: Paraguay–Peru relations
 Suriname 23 June 1978 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1978[205]
 Trinidad and Tobago 5 February 1968 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 February 1968[207]
Main article: Peru-Trinidad and Tobago relations
  • Peru has an embassy in Port of Spain.
  • Trinidad and Tobago is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.[153]
 United States 2 May 1826
Main article: Peru–United States relations
  • The U.S. maintains an embassy in Lima, Peru.[153] There is a U.S. Consular Agency in Cuzco, and the USAID building is located in Lima.
 Uruguay 13 November 1858
Main article: Peru–Uruguay relations
 Venezuela 17 February 1853 (Relations severed July 2024)
Main article: Peru–Venezuela relations

In October 2021, the leftist government of Peru re-established diplomatic relations with the leftist Venezuelan government of President Nicolas Maduro after four years.[209]

Both embassies were closed after ties were cut off in July 2024.[210]

Asia

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Afghanistan Afghanistan 27 September 2012
See also: Foreign relations of Afghanistan
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2012.[211]
  • Afghanistan is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • Peru is accredited to Afghanistan from its non-resident embassy in New Delhi.
  • Peru has not recognized nor established relations with the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
 Armenia 9 September 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1992.[212]
 Azerbaijan 25 June 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1996[213]
Main article: Azerbaijan–Peru relations
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Lima.[153]
  • Peru has an embassy in Baku.
 Bahrain 22 September 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 2009[214]
  • Bahrain is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília.
 Bangladesh 28 February 1983
  • Bangladesh is accredited to Peru from its embassy in New York City.[153]
  • Peru is accredited to Bangladesh from its embassy in Bangkok.
China China 2 November 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1971[215]
Main article: China–Peru relations
Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the Belt and Road Initiative
 China (ROC) 26 June 1874, broken 2 November 1971
Main articles: Peru–Taiwan relations and Foreign relations of Taiwan
 Georgia 14 January 2010
Main article: Georgia–Peru relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 January 2010[216]

  • Georgia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília.[153]
  • Peru has an honorary consulate in Tbilisi.
 India 25 March 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 1963[217]
Main article: India–Peru relations
 Indonesia 12 August 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1975[218]
Main article: Indonesia-Peru relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Lima.[153]
  • Peru has an embassy in Jakarta.
 Iran 20 November 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1973[219]
 Iraq 11 October 1975 and 11 July 2012 renew diplomatic relations
  • Peru and Iraq agreed to renew their bilateral ties in 2012.
  • Iraq is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Caracas.[153]
 Israel 20 August 1957
Main article: Israel–Peru relations
 Japan 21 August 1873 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 August 1873.[224]
Main article: Japan–Peru relations
 Kazakhstan 6 February 1997
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 February 1997[227]
 Kuwait 1 December 1975
Main article: Kuwait–Peru relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1975[228]

 Malaysia 24 April 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 April 1986[229]
Main article: Malaysia–Peru relations
 Mongolia 30 May 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 1997[230]
  • Mongolia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Havana.[153]
  • Peru is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Beijing.
   Nepal 28 January 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1976[231]
  • Nepal is accredited to Peru from its embassy in New York City.[153]
  • Peru is accredited to Nepal from its embassy in India.
 North Korea 15 December 1988 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1988[232]
Main article: North Korea–Peru relations
  • North Korea has an embassy in Lima.
  • Diplomatic relationships between both countries are suspended since 2017.
 Palestine 30 April 2011
Main article: Palestine–Peru relations
  • Peru recognized Palestine on 24 January 2011.[233]
  • Palestine has an embassy in Lima.[153]
 Philippines 30 November 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1974[234]
Main article: Peru-Philippines relations
 Qatar 7 November 1989
Main article: Peru–Qatar relations

At an official level, both countries began diplomatic relations in 1989.[235]

  • Peru has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Lima.[153]
 Saudi Arabia 19 March 1986[161]
Main article: Peru–Saudi Arabia relations
 Singapore 27 October 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1980[236]
  • Singapore is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Singapore.[153]
  • Peru has an embassy in Singapore.
 South Korea 1 April 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1963[237]
Main article: Peru–South Korea relations
 Thailand 10 November 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1965.[238]
Main article: Peru–Thailand relations
  • Peru has an embassy in Bangkok.
  • Thailand has an embassy in Lima.
 Turkey 1952[239]
Main article: Peru–Turkey relations
  • Peru has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.[239]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Lima.[153][239]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$250 million in 2019 (Peruvian exports/imports: 72.6/177.4 million USD).[239]
 United Arab Emirates 17 June 1986
Main article: Peru–United Arab Emirates relations
 Uzbekistan 22 December 1999
  • Peru and Uzbekistan established bilateral relations on 22 December 1999[240]
 Vietnam 14 November 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1994[241]
Main article: Peru–Vietnam relations

Europe

[edit]
See also: European Union–Peru relations
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania 6 December 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1971[242]
Main article: Albania–Peru relations
  • Peru and Albania established formal relations in 1971.
  • Albania is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília.[153]
  • Peru is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens. Until its dissolution, Peru was accredited from its embassy in Yugoslavia.
 Andorra 3 June 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1997[243]
Main article: Andorra–Peru relations
  • Andorra does not hold an embassy in Peru.
  • Peru is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, Spain.
 Austria 2 November 1949[244]
Main article: Austria–Peru relations
  • Austria has an embassy in Lima, and honorary consulates in Cuzco, Trujillo, Iquitos, and Arequipa.[153]
  • Peru has an embassy in Vienna, and consulates in Innsbruck and Salzburg.[245]
 Belarus 19 February 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1997[246] In 1999, Foreign Minister Sergei Martynov visited Peru.[247]
  • Belarus is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Buenos Aires.[153]
  • Peru is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow.
 Belgium 1 April 1852
Main article: Belgium–Peru relations
  • Belgium has an embassy in Lima.[153]
  • Peru has an embassy in Brussels.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 23 January 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1998[248]
Main article: Bosnia and Herzegovina–Peru relations
  • Peru is accredited to Bosnia and Herzegovina from its embassy in Budapest.
 Bulgaria 18 April 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1969[249]
Main article: Bulgaria–Peru relations
 Croatia 12 January 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1993[251]
Main article: Croatia–Peru relations
 Cyprus 19 September 1966
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 1966.[252][253] On October of the same year, relations were elevated to embassy level.[254]
  • Cyprus is represented in Peru through its embassy in Brasilia, Brazil.[153][255]
  • Peru is accredited to Cyprus from it missions in Italy.
 Czech Republic 11 July 1922, broken 4 October 1957, restored 27 December 1968 ( with Czech Republic from 2 January 1993)
Main article: Czech Republic–Peru relations

Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 27 December 1968[256]

Denmark
 Estonia 27 July 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 July 1995[259]
Main article: Estonia–Peru relations
 Finland 29 March 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 March 1963[261]
Main article: Finland–Peru relations
 European Union 2000[262]
Main article: European Union–Peru relations
  • The European Union has a consulate in Lima.[153]
  • Peru has a section of its Ministry of Foreign Affairs dedicated to the European Union, as well as diplomatic relationships with its members.
 France 1826
Main article: France–Peru relations
 Germany 28 June 1951
(Federal Republic)
28 December 1972 – 1990
(Democratic Republic)		 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1871.[263]
Main article: Germany–Peru relations
 Greece 3 December 1965
Main article: Greece–Peru relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 1965[264]
  • Greece has an embassy in Lima.[153]
  • Peru has an embassy in Athens.
 Hungary 16 April 1969
Main article: Hungary–Peru relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1969[265]

  • Peru has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Lima.[153]
 Iceland 14 November 1967 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1967[266]
  • Iceland is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Oslo.[153]
  • Peru is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Oslo.
 Ireland 27 June 1999
Main article: Ireland–Peru relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1999[267]

  • Ireland is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Mexico City and maintains an honorary consulate in Lima.[153]
  • Peru has an embassy in Dublin. Until 2017, the ambassador resided in London.
 Italy 23 December 1874 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1874[268]
Main article: Italy–Peru relations
 Latvia 23 July 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 July 1996[271]
  • Latvia is accredited to Peru through its embassy in Berlin.
  • Peru is accredited to Latvia through its embassy in Helsinki.
 Liechtenstein 5 July 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1996[272]
  • Liechtenstein does not have an embassy accredited to Peru.
  • Peru is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern.
 Lithuania 9 June 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1997[273]
  • Peru is accredited to Lithuania from its embassy in Helsinki.
 Luxembourg 14 June 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 June 1962[274][275]
  • Luxembourg is accredited to Peru through its embassy in Berlin.
  • Peru is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels.
 Malta 27 April 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1977[276]
 Netherlands 1 February 1826
Main article: Netherlands–Peru relations
 Norway 3 August 1923
Main article: Norway–Peru relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1923[277]

  • Peru has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Norway has a consulate-general in Lima and is accredited from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.[153]
 Poland 6 September 1923 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 September 1923.[278] Peru refused to recognize the Polish government in London on December 29, 1945. Peru and Poland re-established diplomatic relations on 14 April 1969.[279]
Main article: Peru–Poland relations
 Portugal 26 March 1853
Main article: Peru–Portugal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 March 1853[282]

  • Peru has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Lima.[153]
 Romania 10 October 1939, broken 5 March 1942, Re-established diplomatic relations 9 November 1968
Main article: Peru–Romania relations
  • Romania has an embassy in Lima and an honorary consulate in Arequipa.[153]
  • The Republic of Peru has an embassy and an honorary consulate, both in Bucharest.

Diplomatic relations' level:

  • Legation: October 10, 1939 – March 5, 1942
  • Embassy: since November 9, 1968

Diplomatic relations' timeline:

  • October 10, 1939 – March 5, 1942
  • since November 9, 1968[283]
 Russia 16 May 1874 to 1918
1 February 1969
Main article: Peru–Russia relations
 San Marino 24 February 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 2005[286]
  • San Marino is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Rome.[153]
  • Peru is accredited to San Marino from its missions in Italy.
 Serbia 10 December 1968
Main articles: Peru–Serbia relations and Peru–Yugoslavia relations
See also: Kosovo–Peru relations
  • Diplomatic relations between then Yugoslavia and Peru existed before the Second World War. They were renewed on 10 December 1968.
  • Serbia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Buenos Aires.[153][287]
  • Peru is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Budapest.[288]
 Slovakia 1 January 1993
Main article: Peru–Slovakia relations
  • Slovakia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Buenos Aires.[153]
  • Peru is accredited to Slovakia from its embassy in Vienna.
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta 15 April 1953
See also: List of ambassadors of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta to Peru
  • The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has an embassy in Lima.[153]
  • Peru is accredited to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta from its embassy in the Holy See.
 Spain 15 November 1879 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 1879[289]
Main article: Peru–Spain relations
 Sweden 11 February 1938 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1938.[292]
Main article: Peru–Sweden relations
  • Peru has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.[293]
  Switzerland 16 September 1884
Main article: Peru–Switzerland relations
  • Peru has an embassy in Bern.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Lima.[153]
 Ukraine 7 May 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1992[294]
Main article: Peru–Ukraine relations
  • Peru was accredited to Ukraine from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland. It was formerly accredited from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Lima.[153]
 United Kingdom 10 October 1823 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 October 1823.[6]
Main article: Peru–United Kingdom relations
  • Peru maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Peru through its embassy in Lima.[295]

Both countries are members of CPTPP, the International Criminal Court, and the World Trade Organization, as well as the Andean Countries–UK Free Trade Agreement.[296] Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[297]

 Vatican City 1 November 1852
Main article: Holy See–Peru relations

Oceania

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia 1 March 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1963[298]
Main article: Australia–Peru relations

Both countries have an expanding relationship in all areas. In February 2018 trade ministers from both Peru and Australia signed a free trade agreement.[299] Until 2019, the Peruvian ambassador was also accredited to New Zealand.[300]

 Fiji 1983[101]
 New Zealand 4 July 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1972[301]
Main article: New Zealand–Peru relations
 Papua New Guinea 14 September 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1983[302]
  • Peru is accredited to Papua New Guinea from its consulate-general in Sydney.

Transnational issues

[edit]

Illicit drugs

[edit]

Until recently the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru has reduced the area of coca under cultivation from 115,300 ha to 38,700 ha, or 66%, between 1995 and 1999;[303] most of cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia, Bolivia, and Brazil for processing into cocaine for the international drug market, but exports of finished cocaine are increasing by maritime conveyance to Mexico, US, and Europe.


See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  174. ^ a b Mariátegui, Juan (1997). El diferendo fronterizo Perú-Ecuador (1994-1997): reflexiones en voz alta (in Spanish). J. Mariátegui. p. 280. Cuando él [Alberto Fujimori] fue presidente, en julio de 1990, existían seis embajadas en Africa. Luego, unos meses después suprimió cuatro (Kenia, Zimbabwe, Zambia y Argelia), quedando hasta el presente, Marruecos y Egipto.
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  185. ^ "En esta fecha se cumplen 170 años de relaciones diplomáticas con la República del Perú". Ministerio Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  186. ^ Boletin oficial (in Spanish). Vol. 2–5. Cuba. Departamento de Estado. 1908. pp. 68–70.
  187. ^ "Hoy se celebran 149 años de relaciones diplomáticas con la República Dominicana, nación con la que mantenemos una histórica relación de amistad, cooperación y entendimiento mutuo". Cancillería Perú (in Spanish). April 6, 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
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  198. ^ "Hoy se conmemoran 200 años del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y México". Cancillería Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
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  219. ^ Iran Almanac and Book of Facts. Echo of Iran. 1974. p. 190.
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  253. ^ "República de Chipre". Embajada del Perú en Italia.
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  256. ^ "Acuerdo para establecer relaciones diplomaticas entre el Peru y Checoslovaquia". Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  257. ^ "Celebran 95 años de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y la República Checa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru. 2017-12-06.
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  259. ^ "Comunicado conjunto entre la Republica del Peru y la Republica de Estonia para el establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas". Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  260. ^ "Jefe de Estado presidió ceremonia virtual de presentación de cartas credenciales de los Embajadores concurrentes de distintos países". Andina. 2021-07-16.
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  263. ^ "150 años del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas Perú-Alemania". gob.pe (in Spanish). 3 June 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
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  265. ^ "Acuerdo para establecer relaciones diplomaticas entre el Peru y Hungria". Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  266. ^ "Acuerdo entre el Peru e Islandia para el establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas normales". Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  267. ^ "Comunicado conjunto sobre establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas entre la Republica del Peru e Irlanda". Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
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